3945:, a "closely lip-rounded with the tongue in the close-i position", was formerly used in Central Region dialects but is now rarely heard, usually being replaced by 'w'. ("It is doubtful whether the majority of speakers have in their phoneme inventory" (Kishindo).) The symbol 'ŵ' is generally omitted in current publications such as newspapers. In the dialects that use the sound, it is found only before a, i, and e, while before o and u it becomes . To some linguists (e.g. Watkins) it sounds similar to the Spanish .
229:
242:
216:
203:
10089:
357:
12013:
687:, published in 1877 but written in 1853–4. Rebmann was a missionary living near Mombasa in Kenya, and he obtained his information from a Malawian slave, known by the Swahili name Salimini, who had been captured in Malawi some ten years earlier. Salimini, who came from a place called Mphande apparently in the Lilongwe region, also noted some differences between his own dialect, which he called
553:
an official language in Malawi. As a result, Tumbuka was removed from the school curriculum, the national radio, and the print media. With the advent of multi-party democracy in 1994, Tumbuka programmes were started again on the radio, but the number of books and other publications in
Tumbuka remains low.
9086:
The tenses used in certain kinds of dependent clauses (such as relative clauses and some types of temporal clauses) differ from those used in main clauses. Dependent verbs often have a tone on the first syllable. Sometimes this change of tone alone is sufficient to show that the verb is being used in
4057:
A second important use of tone is in the verb. Each tense of the verb has its own characteristic tonal pattern (negative tenses usually have a different pattern from positive ones). For example, the present habitual has high tones on the initial syllable and the penultimate, the other syllables being
10092:
552:
have at one time been the primary dominant national languages used by government officials and in school curricula. However, the
Tumbuka language suffered a lot during the rule of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, since in 1968 as a result of his one-nation, one-language policy it lost its status as
10091:
10096:
10095:
10090:
624:
in what became Zambia. His route took him through the country of King Undi west of the
Dzalanyama mountains, across a corner of present-day Malawi and on into Zambia. Later he wrote an account including some ethnographic and linguistic notes and vocabularies. According to Gamitto, the Malawi or
10097:
10094:
748:, was made in a more standard Central Region dialect about 1900–1922 by missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland with the help of some Malawians. This has recently (2016) been reissued in a revised and slightly modernised version.
3656:
are the same phoneme, representing a retroflex tap , approximately between and . According to the official spelling rules, the sound is written as 'r' after 'i' or 'e', otherwise 'l'. It is also written with 'l' after a prefix containing 'i', as in
10721:, p 126, James Tengatenga, 2010: "Two important pieces of work have been accomplished during these later years. First, the completion by Archdeacon Johnson of the Bible in Chinyanja, and secondly, the completed Chinyanja prayer book in 1908."
8761:
Another distinction is between perfect and past. The two perfect tenses imply that the event described had an outcome which still obtains now. The two past tenses usually imply that the result of the action has been reversed in some way:
8691:, and remote future). The distinction between near and remote tenses is not exact. The remote tenses are not used of events of today or last night, but the near tenses can sometimes be used of events of earlier or later than today:
4162:
Chewa nouns are divided for convenience into a number of classes, which are referred to by the
Malawians themselves by names such as "Mu-A-", but by Bantu specialists by numbers such as "1/2", corresponding to the classes in other
4182:
When assigning nouns to a particular class, initially the prefix of the noun is used. Where there is no prefix, or where the prefix is ambiguous, the concords (see below) are used as a guide to the noun class. For example,
767:, who in 1966 was to become the first President of the Republic of Malawi. This grammar is also remarkable in that it was the first to mark the tones of the words. Modern monographs on aspects of Chichewa grammar include
11687:
10085:. Town Nyanja has no official status, and the presence of large numbers of loanwords and colloquial expressions has given rise to the misconception that it is an unstructured mixture of languages or a form of slang.
8666:
Chewa has a large number of tenses, some of which differ in some respects from the tenses met with in
European languages. The distinction between one tense and another is made partly by the use of infixes, such as
3589:
are pronounced less forcibly than the
English equivalents and generally without aspiration. Stevick notes that in relaxed speech, the first three are sometimes replaced with the voiced fricatives , and , and
3976:
language; that is to say, the pitch of the syllables (high or low) plays an important role in it. Tone is used in various ways in the language. First of all, each word has its own tonal pattern, for example:
8843:
Another important distinction in Chewa is between perfective and imperfective aspect. Imperfective tenses are used for situations, events which occur regularly, or events which are temporarily in progress:
763:(1937). This book, the first grammar of any African language to be written by an American, was a work of cooperation between a young black PhD student and young student from Nyasaland studying in Chicago,
10105:
The fact that the standard Nyanja used in schools differs dramatically from the variety actually spoken in Lusaka has been identified as a barrier to the acquisition of literacy among
Zambian children.
8835:
When used in narrating a series of events, however, these implications are somewhat relaxed: the Remote
Perfect is used for narrating earlier events, and the Recent Past for narrating events of today.
361:
Areas where Chewa is the dominant language (purple). Solid green signifies a nation where Chewa is an official language, striped green signifies a nation where Chewa is a recognized minority language.
646:
in 1854. Among other slaves was one Mateke, who spoke what he calls "Maravi". Mateke's language is clearly an early form of Nyanja, but in a southern dialect. For example, the modern
Chichewa phrase
10093:
10794:
Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 95: "A high vowel is very short and not very vowel-like, so inserting one leads to minimal deviation from the pronunciation of the word in the source language."
9852:
At the end of the riddle section, Rattray includes a version of the conundrum about the man who must cross a river with a goat, a leopard, and some maize, a traditional
African form of the
11673:
11794:. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 350–364.
4025:
Usually there is only one high tone in a word (generally on one of the last three syllables), or none. However, in compound words there can be more than one high tone, for example:
13340:
7972:), and by their tonal pattern. Sometimes two tenses have the same tense-marker and differ in their tonal pattern alone. In the following examples, the tense-marker is underlined:
8328:
Except in the perfect tense, the 3rd person subject marker when used of people is the same whether singular or plural. So in the present tense the 3rd person subject-marker is
11684:
629:) were those ruled by King Undi south of the Chambwe stream (not far south of the present border between Mozambique and Zambia), while the Chewa lived north of the Chambwe.
9920:
12194:
11787:
12349:
11995:
778:
In recent years the language has changed considerably, and a dichotomy has grown between the traditional Chichewa of the villages and the language of city-dwellers.
10733:
12061:
9789:, a collection of texts in the Chinyanja language, accompanied by English translations, reflecting the language heard in what was then Central Angoniland in the
12054:
8568:
When used with a toneless verb tense such as the perfect, the object-marker has a high tone, but in some tenses such as the present habitual, the tone is lost:
11714:
9935:
9879:
4167:. Conventionally, they are grouped into pairs of singular and plural. However, irregular pairings are also possible, especially with loanwords; for example,
13333:
613:
10496:
11644:
3638:
is described by Scotton and Orr as being pronounced "somewhat more forward in the mouth" than in English and as sounding "somewhere between an English
7946:
In addition, classes 4 and 9, and classes 15 and 17 have identical concords, so the total number of concord sets (singular and plural) is now twelve.
12878:
10081:, although the language also incorporates large numbers of English-derived words, as well as showing influence from other Zambian languages such as
819:'to shout'. When a word comes at the end of a phrase, its penultimate vowel tends to be lengthened, except for non-Chewa names and words, such as
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
13326:
13147:
11841:
10992:
8416:
An object-marker can also optionally be added to the verb; if one is added it goes immediately before the verb-stem. The 2nd person plural adds
12180:
12039:: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the
9900:
9890:
11668:
12533:
12425:
12206:
11859:
533:
7896:) had already been assimilated to class 5 even in the 19th century, although it still exists in some dialects of the neighbouring language
640:
in West Africa, interviewed some 160 former slaves and recorded vocabularies in their languages. He published the results in a book called
8600:
With the imperative or subjunctive, the tone of the object-marker goes on the syllable following it, and the imperative ending changes to
4145:. For example, immediately before a pause in the middle of a sentence the speaker's voice tends to rise up; this rise is referred to as a
11657:
1834:
Consonants in parentheses are marginal or found mainly in loanwords. The lateral is an approximant word-initially and a flap medially.
4222:'mosquito(es)' (class 14), and do not change between singular and plural. Despite this, such words can still be counted if appropriate:
3765:'minister' it is pronounced very short, as part of the following syllable. However, can also be syllabic, when it is contracted from
3419:
The spelling used here is that introduced in 1973, which is the one generally in use in the Malawi at the present time, replacing the
14229:
13354:
10058:
9646:
with a low tone is causative, but when it has a high tone it is intensive. The high tone is heard on the final syllable of the verb:
331:
10622:
11464:
6566:
There are 17 different noun classes, but because some of them share concords there are in fact only 12 distinct sets of prefixes.
10523:
4885:
Class 2 (the plural of class 1) is often used for respect when referring to elders. According to Corbett and Mtenje, a word like
9060:, which is added after the subject-prefix instead of before it. They similarly have a single tone on the penultimate syllable:
1167:. The most straightforward analysis is that they are clusters. The consonant inventory under a cluster analysis is as follows:
11512:
10109:
The concords in Town Nyanja differ from those in Chichewa described above. For example, classes 5 and 6 both have the concord
7829:, and of Scott and Hetherwick, show that formerly the number of concords was greater. The following changes have taken place:
12871:
12339:
11963:
11920:
11784:
11489:
3753:
etc., is assimilated to the following consonant, that is, it is pronounced or as appropriate. In words of class 9, such as
511:
in Portuguese). In Malawi, the name was officially changed from Chinyanja to Chichewa in 1968 at the insistence of President
12169:
12155:
12119:
11765:
11745:
12602:
8050:
Tenses can be modified further by adding certain other infixes, called 'aspect-markers', after the tense-marker. These are
11971:
6729:
For classes other than classes 1 and 2, a demonstrative is used instead of a freestanding pronoun, for example in class 6
519:), and this is still the name most commonly used in Malawi today. In Zambia, the language is generally known as Nyanja or
13140:
9790:
6963:, all Chewa verbs have a prefix which agrees with the subject of the verb. In modern Chewa, the class 2 prefix (formerly
3378:
1778:
379:
11930:
Marwick, M.G., (1963). "History and Tradition in East Central Africa Through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Cheŵa",
10730:
10077:
and is widely spoken as a second language throughout Zambia. This is a distinctive Nyanja dialect with some features of
12115:
A Grammar of the Chinyanja Language as Spoken at Lake Nyassa: With Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja Vocabularies
11824:
11542:
8307:
Both the 2nd and the 3rd person plural pronouns and subject-markers are used respectfully to refer to a single person:
4149:. Other intonational tones are sometimes heard, for example a rising or falling tone at the end of a yes-no question.
3566:
is described by Atkins as an "alveolar-labialised fricative". The combination sounds approximately as or . Similarly
679:
Apart from the few words recorded by Gamitto and Koelle, the first extensive record of the Chewa language was made by
12526:
12418:
11989:
11908:
11449:
11437:
11424:
9865:
9177:
After the verb stem one or more extensions may be added. The extensions modify the meaning of the verb, for example:
8074:'only', 'just'. These infixes can also be used on their own, as tense-markers in their own right (compare the use of
17:
12010:
11709:
10981:
3719:
is pronounced very short and does not form a separate syllable. In Southern Region dialects of Malawi, the syllabic
14301:
12864:
12312:
11870:
3041:
2703:
1681:
1541:
718:
A Grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja vocabulary
11941:
11627:
14039:
14033:
14027:
14021:
13318:
12226:
12176:. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.)
2989:
1655:
658:
in Mateke's speech, whereas for Johannes Rebmann's informant Salimini, who came from the Lilongwe region, it was
369:
12361:
12081:
11797:
Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999a). "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa" in René Kager,
565:, spoken mostly in the Central and Southern Regions of that country. It is also spoken in Eastern Province of
14311:
13133:
9797:. The texts include cultural and historical narratives, along with folktales, including several stories about
8382:
When the subject is a noun not in class 1, the appropriate class prefix is used even if referring to a person:
7095:
means 'I have bought (them)'). If used, it comes immediately before the verb root, and agrees with the object:
910:
10503:
10906:
Atkins (1950), p.207; Stevick et al. (1965), p.xii; Downing & Mtenje (2018), p. 43, quoting Price (1946).
9957:
2888:
1620:
270:
11641:
11152:
Scott & Hetherwick (1929), s.v. Ibsi; Rebmann (1877) s.v. Chiko, Psiwili/Pfiwili; Watkins (1937), p. 37.
288:
14306:
14296:
14110:
12519:
12411:
3176:
3028:
2673:
1737:
1668:
1528:
106:
3733:
manner, i.e. (with three syllables), but in the Central Region, it is pronounced as it is written, i.e. .
1164:
1148:
950:
929:
915:
896:
882:
14186:
12947:
11763:
A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa
4079:
The recent past continuous and present continuous, on the other hand, have a tone on the third syllable:
3075:
1700:
924:
877:
722:
A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa
632:
Another, more extensive, list of 263 words and phrases of the language was made by the German missionary
12043:
11981:
3405:
3228:
3189:
3002:
2843:
2733:
2439:
2219:
2111:
2098:
2072:
2057:
1959:
1918:
1899:
1880:
1795:
1317:
1302:
945:
126:
12367:
11838:
10989:
10073:
An urban variety of Nyanja, sometimes called Town Nyanja, is the lingua franca of the Zambian capital
831:, in which the penultimate vowel always remains short. The added 'u' or 'i' in borrowed words such as
14122:
14116:
14074:
13245:
13205:
9770:
3403:
3376:
3307:
3292:
3275:
3239:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3163:
3161:
3129:
3114:
3097:
3073:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2954:
2935:
2920:
2886:
2871:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2811:
2788:
2754:
2731:
2701:
2686:
2671:
2634:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2550:
2518:
2497:
2478:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2411:
2396:
2394:
2370:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2286:
2258:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2174:
2150:
2135:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2055:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1942:
1793:
1776:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1698:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1573:
1539:
1526:
1493:
1476:
1459:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1412:
1388:
1371:
1356:
1332:
1315:
1300:
1271:
1258:
1243:
1228:
116:
100:
1837:
If the more complex syllable onsets are analyzed as single consonants, the inventory is as follows:
14291:
13114:
11561:
Investigating bilingual literacy: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia (Education Research Paper No. 24)
10481:
Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in
8679:, and partly by the intonation of the verb, since each tense has its own particular tonal pattern.
