2099:
78:
270:(1550–1590), the Spanish initially attempted to defeat the combined Chichimeca peoples in a war of "fire and blood", but eventually sought peace as they were unable to defeat them. The Chichimeca's small-scale raids proved effective. To end the war, the Spanish adopted a "Purchase for Peace" program by providing foods, tools, livestock, and land to the Chichimecas, sending Spanish to teach them agriculture as a livelihood, and by converting them to
57:
50:
120:
the
Spanish wished to exploit." Gradie noted that Chichimeca was used as a broad and generalizing term by outsiders, writing, " was used by both Spanish and Nahuatl speakers to refer collectively to many different people who exhibited a wide range of cultural development from hunter-gatherers to
244:
He described the people, providing ethnographic information. He wrote that they only covered their genitalia with clothing; painted their bodies; and ate only game, roots and berries. He mentioned, in order to prove their supposed barbarity, that
Chichimec women, having given birth, continued
128:(1550-1590) ended with the Spanish making favorable peace terms with the Chichimeca. Spanish/Chichimeca interaction resulted in a "drastic population decline in population of all the peoples known collectively as Chichimecas, and to their eventual disappearance as peoples of all save the
79:
578:
2079:
121:
sedentary agriculturalists with sophisticated political organizations." They practiced animal sacrifice, and they were feared for their expertise and brutality in war.
667:
116:. They had no fixed dwelling places, lived by hunting, wore little clothes and fiercely resisted foreign intrusion into their territory, which happened to contain
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148:." In modern times, only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, a few thousand of whom live in the state of
2054:
700:
2039:
266:
Chichimeca military strikes against the
Spanish included raidings, ambushing critical economic routes, and pillaging. In the long-running
2127:
1016:
639:
2132:
2044:
112:. In the words of scholar Charlotte M. Gradie, "for the Spanish, the Chichimecas were a wild, nomadic people who lived north of the
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2003:
1072:
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1824:
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553:
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1894:
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632:
2142:
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1829:
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1216:
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2137:
2069:
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435:
2147:
1663:
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1890:
1774:
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511:
17:
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35:
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214:
In the late sixteenth century, Gonzalo de las Casas wrote about the
Chichimec. He had received an
1673:
1346:
843:
137:
31:
1898:
38:. For the historic group of the eastern United States known to the Spanish as "Chichimeco", see
569:
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1734:
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1301:
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765:
387:
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993:
893:
617:
1296:
8:
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1936:
1698:
730:
710:
523:
30:
This article is about the historical
Mesoamerican peoples. For the modern day group, see
928:
347:
The
Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. 2: Mesoamerica, Part 2
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1955:
1779:
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1371:
1251:
1181:
913:
888:
820:
810:
648:
606:
590:
528:
Unknown Mexico, Explorations in the Sierra Madre and Other
Regions, 1890-1898. 2 vols
499:
491:
452:
350:
330:
43:
1281:
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1708:
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1555:
1462:
1366:
1166:
983:
958:
775:
770:
582:
471:
369:
See
Andrews 2003 (pp.496 and 507), Karttunen 1983 (p.48), and Lockhart 2001 (p.214)
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113:
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72:
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320:
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261:
125:
109:
1940:
1924:
1744:
537:
Soldiers, Indians, & Silver: The
Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550-1600
2121:
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In the late 16th century, according to the
Spanish, the Chichimeca did not
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region of Mexico. Chichimeca carried the same meaning as the Roman term "
1911:
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1729:
1171:
963:
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225:
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near Durango and fought in the wars against the Chichimec peoples: the
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Report of the Chichimeca and the Justness of the War Against Them.
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558:"The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History?"
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182:
meaning "area of milk." It is sometimes said to be related to
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1442:
1433:
1321:
898:
93:
39:
2080:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
647:
274:. Within a century, the Spanish and Chichimeca assimilated.
462:
Gradie, Charlotte M. (1994). "Discovering the Chichimeca".
