840:"Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific gene flow event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme divergence versions with gene flow. I, therefore, believe that their claim of gene flow is unwarranted."
2180:
3934:
3882:
3371:
2428:
3395:
3922:
3910:
3383:
821:
at more than 50 Mya (previously set at 30 Mya). "Consistent with the marked shift in the dating of the
Cercopithecoidea/Hominoidea split, all hominoid divergences receive a much earlier dating. Thus the estimated date of the divergence between Pan (chimpanzee) and Homo is 10–13 MYBP and that between
558:
most likely appeared after the human-chimpanzee split, some 5.5 million years ago, at a time when gene flow may still have been ongoing. It has several shared characteristics with chimpanzees, but due to its fossil incompleteness and the proximity to the human-chimpanzee split, the exact position of
718:
split is evidence of a more complex speciation process than a clean split between the two lineages. Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times, possibly over as much as a 4-million-year period, indicating a long and drawn out speciation process with large-scale gene flow events
541:
with some morphology proposed (and disputed) to be as expected of the CHLCA, and it lived some 7 million years ago – close to the time of the chimpanzee–human divergence. But it is unclear whether it should be classified as a member of the tribe
Hominini, that is, a hominin, as an ancestor of
768:
of genetic sequences seem to also have happened in the split between the human lineage and that of the gorilla, indicating "messy" speciation is the rule rather than the exception in large primates. Such a scenario would explain why the divergence age between the
567:
does not share any characteristics exclusive to humans and some of its characteristics (those in the wrist and basicranium), suggested that it may have diverged from the common human/African ape stock prior to the human, chimpanzee and gorilla divergence.
619:
Due to the scarcity of fossil evidence for CHLCA candidates, Mounier (2016) presented a project to create a "virtual fossil" by applying digital "morphometrics" and statistical algorithms to fossils from across the evolutionary history of both
744:. After the original divergences, there were, according to Patterson (2006), periods of gene flow between population groups and a process of alternating divergence and gene flow that lasted several million years. Some time during the late
690:
This paradigmatic age has stuck with molecular anthropology until the late 1990s. Since the 1990s, the estimate has again been pushed towards more-remote times, because studies have found evidence for a slowing of the
760:
in humans and chimpanzees, a conclusion rejected as unwarranted by
Wakeley (2008), who suggested alternative explanations, including selection pressure on the X chromosome in the populations ancestral to the CHLCA.
656:
In effect, there is now no a priori reason to presume that human-chimpanzee split times are especially recent, and the fossil evidence is now fully compatible with older chimpanzee–human divergence dates [7 to 10
702:
in genome sequences, which exhibit a more clocklike behavior than other substitutions, arriving at an estimate for human and chimpanzee divergence time of 12.1 million years.
1150:
831:"If man and old world monkeys last shared a common ancestor 30 million years ago, then man and African apes shared a common ancestor 5 million years ago..."
563:
in the fossil record is unclear. It is most likely derived from the chimpanzee lineage and thus not ancestral to humans. However, Sarmiento (2010), noting that
756:– with date estimates ranging from 13 million to as recent as 4 million years ago. The latter date was in particular based on the similarity of the
3845:
3710:
580:
Few fossil specimens on the "chimpanzee-side" of the split have been found; the first fossil chimpanzee, dating between 545 and 284 kyr (thousand years,
3240:
446:. (Wood (2010) discussed the different views of this taxonomy.) A "chimpanzee clade" was posited by Wood and Richmond, who referred it to a tribe
1988:
Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor
550:
and a potential candidate for the CHLCA species itself, or simply a
Miocene ape with some convergent anatomical similarity to many later hominins.
3268:
2289:
695:
as apes evolved from a common monkey-like ancestor with monkeys, with both humans and non-human apes evolving from a common ape-like ancestor.
1503:
Arnason U, Gullberg A, Janke A (December 1998). "Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two nonprimate calibration points".
1439:
3116:
1785:
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".
3591:
2464:
2254:
687:, they eventually (1971) determined that apes were closer to humans than some paleontologists perceived based on the fossil record.
652:
of 10 to 13 million years was proposed in 1998, and a range of 7 to 10 million years ago is assumed by White et al. (2009):
3647:
3433:
3356:
3200:
2514:
2367:
3979:
3584:
1154:
3258:
2509:
2362:
571:
The earliest fossils clearly in the human but not the chimpanzee lineage appear between about 4.5 to 4 million years ago, with
375:) on the notion that the least similar species should be separated from the other two. However, later evidence revealed that
3969:
3263:
3141:
2519:
2372:
3830:
3642:
719:
between the two emerging lineages as recently as 6.3 to 5.4 million years ago, according to
Patterson et al. (2006).