8227:'they'; 'he/she (respectful or polite). (In the perfect tense, the subject-marker for 'he, she' is
4142:
891:
733:
345:
12203:
11856:
14281:
13401:
13220:
12932:
12887:
12199:. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.)
10562:
For spelling Chinyanja cf. Lehmann (1977). Both spellings are used in Zambia Daily Mail articles.
9962:
4845:
2520:
2499:
2137:
1478:
1461:
1334:
12382:
11884:
11808:
Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb",
13377:
12490:
12070:
Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon",
9033:
Tenses which mean 'will not' or 'have not yet' have a single tone on the penultimate syllable:
3441:
3309:
3294:
3277:
3259:
3131:
3116:
3099:
3085:
2956:
2937:
2922:
2902:
2813:
2790:
2770:
2636:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2552:
2536:
2372:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2288:
2272:
1195:
1152:
14232:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
11848:: The Role of the Chichewa Board (1972–1995) in Prescription and Standardization of Chichewa.
11654:
10607:
3819:
is pronounced as in 'singer'. Both of these consonants can occur at the beginning of a word:
14220:
13670:
13156:
12901:
12759:
12673:
12480:
9853:
8688:
3730:
3367:
1985:
1944:
1245:
1230:
1183:
1156:
1088:
582:
10589:
See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38–40 for a list of publications.
8873:
In the present tense only, there is a further distinction between habitual and progressive:
4261:'skill' are considered to belong to class 5/6 (Li-Ma-) and take the concords of that class.
10483:
9774:
2465:
1998:
1495:
1260:
1160:
720:, was written by Alexander Riddel in 1880. Further early grammars and vocabularies include
6574:
In the examples below, the concords are illustrated mainly with nouns of classes 1 and 2.
8:
14104:
13558:
13552:
13442:
13307:
12825:
12678:
12542:
12434:
12190:
11798:
9910:
9820:" "I built a hut with only one post to prop up the roof. What is that? A mushroom." (#11)
9290:
are called 'reversive'. They give meanings such as 'open', 'undo', 'unstick', 'uncover':
3445:
3326:
2969:
2774:
2756:
2717:
2647:
2276:
2245:
2206:
2176:
2164:
1635:
1575:
1557:
1506:
1402:
1390:
1373:
1358:
1346:
642:
12103:
11878:
10626:
9784:
726:
A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa
616:, who at the age of 26 in 1831 was appointed as second-in-command of an expedition from
13997:
13407:
13170:
12653:
12317:
12243:
A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa
11461:
9884:
4109:
3973:
2013:
1853:
1273:
1190:
1178:
756:
578:
179:
9875:
The following have written published stories, novels, or plays in the Chewa language:
321:
13664:
12997:
12830:
12688:
12318:
Johnson's 1912 translation of Genesis 1–3 into the Likoma dialect, in various formats
12291:
12242:
11985:
11959:
11904:
11820:
9778:
8146:
7965:
4905:'my father is walking, I see him'); they note that to use the singular object-marker
3263:
3149:
2906:
2827:
2540:
2384:
1867:
1862:
1710:
1591:
1447:
1212:
1202:
1145:
11880:
An English–Nyanja dictionary of the Nyanja language spoken in British Central Africa
7006:'they have gone') has different subject prefixes from the other tenses (see below).
375:
13945:
13793:
13757:
13716:
13652:
13634:
13617:
13611:
13605:
13564:
13500:
13436:
13389:
13302:
13292:
13195:
13185:
13093:
13088:
13042:
13017:
12992:
12982:
12977:
12937:
12835:
12820:
12800:
12790:
12785:
12775:
12703:
12648:
12607:
12556:
12495:
12448:
11723:
Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism
11509:
10541:
9841:" "However far away it be, this very day this thing reaches there. Memories." (#24)
8546:'you know the inside of the house'; but usually a locative suffix is used instead:
7897:
7826:
4113:
3895:'flower') although often written is generally not pronounced. Combinations such as
2653:
2045:
1848:
1810:
1512:
1290:
772:
680:
633:
617:
549:
537:
436:
63:
13348:
12333:
11917:
11485:
9834:" "A tree which you cut down today, and the next it begins to sprout. Hair." (#23)
969:
Chewa consonants can be simple (directly preceding a vowel) or may be followed by
961:
Vowels are generally lengthened in the penultimate syllable of a prosodic phrase.
14151:
14145:
14098:
13991:
13985:
13979:
13927:
13921:
13864:
13852:
13835:
13829:
13823:
13817:
13811:
13805:
13799:
13787:
13781:
13775:
13728:
13722:
13710:
13676:
13576:
13570:
13488:
13350:
13287:
13230:
13225:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13022:
13012:
12972:
12840:
12815:
12810:
12795:
12780:
12718:
12713:
12698:
12693:
12668:
12638:
12628:
12592:
12577:
12343:
12237:, Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp. 5–158.
12230:
12210:
12173:
12163:
12159:
12149:
12113:
12085:
12047:
12017:
11945:
11924:
11863:
11845:
11791:
11769:
11762:
11739:
11718:
11691:
11677:
11661:
11648:
11631:
11546:
11516:
11468:
10996:
10985:
10737:
10078:
10009:
10001:
9930:
8661:
8134:
7955:
4164:
1933:
1858:
1219:
1207:
545:
466:
136:
131:
92:
12372:
9712:
when they have a stative or intransitive meaning also usually have a high tone:
14286:
14213:
14192:
14180:
14157:
14092:
14086:
14068:
14056:
14015:
14009:
14003:
13962:
13933:
13915:
13909:
13858:
13769:
13763:
13740:
13646:
13640:
13599:
13494:
13419:
13413:
13395:
13383:
13297:
13261:
13240:
13235:
13215:
13210:
13190:
13098:
13047:
13037:
13027:
13007:
12987:
12967:
12962:
12952:
12927:
12917:
12845:
12805:
12738:
12733:
12723:
12708:
12683:
12663:
12658:
12643:
12623:
12587:
12572:
12485:
12323:
Johnson's translation of the Book of Common Prayer in the Likoma dialect (1909)
12281:
10082:
9925:
9905:
7366:, make the subject prefix of the perfect tense. In the plural the two prefixes
3967:
2039:
1284:
904:
764:
512:
167:
12301:
12258:
14275:
14163:
14139:
14062:
13881:
13658:
13524:
13518:
13512:
13506:
13271:
13266:
13180:
13067:
13032:
12957:
12942:
12728:
12582:
9054:
Infinitives, participial verbs, and the subjunctive make their negative with
4541:
Often the first consonant is softened or omitted in the plural in this class.
4146:
3241:
3202:
3054:
3015:
2975:
2873:
2688:
2480:
2452:
2413:
2260:
2232:
2193:
2152:
2124:
2085:
2028:
1972:
1925:
1906:
1887:
1641:
1087:
Voiced and aspirated consonants, as well as and , can also be preceded by a
859:
729:
602:
574:
541:
183:
11918:"On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English"
11539:
11528:
7968:
in Chichewa are differentiated in two ways, by their tense-marker (or tense-
7120:
The object infix of classes 16, 17, and 18 is usually replaced by a suffix:
14080:
13939:
13734:
13593:
13200:
13072:
13002:
12743:
12633:
12500:
12270:
11913:
9947:
9915:
4341:
is used only for humans and animals. It can also be used for respect, e.g.
3330:
637:
516:
410:
174:
73:
12856:
12377:
8994:. They differ in intonation from the positive tenses. The negative of the
8149:. This prefix is referred to by some grammarians as the 'subject-marker'.
4189:'possessions' is put in class 1, since it takes the class 1 demonstrative
4173:'bank', which takes the concords of class 9 in the singular, has a plural
305:
12391:
12328:
10978:
9952:
9895:
9848:" "You go in this direction, I go in that, and we must meet. Belt." (#25)
8919:
871:
854:
526:
111:
13125:
4848:
with nouns in Chichewa. This is done by means of prefixes, for example:
11938:
11624:
8138:
937:
864:
570:
482:
478:
234:
12511:
12403:
12221:
12078:
4891:'father', even though it is singular, will take plural concords (e.g.
739:
Chikalakala choyera: ndicho Malangano ya Kale ndi Malangano ya Chapano
12181:"'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa"
11977:
11731:
Town Nyanja: a learner's guide to Zambia's emerging national language
10043:
10024:
1767:
768:
314:
298:
280:
262:
12322:
8115:
Compound tenses, such as the following, are also found in Chichewa:
7089:
The use of an object infix is not obligatory in Chewa (for example,
791:
Chewa has five short vowel sounds: a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u; these are written
699:
dialect spoken further south; for example, the Maravi gave the name
9685:
can also sometimes be intensive, in which case it has a high tone:
387:
247:
8988:
Negative tenses, if they are main verbs, are made with the prefix
13704:
12223:
A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa
11625:"Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"
8905:
future, which 'might presuppose an unspoken conditional clause':
7741:'fresh') have a double prefix, combining the possessive concord (
752:
621:
383:
121:
12275:
7936:'these small knives'). This prefix still survives in words like
3691:'he gave him' (5 syllables). However, in class 9 words, such as
14237:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
10074:
9992:
9794:
8142:
7513:'of' can be combined with nouns or adverbs to make adjectives:
4141:
A third use of tones in Chewa is to show phrasing and sentence
3547:
dictionary produced by the University of Malawi, the spellings
3521:
were formerly commonly heard but are now generally replaced by
702:
598:
594:
566:
562:
474:
470:
221:
208:
53:
12265:
11161:
Rebmann (1877) s.v. Aya, Mame, Mano, Yonse; cf Goodson (2011).
9805:, the trickster rabbit (hare). These are some of the riddles:
12286:
11046:
11044:
10611:, edited by Bridgette Kasuka, published on Lulu.com, page 143
9813:" "A little thing, yet that cannot be lifted. A shadow." (#7)
8687:
There are five time-frames (remote past, near past, present,
7969:
12040:
11873:. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151–157.
6594:'who are these?' (or: 'who is this gentleman?' (respectful))
3779:'and to go'; also in the remote past continuous tense, e.g.
356:
12363:. Agoloso Presents – Nkhokwe ya Zining'a za m'Chichewa.pdf.
11956:
Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplifed Approach
11642:"Syntactic Constraints in Chichewa/English code-switching."
7649:'real'. In combination with these words the plural concord
3826:
3614:
is also used in Chewa but mostly only in loanwords such as
457:
11041:
11038:
Mtenje (1986), pp.195; 203–4; 244ff; Mtenje (1987), p.173.
4108:
Tones can also indicate whether a verb is being used in a
454:
386:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
12041:"Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi"
8861:'I was buying (today)', 'I used to buy (a long time ago)'
6807:'that same' (or 'who') have the same pronominal concords
664:. The same dialect difference survives today in the word
489:
is used for languages, so the language is usually called
448:
445:
12141:
Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929).
11729:
Gray, Andrew; Lubasi, Brighton; Bwalya, Phallen (2013).
10137:. In addition, the subject and object marker for "I" is
9108:
Other commonly used dependent tenses are the following:
8899:
One future tense not found in European languages is the
3448:, by sucking slightly. However, there is also a plosive
9832:
Mtengo adula lero, m'mawa mwache yuamba kupuka. Tsitsi.
7872:'two years'), has now adopted the concords of class 10.
3836:
11949:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
11635:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
10502:. Government of Zimbabwe. January 2013. Archived from
9773:, who learned the Chinyanja language with the help of
7129:
The same infix with verbs with the applicative suffix
6682:'it is', these make the pronouns 'he/she' and 'they':
3744:
1127:
1121:
12185:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
12148:
Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980).
11857:"Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"
10861:
Scotton & Orr (1980), p.15; Atkins (1950), p.208.
9741:
However, there are some low-toned exceptions such as
451:
442:
12108:. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968).
12097:
Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary
11871:"Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns"
11785:"Morphotactic Constraints in the Chichewa Verb Stem"
10731:
Bible Society of Malawi newsletter, 24 February 2016
9839:
Kungatarikitsa, lero lomwe ukafika, n'chiani? Mtima.
9538:
are used if the verb stem is monosyllabic or has an
7439:
The same concords are used in possessive adjectives
12308:, 1922, revised 1936) in Nyanja, chapter by chapter
11170:
Rebmann (1877), s.v. Ufa; Watkins (1937), pp. 33–4.
9603:are used only with a monosyllabic stem or one with
7609:
6577:
4914:The various prefixes are shown on the table below:
548:. Throughout the history of Malawi, only Chewa and
439:
12022:The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
9129:There is also a series of tenses using a toneless
8564:'himself', 'herself', 'themselves', 'myself', etc.
8324:'they have gone' or 'he/she has gone' (respectful)
7915:'my flour'), now has the same concords as class 3.
7292:in classes 1 and 2. For semantic reasons, class 1
6569:
3594:can be heard as a voiced flap. In the combination
8914:'I will buy' (if I go there, or when I get there)
8853:'I used to buy', 'I was buying (a long time ago)'
4249:Class 11 (Lu-) is not found in Chewa. Words like
742:in 1912. Another Bible translation, known as the
581:. It was one of the 55 languages featured on the
14273:
12369:. Agoloso Presents – Mikuluwiko ya Patsokwe.pdf.
11728:
9870:
9846:Pita uku, nanenso, ndipite uko, tikomane. Mkuzi.
9818:Ndamanga nyumba ndi mzati umodzi, n'chiani? Boa.
8378:'they have gone', 'he/she has gone' (respectful)
8349:'they are going', 'he/she is going' (respectful)
3957:'be upside down like a bat') can be pronounced .
3785:'he used to go'. In some borrowed words such as
728:(1895). The whole Bible was translated into the
12378:Zodiak Radio live radio in English and Chichewa
12373:OLAC resources in and about the Nyanja language
12259:President Lazarus Chakwera speaking in Chichewa
7887:'these eggs'), now has the concords of class 2.
