230:
2812:
551:
537:
481:
314:
434:
2824:
103:
270:, which is an empire that maintains power and control through the regulation and distribution of water. There is evidence to support the idea of state involvement, primarily the amount of manpower and materials it would take to build, turn, and maintain the chinampas. However, arguments about state control of the chinampas rely upon the assumption that dikes were necessary to control the water levels and to keep the
2848:
2836:
306:
465:
84:. The word chinampa has Nahuatl origins, chinampa meaning âin the fence of reedsâ. They are built up on wetlands of a lake or freshwater swamp for agricultural purposes, and their proportions ensure optimal moisture retention. This method was also used and occupied most of Lake Xochimilco. The United Nations designated it a
150:). Over time, the ditch would slowly accumulate piles of mud. This mud would then be dug up and placed on top of the chinampas, clearing the blockage. The soil from the bottom of the lake was also rich in nutrients, thus acting as an efficient and effective way of fertilizing the chinampas. Replenishing the
154:
with lost nutrients provided for bountiful harvests. Embarcadero-Jiménez and colleagues tested the correlation between environmental parameters and bacterial diversity in the soil. It is speculated that a diverse array of bacteria can affect the nutrients in the soil. The results found that bacterial
328:
on an island around 1325. Issues arose when the cities' constant expansion eventually caused them to run out of room to build. As the empire grew, more sources of food were required. At times this meant conquering more land; at other times it meant expanding the chinampa system. With this expansion,
220:
to pass. These raised, well-watered beds had very high crop yields with up to 7 harvests a year. Chinampas were commonly used in pre-colonial Mexico and
Central America. There is evidence that the Nahua settlement of Culhuacan, on the south side of the Ixtapalapa peninsula that divided Lake Texcoco
420:
According to
Antonio Vera, through the UH Hilo website, within the framework of chinampas, there was two versions; inland and irrigated chinampas. Inlandâs are created on banks, irrigated is built on water. Through steps, the structure of chinampas is to locate shallow land by the bank and surround
278:
away from the freshwater of the chinampa zone. This is plausible, but there is evidence that the chinampas were functional before the construction of a dike that protected them from the saline water. It is suggested that the dike was meant to drastically improve the size of the chinampa operation.
472:
Many of these chinampas have been allowed by present-day farmers to become overgrown. Some choose to use canoes to farm, but many are becoming increasingly dependent on wheelbarrows and bicycles for transportation. Other fields, such as some located in San
Gregorio and San Luis areas, have been
265:
not only conducted military campaigns to obtain control over these regions but, according to some researchers, undertook significant state-led efforts to increase their extent. There is some strong evidence to suggest state-led operations for the âexpansionâ of the chinampas. This is sometimes
155:
diversity was more abundant in cultivated soils than non-cultivated soils. Also, "the structure of the bacterial communities showed that the chinampas are a transition system between sediment and soil and revealed an interesting association of the S-cycle and iron-oxidizing bacteria with the
92:
329:
chinampas' multiple crops per year became a large factor in the production and supply of food. Empirical records suggest that farmers had a relatively light tribute to pay compared to others because the annual tribute may have been only a fraction of the amount necessary for local needs.
216:) (a cypress) were planted at the corners to secure the chinampa. In some places, the long raised beds had ditches in between them, giving plants continuous access to water and making crops grown there independent of rainfall. Chinampas were separated by channels wide enough for a
391:
described them with the Nahua term, chinampa, saying "without much trouble plant and harvest their maize and greens, for all over there are ridges called chinampas; these were strips built above water and surrounded by ditches, which obviates watering."
138:
that were created by interweaving reeds with stakes beneath the lake's surface, creating underwater fences. A buildup of soil and aquatic vegetation would be piled into these "fences" until the top layer of soil was visible on the water's surface.
178:, the chinampas ranged from 90 m Ă 5 m (300 ft Ă 20 ft) to 90 m Ă 10 m (300 ft Ă 30 ft) They were created by staking out the shallow lake bed and then fencing in the rectangle with
302:, many chinampas fields were abandoned. However, many lakeshore towns retained their chinampas through the end of the colonial era since cultivation was highly labor-intensive and less attractive for Spaniards to acquire.