3220:
1554:
White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, et al. (October 2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids".
3820:
3603:
3579:
3502:
3329:
2294:
1981:
1321:
3865:
3792:
3574:
3569:
3195:
1026:
863:"Hominoid Phylogeny and Taxonomy: a consideration of the molecular and Fossil Evidence in an Historical Perspective"
3387:
1945:
3664:
3615:
3559:
3339:
3235:
2304:
791:
3840:
3676:
3564:
3334:
2635:
2021:
58:
3750:
2457:
3855:
3825:
3810:
3760:
3426:
3205:
3082:
2968:
1973:
1656:
Venn, Oliver; Turner, Isaac; Mathieson, Iain; de Groot, Natasja; Bontrop, Ronald; McVean, Gil (June 2014).
786:
3914:
3765:
3745:
3490:
3468:
3399:
3303:
3121:
2642:
2496:
3900:
3782:
3698:
3483:
3161:
3092:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2377:
2229:
765:
573:
3755:
3627:
3554:
3534:
3344:
3136:
2341:
2309:
2259:
2214:
608:
existed around the time of the divergence, and so either one or both may be ancestral to both genera
533:
3126:
3954:
3805:
3800:
3775:
3652:
3620:
3375:
2678:
2450:
1337:
Sarmiento, E. E. (2010). "Comment on the
Paleobiology and Classification of Ardipithecus ramidus".
589:
2239:
521:, though this claim is disputed as there is insufficient evidence to support the determination of
3886:
3787:
3770:
3681:
3657:
3637:
3608:
3497:
3419:
3313:
3250:
3210:
3097:
2656:
2335:
2314:
1977:
3686:
3669:
3632:
3522:
3308:
3283:
3278:
3171:
3087:
2649:
2224:
581:
1016:
3740:
3507:
2692:
777:
has varied with the chosen method and why a single point has so far been hard to track down.
62:
628:, having previously used this technique to visualize a skull of the last common ancestor of
3974:
3703:
3478:
3461:
3273:
3176:
3077:
3038:
2983:
2888:
2592:
2585:
2284:
2219:
2179:
1900:
1845:
1794:
1726:
1669:
1614:
1563:
1512:
1397:
1346:
1267:
1213:
1104:
915:
752:, the earliest members of the human clade completed a final separation from the lineage of
27:
1463:"Virtual ancestor reconstruction: Revealing the ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals"
675:
structures that differ slightly between closely related animals. Among these researchers,
8:
3727:
3527:
2685:
2274:
2264:
1605:
Sarich, Vincent; Wilson, Allan (1967). "Immunological Time Scale for
Hominid Evolution".
1258:
Wood, Bernard; Harrison, Terry (2011). "The evolutionary context of the first hominins".
1202:
Wood, Bernard; Harrison, Terry (2011). "The evolutionary context of the first hominins".
1987:
1904:
1849:
1798:
1730:
1673:
1618:
1567:
1516:
1401:
1350:
1271:
1217:
1108:
978:
919:
54:. Estimates of the divergence date vary widely from thirteen to five million years ago.
3964:
3230:
3072:
2948:
2194:
2152:
2132:
2014:
1992:
1921:
1888:
1869:
1818:
1757:
1714:
1713:
Moorjani, Priya; Amorim, Carlos
Eduardo G.; Arndt, Peter F.; Przeworski, Molly (2016).