388:
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/Chichimecas.pdf
282:
De las Casas, Gonzalo. (1571). The War of the Chichimecas
108:. The name, with its pejorative sense, was adopted by the
562:
430:(Revised ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
245:
traveling on the same day without stopping to recover.
544:
Secretariá de Turismo del Estado de Zacatecas (2005).
349:. Cambridge University Press. 2000. pp. 111–113.
2075:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
534:
461:
425:
306:Gradie, Charlotte M. "Discovering the Chichimecas"
293:Gradie, Charlotte M. "Discovering the Chichimecas"
252:as did many of the surrounding indigenous peoples.
498:
552:
530:(reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
2119:
448:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
402:, Berkeley: U of California Press, pp. 182-199;
326:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
539:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
510:
404:LatinoLA | Comunidad :: Indigenous Origins
209:
2055:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2040:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
522:
236:, who lived in the area known at the time as "
633:
96:peoples who were established in present-day
640:
626:
470:(1). The Americas, Vol. 51, No. 1: 67–88.
2045:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
649:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
451:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
329:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
255:
55:
48:
198:are long. That changes the meaning, as
14:
2120:
308:Academy of American Franciscan History
295:Academy of American Franciscan History
169:
621:
441:Gradie, Charlotte M. "Chichimec." In
319:Gradie, Charlotte M. "Chichimec." In
71:
506:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
178:) means "inhabitants of Chichiman,"
1073:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
504:An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl
24:
2128:Indigenous peoples of Aridoamerica
2065:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1044:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
310:, Vol 51, No. 1 (July 1994), p. 68
297:, Vol 51, No. 1 (July 1994), p. 68
25:
2189:
1056:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1027:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
579:American Society for Ethnohistory
428:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl
240:." Las Casas' account was called
88:of Mexico generically applied to
2133:Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico
2097:
1049:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1022:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1032:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
34:. For the modern language, see
2178:Nomadic groups in the Americas
434:De las Casas, Gonzalo (1571).
400:Soldiers, Indians & Silver
398:Powell, Phillip Wayne (1952),
392:
381:
372:
363:
339:
313:
300:
287:
13:
1:
1976:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1037:Archaeological sites in Chile
535:Powell, Philip Wayne (1969).
277:
42:. For the genus of moth, see
2070:Mesoamerican writing systems
2027:
1066:Archaeological sites in Peru
518:. Stanford University Press.
426:Andrews, J. Richard (2003).
210:Ethnohistorical descriptions
155:
7:
1966:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
10:
2194:
2158:History of San Luis Potosí
1992:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
1895:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
436:The War of the Chichimecas
419:
378:As cited in Gradie (1994).
259:
29:
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1217:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1002:
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171:[tʃiːtʃiːˈmeːkaʔ]
36:Chichimeca Jonaz language
2104:Civilizations portal
1061:Cultural periods of Peru
1998:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
844:Mesoamerican chronology
194:are short, and both in
84:) is the name that the
32:Chichimeca Jonaz people
701:Archaeological periods
61:
53:
2143:History of Guanajuato
2004:List of Conquistadors
1891:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1302:Quebrada de Humahuaca
721:Caddoan Mississippian
546:"Zonas Arqueológicas"
256:Wars with the Spanish
73:[tʃitʃiˈmeka]
59:
52:
2163:History of Zacatecas
2153:History of Michoacán
1971:Francisco de Montejo
1899:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1012:Andean civilizations
939:Shaft tomb tradition
168:(plural, pronounced
2138:History of Coahuila
1937:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1242:Manteño-Huancavilca
711:Ancestral Puebloans
577:(3). Columbus, OH:
2148:History of Jalisco
2060:Columbian exchange
2050:Portal:Mesoamerica
1202:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1017:Indigenous peoples
756:Hopewell tradition
683:Indigenous peoples
516:Nahuatl as Written
500:Karttunen, Frances
409:2019-01-04 at the
238:La Gran Chichimeca
62:
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2168:History of Sonora
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2015:Francisco Pizarro
1981:Pedro de Alvarado
1297:Pucará de Tilcara
565:online facsimile)
554:Smith, Michael E.