488:
Other fields, both dried and surrounded by canals, produce foods such as lettuce, cilantro, spinach, chard, squash, parsley, coriander, cauliflower, celery, mint, chives, rosemary, corn, and radishes. The young leaves of
815:
Embarcadero-Jiménez, Salvador; Rivera-Orduña, Flor N.; Wang, En Tao (2 October 2015). "Bacterial communities estimated by pyrosequencing in the soils of chinampa, a traditional sustainable agro-ecosystem in Mexico".
142:
When creating chinampas, in addition to building up masses of land, a drainage system was developed. This drainage system was multi-purposed. A ditch was created to allow for the flow of water and
1716:
1091:
1053:
Since many of the chinampas regions show a uniformity of size and orientation, researchers such as
Townsend assume they were constructed by "a planned program . . . over a short time". (p 167)
497:, which are often mistaken for weeds, are grown and harvested as ingredients of sauces. Flowers also continue to be grown on these plots. Some chinampa fields are also used as tourist sites.
130:, was one of the first strategies of imperial expansion. Before this time, farmers maintained small-scale chinampas adjacent to their households and communities in the freshwater lakes of
134:
and Chalco. The Aztecs did not invent chinampas but rather were the first to develop it to a large scale cultivation. Sometimes referred to as "floating gardens," chinampas are
1690:
490:
410:, although some sources have disputed the applicability of this model. One anthropologist, for instance, reports that attempts by Mexico to develop chinampas among the
2906:
1698:
473:
deliberately filled up. As the canals dry up, several of the fields are naturally joined. Although not used for their original purpose, they are commonly used for
421:
said area with stakes of a common wetland tree . The urbanization of Mexico lost this tradition and new challenges are created within the urbanization of Mexico. (
182:. The fenced-off area was then layered with mud, lake sediment, and decaying vegetation, eventually bringing it above the level of the lake. Often trees such as
399:, including Codex Vergara, Codex Santa MarĂa AsunciĂłn, the so-called Uppsala Map, and the Maguey Plan (from Azcapotzalco). In alphabetic Nahuatl documentation,
406:
There are still remnants of the chinampa system in
Xochimilco, the southern portion of greater Mexico City. Chinampas have been promoted as a model for modern
622:
1780:
1303:
El valle y la ciudad de MĂ©xico en 1550. RelaciĂłn histĂłrico fundada sobre un mapa geogrĂĄfico, que se conserva en la biblioteca de la
Universidad de Uppsala
2460:
1713:
2852:
1886:
85:
1612:
Blanton, Richard. "Prehispanic
Settlement Patterns of the Ixtapalapa Peninsula Region, Mexico." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan 1970.
1707:
1649:
1044:
Richard
Blanton, "Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Ixtapalapa Peninsula Region, Mexico." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan 1970.
403:
from the late sixteenth century have numerous references to chinampas as property that individuals bequeathed to their heirs in written wills.
736:
Nunley, Parker (1967). "A Hypothesis
Concerning the Relationship between Texcoco Fabric-Marked Pottery, Tlateles, and Chinampa Agriculture".
1535:
1129:"The Potentiality and the Consequences of Surplus: Agricultural Production and Institutional Transformation in the Northern Basin of Mexico"
1224:
PolĂtica e ideologĂa en el MĂ©xico prehispĂĄnico," Pedro
Carrasco and Johanna Broda, eds. Mexico: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1978, pp. 97-114.
510:
122:
and Colonial periods in the basin, chinampas have raised many questions on agricultural production and political development. After the
332:
The extent to which Tenochtitlan depended on chinampas for its fresh food supply has been the topic of a number of scholarly studies.
286:, the Aztec capital, which was considerably enlarged over time. Smaller-scale farms have also been identified near the island-city of
505:
Although many locals and farmers are happy to return to their agricultural roots, they are faced with several challenges. During the
2649:
1773:
1504:
2867:
678:
Morehart, Christopher T. (3 June 2016). "CHINAMPA AGRICULTURE, SURPLUS PRODUCTION, AND POLITICAL CHANGE AT XALTOCAN, MEXICO".