7337:
7333:'here in Malawi (where we are now)' (class 17).
3669:is syllabic in words where it is derived from
3469:
601:and in northern Mozambique as far south as the
12393:
12350:
12303:
12292:
12063:Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa
12056:Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa
12034:
10458:
10451:
10439:
10432:
10420:
10413:
10401:
10394:
10382:
10375:
10363:
10356:
10344:
10337:
10324:
10317:
10305:
10298:
10286:
10279:
10267:
10260:
10248:
10241:
10229:
10222:
10210:
10204:
10197:
10185:
10178:
9752:
9742:
9728:
9716:
9707:
9689:
9680:
9666:
9650:
9641:
9623:
9611:
9582:
9566:
9554:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9515:
9499:
9483:
9467:
9451:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9398:
9392:
9386:
9380:
9374:
9368:
9354:
9342:
9330:
9318:
9306:
9294:
9285:
9279:
9257:
9241:
9225:
9205:
9189:
9181:
9163:
9155:
9147:
9139:
9130:
9120:
9112:
9099:
9091:
9072:
9064:
9055:
9045:
9037:
9024:
9016:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8970:
8958:
8946:
8934:
8926:
8909:
8900:
8885:
8877:
8864:
8856:
8848:
8838:
8822:
8816:
8804:
8798:
8781:
8769:
8743:
8731:
8719:
8707:
8695:
8674:
8668:
8638:
8623:
8608:
8587:
8572:
8559:
8547:
8537:
8528:
8522:
8516:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8450:
8442:
8436:
8426:
8417:
8398:
8373:
8365:
8344:
8336:
8319:
8311:
8294:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8175:
8165:
8153:
8119:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8041:
8024:
8012:
8000:
7988:
7976:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7910:
7904:
7891:
7882:
7876:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7811:
7805:
7797:
7791:
7783:
7777:
7769:
7763:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7685:
7679:
7671:
7665:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7616:
7610:
7600:
7594:
7586:
7580:
7576:, except where the verb root is monosyllabic:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7537:
7531:
7523:
7517:
7508:
7500:
7494:
7485:
7479:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7430:
7424:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7382:
7376:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7349:
7343:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7260:
7254:
7244:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7136:
7130:
7121:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7090:
7075:
7067:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7035:
7026:
7020:
7010:
7001:
6995:
6985:
6979:
6970:
6964:
6945:
6937:
6929:
6921:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6814:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6720:
6714:
6706:
6700:
6692:
6686:
6677:
6671:
6661:
6655:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6583:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6286:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5816:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5722:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5639:
5627:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4969:
4906:
4892:
4886:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4798:
4784:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4743:
4729:
4723:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4682:
4676:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4342:
4336:
4322:
4321:'dog'. Class 1a refers to nouns which have no
4316:
4310:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4256:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4174:
4168:
4128:
4120:
4095:
4083:
4062:
4048:
4042:
4029:
4012:
4000:
3989:
3981:
3952:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3830:
3820:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3760:
3754:
3724:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3658:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3559:is used two or three times in the definitions.
3542:
3536:
3530:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3463:
3457:
838:
832:
826:
820:
743:
737:
708:
700:
694:
688:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
520:
506:
498:
490:
13334:
13141:
12872:
12527:
12419:
12287:English / Chichewa (Nyanja) Online Dictionary
11810:Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics
11741:A Practical Manual of the Nyanja Language ...
11670:Trill Maintenance and Replacement in Chichewa
11425:Some Folklore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja.
9373:'one another', have two possible forms, e.g.
7558:of the infinitive to make verbal adjectives.
7252:
6917:'all'. Both parts of the word have concords:
4844:Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs have to show
12027:Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963).
11007:
11005:
9786:Some Folklore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja
8290:An example of a locative subject-marker is:
6711:'with them' (or 'with him/her' (respectful))
3972:Like most other Bantu languages, Chewa is a
751:Another early grammar, concentrating on the
597:people who lived in the Eastern Province of
14261:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
14256:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
14251:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
14246:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
14241:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
12886:
12334:Recordings of pages of Scotton & Orr's
12102:Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877).
11744:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
11563:. Department for International Development.
10509:on 2 October 2013 – via Kubatana.net.
9367:Most extensions, apart from the reciprocal
8386:
8086:in the list of tenses above). For example:
7694:
7110:'I have seen them' (sometimes shortened to
6653:
4137:'the week which has ended (i.e. last week)'
771:(1986), Kanerva (1990), Mchombo (2004) and
724:by George Henry (1891) and M.E. Woodward's
561:Chewa is the most widely known language of
13341:
13327:
13148:
13134:
12879:
12865:
12534:
12520:
12426:
12412:
12247:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
11939:"An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light"
11783:Hyman, Larry M. & Sam Mchombo (1992).
11737:
11314:Downing & Mtenje (2017), pp. 142, 145.
11305:Downing & Mtenje (2017), pp. 143, 162.
9827:" "A hut without a doorway. An egg." (#19)
9081:
8133:Chichewa verbs (with the exception of the
4198:Some nouns belong to one class only, e.g.
3555:are not used in any of the headwords, but
532:Chewa belongs to the same language group (
355:
27:Bantu language of Southern and East Africa
13155:
12067:. PhD Thesis, University College, London.
11529:https://archive.org/details/@lula_pensulo
11473:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
11002:
10518:
10516:
9780:A Practical Manual of the Nyanja language
9087:a dependent clause. Compare for example:
8700:'I bought (yesterday or some days ago)' (
7845:'these people'), but this has now become
3456:, mostly found in foreign words, such as
693:, the "language of the plateau", and the
11832:Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology
11701:Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017).
11573:Gray, Lubasi, & Bwalya (2013), p. 11
11558:
10830:Sources are contradictory as to whether
10821:Downing & Mtenje (2017: 42–43)
10497:"Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)"
10167:Chewa (Malawi and Mashonaland(Zimbabwe))
10087:
8774:'I have bought it' (and still have it) (
6975:, identical with the prefix of class 1:
811:. Long vowels are sometimes found, e.g.
12541:
12433:
11969:
11927:. University College London PhD Thesis.
11582:Gray, Lubasi & Bwalya (2013) p. 16.
11486:"WorldCat list of Ntara's publications"
10785:Downing & Mtenje (2017), pp. 228–9.
10489:
9968:
8827:'I bought it (but no longer have it)' (
8786:'I bought it (but no longer have it)' (
7469:'your (plural or respectful singular),
7280:'this one we are in' take the concords
7149:Numeral concords are used with numbers
4041:'food' (High, High, High; derived from
525:'(language) of the lake' (referring to
380:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
14274:
12111:
12036:Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja/Chichewa
11998:from the original on February 27, 2020
11680:(M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town)
10513:
9811:Kantu kosanyamulika 'i? Chitunzilunzi.
9104:'when he is buying' or 'who is buying'
8316:'you are going' (plural or respectful)
7960:
7313:'those children' (those ones you know)
6768:
6670:Prefixed by a supporting vowel, or by
3709:'witch', and also in the class 1 word
13322:
13129:
12860:
12515:
12407:
12105:A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language
12031:. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
11866:. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
11805:. Cambridge University Press, 90–133.
11029:Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja (2002).
9135:meaning 'when' of 'if', for example:
7825:Early dictionaries, such as those of
7391:
7135:represents the indirect object, e.g.
6650:The shortened forms are more common.
3809:can be found but not in native words.
1845:
11876:
11850:Journal of Asian and African Studies
11549:. The Nation newspaper April 4, 2014
11519:. The Nation newspaper May 26, 2017.
11086:Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 263.
10990:Zodiak Radio online news in Chichewa
10475:
9636:'remove grains of corn from the cob'
8922:and potential mood tenses, such as:
8794:Remote time (yesterday or earlier):
8655:
8021:'I will buy (tomorrow or in future)'
7321:'this month (we are in)' (class 3);
6905:'every' is compounded from the verb
3632:'monthly allowance given to chiefs'.
3570:is pronounced approximately as or .
1841:Chewa consonants (unitary analysis)
1171:Chewa consonants (cluster analysis)
707:to the tree which he himself called
12313:Buku Lopatulika Bible, 2014 version
11815:Katsonga-Woodward, Heather (2012).
11683:Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987)
11440:, pp. 71-73 (English, pp. 153-156).
11428:The Chinyanja texts begin on p. 17.
11143:Corbett & Mtenje (1987), p. 10.
11095:E.g. Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja.
10951:Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 99.
10870:Downing & Mtenje (2018), p. 43.
10803:Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 12.
10691:Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 46.
9791:British Central Africa Protectorate
8809:'I bought it' (and still have it) (
8756:
7820:
7144:
843:'internet' tends to be very short.
745:Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu
685:Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language
24:
14219:Languages between parentheses are
12271:Online English–Chichewa Dictionary
12092:, vol 23, no. 2, pp. 145–162.
10979:The Nation online news in Chichewa
10609:Malawian Writers and Their Country
9764:
9250:'cause to get bought, i.e. sell' (
9172:
8983:
8682:
7676:'certain children, other children'
7670:'a certain child, another child';
7637:concords are found with the words
3815:is pronounced as in 'finger' and
605:from the 16th century or earlier.
25:
14323:
12252:
12143:Dictionary of the Nyanja Language
12079:"The Early History of the Maravi"
11951:, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 46–56.
10156:
9866:List of Chichewa-language authors
9737:'melt (intransitive), get melted'
8407:'the babies are going' (class 13)
8128:
7833:Class 2 formerly had the concord
7307:'that child (the one you know)';
7031:use the same prefixes as a verb:
6954:
6697:'they' (or 'he/she' (respectful))
4865:'these are my children' (class 2)
1060:In the orthography, the place of
944:
923:
909:
890:
876:
573:, especially in the provinces of
12385:A Visitor's Notebook of Chichewa
12215:Histories of Anthropology Annual
12122:from the original on 21 May 2024
11803:The Prosody-Morphology Interface
11748:from the original on 21 May 2024
11603:
11600:Phrases from Gray et al. (2013).
11594:
11585:
11576:
11567:
11552:
11533:
11522:
9421:are used when the verb stem has
8748:'I'll buy (tomorrow or later)' (
8411:
8145:agreeing grammatically with the
7499:'their' is used only of people (
7475:'their'/'his/her' (respectful):
6789:The three pronominal adjectives
6578:Demonstratives 'this' and 'that'
3474:) (in contrast to the implosive
1144:It is debated whether these are
435:
240:
227:
214:
201:
12297:Bible, 1922 version digitalized
12264:Tola Akindipe, George Kondowe,
12179:Simango, Silvester Ron (2000).
11616:
11503:
11492:from the original on 2018-07-31
11478:
11455:
11443:
11431:
11416:
11407:
11398:
11389:
11380:
11371:
11362:
11353:
11344:
11335:
11326:
11317:
11308:
11299:
11290:
11281:
11272:
11263:
11254:
11245:
11236:
11227:
11218:
11209:
11200:
11191:
11182:
11173:
11164:
11155:
11146:
11137:
11125:
11116:
11107:
11098:
11089:
11080:
11071:
11062:
11053:
11032:
11023:
11014:
10972:
10963:
10954:
10945:
10936:
10927:
10918:
10909:
10900:
10897:Scotton & Orr (1980), p.18.
10891:
10882:
10873:
10864:
10855:
10846:
10837:
10824:
10815:
10812:Downing & Mtenje (2017: 93)
10806:
10797:
10788:
10779:
10770:
10761:
10752:
10743:
10724:
10712:
10703:
10694:
10685:
10676:
10667:
10658:
10649:
10640:
10615:
10601:
10592:
10524:New Updated Guthrie List Online
8894:
8462:'I love you' (plural or formal)
8068:'come and' or 'in future', and
8037:One tense has no tense-marker:
8033:'I will buy (when I get there)'
8009:'I was buying', 'I used to buy'
7084:
6570:Examples of the use of concords
4157:
593:The Chewa were a branch of the
556:
14223:of the language on their left.
12090:The Journal of African History
11916:, John Alfred Clement (1983).
11901:An outline of Cinyanja Grammar
11738:Hetherwick, Alexander (1907).
11696:Studies in African Linguistics
11685:"Gender Agreement in Chichewa"
10834:is a fricative or a semivowel.
10583:
10574:
10565:
10556:
10547:
10528:
10314:How many children do you have?
9801:, the trickster tortoise, and
8869:'I will be buying (regularly)'
8620:'could you give me some rice?'
8395:'the chief is going' (class 9)
7009:
608:The name "Chewa" (in the form
13:
1:
12202:Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005).
12029:Dicionário Cinyanja–Português
11869:Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007).
11655:"Town Nyanja Verbal Tonology"
11510:"Whither Vernacular Fiction?"
11368:Stevick et al. (1965), p.222.
11179:Maxson (2011), pp.39ff, 77ff.
11132:Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja
11050:Stevick et al. (1965), p.147.
10468:
9958:Benedicto Wokomaatani Malunga
9871:Story-writers and playwrights
9859:
9234:'get bought', 'be for sale' (
8303:'in the water there are fish'
7372:combine into a single vowel:
4911:would be 'grossly impolite'.
3544:Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja
964:
755:dialect of the language, was
473:and a recognised minority in
12366:Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers,
12360:Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers,
12220:Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937).
10149:(spelled "ba-") rather than
7338:Perfect tense subject prefix
4881:'this is my house' (class 9)
4873:'this is my maize' (class 7)
4857:'this is my child' (class 1)
3504:'to stamp (a document)' and
3468:'expensive' (from Afrikaans
781:
7:
11976:, Cambridge Syntax Guides,
11413:Hyman & Mtenje (1999b).
11242:Hyman & Mtenje (1999a).
10843:See Kishindo (2001), p.267.
10709:Rebmann (1877) s.v. M'ombo.
9825:Nyumba yopanda komo. Dzira.
9050:'I haven't bought (it) yet'
8839:Perfective vs. imperfective
8512:'them', 'him/her (polite)'.
8187:The subject-marker can be:
7414:are also found in the word
7268:The demonstrative pronouns
4839:
4116:such as a relative clause:
3745:
3421:Chinyanja Orthography Rules
1128:
1122:
10:
14328:
12357:Chichewa book in pdf form.