1690:
1657:
1638:
1587:
1536:
1421:
1370:
1291:
1237:
1127:
1092:
1068:
1043:
987:
962:
938:
903:
504:
2204:
1462:
3959:
3715:
3691:
3596:
3517:
3512:
3394:
3349:
3215:
3156:
3146:
2917:
2881:
2735:
2529:
2299:
2142:
2038:
1926:
1861:
1810:
1762:
1744:
1695:
1630:
1579:
1528:
1482:
1413:
1362:
1317:
1283:
1229:
1132:
1073:
1059:
1022:
992:
943:
884:
515:
No fossil has yet conclusively been identified as the CHLCA. A possible candidate is
1591:
1540:
1374:
3225:
2978:
2795:
2757:
2604:
2398:
2168:
1916:
1908:
1873:
1853:
1822:
1802:
1752:
1734:
1685:
1677:
1642:
1622:
1571:
1520:
1474:
1425:
1405:
1354:
1295:
1275:
1241:
1221:
1204:
1122:
1112:
1063:
1055:
982:
974:
933:
923:
874:
818:
684:
526:
499:
457:
1681:
1626:
3926:
3544:
3032:
3005:
2903:
2861:
2473:
2388:
2113:
2103:
1478:
1117:
692:
676:
462:
351:
57:
In human genetic studies, the CHLCA is useful as an anchor point for calculating
1093:"Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe"
1044:"Reconstructing Phylogenies and Phenotypes: A Molecular View of Human Evolution"
460:(2001) argued that the CHLCA species was very similar to the common chimpanzee (
3938:
3442:
2852:
2556:
2542:
2481:
683:
were pioneers in the development of the molecular clock for humans. Working on
680:
604:
517:
1177:
1018:
Tree of Origin: What
Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution
3948:
3020:
2873:
2563:
2431:
2007:
1748:
904:"Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities"
592:(McBrearty, 2005). All extinct genera listed in the taxobox are ancestral to
1739:
1575:
1358:
928:
3456:
3026:
3014:
2956:
2830:
2778:
2743:
2668:
2575:
2249:
2234:
2209:
1930:
1865:
1814:
1766:
1699:
1583:
1486:
1417:
1366:
1287:
1233:
1136:
1077:
996:
947:
879:
862:
757:
732:
636:
554:
67:
1634:
1532:
1440:"'Virtual fossil' reveals last common ancestor of humans and Neanderthals"
1091:
Fuss, Jochen; Spassov, Nikolai; Begun, David R.; Böhme, Madelaine (2017).
888:
2910:
2837:
2809:
2802:
2750:
2244:
2199:
2068:
630:
468:
420:
367:
100:
38:
1912:
1857:
1806:
1409:
1279:
1225:
407:
now became the separated genus and was referred to the new taxon 'tribe
2895:
2816:
2393:
2084:
1524:
1388:
McBrearty, Sally; Nina G. Jablonski (2005). "First fossil chimpanzee".
814:
672:
89:
43:
3933:
1151:"Graecopithecus freybergi: Oldest Hominin Lived in Europe, not Africa"
503:. This group represents "the human clade" and its members are called "
2962:
2867:
2383:
2126:
741:
699:
466:) – so much so that it should be classified as a member of the genus
408:
182:
172:
3921:
2823:
2788:
2765:
2486:
2352:
1178:"New fossils suggest human ancestors evolved in Europe, not Africa"
749:
538:
489:
435:
355:
279:
222:
132:
80:
51:
2442:
1889:"Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence"
1836:
Wakeley J (2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".
61:(SNP) rates in human populations where chimpanzees are used as an
3411:
2973:
2549:
2347:
2330:
2097:
1387:
745:
598:
3909:
2164:
2074:
443:
232:
47:
3048:
2939:
2929:
2413:
2403:
2055:
1712:
585:
65:, that is, as the extant species most genetically similar to
1887:
Scally A, Dutheil JY, Hillier LW, et al. (March 2012).
1784:
2707:
2408:
2049:
1655:
426:
361:
32:
1658:"Strong male bias drives germline mutation in chimpanzees"
960:
710:
A source of confusion in determining the exact age of the
667:
Some researchers tried to estimate the age of the CHLCA (T
479:
All the human-related genera of tribe
Hominini that arose
2030:
1999:
3898:
1090:
1886:
1502:
860:
1460:
1014:
2952:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
1706:
454:being composed of a trifurcation of subfamilies.
430:, grouped in separate subtribes. They classified
3946:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1553:
1253:
1251:
124:Hominidae (hominids, great apes)
1719:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1461:Mounier, Aurélien; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2016).
908:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
414:Mann and Weiss (1996), proposed that the tribe
1990:- R H Crompton E E Vereecke and S K S Thorpe,
1715:"Variation in the molecular clock of primates"
1498:
1496:
1041:
1021:. Harvard University Press. pp. 124–126.
525:as hominin. This would put the CHLCA split in
3427:
2458:
2015:
1950:The Pleistocene Scene – A.P. Van Arsdale Blog
1773:
1248:
1604:
1547:
1257:
1201:
963:"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology"
2937:
1493:
954:
3434:
3420:
2465:
2451:
2022:
2008:
1307:
1305:
1035:
822:Gorilla and the Pan/Homo linage ≈17 MYBP."
596:, or are offshoots of such. However, both
1920:
1756:
1738:
1689:
1381:
1336:
1175:
1126:
1116:
1067:
986:
961:Wood and Richmond.; Richmond, BG (2000).
937:
927:
878:
813:Based on a revision of the divergence of
3357:Human evolutionary developmental biology
730:occurred over the last 9 million years.