662:
1007:
1734:
506:
458:
299:
111:
2921:
1766:
1695:
174:
as a source, finding that they usually measured roughly 30 m Ă 2.5 m (100 ft Ă 10 ft). In
422:
2134:
1671:
995:
803:
610:
1714:
http://hombresdemaiz.com.mx/v2/permacultura-mesoamericanamesoamerican-permaculture-chinampas-2-0-fundraising-edition
383:, meaning "square made of canes" and the Nahuatl locative, "pan." In documentation by Spaniards, they used the word
170:(one matl = 1.67 meters), often listed in groups of seven. One scholar has calculated the size of chinampas using
414:
people in the 1970s failed until the technicians modified their goals in order to suit the Chontales' interests.
1092:"The chronology and collapse of pre-Aztec raised field (chinampa) agriculture in the northern Basin of Mexico"
2840:
623:"Chinampa Agriculture in the World Natural and Cultural Heritage Zone in Xochimilco, TlĂĄhuac and Milpa Alta"
2161:
1859:
1128:
864:
Harvey, HR; Williams, BJ (31 October 1980). "Aztec arithmetic: positional notation and area calculation".
2931:
2680:
1213:, Jorge Hardoy and Richard P. Schaedel, eds. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Interamericana de PlanificaciĂłn 1975.
517:, further damaging several canals. Other challenges include limited water supply, the use of pesticides,
514:
1428:
2926:
2171:
1844:
1824:
1753:
58:
2916:
2700:
2654:
2504:
17:
1642:
Parsons, Jeffrey R. "The Role of Chinampa Agriculture in the Food Supply of Aztec Tenochtitlan," in
1234:
Jeffrey R. Parsons, "The Role of Chinampa Agriculture in the Food Supply of Aztec Tenochtitlan," in
2094:
1951:
1638:
De las chinampas a la megalĂłpolis: El Medio Ambiente en la Cuenca de MĂ©xico. Mexico City, SEP 1991.
714:
650:
2738:
2514:
2416:
2411:
2129:
2006:
574:
454:
407:
388:
242:
2911:
2639:
2576:
2524:
2487:
2482:
1956:
1209:
Edward E. Calnek, "The Organization of Urban Food Supply Systems: The Case of Tenochtitlan" in
709:
119:
1486:
1248:
2828:
2586:
2303:
1921:
1916:
1809:
1315:
Calnek, Edward E. (1973). "The Localization of the 16th-century Map Called the Maguey Plan".
179:
31:
1725:
450:
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2631:
2124:
2075:
1936:
1911:
1891:
941:
873:
580:
258:
163:
8:
2609:
2472:
2028:
1896:
1881:
1829:
1819:
1167:
Calnek, Edward E. (1972). "Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture at Tenochtitlan".
212:
945:
930:"Mathematical accuracy of Aztec land surveys assessed from records in the Codex Vergara"
877:
2811:
2685:
2599:
2564:
2450:
2343:
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1592:
1340:
1332:
1192:
1184:
1149:
964:
929:
905:
889:
833:
761:
753:
550:
536:
193:
1266:, H.R. Harvey and Hanns J. Prem, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1984
2733:
2594:
2559:
2554:
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2263:
2048:
1996:
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1392:
1344:
1196:
1153:
991:
969:
897:
799:
765:
708:
Onofre, SaĂșl. "The floating gardens in MĂ©xico Xochimilco, world heritage risk site".
658:
606:
509:, many lakes were drained, limiting their agricultural capacity, such as the lake at
229:
135:
45:
35:
2087:
909:
837:
453:. Although many of these gardens were constructed and thoroughly tended to from the
423:
https://hilo.hawaii.edu/nihopeku/2018/02/02/chinampa-an-ancient-agricultural-system/
2816:
2790:
2544:
2308:
2033:
1981:
1834:
1747:
1584:
1324:
1176:
1141:
1072:
1063:
Baker, Jeffrey L. (June 1998). "The State and Wetland Agriculture in Mesoamerica".