12217:, vol 1, pp. 181–218.
12112:Riddel, Alexander (1880).
12099:. Oxford University Press.
11982:Cambridge University Press
11954:Maxson, Nathaniel (2011).
11932:Journal of African History
11837:Kishindo, Pascal, (2001).
11830:Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990).
11705:. Oxford University Press.
11667:Chirwa, Marion N. (2008).
11377:Mchombo (2004), pp. 17–18.
11278:Maxson (2011), pp. 21, 23.
9921:Bonwell Kadyankena Rodgers
9863:
9284:and its intransitive form
8955:'I should buy (in future)'
8659:
8466:The object-marker can be:
8357:(singular) contrasts with
8221:'you (plural or polite)',
7953:
7747:) and the number concord (
7360:, combined with the vowel
4152:
3965:
3739:, in combinations such as
3729:'lion' is pronounced in a
3679:'relative' (3 syllables),
1151:, or whether Chichewa has
1064:is taken by the affricate
588:
14205:
14172:
14131:
14048:
13971:
13954:
13901:
13894:
13873:
13844:
13749:
13696:
13689:
13626:
13585:
13544:
13537:
13480:
13451:
13428:
13369:
13362:
13280:
13254:
13163:
13107:
13081:
12910:
12894:
12768:
12752:
12616:
12565:
12549:
12473:
12457:
12441:
12276:My First Chewa Dictionary
12138:. Likuni Press, Lilongwe.
12136:Chicheŵa Intensive Course
12118:. J. Maclaren & Son.
11934:, 4, 3, pp. 375–390.
11899:Lehmann, Dorothea (1977)
11801:and Wim Zonneveld (eds.)
11708:Goodson, Andrew, (2011).
11703:The Phonology of Chichewa
11452:, p. 73 (English p. 156).
11341:Kiso (2012), pp. 110–111.
11323:Watkins (1937), pp. 55–6.
11188:For tones, Mtenje (1986).
11059:Mchombo (2004), pp.17–18.
10288:Zina yanu ndimwe bandani?
10145:, and that for "they" is
10055:
10041:
10022:
10017:
9998:
9988:
9980:
9975:
9771:Robert Sutherland Rattray
9198:'buy for' or 'buy with' (
8890:'I am buying (currently)'
8712:'I have bought (today)' (
8353:But in the perfect tense
7141:'I have written to him'.
7126:'I have seen inside it'.
6819:, this time as prefixes:
4734:'way of dancing' (no pl.)
4728:'method of taking care';
3685:'teacher' (4 syllables),
3608:may be lightly aspirated.
3494:'which cuts'). A plosive
3366:
3325:
2968:
2646:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2382:
2038:
1932:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1818:
1809:
1766:
1634:
1505:
1283:
1218:
1175:
786:
416:
406:
398:
366:
354:
344:
328:
312:
296:
278:
260:
255:
196:Official language in
194:
189:
164:
89:
79:
69:
59:
49:
42:
37:
32:
13115:Mozambican Sign Language
12266:Learn Chichewa on Mofeko
12240:Woodward, M.E., (1895).
11970:Mchombo, Sam A. (2004),
11776:Hullquist, C.G. (1988).
11721:In Paas, Steven (2011).
11422:Rattray, R. S. (1907).
11359:Mtenje (1986), p. 244ff.
11113:Kunkeyani (2007), p.154.
11077:Hullquist (1988), p.145.
10736:15 February 2020 at the
10522:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
9941:
9270:'be sold (by someone)' (
9220:applicative + reciprocal
8918:There are also various
8361:(plural or respectful):
7949:
7930:in Rebmann's time (e.g.
7903:Class 14, formerly with
7854:Class 8, formerly using
7695:Double-prefix adjectives
7522:'an intelligent child';
7387:'the children have gone'
7274:'that one you know' and
7025:'who' and demonstrative
6741:. But forms prefixed by
4918:Table of Chewa concords
4870:Ichi ndi chímanga chánga
4204:'tomato(es)' (class 1),
4021:'maize' (High, Low, Low)
3961:
3482:in native words such as
734:William Percival Johnson
612:) was first recorded by
14302:Languages of Mozambique
12888:Languages of Mozambique
11937:Marwick, M.G., (1964).
11839:"Authority in Language"
11760:Henry, George, (1904).
11287:Maxson (2011), pp.26ff.
11233:Maxson (2011), pp.19ff.
10969:Kishindo (2001), p.270.
10924:See also Chirwa (2008).
10915:Kishindo (2001), p.268.
10700:Rebman (1877), preface.
10580:Kamwendo (2004), p.278.
10553:Kishindo (2001), p.265.
9963:Innocent Masina Nkhonyo
9363:'become loose, relaxed'
9218:'buy for one another' (
9082:Dependent clause tenses
8555:'I have seen inside it'
8183:) 'the tree has fallen'
7875:Class 6, formerly with
7866:(Central Region) (e.g.
7552:'of' combines with the
7104:'I have seen him/her';
6942:'every house' (class 4)
6899:The commonly used word
4769:'mosquito(es)' (no pl.)
4667:'intelligence' (no sg.)
3427:Notes on the consonants
14230:Guthrie classification
13355:Guthrie classification
12394:
12392:Complete recording of
12388:Elementary phrasebook.
12351:
12329:Holy Quran in Chichewa
12304:
12293:
12196:Chinyanja Basic Course
12095:Paas, Steven, (2016).
12077:Newitt, M.D.D. (1982)
12053:Mtenje, Al D. (1986).
12035:
11973:The Syntax of Chichewa
11653:Bickmore, Lee (2021).
11609:Maxson (2011), p. 112.
11462:"Chafulumira, William"
11350:Maxson (2011), p. 116.
11068:Kanerva (1990), p.147.
10888:Stevick (1965), p.xii.
10673:Marwick (1963), p.383.
10459:
10452:
10440:
10433:
10421:
10414:
10402:
10395:
10383:
10376:
10364:
10357:
10345:
10338:
10325:
10318:
10306:
10299:
10287:
10280:
10268:
10261:
10249:
10242:
10230:
10223:
10211:
10205:
10198:
10186:
10179:
10102:
9753:
9743:
9729:
9717:
9709:-ik-, -ek-, -uk-, -ok-
9708:
9702:'carry on, keep going'
9690:
9681:
9667:
9651:
9642:
9624:
9612:
9583:
9567:
9555:
9546:
9540:
9534:
9516:
9500:
9484:
9468:
9452:
9435:
9429:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9369:
9355:
9343:
9331:
9319:
9307:
9295:
9286:
9280:
9258:
9242:
9226:
9206:
9190:
9182:
9164:
9156:
9148:
9140:
9131:
9121:
9113:
9100:
9092:
9073:
9065:
9056:
9046:
9038:
9025:
9017:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8971:
8959:
8947:
8935:
8927:
8910:
8901:
8886:
8878:
8865:
8857:
8849:
8823:
8817:
8805:
8799:
8782:
8770:
8744:
8732:
8720:
8708:
8696:
8675:
8669:
8639:
8624:
8609:
8588:
8573:
8560:
8548:
8538:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8451:
8443:
8437:
8427:
8418:
8399:
8387:
8374:
8366:
8345:
8337:
8320:
8312:
8295:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8176:
8166:
8154:
8121:nd-a-khala ndí-kú-gúla
8120:
8107:
8099:
8091:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8042:
8025:
8013:
8001:
7989:
7977:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7911:
7905:
7892:
7883:
7877:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7812:
7806:
7798:
7792:
7784:
7778:
7770:
7764:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7686:
7680:
7672:
7666:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7617:
7611:
7601:
7595:
7587:
7581:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7538:
7532:
7528:'intelligent children'
7524:
7518:
7509:
7501:
7495:
7486:
7480:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7431:
7425:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7383:
7377:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7261:
7255:
7249:'ten' has no concord.
7245:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7208:
7202:
7196:
7187:
7181:
7179:'five', and the words
7175:
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7137:
7131:
7122:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7091:
7076:
7068:
7060:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7027:
7021:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6990:'the children will go'
6986:
6980:
6971:
6965:
6950:'every year' (class 7)
6946:
6938:
6930:
6922:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6864:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6832:
6824:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6701:
6693:
6687:
6678:
6672:
6662:
6656:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6590:
6584:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6099:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6005:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5817:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5534:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5440:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5346:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4970:
4907:
4893:
4887:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4799:
4785:
4779:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4744:
4730:
4724:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4482:'mushroom(s)' (no pl.)
4478:
4472:
4466:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4401:
4399:'luggage, furniture';
4395:
4389:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4216:'shirt(s)' (class 6),
4212:
4206:
4200:
4191:
4185:
4175:
4169:
4129:
4121:
4096:
4084:
4063:
4053:, 'a thing of eating')
4049:
4043:
4030:
4013:
4001:
3990:
3982:
3953:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3831:
3821:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3761:
3755:
3725:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3659:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3470:
3464:
3458:
839:
833:
827:
821:
744:
738:
709:
701:
695:
689:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
521:
507:
499:
491:
368:This article contains
14312:Languages of Zimbabwe
13157:Languages of Zimbabwe
12760:Zambian Sign Language
11877:Laws, Robert (1894).
11855:Kiso, Andrea (2012).
11540:"Jolly Maxwell Ntaba"
11395:Kanerva (1990), p.24.
11332:Maxson (2011), p. 77.
11206:Maxson (2011), p.115.
11197:Maxson (2011), p.126.
11020:Mchombo (2004), p.10.
11011:Watkins (1937), p.13.
10960:Atkins (1950), p.205.
10942:Atkins (1950), p.204.
10933:Atkins (1950), p.209.
10879:Atkins (1950), p.208.
10852:Atkins (1950), p.200.
10776:Atkins (1950), p.201.
10749:Watkins (1937), p. 7.
10571:Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.
10326:Muli na bana bangati?
10170:Town Nyanja (Lusaka)
10100:
9854:river-crossing puzzle
9327:'break something off'
9125:'before I bought/buy'
9000:tense has the ending
8979:'I would have bought'
8765:Recent time (today):
8724:'I am buying (now)' (
8651:'you should help him'
8533:(class 3 or 14), etc.
7954:Further information:
7860:(Southern Region) or
7585:'a beautiful child';
7505:is used for things).
7457:'his/her/its/their',
7381:'the child has gone;
7019:The relative pronoun
6984:'the child will go';
6868:'those same children'
6828:'the whole of Malawi'
4405:'fertilizer' (no pl.)
4009:'goat' (Falling, Low)
3513:The affricate sounds
3432:In most words, Chewa
775:& Mtenje (2017).
765:Hastings Kamuzu Banda
761:A Grammar of Chichewa
732:dialect of Nyanja by
620:to the court of King
513:Hastings Kamuzu Banda
350:99-AUS-xaa – xag
85:7 million (2007)
13255:Unofficial languages
12911:Indigenous languages
12617:Indigenous languages
12282:Chichewa at Omniglot
12204:"Mark Hanna Watkins"
12134:Salaun, N. (1993) .
12009:Mchombo, S. (2006).
11984:, p. XV + 149,
11883:. J. Thin. pp.
11834:. New York, Garland.
11640:Batteen, C. (2005).
11559:Williams, E (1998).
11296:Maxson (2011), p.64.
11260:Maxson (2011), p.36.
11251:Maxson (2011), p.52.
10484:Nationalencyklopedin
10319:Muli ndi ana angati?
10300:Dzina langa ndine...
10101:Zambian Town Nyanja.
9969:Town Nyanja (Zambia)
9775:Alexander Hetherwick
9152:'if in future I buy'
9117:'after I bought/buy'
8943:'I should be buying'
8736:'I'll buy (today)' (
8124:'I have been buying'
8111:'I just usually buy'
8095:'I am always buying'
7699:Certain adjectives (
7599:'a thieving child';
7591:'beautiful children'
7570:usually shortens to
7435:'Mphatso's children'
7212:'how many children?'
6934:'every two children'
6872:In classes 2 and 6,
4878:Iyi ndi nyumbá yángá
4125:'the week has ended'
3903:are not found; thus
3845:in the combinations
14307:Languages of Zambia
14297:Languages of Malawi
13443:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
13281:Immigrant languages
13082:Immigrant languages
12769:Immigrant languages
12543:Languages of Zambia
12435:Languages of Malawi
12348:Willie T. Zingani,
11799:Harry van der Hulst
11711:Salimini's Chichewa
11623:Atkins, Guy (1950)
11224:Kiso (2012), p.107.
10623:"Voyager Greetings"
10346:Nili na bana babili
10339:Ndili ndi ana awiri
10334:I have two children
10307:Zina yanga ndine...
9936:Jolly Maxwell Ntaba
9911:Whyghtone Kamthunzi
9880:William Chafulumira
9512:'melt (transitive)'
9272:causative + passive
8882:'I buy (regularly)'
8596:'I usually see him'
8248:(class 1, 2 or 6),
8103:'I went and bought'
8046:'I will buy (soon)'
7961:Formation of tenses
7605:'thieving children'
7429:'Mphatso's child';
7216:The class 1 prefix
7000:'he/she has gone',
6994:The perfect tense (
4919:
4898:nga akuyenda, ndiku
4854:Uyu ndi mwaná wángá
3997:'dog' (Rising, Mid)
3986:'person' (Low, Low)
3915:) 'he is good' but
3573:The sounds written
3327:Lateral approximant
1842:
1172:
848:
716:The first grammar,
643:Polyglotta Africana
44:Chichewa, Chinyanja
14075:(Northern) Ndebele
13171:Zimbabwean English
13164:Official languages
12566:Regional languages
12474:Regional languages
12458:National languages
12442:Official languages
12342:2017-10-11 at the
12229:2018-12-10 at the
12209:2016-03-04 at the
12172:2016-03-05 at the
12158:2016-03-05 at the
12084:2016-11-01 at the
12046:2021-03-08 at the
12016:2024-05-21 at the
11944:2020-02-25 at the
11923:2016-03-04 at the
11862:2021-04-13 at the
11844:2016-03-03 at the
11790:2017-08-05 at the
11768:2024-05-21 at the
11725:, pp. 239–50.