1943:
1835:
1311:
1302:
1003:
901:
895:
450:, which was envisioned from the family
359:was proposed to separate humans (genus
3947:
834:
3415:
3142:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2446:
2358:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
2003:
1084:
867:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
698:A 2016 study analyzed transitions at
434:and all bipedal apes in the subtribe
20:chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
3382:
2368:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
2472:
979:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x
854:
13:
3503:Blood type distribution by country
3441:
2363:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
2295:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
1982:National Museum of Natural History
1176:Dickinson, Kevin (20 April 2019).
510:
14:
3991:
2373:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
1967:
1345:(5982): 1105, author reply 1105.
1015:Frans B. M. De Waal, ed. (2001).
3932:
3920:
3908:
3881:
3880:
3393:
3381:
3370:
3369:
2427:
2426:
2178:
1060:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00840.x
643:
472:and be given the taxonomic name
383:are closer genetically than are
2305:Great Apes Survival Partnership
2255:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
1937:
1880:
1829:
1649:
1598:
1454:
1432:
1330:
861:Mann, Alan; Mark Weiss (1996).
825:
807:
792:List of human evolution fossils
3980:Events in biological evolution
1505:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1195:
1169:
1143:
740:lineage in the middle Miocene
59:single-nucleotide polymorphism
1:
1682:10.1126/science.344.6189.1272
1627:10.1126/science.158.3805.1200
1316:. McGraw-Hill, Incorporated.
847:
736:probably branched off of the
92: (hominoids, apes)
3970:Most recent common ancestors
1974:Human Timeline (Interactive)
1479:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.11.002
1312:Wolpoff, Milford H. (1996).
1118:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
787:History of hominoid taxonomy
705:
487:are members of the subtribe
7:
3400:Evolutionary biology Portal
780:
74:
10:
3996:
3484:Neanderthal genome project
2378:List of fictional primates
2230:Neanderthal genome project
1467:Journal of Human Evolution
766:incomplete lineage sorting
574:Australopithecus anamensis
395:was referred to the tribe
78:
3876:
3726:
3543:
3449:
3365:
3345:Evolutionary anthropology
3322:
3296:
3249:
3187:
3106:
3065:
3058:
3004:
2928:
2851:
2776:
2730:
2723:
2706:
2666:
2602:
2573:
2537:
2528:
2495:
2480:
2422:
2323:
2310:International Primate Day
2273:
2260:Borneo Orangutan Survival
2215:Chimpanzee genome project
2187:
2176:
2037:
534:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
284:
273:
244:
236:
226:
194:
186:
176:
144:
136:
126:
105:
94:
3621:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
2029:
1946:"Go, go, Gorilla genome"
800:
3682:Ancient Northeast Asian
3658:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3638:Western hunter-gatherer
3609:Early Anatolian farmers
3251:Origin of modern humans
2336:List of individual apes
2315:Nonhuman Rights Project
1740:10.1073/pnas.1600374113
1576:10.1126/science.1175802
1359:10.1126/science.1184148
1042:Bradley, B. J. (2006).
929:10.1073/pnas.1001649107
764:Complex speciation and
493:, including the genera
3687:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
3670:Ancient North Eurasian
3633:Early European Farmers
2225:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
914:(Suppl 2): 8902–8909.
880:10.1006/mpev.1996.0011
665:
371:) and gorillas (genus
3508:Genealogical DNA test
3469:Evolutionary genetics
3259:Recent African origin
2497:Last common ancestors
2240:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
1013:, Into the Fire" in:
662:White et al. (2009),
654:
584:), was discovered in
30:shared by the extant
3915:Evolutionary biology
3479:Neanderthal genetics
3462:Human Genome Project
3274:Behavioral modernity
3264:Multiregional origin
3044:archaic Homo sapiens
3039:Homo heidelbergensis
2984:Red Deer Cave people
2220:Human Genome Project
365:) from chimpanzees (
28:last common ancestor
3862:Sub-Saharan Africa
3831:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
3728:Population genetics
3535:Genetic enhancement
3528:Surname DNA project
2911:H. neanderthalensis
2831:H. e. tautavelensis
2265:Primate archaeology
1913:10.1038/nature10842
1905:2012Natur.483..169S
1858:10.1038/nature06805
1850:2008Natur.452....3W
1807:10.1038/nature04789
1799:2006Natur.441.1103P
1731:2016PNAS..11310607M
1725:(38): 10607–10612.
1674:2014Sci...344.1272V
1668:(6189): 1272–1275.
1619:1967Sci...158.1200S
1613:(3805): 1200–1203.