959:
949:
881:
825:
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687:
556:
480:
368:
267:
234:
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187:
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81:
66:
53:
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2206:
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2065:
2016:
1991:
1971:
1720:
1702:
1011:
885:
250:
2258:
1211:
Las ciudades de América Latina y sus åreas de influencia a través de la historia
283:
2770:
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2604:
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2358:
2333:
2313:
2181:
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2166:
2058:
2053:
2038:
1966:
1866:
1659:
1076:
934:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
542:
518:
474:
344:
313:
2494:
1454:
The Editors of EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica; Pauls, Elizabeth (December 8, 2006) .
829:
691:
441:
As of 1998, chinampas are still present in San Gregorio, a small town east of
2900:
2882:
2869:
2765:
2743:
2519:
2428:
2378:
2363:
2298:
2293:
2278:
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2211:
2191:
2151:
2146:
2116:
2082:
2021:
2001:
1986:
1946:
1854:
1758:
1383:
Chapin, M (1988). "The seduction of models. Chinampa agriculture in Mexico".
433:
396:
171:
1710:. Rodrigo Laado. Permaculture Research Institute of Australia. May 28, 2013.
1455:
954:
928:
Jorge Mdel, C; Williams, BJ; Garza-Hume, CE; Olvera, A (13 September 2011).
2710:
2529:
2509:
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2011:
1789:
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973:
901:
522:
411:
356:
325:
291:
275:
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175:
123:
2621:
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2401:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2196:
2186:
1961:
1926:
1906:
1871:
1839:
569:
295:
254:
156:
73:
69:
1622:
Chapin, Mac. "The seduction of models: Chinampa agriculture in Mexico,"
266:
referred to as the hydraulic hypothesis, which is directly related to a
2338:
2221:
2156:
2141:
2099:
1976:
1876:
1145:
893:
757:
564:
442:
318:
246:
147:
131:
127:
1708:
Chinampas 2.0 â an Elegant Technology From the Past to Save the Future
1596:
1505:"Mexico's Chinampas â Wetlands Turned into Gardens â Fight Extinction"
1336:
1188:
446:
102:
2785:
2748:
2695:
2675:
2670:
2328:
1814:
1801:
1793:
1536:"Mexico's Famous Floating Gardens Return to Their Agricultural Roots"
988:
Mysteries of the Mexican pyramids. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited:
587:
62:
814:
749:
484:
An example of cattle feeding on the grasses of dried chinampas lands
221:
from Lake Xochimilco, constructed the first chinampas in C.E. 1100.
2644:
2571:
2499:
2236:
1901:
1328:
1262:
Teresa Rabiela Rojas, "Agricultural Implements in Mesoamerica," in
1180:
494:
348:
287:
143:
1615:
Calnek, Edward E., "Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture,"
927:
525:, and water pollution caused by untreated sewage and toxic waste.
461:, many of these plots of land still exist and are in active use.
91:
2753:
2715:
2705:
2581:
2216:
2106:
1742:
1738:
151:
1631:
Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town
1624:
Grassroots Development: Journal of the Inter-American Foundation
1361:
UCLA Latin American Center, Nahuatl Studies Series, vol. 1 1984.
2445:
2438:
2433:
1849:
1238:, Charles Clelland, editor. New York: Academic Press 1976, 242.
352:
241:
The earliest fields that have been securely dated are from the
198:
1222:
Edward E. Calnek, "El sistema de mercado de Tenochtitlan," in
2534:
360:
336:
262:
217:
305:
126:
formed, the conquest of southern basin city-states, such as
2455:
2070:
464:
340:
77:
1646:, Charles Clelland, editor. New York: Academic Press 1976,
162:
Evidence from Nahuatl wills from late seventeenth-century
2383:
1691:
Chinampas of Tenochtitlan - History of Urban Agriculture:
655:
Regions at risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments
1575:
DeWalt, Billie (June 1992). "Review: The Chinampas".
1654:(Cotsen Institute of Archaeology). Fall/Winter 2000.
1650:
Popper, Virginia. "Investigating Chinampa Farming."