104:" that described
44:Chichimeca (moth)
16:(Redirected from
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1394:
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1188:
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1155:
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1128:
1125:
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1120:
1118:
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1025:
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1009:
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1005:
1004:South America
1001:
995:
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985:
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977:
975:
972:
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967:
965:
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839:
837:
833:
827:
826:Weeden Island
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:Poverty Point
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Mississippian
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
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724:
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719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
694:
693:North America
690:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:Paleo-Indians
661:
660:
658:
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643:
638:
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631:
629:
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623:
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608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
564:
559:
555:
551:
548:(in Spanish).
547:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
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469:
465:
460:
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457:9780195188431
454:
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366:
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356:9780521652049
352:
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336:
335:9780195188431
332:
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250:worship idols
246:
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107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:Nahua peoples
80:
74:
66:
58:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2095:
2028:
1878:Moctezuma II
1835:Inca history
1760:Andean Music
1704:Architecture
1699:Architecture
1694:Architecture
1689:Architecture
1685:Architecture
1679:Gender Roles
1424:Tenochtitlan
1347:Timoto–Cuica
1342:Tierradentro
1127:Casma–Sechin
859:Chalcatzingo
725:
574:
570:Ethnohistory
568:
536:
527:
515:
503:
467:
463:
446:
427:
399:
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383:
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365:
346:
341:
324:
315:
307:
302:
294:
289:
281:
265:
247:
241:
215:
213:
206:in Nahuatl.
200:vowel length
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:Chīchīmēcatl
175:
165:
159:
142:Sierra Gorda
123:
118:silver mines
64:
63:
60:Aridoamerica
27:Ethnic group
1941:Túpac Amaru
1925:Manco Cápac
1874:Moctezuma I
1785:Agriculture
1780:Agriculture
1775:Agriculture
1766:Agriculture
1709:Road System
1598:Mathematics
1463:Muysc Cubun
1317:San Agustín
1267:Monte Verde
944:Teotihuacan
836:Mesoamerica
731:Coles Creek
716:Anishinaabe
673:Archaeology
581:: 153–186.
272:Catholicism
196:Chīchīmēcah
174:; singular
166:Chīchīmēcah
144:in eastern
2173:Barbarians
2122:Categories
1912:Tisquesusa
1886:Cuauhtémoc
1882:Cuitláhuac
1212:Lauricocha
1182:Gran Chaco
1172:Cupisnique
1157:Chinchorro
1132:Chachapoya
1122:Caral–Supe
964:Tlaxcaltec
954:Teuchitlán
869:Chupícuaro
796:Plum Bayou
791:Plaquemine
761:Marksville
726:Chichimeca
278:References
226:Guachichil
217:encomienda
150:Guanajuato
146:Guanajuato
65:Chichimeca
18:Chichimecs
1933:Atahualpa
1929:Pachacuti
1904:Nemequene
1770:Chinampas
1592:Astronomy
1581:Astronomy
1561:Mythology
1556:Mythology
1551:Mythology
1546:Mythology
1542:Mythology
1372:Wankarani
1362:Tuncahuán
1252:Marajoara
1207:Las Vegas
1093:Atacameño
989:Xochipala
929:Purépecha
889:Epi-Olmec
879:Cuicuilco
821:Troyville
811:St. Johns
611:145142543
595:0014-1801
526:(1987) .