1568:2009Sci...326...75W
1517:1998JMolE..47..718A
1410:10.1038/nature04008
1402:2005Natur.437..105M
1351:2010Sci...328.1105S
1280:10.1038/nature09709
1272:2011Natur.470..347W
1226:10.1038/nature09709
1218:2011Natur.470..347W
1109:2017PLoSO..1277127F
920:2010PNAS..107.8902W
722:Speciation between
529:instead of Africa.
3098:Self-domestication
2889:H. heidelbergensis
2838:H. e. yuanmouensis
2803:H. e. lantianensis
2530:Australopithecines
2195:Great ape language
2153:Tapanuli orangutan
2133:Sumatran orangutan
1993:Journal of Anatomy
1944:Van Arsdale, A.P.
1525:10.1007/PL00006431
1442:. 18 December 2015
1157:on 5 November 2019
1048:Journal of Anatomy
967:Journal of Anatomy
3896:
3895:
3716:Ancient Beringian
3518:Race and genetics
3513:Genetic genealogy
3498:Genetic variation
3409:
3408:
3350:Paleoanthropology
3292:
3291:
3269:Archaic admixture
3147:Stoned ape theory
3083:Endurance running
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2847:
2846:
2810:H. e. nankinensis
2766:H. tsaichangensis
2702:
2701:
2440:
2439:
2300:Great Ape Project
2143:Bornean orangutan
1396:(7055): 105–108.
685:protein sequences
418:should encompass
347:
346:
338:
337:
329:
328:
320:
319:
311:
310:
302:
301:
293:
292:
262:
261:
253:
252:
212:
211:
203:
202:
162:
161:
153:
152:
114:
113:
3987:
3937:
3936:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3884:
3883:
3585:African diaspora
3575:Eastern Africa
3523:Recent evolution
3474:Human-chimp MRCA
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3309:Human prehistory
3284:Recent evolution
3279:Early migrations
3221:Thermoregulation
3122:Expensive tissue
3093:Sexual selection
3063:
3062:
2935:
2934:
2817:H. e. pekinensis
2728:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2636:A. bahrelghazali
2605:Australopithecus
2535:
2534:
2505:Chimpanzee–human
2493:
2492:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2399:Mythic humanoids
2182:
2157:P. tapanuliensis
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1899:(7388): 169–75.
1884:
1878:
1877:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1793:(7097): 1103–8.
1782:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1266:(7334): 347–52.
1255:
1246:
1245:
1212:(7334): 347–35.
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:. Archived from
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
958:
952:
951:
941:
931:
902:B. Wood (2010).
899:
893:
892:
882:
858:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
819:Cercopithecoidea
811:
663:
648:An estimate of T
588:'s East African
527:Southeast Europe
500:Australopithecus
483:divergence from
458:Richard Wrangham
442:in the subtribe
287:
286:
276:
275:
247:
246:
239:
238:
229:
228:
197:
196:
189:
188:
179:
178:
147:
146:
139:
138:
129:
128:
108:
107:
103: (gibbons)
97:
96:
86:
85:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3955:Human evolution
3945:
3944:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3872:
3852:Southeast Asia
3730:
3722:
3580:Southern Africa
3547:
3545:Genetic history
3539:
3445:
3440:
3410:
3405:
3361:
3318:
3304:Human evolution
3288:
3245:
3189:
3183:
3162:Cooperative eye
3107:Specific models
3102:
3054:
3033:Homo antecessor
2988:
2924:
2918:H. rhodesiensis
2882:H. floresiensis
2843:
2824:H. e. soloensis
2796:H. e. georgicus
2772:
2736:H. gautengensis
2711:
2709:
2698:
2662:
2598:
2569:
2524:
2515:Orangutan–human
2484:
2476:
2474:Human evolution
2471:
2441:
2436:
2418:
2389:Human evolution
2319:
2276:
2269:
2205:Birutė Galdikas
2183:
2174:
2114:Western gorilla
2104:Eastern gorilla
2040:
2033:
2028:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1885:
1881:
1834:
1830:
1783:
1774:
1711:
1707:
1654:
1650:
1603:
1599:
1562:(5949): 75–86.
1552:
1548:
1501:
1494:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1386:
1382:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1314:Human Evolution
1310:
1303:
1256:
1249:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1103:(5): e0177127.
1089:
1085:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1008:
1004:
973:(Pt 1): 19–60.
959:
955:
900:
896:
859:
855:
850:
845:
844:
839:
835:
830:
826:
812:
808:
803:
783:
708:
693:molecular clock
677:Allan C. Wilson
670:
664:
661:
651:
646:
513:
511:Fossil evidence
463:Pan troglodytes
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
303:
294:
282: (humans)
263:
254:
213:
204:
163:
154:
115:
83:
77:
12:
11:
5:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3699:Southeast Asia
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Central Africa
3567:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:Human genetics
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3314:Human timeline
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Drunken monkey
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3066:General models
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2853:Archaic humans
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2758:H. rudolfensis
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2679:P. aethiopicus
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2557:Sahelanthropus
2553:
2546:
2543:Nakalipithecus
2538:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:: Hylobatidae)
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:P. troglodytes
2082:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:(August 2016).