532:
1633:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
648:
118:Although different technologies existed during the
1728:. Brianna. Midwest Permaculture. December 6, 2012.
1658:Rabiela, Teresa Rojas. "Chinampa Agriculture." In
1127:
782:, L. Dudley Stamp, ed. Paris: UNESCO 1961, 266-67.
1090:Morehart, Christopher; Frederick, C. (Jun 2014).
1089:
796:Aztec Inca & Maya. A Dorling Kindersley Book:
387:, "ridges between the rows." However, Franciscan
2907:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
2898:
1664:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
584:, 4th-century Chinese record of floating gardens
261:that lined the south shore of those lakes. The
86:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System
1788:
863:
1774:
1292:, vol. 2, 483. Mexico: Editorial PorrĂșa 1975.
2650:List of organic gardening and farming topics
468:One of the remaining chinampas in Xochimilco
1116:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
644:
642:
233:Aztec maize agriculture as depicted in the
1781:
1767:
1680:. revised ed. Thames and Hudson, New York.
1564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192.
1010:. The Gymnosperm Database. Archived from
963:
953:
713:
249:. Chinampas were used primarily in Lakes
237:with the cultivator using a digging stick
1666:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
1559:
1426:
1125:
1102:(340): 531â548 – via ResearchGate.
923:
921:
919:
677:
639:
479:
463:
432:
335:Among the crops grown on chinampas were
312:
304:
228:
114:, showing distribution of the chinampas.
101:
90:
294:. With the destruction of the dams and
159:of plants grown in the chinampa soil".
14:
2899:
1626:Volume 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 8â17.
1574:
1382:
1314:
1166:
735:
367:
205:
186:
52:
1762:
1749:Chinampas of Mexico - Andrew Millison
1533:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1357:S.L. Cline and Miguel LeĂłn-Portilla,
1062:
916:
790:
788:
780:A History of Land Use in Arid Regions
34:. For the album by Cecil Taylor, see
2835:
731:
729:
727:
725:
703:
701:
395:Chinampas are depicted in pictorial
300:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
166:suggests chinampas were measured in
112:Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
30:For the settlement in Veracruz, see
2847:
1503:Godoy, Emilio (February 27, 2016).
657:. United Nations University Press.
437:An example of a modern-day chinampa
428:
24:
1522:
1493:
1403:
785:
707:
25:
2943:
1684:
1534:Tomky, Naomi (January 31, 2017).
778:Pedro Armillas, "Mesoamerica" in
772:
722:
698:
649:Jeanne X. Kasperson, ed. (1995).
2846:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2810:
1247:Van Tuerenhout, Dirk R. (2005).
651:"Chapter 7: The basin of Mexico"
549:
535:
372:with a wooden blade on one end.
27:Type of Mesoamerican agriculture
1696:Floating Gardens of Mexico City
1568:
1553:
1509:Inter Press Service News Agency
1447:
1376:
1364:
1351:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1241:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1160:
1119:
1106:
1083:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1025:
1000:
980:
857:
844:
605:Oxford University Press, 2001.
363:was planted with digging stick
1644:Cultural Change and Continuity
1560:Morehart, Christopher (2016).
1236:Cultural Change and Continuity
1126:Morehart, Christopher (2014).
818:Journal of Soils and Sediments
808:
671:
615:
599:
13:
1:
1589:10.1525/aa.1992.94.2.02a00910
1114:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
593:
500:
1676:Townsend, Richard F. (2000)
1264:Explorations in Ethnohistory
1250:The Aztecs: New Perspectives
886:10.1126/science.210.4469.499
379:comes from the Nahuatl word
7:
2681:Index of pesticide articles
1359:The Testaments of Culhuacan
528:
445:, in addition to San Luis,
401:The Testaments of Culhuacan
309:Chinampas and canals, 1912.
282:Chinampa farms also ringed
106:The lake system within the
10:
2948:
2922:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1825:Climate-friendly gardening
1606:
1077:10.1525/cag.1998.20.2-3.78
317:Trajinera tourist boat in
224:
29:
2804:
2726:
2701:Plant disease forecasting
2663:
2655:Vegan organic agriculture
2630:
2505:Genetically modified tree
2392:
1935:
1800:
1427:Crossley, Philip (1999).