492:145002405
180:Chichiman
156:Etymology
102:barbarian
92:and semi-
2029:See also
1947:Conquest
1920:Zoratama
1587:Calendar
1576:Calendar
1571:Calendar
1567:Calendar
1536:Religion
1531:Religion
1520:Religion
1509:Religion
1505:Religion
1494:Numerals
1488:Numerals
1449:Language
1429:Multiple
1367:Valdivia
1352:Tiwanaku
1312:Saladoid
1307:Quimbaya
1197:Kuhikugu
1177:Diaguita
1167:Chorrera
984:Veraguas
979:Veracruz
959:Tlatilco
771:Mogollon
678:Cultures
656:Americas
556:(1984).
514:(2001).
502:(1983).
464:Americas
407:Archived
234:Zacateco
232:and the
204:phonemic
69:Spanish:
1916:Tundama
1845:Peoples
1830:History
1825:History
1820:History
1816:History
1810:Cuisine
1805:Cuisine
1800:Cuisine
1795:Cuisine
1791:Cuisine
1649:Warfare
1644:Warfare
1639:Warfare
1635:Warfare
1629:Society
1624:Economy
1613:Society
1608:Society
1604:Society
1474:Writing
1468:Quechua
1453:Nahuatl
1420:Capital
1357:Toyopán
1337:Tairona
1247:Mapuche
1162:Chiripa
1137:Chancay
1108:Cañaris
1083:Amotape
1078:El Abra
994:Zapotec
974:Totonac
949:Tepanec
934:Quelepa
904:Mezcala
894:Huastec
864:Cholula
854:Capacha
849:Acolhua
806:Sinagua
781:Patayan
751:Hohokam
741:Fremont
484:1008356
420:Sources
230:Guamare
162:Nahuatl
140:of the
94:nomadic
90:nomadic
1859:Muisca
1854:Mayans
1849:Aztecs
1483:Script
1478:Script
1438:Bacatá
1409:Muisca
1292:Pucará
1287:Piaroa
1282:Paiján
1277:Omagua
1232:Lupaca
1227:Lokono
1192:Kalina
1187:Huetar
1147:Chavín
1142:Chango
1117:Nariño
1113:Capulí
1103:Calima
1098:Aymara
1088:Arawak
969:Toltec
919:Olmecs
914:Nicoya
909:Mixtec
884:Diquis
786:Picosa
776:Oshara
746:Glades
736:Dorset
609:
603:482619
601:
593:
490:
482:
455:
353:
333:
228:, the
224:, the
192:chichi
184:chichi
1864:Incas
1755:Music
1750:Music
1745:Music
1741:Music
1674:Women
1669:Women
1664:Women
1660:Women
1618:Trade
1499:Quipu
1443:Cusco
1434:Hunza
1399:Aztec
1332:Taíno
1327:Sican
1322:Shuar
1272:Nazca
1262:Mollo
1257:Moche
1237:Luzia
1152:Chimú
924:Pipil
899:Izapa
874:Coclé
816:Thule
706:Adena
599:JSTOR
488:S2CID
480:JSTOR
445:(ed).
323:(ed).
190:s in
164:name
130:Pames
98:Bajío
40:Westo
1654:Army
1436:and
1414:Inca
1404:Maya
1382:Zenú
1377:Wari
1222:Lima
607:OCLC
591:ISSN
453:ISBN
351:ISBN
331:ISBN
222:Pame
160:The
124:The
1735:Art
1730:Art
1725:Art
1720:Art
1716:Art
583:doi
563:PDF
472:doi
202:is
132:of
2124::
1973:)
605:.
597:.
589:.
575:31
573:.
567:.
486:.
478:.
468:51
466:.
188:i'
152:.
2017:)
2013:(
2006:)
2002:(
2000:)
1996:(
1994:)
1990:(
1983:)
1979:(
1969:(
1958:)
1954:(
1711:)
1707:(
1620:)
1616:(
1594:)
1590:(
1583:)
1579:(
1527:)
1523:(
1516:)
1512:(
1490:)
1486:(
1115:/
641:e
634:t
627:v
613:.
585::
561:(
494:.
474::
438:.
359:.
67:(
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