11717:2018-08-09 at the
11690:2017-01-01 at the
11676:2021-07-24 at the
11660:2022-04-01 at the
11647:2016-03-04 at the
11630:2019-03-06 at the
11545:2018-07-31 at the
11515:2018-07-31 at the
11467:2018-07-31 at the
10995:2019-02-09 at the
10984:2019-02-09 at the
10758:Wade-Lewis (2005).
10719:The UMCA in Malawi
10103:
9885:Samuel Josia Ntara
9480:'cook for someone'
9303:'open (something)'
9069:'I should not buy'
8203:'you (singular)',
8056:'always, usually'
7851:for most speakers.
7810:'a female child';
7392:Possessive concord
7342:The same concords
7048:'the children who'
6836:'all the children'
6646:) 'those children'
6620:) 'these children'
4917:
4835:'inside the mouth'
4807:Locative classes:
4793:Infinitive class:
4210:'beer' (class 3),
4075:'I (usually) help'
3805:with non-syllabic
1840:
1170:
1146:consonant clusters
846:
757:Mark Hanna Watkins
583:Voyager spacecraft
522:Cinyanja/Chinyanja
339:N.30 (N.31, N.121)
14269:
14268:
14214:extinct languages
14201:
14200:
13890:
13889:
13859:North-West Herero
13685:
13684:
13533:
13532:
13316:
13315:
13123:
13122:
12895:Official language
12854:
12853:
12550:Official language
12509:
12508:
12336:Learning Chichewa
12261:(1st April 2020).
12165:Learning Chichewa
12151:Learning Chichewa
11964:978-99908-979-0-6
10466:
10465:
10281:Dzina lanu ndani?
10276:What's your name?
10098:
10071:
10070:
9409:. The forms with
9168:'if I had bought'
8656:Variety of tenses
8584:'I have seen him'
8370:'he/she has gone'
8341:'he/she is going'
8254:(class 3 or 14),
7816:'female children'
7788:'little children'
7782:'a small child';
6947:chaká chílíchonsé
6931:aná awíri álíonsé
6860:'that same child'
6564:
6563:
3797:the combinations
3510:'confident step'.
3498:is also found in
3444:) are pronounced
3417:
3416:
3266:
3152:
3088:
2978:
2909:
2830:
2777:
2720:
2656:
2543:
2387:
2279:
2167:
2048:
1832:
1831:
1713:
1644:
1594:
1560:
1515:
1450:
1405:
1349:
1293:
959:
958:
815:'big' (class 2),
736:and published as
424:
423:
394:
393:
376:rendering support
372:phonetic symbols.
18:Chichewa language
16:(Redirected from
14319:
14123:Sumayela Ndebele
13899:
13898:
13836:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
13694:
13693:
13542:
13541:
13367:
13366:
13353:(Zones N–S) (by
13343:
13336:
13329:
13320:
13319:
13150:
13143:
13136:
13127:
13126:
12881:
12874:
12867:
12858:
12857:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12513:
12512:
12428:
12421:
12414:
12405:
12404:
12397:
12383:M.V.B. Mangoche
12354:
12307:
12302:Complete Bible (
12296:
12187:, vol 12, no. 6.
12131:
12129:
12127:
12038:
12006:
12005:
12003:
11896:
11894:
11892:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11734:
11637:, Vol. 20, No. 3
11610:
11607:
11601:
11598:
11592:
11589:
11583:
11580:
11574:
11571:
11565:
11564:
11556:
11550:
11537:
11531:
11526:
11520:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11482:
11476:
11459:
11453:
11447:
11441:
11435:
11429:
11420:
11414:
11411:
11405:
11402:
11396:
11393:
11387:
11384:
11378:
11375:
11369:
11366:
11360:
11357:
11351:
11348:
11342:
11339:
11333:
11330:
11324:
11321:
11315:
11312:
11306:
11303:
11297:
11294:
11288:
11285:
11279:
11276:
11270:
11267:
11261:
11258:
11252:
11249:
11243:
11240:
11234:
11231:
11225:
11222:
11216:
11213:
11207:
11204:
11198:
11195:
11189:
11186:
11180:
11177:
11171:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11153:
11150:
11144:
11141:
11135:
11129:
11123:
11122:Paas (2015) s.v.
11120:
11114:
11111:
11105:
11102:
11096:
11093:
11087:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11069:
11066:
11060:
11057:
11051:
11048:
11039:
11036:
11030:
11027:
11021:
11018:
11012:
11009:
11000:
10976:
10970:
10967:
10961:
10958:
10952:
10949:
10943:
10940:
10934:
10931:
10925:
10922:
10916:
10913:
10907:
10904:
10898:
10895:
10889:
10886:
10880:
10877:
10871:
10868:
10862:
10859:
10853:
10850:
10844:
10841:
10835:
10828:
10822:
10819:
10813:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10795:
10792:
10786:
10783:
10777:
10774:
10768:
10765:
10759:
10756:
10750:
10747:
10741:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10710:
10707:
10701:
10698:
10692:
10689:
10683:
10680:
10674:
10671:
10665:
10662:
10656:
10653:
10647:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10634:
10625:. Archived from
10619:
10613:
10605:
10599:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10581:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10563:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10545:
10542:Swahili language
10532:
10526:
10520:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10501:
10493:
10487:
10479:
10462:
10455:
10443:
10436:
10429:See you tomorrow
10424:
10417:
10405:
10398:
10386:
10379:
10367:
10360:
10348:
10341:
10328:
10321:
10309:
10302:
10290:
10283:
10271:
10264:
10252:
10245:
10233:
10226:
10214:
10208:
10201:
10189:
10182:
10161:
10160:
10099:
10067:
10061:
10036:
10027:
10004:
9973:
9972:
9760:
9750:
9736:
9724:
9711:
9701:
9684:
9679:The applicative
9674:
9663:'look carefully'
9662:
9645:
9635:
9620:'get broken off'
9619:
9599:Extensions with
9594:
9578:
9562:
9549:
9543:
9537:
9527:
9511:
9495:
9479:
9464:'fail to happen'
9463:
9443:can also follow
9438:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9362:
9350:
9339:'get broken off'
9338:
9326:
9314:
9302:
9289:
9283:
9269:
9249:
9233:
9217:
9197:
9185:
9167:
9160:'whenever I buy'
9159:
9151:
9143:
9134:
9124:
9116:
9103:
9095:
9076:
9068:
9059:
9049:
9041:
9028:
9020:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8978:
8966:
8954:
8942:
8930:
8913:
8904:
8889:
8881:
8868:
8860:
8852:
8826:
8820:
8808:
8802:
8785:
8773:
8757:Perfect vs. past
8747:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8678:
8672:
8650:
8634:
8619:
8595:
8583:
8563:
8554:
8545:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8461:
8446:
8440:
8434:
8422:after the verb:
8421:
8406:
8394:
8377:
8369:
8348:
8340:
8323:
8315:
8302:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8265:
8260:(class 4 or 9),
8259:
8253:
8247:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8182:
8173:
8161:
8123:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8045:
8032:
8020:
8008:
7996:
7984:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7914:
7908:
7895:
7886:
7880:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7821:Historic changes
7815:
7809:
7801:
7796:'a male child';
7795:
7787:
7781:
7773:
7767:
7758:
7752:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7729:'long', 'tall',
7728:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7689:
7684:'a real child';
7683:
7675:
7669:
7660:
7655:is converted to
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7620:
7614:
7604:
7598:
7590:
7584:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7551:
7546:In the same way
7541:
7535:
7527:
7521:
7512:
7504:
7498:
7489:
7483:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7434:
7428:
7426:mwaná wá Mphátso
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7386:
7380:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7312:
7306:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7273:
7264:
7258:
7248:
7240:'two tomatoes'.
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7211:
7206:'two children';
7205:
7199:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7160:
7154:
7145:Numeral concords
7140:
7134:
7125:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7094:
7079:
7071:
7064:'those children'
7063:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7030:
7024:
7014:
7005:
6999:
6989:
6983:
6974:
6968:
6949:
6941:
6933:
6925:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6844:'on his/her own'
6843:
6835:
6827:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6724:
6719:'it is he/she';
6718:
6710:
6705:'with him/her';
6704:
6696:
6690:
6681:
6675:
6665:
6659:
6645:
6639:
6634:) 'that child';
6633:
6627:
6619:
6613:
6608:) 'this child';
6607:
6601:
6593:
6588:'who is this?';
6587:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6290:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5914:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5726:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4973:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4890:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4862:Awa ndi aná ángá
4856:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4803:'to see, seeing'
4802:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4748:'sleep' (no sg.)
4747:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4690:Ka-Ti- (12/13):
4686:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4567:'place' (no sg.)
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4246:'one mosquito'.
4245:
4239:
4233:
4228:'two tomatoes',
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4178:
4172:
4136:
4124:
4114:dependent clause
4103:
4091:
4074:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3985:
3956:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3834:
3824:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3748:
3728:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3662:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3603:
3562:The combination
3546:
3540:
3534:
3509:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3409:
3382:
3313:
3298:
3281:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3148:
3135:
3120:
3103:
3084:
3079:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2974:
2960:
2941:
2926:
2901:
2892:
2877:
2862:
2847:
2826:
2817:
2794:
2769:
2760:
2737:
2716:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2652:
2640:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2556:
2535:
2524:
2503:
2484:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2400:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2292:
2271:
2264:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2180:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2061:
2044:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1948:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1843:
1839:
1799:
1782:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1709:
1704:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1640:
1624:
1611:
1590:
1579:
1556:
1545:
1532:
1511:
1499:
1482:
1465:
1446:
1433:
1418:
1401:
1394:
1377:
1362:
1345:
1338:
1321:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1264:
1249:
1234:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1150:
1149:/NC/,/Cy/and/Cw/
1131:
1125:
952:
948:
931:
927:
917:
913:
898:
894:
884:
880:
849:
845:
842:
836:
830:
824:
747:
741:
712:
706:
698:
692:
681:Johannes Rebmann
675:
669:
663:
657:
652:'two years' was
651:
636:who, working in
634:Sigismund Koelle
569:, as well as in
524:
515:(himself of the
510:
504:
496:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
396:
395:
359:
340:
334:
324:
308:
301:
292:
291:
283:
274:
273:
265:
246:
244:
243:
233:
231:
230:
220:
218:
217:
207:
205:
204:
177:(Chewa alphabet)
170:
127:Southern Bantoid
95:
64:Southeast Africa
30:
29:
21:
14327:
14326:
14322:
14321:
14320:
14318:
14317:
14316:
14292:Nyasa languages
14272:
14271:
14270:
14265:
14197:
14168:
14127:
14044:
13967:
13950:
13886:
13869:
13865:Botswana Herero
13840:
13745:
13681:
13671:Lomwe of Malawi
13622:
13581:
13529:
13476:
13447:
13424:
13420:Ngoni of Malawi
13358:
13351:Bantu languages
13347:
13317:
13312:
13276:
13250:
13159:
13154:
13124:
13119:
13103:
13077:
12906:
12890:
12885:
12855:
12850:
12764:
12748:
12612:
12561:
12545:
12540:
12510:
12505:
12469:
12453:
12437:
12432:
12344:Wayback Machine
12305:Buku Lopatulika
12294:Buku Lopatulika
12255:
12250:
12231:Wayback Machine
12211:Wayback Machine
12193:et al. (1965).
12174:Wayback Machine
12160:Wayback Machine
12125:
12123:
12086:Wayback Machine
12048:Wayback Machine
12018:Wayback Machine
12001:
11999:
11992:
11946:Wayback Machine
11925:Wayback Machine
11890:
11888:
11864:Wayback Machine
11846:Wayback Machine
11792:Wayback Machine
11778:Simply Chichewa
11770:Wayback Machine
11751:
11749:
11719:Wayback Machine
11692:Wayback Machine
11678:Wayback Machine
11662:Wayback Machine
11649:Wayback Machine
11632:Wayback Machine
11619:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11604:
11599:
11595:
11590:
11586:
11581:
11577:
11572:
11568:
11557:
11553:
11547:Wayback Machine
11538:
11534:
11527:
11523:
11517:Wayback Machine
11508:
11504:
11495:
11493:
11484:
11483:
11479:
11469:Wayback Machine
11460:
11456:
11448:
11444:
11436:
11432:
11421:
11417:
11412:
11408:
11403:
11399:
11394:
11390:
11385:
11381:
11376:
11372:
11367:
11363:
11358:
11354:
11349:
11345:
11340:
11336:
11331:
11327:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11304:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11282:
11277:
11273:
11268:
11264:
11259:
11255:
11250:
11246:
11241:
11237:
11232:
11228:
11223:
11219:
11214:
11210:
11205:
11201:
11196:
11192:
11187:
11183:
11178:
11174:
11169:
11165:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11142:
11138:
11130:
11126:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11103:
11099:
11094:
11090:
11085:
11081:
11076:
11072:
11067:
11063:
11058:
11054:
11049:
11042:
11037:
11033:
11028:
11024:
11019:
11015:
11010:
11003:
10997:Wayback Machine
10986:Wayback Machine
10977:
10973:
10968:
10964:
10959:
10955:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10937:
10932:
10928:
10923:
10919:
10914:
10910:
10905:
10901:
10896:
10892:
10887:
10883:
10878:
10874:
10869:
10865:
10860:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10829:
10825:
10820:
10816:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10789:
10784:
10780:
10775:
10771:
10767:Batteen (2005).
10766:
10762:
10757:
10753:
10748:
10744:
10738:Wayback Machine
10729:
10725:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10699:
10695:
10690:
10686:
10682:Goodson (2011).
10681:
10677:
10672:
10668:
10664:Marwick (1964).
10663:
10659:
10654:
10650:
10645:
10641:
10632:
10630:
10621:
10620:
10616:
10606:
10602:
10598:Mchombo (2006).
10597:
10593:
10588:
10584:
10579:
10575:
10570:
10566:
10561:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10533:
10529:
10521:
10514:
10506:
10499:
10495:
10494:
10490:
10480:
10476:
10471:
10441:Tizaonana mailo
10410:How much is it?