1065:Culture & Agriculture
830:10.1007/s11368-015-1277-1
692:10.1017/S0956536116000109
243:Middle Postclassic period
57:) is a technique used in
1732:(in Spanish and English)
1253:, p. 106. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
290:and on the east side of
59:Mesoamerican agriculture
1577:American Anthropologist
1460:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1433:The Chinampas of Mexico
955:10.1073/pnas.1107737108
575:Historical hydroculture
513:. In addition, in 1985
408:sustainable agriculture
389:Fray Juan de Torquemada
61:which relies on small,
49:
2640:Biodynamic agriculture
2577:Postharvest physiology
2525:Landscape architecture
2222:Indonesian home garden
1385:Grassroots Development
794:Baquedano, E. (1993).
485:
469:
438:
321:
310:
238:
207:[aËËweËweËtÍĄÉŹ]
188:[aËËweËÊoËtÍĄÉŹ]
115:
99:
1887:Historic conservation
1134:Economic Anthropology
1008:"Taxodium mucronatum"
986:Tompkins, P. (1976).
483:
467:
436:
316:
308:
232:
124:Aztec Triple Alliance
105:
94:
54:[tÊiËnaËmitÉŹ]
32:Chinampa de Gorostiza
2817:Gardening portal
2716:Aquamog weed remover
2691:List of insecticides
1429:"Virtual Field Trip"
1288:Juan de Torquemada,
581:Nanfang Caomu Zhuang
515:an earthquake struck
2883:19.2605°N 99.0513°W
2879: /
1562:Ancient Mesoamerica
946:2011PNAS..10815053J
878:1980Sci...210..499H
680:Ancient Mesoamerica
213:Taxodium mucronatum
110:at the time of the
2932:Artificial islands
2686:List of fungicides
2451:Companion planting
1719:2015-10-14 at the
1701:2020-04-19 at the
1617:American Antiquity
1485:has generic name (
1372:Colonial Culhuacan
1317:American Antiquity
1277:Colonial Culhuacan
1169:American Antiquity
1146:10.1002/sea2.12010
1033:Colonial Culhuacan
852:Colonial Culhuacan
738:American Antiquity
486:
470:
455:Postclassic Period
439:
322:
311:
239:
194:Salix bonplandiana
146:(likely including
136:artificial islands
116:
100:
2927:Gardens in Mexico
2888:19.2605; -99.0513
2862:
2861:
2734:Community orchard
2560:drought tolerance
1726:Chinampas Gardens
1619:1972, 37(104-15).
1305:. Stockholm 1948.
1290:Monarquia Indiana
990:Toronto. pp. 299
872:(4469): 499â505.
664:978-92-808-0848-3
369:[wiktÍĄÉŹi]
324:The Aztecs built
46:Nahuatl languages
36:Chinampas (album)
16:(Redirected from
2939:
2917:Land reclamation
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2791:Plant collecting
2727:Related articles
2664:Plant protection
1845:French intensive
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1733:
1601:
1600:
1572:
1566:
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1207:
1201:
1200:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1112:Charles Gibson,
1110:
1104:
1103:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
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984:
978:
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925:
914:
913:
861:
855:
848:
842:
841:
824:(3): 1001â1011.
812:
806:
792:
783:
776:
770:
769:
733:
720:
719:
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675:
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636:
634:
633:
619:
613:
603:
559:
557:Gardening portal
554:
553:
545:
540:
539:
507:Spanish conquest
459:Spanish conquest
429:Modern chinampas
371:
268:hydraulic empire
235:Florentine Codex
209:
190:
164:Pueblo CulhuacĂĄn
108:Valley of Mexico
82:Valley of Mexico
56:
21:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
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2878:
2873:
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2858:
2809:
2800:
2796:Turf management
2781:Lists of plants
2776:List of gardens
2722:
2659:
2626:
2388:
1938:
1931:
1796:
1787:
1748:
1731:
1721:Wayback Machine
1703:Wayback Machine
1687:
1609:
1604:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1554:
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1542:
1540:Smithsonian.com
1532:
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1494:
1482:
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1472:
1471:
1464:
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1438:
1436:
1435:. pp. 1â14
1425:
1404:
1381:
1377:
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1356:
1352:
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1309:
1301:Sigvald Linné,
1300:
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1030:
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1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
985:
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940:(37): 15053â7.