1969:
1968:External links
1966:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1879:
1844:(7184): E3–4.
1828:
1772:
1705:
1648:
1597:
1546:
1492:
1453:
1431:
1380:
1329:
1323:978-0070718333
1322:
1301:
1247:
1194:
1168:
1142:
1083:
1054:(4): 337–353.
1034:
1027:
1002:
953:
894:
873:(1): 169–181.
852:
851:
849:
846:
843:
842:
833:
824:
805:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
789:
782:
779:
707:
704:
681:Vincent Sarich
668:
659:
649:
645:
642:
605:Sahelanthropus
537:is an extinct
523:Graecopithecus
518:Graecopithecus
512:
509:
345:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
285:
283:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
243:
242:(chimpanzees)
237:
235:
227:
225:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
195:
193:
187:
185:
177:
175:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
145:
143:
137:
135:
127:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
104:
95:
93:
84:
79:Main article:
76:
73:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3992:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:British Isles
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:West Africa
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:Life history
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:Homo ergaster
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2950:H. s. sapiens
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Modern humans
2927:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:H. luzonensis
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:H. antecessor
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:H. e. erectus
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:A. deyiremeda
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2564:Kenyanthropus
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Gorilla–human
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:Apes in space
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2277:social status
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:Study of apes
2186:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(6): 718–27.
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1028:9780674010048
1024:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1006:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
853:
837:
828:
820:
816:
810:
806:
796:
795:(with images)
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
778:
776:
772:
767:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
703:
701:
696:
694:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
658:
653:
644:Age estimates
641:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:
569:
566:
562:
557:
556:
551:
549:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:
508:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
353:
343:
342:
334:
333:
325:
324:
316:
315:
307:
306:
298:
297:
289:
288:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
267:
266:
258:
257:
249:
248:
241:
240:
234:
231:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
208:
207:
199:
198:
191:
190:
184:
181:
180:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
158:
157:
149:
148:
142:(orangutans)
141:
140:
134:
131:
130:
123:
122:
119:
118:
110:
109:
102:
99:
98:
91:
88:
87:
82:
72:
70:
69:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:
29:
25:
21:
16:
3885:
3783:Azerbaijanis
3665:Central Asia
3560:North Africa
3473:
3457:Human genome
3398:
3386:
3374:
3241:Gender roles
3236:Intelligence
3049:Homo sapiens
3047:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3027:Homo erectus
3025:
3019:
3015:Homo habilis
3013:
2974:Manot people
2963:H. s. idaltu
2961:
2957:Jebel Irhoud
2949:
2940:Homo sapiens
2938:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2860:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:Homo erectus
2777:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2724:Proto-humans
2713:
2710:proto-humans
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:Paranthropus
2667:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2629:A. anamensis
2627:
2622:A. africanus
2620:
2615:A. afarensis
2613:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2576:Ardipithecus
2574:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2520:Gibbon–human
2504:
2357:
2290:Research ban
2250:Elgin Center
2235:Willie Smits
2210:Jane Goodall
2156:
2146:
2136:
2125:
2117:
2107:
2096:
2088:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2048:
1996:, April 2008
1991:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1790:
1786:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1508:
1504:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1434:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1313:
1263:
1259:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1145:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1017:
1010:
1009:"Out of the
1005:
970:
966:
956:
911:
907:
897:
870:
866:
856:
836:
827:
809:
794:
774:
770:
763:
758:X chromosome
753:
737:
733:Ardipithecus
731:
727:
723:
721:
715:
711:
709:
697:
689:
666:
655:
647:
637:Homo sapiens
635:
629:
625:
621:
618:
613:
609:
603:
597:
593:
579:
572:
570:
565:Ardipithecus
564:
561:Ardipithecus
560:
555:Ardipithecus
553:
552:
547:
543:
532:
531:
522:
516:
514:
498:
494:
488:
484:
480:
478:
473:
467:
461:
456:
451:
447:
439:
431:
425:
419:
415:
413:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
360:
354:
349:
68:Homo sapiens
66:
56:
50:) genera of
37:
36:(human) and
31:
23:
19:
17:
15:
3975:Chimpanzees
3841:Han Chinese
3817:South Asia
3604:Middle East
3172:Grandmother
3127:Shore-based
3088:Aquatic ape
2979:Tam Pa Ling
2874:H. ergaster
2693:P. robustus
2380:(non-human)
2344:(non-human)
2338:(non-human)
2245:Ian Redmond
2200:Dian Fossey
2147:P. pygmaeus
2108:G. beringei
2079:P. paniscus
2041:ape species
1978:Smithsonian
1955:16 November
631:Neanderthal
590:Rift Valley
582:radiometric
192:(gorillas)
101:Hylobatidae
3949:Categories
3866:Hutu/Tutsi
3837:East Asia
3751:Bulgarians
3592:South Asia
3450:Sub-topics
3211:Skin color
3196:Bipedalism
3157:Killer ape
2969:Cro-Magnon
2868:Denisovans
2744:H. habilis
2708:Humans and
2593:A. ramidus
2586:A. kadabba
2394:Monkey Day
2384:Great apes
2285:Personhood
2118:G. gorilla
2085:Chimpanzee
2060:H. sapiens
1187:23 October
1161:5 November
848:References
815:Hominoidea
673:biopolymer
350:The taxon
90:Hominoidea
44:chimpanzee
3965:Homininae
3856:Filipinos
3826:Sinhalese
3821:Gujaratis
3811:Moroccans
3806:Egyptians
3761:Romanians
3677:East Asia
3548:by region
3330:Theorists
3297:Timelines
3177:Patriarch
3153:Behavior
3078:Gathering
3006:Ancestors
2751:H. naledi
2686:P. boisei
2657:A. sediba
2275:Legal and
2137:P. abelii
2127:Orangutan
1749:0027-8424
1473:: 57–72.
1182:Big Think
748:or early
742:Messinian
706:Gene flow
700:CpG sites
474:Pan prior
452:Hominidae
409:Gorillini
183:Gorillini
173:Homininae
26:) is the
3960:Hominini
3927:Primates
3887:Category
3846:Japanese
3766:Russians
3746:Bosniaks
3731:by group
3704:Thailand
3616:Caucasus
3491:Timeline
3376:Category
3231:Language
3201:Skeleton
2896:H. longi
2650:A. garhi
2487:Hominins
2482:Taxonomy
2432:Category
2353:Bushmeat
1931:22398555
1866:18337768
1815:16710306
1767:27601674
1700:24926018
1592:20189444
1584:19810190
1541:22217997
1487:26852813
1418:16136135
1375:19588815
1367:20508113
1288:21331035
1234:21331035
1137:28531170
1097:PLOS ONE
1078:18380860
997:10999270
948:20445105
781:See also
750:Pliocene
671:) using
660:—
539:hominine
505:hominins
490:Hominina
436:Hominina
416:Hominini
397:Hominini
391:; thus,
356:Hominini
280:Hominina
223:Hominini
133:Ponginae
81:Hominini
75:Taxonomy
63:outgroup
52:Hominini
3939:Science
3901:Portals
3741:Basques
3737:Europe
3711:America
3388:Commons
3340:Fossils
3206:Muscles
3117:Cooking
3073:Hunting
2550:Orrorin
2348:Bigfoot
2331:Primate
2324:Related
2098:Gorilla
1922:3303130
1901:Bibcode
1874:4367089
1846:Bibcode
1823:2325560
1795:Bibcode
1758:5035889
1727:Bibcode
1691:4746749
1670:Bibcode
1662:Science
1643:7349579
1635:4964406
1615:Bibcode
1607:Science
1564:Bibcode
1556:Science
1533:9847414
1513:Bibcode
1446:30 June
1426:4423286
1398:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1339:Science
1296:4428052
1268:Bibcode
1242:4428052
1214:Bibcode
1128:5439669
1105:Bibcode
1069:2409108
988:1468107
939:3024019
916:Bibcode
889:8673284
746:Miocene
599:Orrorin
405:Gorilla
389:Gorilla
373:Gorilla
3756:Croats
3648:Iberia
3628:Europe
3555:Africa
3323:Others
3226:Speech
3188:Topics
3133:Drugs
3059:Models
2169:family
2165:Gibbon
2075:Bonobo
2039:Extant
1929:
1919:
1893:Nature
1872:
1864:
1838:Nature
1821:
1813:
1787:Nature
1765:
1755:
1747:
1698:
1688:
1641:
1633:
1590:
1582:
1539:
1531:
1485:
1424:
1416:
1390:Nature
1373:
1365:
1320:
1294:
1286:
1260:Nature
1240:
1232:
1205:Nature
1135:
1125:
1076:
1066:
1025:
995:
985:
946:
936:
887:
448:Panini
444:Panina
233:Panina
48:bonobo
3801:Arabs
3797:MENA
3793:Turks
3776:Serbs
3692:China
3653:Italy
3597:India
3335:Books
3113:Diet
2414:Yowie
2404:Yeren
2056:Human
1870:S2CID
1819:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1588:S2CID
1537:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1371:S2CID
1292:S2CID
1238:S2CID
817:from
801:Notes
669:CHLCA
657:Ma...