10159:
10088:
10065:
10062:
10057:
10034:
10023:
10013:
10005:
10002:Language family
10000:
9971:
9944:
9931:Barnaba Zingani
9873:
9868:
9862:
9767:
9765:Oral literature
9532:The forms with
9278:The extensions
9175:
9173:Verb extensions
9149:ndi-ka-dzá-gula
9144:'when/if I buy'
9084:
9039:si-ndi-dza-gúla
8986:
8984:Negative tenses
8897:
8866:ndí-zi-dza-gúla
8841:
8759:
8685:
8683:Near vs. remote
8664:
8662:Chichewa tenses
8658:
8539:m'nyumbá mu-ku-
8536:Locative: e.g.
8414:
8266:(class 5), etc.
8239:'he has gone'.)
8141:) begin with a
8135:imperative mood
8131:
8108:ndí-má-ngo-gúla
7997:'I usually buy'
7963:
7958:
7956:Chichewa tenses
7952:
7909:concords (e.g.
7881:concords (e.g.
7823:
7802:'male children'
7793:mwaná wámwámúna
7779:mwaná wáḿng'óno
7768:'a big child';
7697:
7690:'real children'
7623:
7582:mwaná wókóngola
7542:'good children'
7536:a good child';
7394:
7340:
7266:
7253:Demonstratives
7147:
7087:
7077:nyumbá ziménezo
7040:'the child who'
7017:
6961:Bantu languages
6957:
6939:nyumbá ílíyonsé
6787:
6668:
6580:
6572:
4842:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4614:'love' (no pl.)
4599:
4596:
4595:
4570:Chi-Zi- (7/8):
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:aphunzitsi áthu
4332:
4329:
4328:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4165:Bantu languages
4160:
4155:
4092:'I was helping'
3970:
3964:
3927:) 'he is bad';
3541:'bone'. In the
3402:
3375:
3354:
3346:
3306:
3291:
3274:
3262:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3128:
3113:
3096:
3072:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2953:
2934:
2919:
2905:
2885:
2870:
2855:
2840:
2810:
2787:
2773:
2753:
2730:
2700:
2685:
2670:
2633:
2618:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2549:
2539:
2517:
2496:
2477:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2393:
2369:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2285:
2275:
2257:
2242:
2229:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2173:
2149:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2054:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1941:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1822:
1792:
1775:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1697:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1617:
1604:
1572:
1538:
1525:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1426:
1411:
1387:
1370:
1355:
1331:
1314:
1299:
1270:
1257:
1242:
1227:
1197:
1185:
1068:, the place of
967:
789:
784:
625:Maravi people (
614:António Gamitto
591:
559:
438:
434:
429:(also known as
374:Without proper
362:
338:
335:
330:
320:
304:
297:
287:
286:
279:
269:
268:
261:
241:
239:
228:
226:
215:
213:
202:
200:
197:
190:Official status
182:
178:
171:
166:
160:
96:
93:Language family
91:
82:
81:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14325:
14315:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14282:Chewa language
14267:
14266:
14264:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14234:
14233:
14225:
14224:
14217:
14206:
14203:
14202:
14199:
14198:
14196:
14195:
14189:
14183:
14176:
14174:
14170:
14169:
14167:
14166:
14160:
14154:
14148:
14142:
14135:
14133:
14129:
14128:
14126:
14125:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14059:
14052:
14050:
14046:
14045:
14043:
14042:
14036:
14030:
14024:
14018:
14012:
14006:
14000:
13994:
13988:
13982:
13975:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13965:
13958:
13956:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13948:
13942:
13936:
13930:
13924:
13918:
13912:
13905:
13903:
13896:
13892:
13891:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13877:
13875:
13871:
13870:
13868:
13867:
13861:
13855:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13820:
13814:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13753:
13751:
13747:
13746:
13744:
13743:
13737:
13731:
13725:
13719:
13713:
13707:
13700:
13698:
13691:
13687:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13680:
13679:
13673:
13667:
13661:
13655:
13649:
13643:
13637:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13623:
13621:
13620:
13614:
13608:
13602:
13596:
13589:
13587:
13583:
13582:
13580:
13579:
13573:
13567:
13561:
13555:
13548:
13546:
13539:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13527:
13521:
13515:
13509:
13503:
13497:
13491:
13484:
13482:
13478:
13477:
13475:
13474:
13468:
13462:
13455:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13439:
13432:
13430:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13422:
13416:
13410:
13404:
13398:
13392:
13386:
13380:
13373:
13371:
13364:
13360:
13359:
13346:
13345:
13338:
13331:
13323:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13284:
13282:
13278:
13277:
13275:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13258:
13256:
13252:
13251:
13249:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13167:
13165:
13161:
13160:
13153:
13152:
13145:
13138:
13130:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13117:
13111:
13109:
13108:Sign languages
13105:
13104:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13078:
13076:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12914:
12912:
12908:
12907:
12905:
12904:
12898:
12896:
12892:
12891:
12884:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12861:
12852:
12851:
12849:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12772:
12770:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12762:
12756:
12754:
12753:Sign languages
12750:
12749:
12747:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12620:
12618:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12569:
12567:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12559:
12553:
12551:
12547:
12546:
12539:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12516:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12461:
12459:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12451:
12445:
12443:
12439:
12438:
12431:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12408:
12402:
12401:
12400:(without text)
12389:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12364:
12358:
12355:"Come and see"
12346:
12331:
12326:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12299:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12273:
12268:
12262:
12254:
12253:External links
12251:
12249:
12248:
12238:
12218:
12200:
12188:
12177:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12109:
12100:
12093:
12075:
12068:
12051:
12032:
12025:
12007:
11990:
11967:
11952:
11935:
11928:
11911:
11897:
11874:
11867:
11853:
11835:
11828:
11825:978-1480112056
11813:
11806:
11795:
11781:
11774:
11758:
11735:
11726:
11706:
11699:
11698:Vol 18, No. 1.
11681:
11665:
11651:
11638:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11602:
11593:
11584:
11575:
11566:
11551:
11532:
11521:
11502:
11477:
11454:
11442:
11430:
11415:
11406:
11397:
11388:
11379:
11370:
11361:
11352:
11343:
11334:
11325:
11316:
11307:
11298:
11289:
11280:
11271:
11262:
11253:
11244:
11235:
11226:
11217:
11208:
11199:
11190:
11181:
11172:
11163:
11154:
11145:
11136:
11124:
11115:
11106:
11097:
11088:
11079:
11070:
11061:
11052:
11040:
11031:
11022:
11013:
11001:
10971:
10962:
10953:
10944:
10935:
10926:
10917:
10908:
10899:
10890:
10881:
10872:
10863:
10854:
10845:
10836:
10823:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10787:
10778:
10769:
10760:
10751:
10742:
10723:
10711:
10702:
10693:
10684:
10675:
10666:
10657:
10655:Newitt (1982).
10648:
10646:Marwick (1963)
10639:
10614:
10600:
10591:
10582:
10573:
10564:
10555:
10546:
10527:
10512:
10488:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10437:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10407:
10406:
10399:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10369:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10322:
10315:
10311:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10292:
10291:
10284:
10277:
10273:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10254:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10235:
10234:
10227:
10220:
10216:
10215:
10202:
10195:
10191:
10190:
10183:
10176:
10172:
10171:
10168:
10165:
10158:
10157:Sample phrases
10155:
10121:; class 8 has
10069:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10047:
10039:
10038:
10028:
10020:
10019:
10018:Language codes
10015:
10014:
10008:
10006:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9981:Native to
9978:
9977:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9926:Willie Zingani
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9906:Steve Chimombo
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9882:
9872:
9869:
9864:Main article:
9861:
9858:
9850:
9849:
9842:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9814:
9766:
9763:
9739:
9738:
9726:
9704:
9703:
9677:
9676:
9664:
9640:The extension
9638:
9637:
9621:
9597:
9596:
9580:
9564:
9530:
9529:
9513:
9497:
9481:
9465:
9365:
9364:
9352:
9351:'undo, loosen'
9340:
9328:
9316:
9304:
9276:
9275:
9255:
9239:
9223:
9203:
9187:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9169:
9165:ndí-ka-da-gúla
9161:
9157:ndi-ka-má-gúlá
9153:
9145:
9127:
9126:
9122:ndí-sa-na-gúle
9118:
9106:
9105:
9097:
9096:'he is buying'
9083:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9070:
9052:
9051:
9047:si-ndi-na-gúle
9043:
9031:
9030:
9029:'I didn't buy'
9026:sí-ndi-na-gúle
9022:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8968:
8956:
8944:
8932:
8931:'I should buy'
8916:
8915:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8883:
8871:
8870:
8862:
8854:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8814:
8811:Remote Perfect
8792:
8791:
8779:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8741:
8729:
8717:
8705:
8702:remote perfect
8684:
8681:
8660:Main article:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8636:
8621:
8598:
8597:
8585:
8566:
8565:
8556:
8534:
8513:
8464:
8463:
8448:
8435:'I love you' (
8413:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8396:
8380:
8379:
8371:
8351:
8350:
8342:
8326:
8325:
8317:
8305:
8304:
8288:
8287:
8267:
8240:
8185:
8184:
8163:
8162:'we are going'
8130:
8129:Subject-marker
8127:
8126:
8125:
8113:
8112:
8104:
8100:ndi-ná-ká-gula
8096:
8092:ndi-ku-má-gúlá
8048:
8047:
8035:
8034:
8022:
8010:
7998:
7986:
7962:
7959:
7951:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7916:
7901:
7888:
7873:
7852:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7803:
7789:
7775:
7774:'big children'
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7681:mwaná weníwéní
7677:
7622:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7592:
7544:
7543:
7529:
7492:
7491:
7437:
7436:
7402:(derived from
7393:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7348:(derived from
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7330:ku Maláwí kuno
7327:'these days';
7314:
7265:
7251:
7214:
7213:
7146:
7143:
7118:
7117:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7080:'those houses'
7073:
7069:nyumbá iméneyo
7065:
7057:
7049:
7041:
7016:
7008:
6992:
6991:
6959:As with other
6956:
6955:Subject prefix
6953:
6952:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6927:
6923:mwaná álíyensé
6878:often becomes
6870:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6852:'on their own'
6845:
6837:
6829:
6786:
6767:
6727:
6726:
6712:
6698:
6667:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6621:
6595:
6579:
6576:
6571:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6197:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4791:
4790:
4757:'night time';
4749:
4688:
4617:I-Zi- (9/10):
4615:
4568:
4485:Li-Ma- (5/6):
4483:
4408:Mu-Mi- (3/4):
4406:
4393:'tomato(es)';
4243:udzudzú umódzi
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4106:
4105:
4104:'I am helping'
4093:
4077:
4076:
4055:
4054:
4023:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3987:
3968:Chichewa tones
3966:Main article:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3940:
3840:
3810:
3734:
3723:in words like
3664:
3647:
3633:
3609:
3571:
3560:
3511:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3269:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2927:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2848:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2695:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2062:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1265:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1165:/ᴺC/,/Cʲ/,/Cʷ/
1142:
1141:
1115:
1076:, and that of
1058:
1057:
1031:
1005:
966:
963:
957:
956:
954:
942:
940:
934:
933:
921:
919:
907:
901:
900:
888:
886:
874:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
788:
785:
783:
780:
676:'(to) plant'.
590:
587:
558:
555:
534:Guthrie Zone N
467:Bantu language
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:
400:
392:
391:
378:, you may see
364:
363:
360:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
336:
329:
326:
325:
318:
310:
309:
302:
294:
293:
284:
276:
275:
266:
258:
257:
256:Language codes
253:
252:
251:
250:
237:
224:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:
172:
168:Writing system
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
107:Atlantic–Congo
99:
97:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14324:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
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14117:South Ndebele
14114:
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13246:Zimbabwe Sign
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13234:
13232:
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12440:
12436:
12429:
12424:
12422:
12417:
12415:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12399:
12398:New Testament
12396:
12390:
12387:
12386:
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12379:
12376:
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12371:
12368:
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12359:
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12225:
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12212:
12208:
12205:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12192:
12191:Stevick, Earl
12189:
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12030:
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12023:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12008:
11997:
11993:
11991:0-521-57378-5
11987:
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11943:
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11933:
11929:
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11915:
11912:
11910:
11909:9789982240154
11906:
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11898:
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11446:
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11434:
11427:
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11419:
11410:
11404:Salaun, p.78.
11401:
11392:
11383:
11374:
11365:
11356:
11347:
11338:
11329:
11320:
11311:
11302:
11293:
11284:
11275:
11269:Salaun, p.16.
11266:
11257:
11248:
11239:
11230:
11221:
11215:Salaun, p.49.
11212:
11203:
11194:
11185:
11176:
11167:
11158:
11149:
11140:
11133:
11128:
11119:
11110:
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10991:
10987:
10983:
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10966:
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10939:
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10921:
10912:
10903:
10894:
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10867:
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10849:
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10827:
10818:
10809:
10800:
10791:
10782:
10773:
10764:
10755:
10746:
10739:
10735:
10732:
10727:
10720:
10715:
10706:
10697:
10688:
10679:
10670:
10661:
10652:
10643:
10629:on 2016-10-25
10628:
10624:
10618:
10612:
10610:
10604:
10595:
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10577:
10568:
10559:
10550:
10543:
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10505:
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10457:
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10447:
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10442:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10397:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10359:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10295:My name is...