926:
917:
862:
858:
849:
845:
813:
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793:
786:
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773:
750:10.2307/2694079
734:
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620:
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555:
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541:
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531:
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431:
359:, and flowers.
227:
76:on the shallow
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2929:
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2919:
2914:
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2857:
2856:
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2820:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Garden tourism
2768:
2763:
2761:Groundskeeping
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
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2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
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2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:free-flowering
2547:
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2527:
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2063:
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2061:
2046:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Groundskeeping
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:computer-aided
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1786:
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1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1735:Soy Xochimilco
1729:
1723:
1711:
1705:
1693:
1686:
1685:External links
1683:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1660:DavĂd Carrasco
1656:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1567:
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1521:
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1375:
1363:
1350:
1329:10.2307/278892
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1240:
1227:
1215:
1202:
1181:10.2307/278892
1175:(1): 104â115.
1159:
1140:(1): 154â166.
1118:
1105:
1082:
1071:(2â3): 78â86.
1055:
1046:
1037:
1024:
999:
979:
915:
856:
843:
807:
784:
771:
744:(4): 515â522.
721:
715:10.1.1.632.129
697:
686:(1): 183â196.
670:
663:
638:
614:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
577:
572:
567:
561:
560:
546:
543:Gardens portal
530:
527:
519:climate change
502:
499:
430:
427:
417:Construction:
245:, 1150 â 1350
226:
223:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2944:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Aztec society
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2895:
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2769:
2767:
2766:Garden centre
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:Floral design
2742:
2740:
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2725:
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2618:
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2611:
2610:reforestation
2608:
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2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Intercropping
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2461:most valuable
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Arboriculture
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
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2403:
2400:
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2110:
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2045:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:Garden square
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1952:Ancient Egypt
1950:
1948:
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1855:Garden design
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1672:9780195188431
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:Cline, S.L.,
1628:
1625:
1621:
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1614:
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1379:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:(1): 104â15.
1322:
1318:
1311:
1304:
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1291:
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1278:
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1259:
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1034:
1028:
1014:on 2010-01-09
1013:
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996:0-06-014324-X
993:
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903:
899:
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887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
854:, pp. 134-35.
853:
847:
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831:
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811:
805:
804:0-679-83883-X
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611:9780195188431
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448:
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418:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:Aztec codices
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:chili peppers
354:
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346:
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172:Codex Vergara
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55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2864:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2808:
2711:Weed control
2600:horticulture
2530:Olericulture
2510:Hydroculture
2500:Fruticulture
2478:Floriculture
2407:Permaculture
2394:Horticulture
2111:
1790:Horticulture
1677:
1663:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:Ezcurra, E.
1630:
1623:
1616:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1483:|last1=
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1432:
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1012:the original
1002:
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626:
617:
601:
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523:urban sprawl
504:
487:
471:
457:through the
440:
419:
416:
412:Chontal Maya
405:
400:
394:
384:
380:
376:
374:
364:
334:
331:
326:Tenochtitlan
323:
296:sluice gates
292:Lake Texcoco
284:TenochtitlĂĄn
281:
276:Lake Texcoco
272:saline water
240:
211:
202:
192:
183:
176:Tenochtitlan
167:
161:
141:
120:Post-classic
117:
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80:beds in the
41:
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2886: /
2853:WikiProject
2622:Monoculture
2617:Viticulture
2595:agriculture
2555:propagation
2495:HĂŒgelkultur
2417:sustainable
2402:Agriculture
2344:Therapeutic
2324:Shakespeare
2135:Renaissance
1927:Xeriscaping
1922:Sustainable
1917:Square foot
1907:Proplifting
1872:Garden tool
1840:Foodscaping
1391:(1): 8â17.
798:Singapore.