650:CHLCA
586:Kenya
481:after
399:with
352:tribe
24:CHLCA
3788:Jews
3771:Sami
3216:Hair
3036:) →
2714:Homo
2409:Yeti
2050:Homo
2031:Apes
1957:2012
1927:PMID
1862:PMID
1811:PMID
1763:PMID
1745:ISSN
1696:PMID
1631:PMID
1580:PMID
1529:PMID
1483:PMID
1448:2019
1414:PMID
1363:PMID
1318:ISBN
1284:PMID
1230:PMID
1189:2022
1163:2019
1133:PMID
1074:PMID
1023:ISBN
993:PMID
944:PMID
885:PMID
773:and
771:Homo
728:Homo
726:and
716:Homo
679:and
634:and
624:and
622:Homo
612:and
610:Homo
602:and
594:Homo
546:and
544:Homo
497:and
495:Homo
438:and
432:Homo
427:Homo
424:and
401:Homo
387:and
381:Homo
379:and
362:Homo
46:and
33:Homo
18:The
3030:(→
2921:(?)
2899:(?)
2877:(?)
2769:(?)
2761:(?)
2739:(?)
2069:Pan
1917:PMC
1909:doi
1897:483
1854:doi
1842:452
1803:doi
1791:441
1753:PMC
1735:doi
1723:113
1686:PMC
1678:doi
1666:344
1623:doi
1611:158
1572:doi
1560:326
1521:doi
1475:doi
1406:doi
1394:437
1355:doi
1343:328
1276:doi
1264:470
1222:doi
1210:470
1123:PMC
1113:doi
1064:PMC
1056:doi
1052:212
1011:Pan
983:PMC
975:doi
971:197
934:PMC
924:doi
912:107
875:doi
775:Pan
754:Pan
738:Pan
724:Pan
712:Pan
626:Pan
614:Pan
548:Pan
507:".
485:Pan
469:Pan
440:Pan
421:Pan
411:'.
393:Pan
385:Pan
377:Pan
368:Pan
39:Pan
3951::
3046:→
3042:→
3024:/
3018:→
1980:,
1976:–
1948:.
1925:.
1915:.
1907:.
1895:.
1891:.
1868:.
1860:.
1852:.
1840:.
1817:.
1809:.
1801:.
1789:.
1775:^
1761:.
1751:.
1743:.
1733:.
1721:.
1717:.
1694:.
1684:.
1676:.
1664:.
1660:.
1637:.
1629:.
1621:.
1609:.
1586:.
1578:.
1570:.
1558:.
1535:.
1527:.
1519:.
1509:47
1507:.
1495:^
1481:.
1471:91
1469:.
1465:.
1420:.
1412:.
1404:.
1392:.
1369:.
1361:.
1353:.
1341:.
1304:^
1290:.
1282:.
1274:.
1262:.
1250:^
1236:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1180:.
1131:.
1121:.
1111:.
1101:12
1099:.
1095:.
1072:.
1062:.
1050:.
1046:.
991:.
981:.
969:.
965:.
942:.
932:.
922:.
910:.
906:.
883:.
869:.
865:.
640:.
616:.
577:.
476:.
403:.
71:.
3903::
3435:e
3428:t
3421:v
2716:)
2712:(
2489:)
2485:(
2466:e
2459:t
2452:v
2167:(
2159:)
2155:(
2149:)
2145:(
2139:)
2135:(
2120:)
2116:(
2110:)
2106:(
2091:)
2087:(
2081:)
2077:(
2062:)
2058:(
2023:e
2016:t
2009:v
1959:.
1933:.
1911::
1903::
1876:.
1856::
1848::
1825:.
1805::
1797::
1769:.
1737::
1729::
1702:.
1680::
1672::
1645:.
1625::
1617::
1594:.
1574::
1566::
1543:.
1523::
1515::
1489:.
1477::
1450:.
1428:.
1408::
1400::
1377:.
1357::
1349::
1326:.
1298:.
1278::
1270::
1244:.
1224::
1216::
1191:.
1165:.
1139:.
1115::
1107::
1080:.
1058::
1031:.
999:.
977::
950:.
926::
918::
891:.
877::
871:5
714:–
42:(
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.