10294:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10263:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10240:
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10236:
10232:
10228:
10225:
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10218:
10217:
10213:
10207:
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10200:
10196:
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10192:
10188:
10184:
10181:
10177:
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10173:
10169:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10129:; and 13 has
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
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10060:
10054:
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10011:
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9961:
9959:
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9927:
9924:
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9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9867:
9857:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9783:), published
9782:
9781:
9776:
9772:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9749:
9747:
9735:
9733:
9727:
9723:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9673:
9671:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9634:
9632:
9628:
9622:
9618:
9616:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9561:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9514:
9510:
9508:
9504:
9498:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9442:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9361:
9359:
9353:
9349:
9347:
9341:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9325:
9323:
9317:
9315:'become open'
9313:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9282:
9273:
9268:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9253:
9248:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9204:
9201:
9196:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9179:
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9166:
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9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9048:
9044:
9042:'I won't buy'
9040:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9027:
9023:
9021:'I don't buy'
9019:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8977:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8951:
8945:
8941:
8939:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8903:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8874:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8836:
8830:
8825:
8824:ndí-dá-a-gúla
8819:
8818:ndí-ná-a-gúla
8815:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8751:
8750:remote future
8746:
8742:
8739:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8680:
8677:
8671:
8663:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8617:tse-ni mpungá
8616:
8612:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8594:
8592:
8586:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8570:
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8562:
8557:
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8535:
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8525:
8519:
8514:
8510:
8504:
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8480:
8474:
8469:
8468:
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8460:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8412:Object-marker
8405:
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8060:
8054:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8031:
8029:
8023:
8019:
8017:
8011:
8007:
8005:
7999:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7985:'I am buying'
7983:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7957:
7947:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7902:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7885:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7869:bzaká bziŵíri
7864:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7814:
7808:
7807:mwaná wáḿkázi
7804:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7765:mwaná wáḿkúlu
7762:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7688:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7619:
7613:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7519:mwaná wánzérú
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7506:
7503:
7497:
7490:'my children'
7488:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7433:
7432:aná á Mphátso
7427:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7396:The concords
7385:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7237:tomáto muwíri
7232:
7226:
7220:
7210:
7204:
7200:'one child';
7198:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7142:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7053:mwaná améneyo
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7023:
7013:
7007:
7004:
6998:
6988:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6969:) has become
6967:
6962:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6926:'every child'
6924:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6911:'who is' and
6909:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6857:mwaná yemwéyo
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6674:
6664:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4781:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4732:
4726:
4714:'small thing'
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4347:'our teacher'
4345:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4265:Mu-A- (1/2):
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4240:'one shirt',
4238:
4237:malayá amódzi
4234:'two beers',
4232:
4226:
4225:tomáto muwíri
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4166:
4150:
4148:
4147:boundary tone
4144:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:'how many'),
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:Pre-nasalized
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:Pre-nasalized
3083:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:Pre-nasalized
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:Pre-nasalized
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:Pre-nasalized
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:Pre-nasalized
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
972:
962:
955:
947:
943:
941:
939:
936:
935:
926:
922:
920:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
893:
889:
887:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:
847:Chewa Vowels
844:
841:
835:
829:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
779:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
740:
735:
731:
730:Likoma Island
727:
723:
719:
714:
711:
705:
704:
697:
691:
686:
682:
677:
674:
668:
662:
661:bzaka bziŵiri
656:
655:dzaka dziŵiri
650:
645:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
603:River Zambezi
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
518:
514:
509:
503:
502:
495:
494:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
432:
428:
419:
415:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
365:
358:
353:
349:
347:
343:
337:
333:
327:
323:
319:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
300:
295:
290:
285:
282:
277:
272:
267:
264:
259:
254:
249:
238:
236:
225:
223:
212:
211:
210:
199:
193:
188:
185:
184:Chewa Braille
181:
176:
173:
169:
163:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
14209:
13471:
13465:
13459:
13175:
12922:
12674:Mambwe-Lungu
12597:
12481:Malawi Lomwe
12464:
12384:
12352:Idzani muone
12335:
12241:
12234:
12222:
12214:
12195:
12184:
12164:
12150:
12142:
12135:
12124:. Retrieved
12114:
12104:
12096:
12089:
12074:72, 169–207.
12071:
12062:
12055:
12028:
12021:
12000:, retrieved
11972:
11955:
11948:
11931:
11900:
11889:. Retrieved
11879:
11849:
11831:
11817:Chichewa 101
11816:
11809:
11802:
11777:
11761:
11750:. Retrieved
11740:
11730:
11722:
11710:
11702:
11695:
11669:
11634:
11617:Bibliography
11605:
11596:
11591:Paas (2016).
11587:
11578:
11569:
11560:
11554:
11535:
11524:
11505:
11494:. Retrieved
11480:
11472:
11457:
11450:Rattray 1907
11445:
11438:Rattray 1907
11433:
11423:
11418:
11409:
11400:
11391:
11386:Salaun, p.70
11382:
11373:
11364:
11355:
11346:
11337:
11328:
11319:
11310:
11301:
11292:
11283:
11274:
11265:
11256:
11247:
11238:
11229:
11220:
11211:
11202:
11193:
11184:
11175:
11166:
11157:
11148:
11139:
11131:
11127:
11118:
11109:
11104:Paas (2015).
11100:
11091:
11082:
11073:
11064:
11055:
11034:
11025:
11016:
10974:
10965:
10956:
10947:
10938:
10929:
10920:
10911:
10902:
10893:
10884:
10875:
10866:
10857:
10848:
10839:
10831:
10826:
10817:
10808:
10799:
10790:
10781:
10772:
10763:
10754:
10745:
10726:
10718:
10714:
10705:
10696:
10687:
10678:
10669:
10660:
10651:
10642:
10631:. Retrieved
10627:the original
10617:
10608:
10603:
10594:
10585:
10576:
10567:
10558:
10549:
10537:
10534:
10530:
10504:the original
10491:
10482:
10477:
10453:Ndimakukonda
10434:Tionana mawa
10415:Ndi zingati?
10358:Ndikufuna...
10187:Muli bwanji?
10180:Muli bwanji?
10175:How are you?
10150:
10146:
10142:
10141:rather than
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10072:
10059:Guthrie code
10049:
10042:
10030:
9948:Jack Mapanje
9916:Francis Moto
9901:Lula Pensulo
9891:John Gwengwe
9874:
9851:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9802:
9798:
9785:
9779:
9768:
9755:
9745:
9740:
9731:
9719:
9705:
9696:
9692:
9678:
9669:
9657:
9653:
9643:-its-, -ets-
9639:
9630:
9626:
9614:
9604:
9600:
9598:
9589:
9585:
9573:
9569:
9557:
9531:
9522:
9518:
9506:
9502:
9490:
9486:
9474:
9470:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9440:
9366:
9357:
9345:
9333:
9321:
9309:
9297:
9277:
9271:
9264:
9260:
9251:
9244:
9235:
9228:
9219:
9212:
9208:
9199:
9192:
9176:
9128:
9107:
9085:
9077:'not to buy'
9053:
9032:
8987:
8973:
8961:
8949:
8937:
8917:
8898:
8895:Other tenses
8872:
8850:ndi-nká-gúlá
8842:
8834:
8828:
8810:
8793:
8787:
8775:
8764:
8760:
8749:
8745:ndi-dzá-gula
8737:
8725:
8713:
8701:
8686:
8665:
8645:
8641:
8629:
8625:
8614:
8610:
8601:
8599:
8590:
8577:
8575:
8567:
8550:
8540:
8515:Impersonal:
8494:'him, her',
8465:
8457:
8453:
8429:
8415:
8401:
8389:
8381:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8329:
8327:
8306:
8297:
8289:
8242:Impersonal:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8156:
8132:
8114:
8049:
8036:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7979:
7964:
7945:
7824:
7785:aná ááng'óno
7698:
7643:'other' and
7624:
7615:'other' and
7596:mwaná wákúbá
7588:aná ókóngola
7545:
7533:mwaná ábwino
7507:
7493:
7484:'my child';
7438:
7395:
7378:mwaná wapita
7341:
7267:
7242:
7215:
7197:mwaná mmódzi
7185:'how many',
7148:
7138:ndamúlembera
7128:
7119:
7088:
7085:Object infix
7072:'that house'
7056:'that child'
7018:
6993:
6960:
6958:
6898:
6871:
6825:Maláwi yénse
6788:
6728:
6725:'it is they'
6669:
6649:
6573:
6565:
6481:
6387:
6293:
6199:
6105:
6011:
5917:
5823:
5729:
5634:
5540:
5446:
5352:
5258:
5164:
5070:
4976:
4913:
4899:
4895:
4884:
4843:
4806:
4792:
4751:U-Ma- (14):
4561:'medicine',
4255:'razor' and
4248:
4197:
4181:
4161:
4158:Noun classes
4140:
4131:
4122:sabatá yatha
4107:
4098:
4086:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4015:
4003:
3992:
3971:
3948:
3942:
3933:'stone' but
3900:
3896:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3773:'and', e.g.
3770:
3766:
3750:
3740:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3703:'plate', or
3670:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3611:
3605:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3495:
3488:'wound' and
3479:
3475:
3453:
3449:
3442:prenasalised
3437:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3399:
3372:
3351:
3343:
3303:
3288:
3271:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3156:
3125:
3110:
3093:
3068:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2950:
2931:
2916:
2882:
2867:
2852:
2837:
2807:
2784:
2750:
2727:
2697:
2682:
2667:
2630:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2546:
2513:
2492:
2474:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2390:
2366:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2282:
2254:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2200:
2187:
2170:
2146:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2051:
2022:
2007:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1938:
1919:palatal-ised
1900:palatal-ised
1881:palatal-ised
1836:
1833:
1819:
1789:
1772:
1744:
1731:
1717:
1693:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1614:
1601:
1569:
1535:
1522:
1489:
1471:
1454:
1423:
1408:
1384:
1367:
1352:
1328:
1311:
1296:
1267:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1153:prenasalized
1143:
1137:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:is taken by
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
970:
968:
960:
837:'laptop' or
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
777:
760:
750:
725:
721:
717:
715:
684:
678:
641:
638:Sierra Leone
631:
626:
609:
607:
592:
560:
557:Distribution
531:
517:Chewa people
500:
492:
486:
430:
426:
425:
367:
346:Linguasphere
332:Guthrie code
313:
141:
43:
13525:Sena-Malawi
12395:Buku Loyera
12024:(Elsevier).
10422:Ni zingati?
10199:Ndili bwino
10133:instead of
10125:instead of
10113:instead of
9976:Town Nyanja
9953:E.J. Chadza
9896:E.J. Chadza
9777:(author of
9761:'set off'.
9706:Verbs with
9595:'come from'
9388:-its-/-ets-
9382:-idw-/-edw-
9200:applicative
9141:ndi-ka-gula
9114:ndí-tá-gúla
9066:ndi-sa-gúle
9018:sí-ndí-gula
9006:instead of
8967:'I can buy'
8920:subjunctive
8911:ndí-ká-gula
8887:ndi-ku-gúla
8879:ndí-ma-gúla
8858:ndi-ma-gúla
8829:Remote Past
8806:ndi-dá-gula
8800:ndi-ná-gula
8788:Recent Past
8783:ndi-na-gúla
8738:near future
8721:ndi-ku-gúla
8697:ndi-ná-gula
8689:near future
8558:Reflexive:
8527:(class 2),
8521:(class 1),
8209:'he, she',
7933:tumpeni utu
7863:bzi/bvi/vi-
7481:mwaná wángá
7243:The number
7209:aná angáti?
7191:'several':
7061:aná aménewo
7037:mwaná améne
6981:mwaná ápita
6765:are found.
6654:Pronominal
4763:'farming';
4725:kasamalidwe
4509:'problem';
4420:'village';
4335:The plural
4289:'teacher';
4179:(class 6).
4110:main clause
3921:(short for
3912:ndi wábwino
3909:(short for
3769:'it is' or
3759:'snake' or
3715:'cat', the
3535:'problem',
3446:implosively
3368:Approximant
1926:labial-ised
1907:labial-ised
1888:labial-ised
1163:consonants
1157:palatalized
649:zaka ziwiri
527:Lake Malawi
382:instead of
117:Benue–Congo
112:Volta-Congo
101:Niger–Congo
14276:Categories
14105:Nhlangwini
14081:Old Mfengu
14022:Phalaborwa
13818:Dombondola
13553:Ndengereko
13308:Portuguese
12902:Portuguese
12826:Portuguese
12679:Mbamba Bay
11496:2018-07-31
10633:2016-01-02
10469:References
10448:I love you
10212:Nili mushe
10206:Nili bwino
9860:Literature
9751:'seem' or
9682:-ir-, -er-
9675:'try hard'
9563:'eat with'
9074:ku-sa-gúla
8635:'help me!'
8470:Personal:
8269:Locative:
8191:Personal:
8139:infinitive
8062:'go and',
7918:Class 13 (
7912:ufá bwángá
7890:Class 11 (
7884:mazira aya
7842:ŵanthu aŵa
7813:aná áákázi
7799:aná áámúna
7771:aná áákúlu
7723:'female';
7687:aná eníéní
7667:mwaná wína
7539:aná ábwino
7525:aná ánzérú
7324:masíkú ano
6865:aná omwéwo
6691:'he/she';
6676:'with' or
6591:awa ndaní?
6585:uyu ndaní?
6294:underneath
4829:Mu- (18):
4820:Ku- (17):
4811:Pa- (16):
4797:Ku- (15):
4661:'relish';
4286:aphunzitsi
4280:mphunzitsi
4277:'person';
4231:mowa uwíri
4143:intonation
3731:homorganic
3682:mphunzitsi
3440:(when not
1161:labialized
1089:homorganic
965:Consonants
690:Kikamtunda
571:Mozambique
483:noun class
479:Mozambique
469:spoken in
235:Mozambique
14221:varieties
14212:indicate
13998:Khalaxadi
13830:Kwaluudhi
13806:Ndongwena
13776:Ngandyera
13408:Ndendeule
12654:Lala-Bisa
12278:kasahorow
12126:25 August
11978:Cambridge
11903:. Zambia
11891:25 August
11852:, No. 62.
11752:25 August
10538:Kiswahili
10460:Nikukonda
10365:Nifuna...
10353:I want...
10329:('b' = )
10262:Iyayi/Ayi
10219:Thank you
10044:Glottolog
10025:ISO 639-3
9887:or Nthala
9769:In 1907,
9406:-uk-/-ok-
9400:-ul-/-ol-
9394:-iz-/-ez-
9376:-ir-/-er-
9287:-uk-/-ok-
9281:-ul-/-ol-
9252:causative
9101:á-kú-gúla
9093:a-ku-gúla
8771:nd-a-gula
8709:nd-a-gula
8632:ndízé-ni!