627:www.fao.org
570:Aquaculture
495:quintoniles
475:cattle feed
298:during the
157:rhizosphere
70:arable land
63:rectangular
2901:Categories
2874:99°03âČ05âłW
2871:19°15âČ38âłN
2515:Indigenous
2412:stock-free
2384:Zoological
2264:Pollinator
2157:Greenhouse
2100:Sharawadgi
2088:Vietnamese
2049:East Asian
1957:Australian
1912:Raised bed
1877:Green wall
1678:The Aztecs
1583:(2): 524.
1545:October 1,
1514:October 1,
1465:October 1,
1456:"Chinampa"
1439:October 1,
1018:2009-10-12
632:2022-09-19
594:References
565:Aquaponics
511:Xochimilco
501:Challenges
443:Xochimilco
385:camellones
319:Xochimilco
251:Xochimilco
148:night soil
132:Xochimilco
128:Xochimilco
2786:Perennial
2749:Floristry
2696:Pesticide
2676:Herbicide
2671:Fungicide
2565:hardiness
2329:Shrubbery
2309:Sculpture
2130:landscape
2059:Cantonese
2034:Container
2029:Community
1997:Byzantine
1992:Butterfly
1982:Botanical
1882:Guerrilla
1830:Community
1820:Butterfly
1815:Arboretum
1810:Allotment
1802:Gardening
1794:gardening
1345:163995403
1279:, p. 132.
1197:163995403
1154:154899887
1096:Antiquity
766:164138691
710:CiteSeerX
588:Waru Waru
381:chinÄmitl
375:The word
257:near the
203:ÄhuÄhuÄtl
144:sediments
97:chinampas
88:in 2018.
65:areas of
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18:Chinampas
2829:Category
2739:Features
2645:Grafting
2605:forestry
2587:Tropical
2572:Pomology
2545:cuttings
2540:breeding
2374:Wildlife
2354:Tropical
2304:Scottish
2254:Pleasure
2242:Paradise
2237:Charbagh
2207:Monastic
2202:Medieval
2112:Floating
2066:Japanese
2017:Communal
2007:Colonial
1972:Biblical
1937:Types of
1902:Parterre
1717:Archived
1699:Archived
1652:Backdirt
1475:cite web
1397:12342093
974:21876138
910:42237687
902:17841389
838:93334865
529:See also
491:quelites
377:chinampa
353:tomatoes
349:amaranth
288:Xaltocan
184:ÄhuexĆtl
72:to grow
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2841:Commons
2754:Ikebana
2706:Pruning
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2468:Cutting
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2334:Spanish
2314:Sensory
2259:Prairie
2227:Persian
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2182:Kitchen
2177:Keyhole
2172:Italian
2167:Islamic
2162:Hanging
2121:French
2107:Fernery
2095:English
2054:Chinese
2039:Cottage
1967:Baroque
1939:gardens
1892:History
1754:YouTube
1743:YouTube
1739:CONABIO
1607:Sources
1370:Cline,
1275:Cline,
1031:Cline,
965:3174618
942:Bibcode
894:1685035
874:Bibcode
866:Science
850:Cline,
758:2694079
451:Mixquic
447:Tlahuac
365:huictli
259:springs
225:History
152:topsoil
95:Modern
67:fertile
2591:Urban
2488:Taiwan
2483:Canada
2446:Botany
2439:Saikei
2434:Bonsai
2379:Winter
2364:Walled
2299:School
2294:Sacred
2249:Physic
2212:Mughal
2192:Market
2147:German
2125:formal
2117:Flower
2083:Korean
2002:Cactus
1987:Bottle
1947:Alpine
1897:Native
1850:Garden
1835:Forest
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263:Aztecs
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180:wattle
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2473:Flora
2422:urban
2369:Water
2349:Trial
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2142:Front
2044:Dutch
2012:Color
1593:JSTOR
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1333:JSTOR
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1150:S2CID
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890:JSTOR
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1962:Back
1792:and
1741:via
1668:ISBN
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1487:help
1467:2017
1441:2017
1393:PMID
992:ISBN
970:PMID
898:PMID
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659:ISBN
607:ISBN
493:and
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