8549:nd-a-oná-
8300:li nsómba
7735:'short';
7711:'small';
7625:The same
7602:aná ákúbá
7384:aná apita
7318:mwezí uno
7304:mwaná uja
7298:is rare:
7203:aná awíri
7167:'three',
7045:aná améne
6987:aná ápita
6801:'alone',
6625:mwaná uyo
6599:mwaná uyu
6382:kutsogoló
4846:agreement
4731:kavinidwe
4655:'beard';
4629:'house';
4608:'maize';
4582:'thing';
4558:mankhwála
4555:'water',
4456:'village'
4097:ndi-ku-th
4085:ndi-ma-th
4068:-ma-thand
3924:ndi wóípa
3906:ngwábwino
3889:'enter',
3883:'sound',
3871:'voice',
3688:anáḿpatsa
3663:'tongue'.
3626:'horse',
3620:'hotel',
3423:of 1931.
2976:voiceless
2970:Fricative
2775:aspirated
2718:aspirated
2648:Affricate
2277:aspirated
2165:aspirated
1768:Semivowel
1642:voiceless
1636:Fricative
1558:aspirated
1507:Affricate
1403:implosive
1347:aspirated
822:Muthárika
782:Phonology
505:(spelled
501:Chinyanja
315:Glottolog
299:ISO 639-3
281:ISO 639-2
263:ISO 639-1
180:Mwangwego
70:Ethnicity
13910:Korekore
13800:Mbalanhu
13758:Kwanyama
13472:Manganja
13181:Chibarwe
12998:Nathembo
12933:Chitonga
12928:Chichopi
12831:Japanese
12704:Nkangala
12689:Mbukushu
12340:Archived
12235:Language
12227:Archived
12207:Archived
12170:Archived
12156:Archived
12120:Archived
12082:Archived
12044:Archived
12014:Archived
12011:"Nyanja"
12002:June 11,
11996:archived
11942:Archived
11921:Archived
11860:Archived
11842:Archived
11788:Archived
11766:Archived
11746:Archived
11715:Archived
11688:Archived
11674:Archived
11658:Archived
11645:Archived
11628:Archived
11543:Archived
11513:Archived
11490:Archived
11465:Archived
10993:Archived
10982:Archived
10734:Archived
10540:for the
10377:Chakudya
10194:I'm fine
9725:'happen'
9652:yang'an-
9579:'repeat'
8928:ndi-gulé
8733:ndí-gula
8447:= 'you')
8313:mukupíta
8296:m'madzí
8236:w-a-pita
8159:-ku-píta
8043:ndí-gula
7942:'sleep'.
7717:'male',
7714:-(a)múna
7646:-ení-éní
7618:-ení-éní
7487:aná ángá
7451:'your',
7222:becomes
7173:'four',
7123:ndaonámo
7107:ndawáona
7101:ndamúona
6902:álíyensé
6833:aná ónse
6753:such as
6388:in front
5071:children
4928:English
4840:Concords
4777:(14/6):
4702:'baby';
4611:chikóndi
4605:chímanga
4497:'name';
4476:'fire';
4470:'beer';
4444:'life';
4432:'tree';
4402:feteréza
4355:(1a/6):
4309:(1a/2):
4195:'this'.
4130:sabatá y
4112:or in a
3877:'road',
3835:'cow or
3794:íntaneti
3782:ankápítá
3776:ń'kúpíta
3697:'gift',
3629:mswahála
1854:Alveolar
1198:alveolar
1191:Alveolar
1179:Bilabial
905:Open-mid
840:íntaneti
834:láputopu
710:kamphoni
696:Kimaravi
508:Cinianja
493:Chichewa
420:Chichewa
417:Language
388:Help:IPA
322:nyan1308
248:Zimbabwe
14210:Italics
14164:Hlengwe
13946:Kalanga
13934:Karanga
13922:Manyika
13812:Kwankwa
13794:Mbandja
13717:Nyaneka
13705:Umbundu
13606:Makonde
13565:Matumbi
13501:Nyungwe
13437:Tumbuka
13390:Matengo
13349:Narrow
13303:Chinese
13293:Punjabi
13206:Ndebele
13186:Kalanga
13094:Punjabi
13089:English
13043:Swahili
13018:Nyungwe
12993:Manyika
12983:Makonde
12978:Makhuwa
12953:Kimwani
12948:Gitonga
12938:Chuwabu
12836:Russian
12821:Chinese
12801:Italian
12791:Spanish
12786:Punjabi
12776:English
12649:Kwangwa
12608:Tumbuka
12557:English
12496:Tumbuka
12449:English
11914:Mapanje
10384:Vakudya
10164:English
9730:sungun-
9550:in it:
9236:stative
8776:Perfect
8726:present
8714:perfect
8589:ndí-ma-
8482:'you',
8456:-kónda-
8452:ndí-ma-
8441:= 'I',
8428:ndí-ma-
8346:akupíta
8338:akupíta
8167:mténgo
8147:subject
7898:Tumbuka
7827:Rebmann
7708:-ng'óno
7705:'big',
7673:aná éna
7463:'our',
7310:aná aja
7228:before
7182:-ngáti?
7161:'two',
7155:'one',
7113:ndaáona
7092:ndagula
7028:améneyo
6896:etc.).
6795:'all',
6637:aná awo
6631:mwanáyo
6611:aná awa
6605:mwanáyu
5912:kamwaná
5617:cháchi-
5018:m/(mu)-
4943:object
4823:kukhosi
4817:'mouth'
4814:pakamwa
4766:udzudzú
4693:kamwaná
4684:mabánki
4675:(9/6):
4573:chinthu
4521:'hoe';
4429:miténgo
4396:katúndu
4379:'dance'
4367:'key';
4327:prefix.
4301:'child'
4219:udzudzú
4186:katúndu
4176:mabánki
4153:Grammar
3954:zyoliká
3951:(as in
3939:'fire'.
3832:ng'ombe
3694:mphátso
3673:, e.g.
3601:angáti?
3538:(p)fúpa
3532:(b)vúto
3529:, e.g.
3501:kudínda
3462:'bar',
1868:Glottal
1863:Palatal
1213:Glottal
1203:Palatal
1091:nasal:
860:Central
817:kufúula
773:Downing
753:Kasungu
683:in his
627:Maraves
622:Kazembe
589:History
550:Tumbuka
538:Tumbuka
485:prefix
465:) is a
384:Unicode
122:Bantoid
14191:[S611
14162:[S511
14152:Tsonga
14146:Gwamba
14099:Phuthi
14079:[S401
14040:Pulana
14028:Kutswe
14020:[S301
14010:Lobedu
13992:Ngwatu
13986:Kgatla
13980:Tswana
13916:Zezuru
13895:Zone S
13857:[R311
13853:Herero
13824:Esinga
13782:Kafima
13780:[R211
13770:Kwambi
13764:Ndonga
13729:Kuvale
13727:[R101
13723:Khumbi
13711:Ndombe
13690:Zone R
13677:Moniga
13665:Sakati
13657:[P311
13618:Mabiha
13612:Ndonde
13577:Mbunga
13571:Ngindo
13538:Zone P
13523:[N441
13489:Nsenga
13460:Nyanja
13441:[N201
13406:[N101
13363:Zone N
13288:French
13231:Tswana
13226:Tsonga
13196:Nambya
13191:Koisan
13063:Tsonga
13053:Tawara
13023:Phimbi
13013:Nsenga
12973:Maindo
12841:Danish
12816:Arabic
12811:Hebrew
12796:German
12781:French
12719:Shanjo
12714:Nsenga
12699:Mwanga
12694:Mbunda
12669:Luyana
12639:Kuhane
12629:Chokwe
12598:Nyanja
12593:Luvale
12578:Kaonde
12167:, Bk 2
12153:, Bk 1
12072:Lingua
12065:part 2
12058:part 1
11988:
11962:
11907:
11823:
10231:Zikomo
10224:Zikomo
10079:Nsenga
10075:Lusaka
10012:-based
10010:Nyanja
9993:Lusaka
9989:Region
9984:Zambia
9803:Kalulu
9795:Malawi
9793:, now
9528:'open'
9496:'sell'
8543:-dzíwa
8500:'us',
8476:'me',
8432:-kónda
8404:kupíta
8400:tianá
8392:kupíta
8388:mfúmu
8367:wapita
8215:'we',
8180:-a-gwa
8174:(for *
8171:-a-gwa
8155:(ife)
8143:prefix
7966:Tenses
7924:) had
7839:(e.g.
7621:'real'
7445:'my',
7420:'of':
7408:) and
7354:) and
7188:-ngápo
7152:-módzi
6997:wapita
6884:(e.g.
6762:ndichó
6558:mwám'-
6482:inside
6464:kwáku-
6276:kwáku-
6200:buying
6194:kugúla
6012:babies
5824:houses
5818:nyumbá
5764:-í/yí-
5724:nyumbá
5293:-í/yí-
5105:-á/wá-
4958:other
4955:of+vb
4894:bambo
4832:mkamwa
4826:'neck'
4775:
4772:
4742:(13):
4740:
4737:
4722:(12):
4720:
4717:
4711:tinthu
4705:kanthu
4687:'bank'
4673:
4670:
4649:(10):
4647:
4644:
4641:'goat'
4626:nyumbá
4620:nyumbá
4600:
4597:
4594:'year'
4579:zinthu
4547:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4518:makásu
4506:mavúto
4462:
4459:
4453:misika
4441:miyoyo
4423:mténgo
4390:tomáto
4387:(1a):
4385:
4382:
4376:magúle
4364:makíyi
4353:
4350:
4333:
4330:
4307:
4304:
4268:munthu
4213:malayá
4201:tomáto
3983:munthu
3918:ngóípa
3865:(e.g.
3726:mkángo
3712:mphaká
3676:m'balé
3660:lilíme
3623:hátchi
3617:hotéra
3598:(e.g.
3491:yôdúla
3465:yôdúla
3264:voiced
3150:voiced
2907:voiced
2828:voiced
2654:tenuis
2541:voiced
2385:voiced
2046:tenuis
1849:Labial
1811:Liquid
1711:voiced
1592:voiced
1513:tenuis
1448:voiced
1291:tenuis
1186:dental
1184:Labio-
813:áákúlu
787:Vowels
769:Mtenje
610:Chévas
599:Zambia
595:Maravi
579:Niassa
567:Zambia
563:Malawi
546:Nsenga
481:. The
475:Zambia
471:Malawi
431:Nyanja
411:Achewa
407:People
402:Mchewa
399:Person
245:
232:
222:Malawi
219:
209:Zambia
206:
60:Region
54:Malawi
38:Nyanja
14287:Chewa
14193:Lenge
14187:Tonga
14158:Ronga
14121:S408
14115:S407
14109:S406
14103:S405
14097:S404
14093:Hlubi
14091:S403
14087:Bhaca
14085:S402
14069:Swati
14057:Xhosa
14038:S304
14032:S303
14026:S302
14016:Sotho
14008:S32b
14002:S32a
13996:S31d
13990:S31c
13984:S31b
13978:S31a
13963:Venda
13926:S13b
13920:S13a
13863:R312
13834:R242
13828:R241
13822:R218
13816:R217
13810:R216
13804:R215
13798:R214
13792:R213
13788:Evale
13786:R212
13741:Mbali
13739:R103
13735:Kwisi
13733:R102
13675:P341
13669:P331
13663:P312
13653:Cuabo
13647:Ngulu
13641:Lomwe
13635:Makua
13600:Mwera
13559:Ruihi
13519:Podzo
13495:Kunda
13470:N31c
13464:N31b
13458:N31a
13418:N121
13414:Nindi
13412:N102
13402:Tonga
13396:Mpoto
13384:Ngoni
13378:Manda
13298:Hindi
13262:Kunda
13241:Xhosa
13236:Venda
13221:Tonga
13216:Sotho
13211:Shona
13176:Chewa
13099:Hindi
13048:Swati
13038:Shona
13028:Ronga
13008:Ngoni
12988:Makwe
12968:Lomwe
12963:Kunda
12923:Chewa
12918:Barwe
12846:Dutch
12806:Hindi
12739:Wanda
12734:Tabwa
12724:Shona
12709:Nkoya
12684:Mbowe
12664:Lenje
12659:Lamba
12644:Kunda
12624:Bwile
12603:Tonga
12588:Lunda
12573:Bemba
12491:Tonga
12486:Ndali
12465:Chewa
12020:. In
11812:no.1.
10507:(PDF)
10500:(PDF)
10403:Manzi
10396:Madzi
10391:Water
10269:Iyayi
10083:Bemba
9942:Poets
9799:Kamba
9754:nyam-
9718:chit-
9505:ngun-
9433:, or
9308:tseg-
9296:tseg-
9186:'buy'
9183:gul-a
8976:-gula
8964:-gule
8952:-gúlé
8940:-gúlá
8648:ndízé
8574:nd-a-
8561:-dzi-
8473:-ndi-
8375:apita
8321:apita
8197:'I',
8083:-dza-
8071:-ngo-
8030:-gula
8018:-gula
8006:-gúla
7994:-gúla
7982:-gúla
7970:infix
7950:Verbs
7738:-wisi
7732:-fúpi
7726:-táli
7720:-kázi
7702:-kúlu
7460:-áthu
7442:-ánga
7246:khúmi
7231:-wiri
7176:-sanu
7170:-náyi
7164:-tátu
7158:-wíri
7022:améne
7015:'who'
7012:améne
7003:apita
6914:yénse
6887:wónse
6841:yékha
6816:(w)ó-
6804:yémwe
6798:yékha
6792:yénse
6783:yémwe
6777:yékha
6771:yénse
6756:nácho
6722:ndiwó
6716:ndiyé
6643:anáwo
6617:anáwa
6551:mwína
6523:m/mu-
6509:m/mu-
6476:mkatí
6457:kwína
6370:pápa-
6288:pansí
6269:kwína
6088:táti-
6006:tianá
5994:káka-
5900:zázi-
5730:house
5712:zázi-
5635:years
5610:chína
5589:chija
5575:-chí-
5535:chaká
5429:láli-
5259:heads
5011:mú/ḿ-
4977:child
4971:mwaná
4940:subj
4937:pron
4934:that
4931:this
4925:noun
4888:bambo
4800:kuóna
4789:'bow'
4786:mautá
4760:ulimi
4754:usíku
4699:tianá
4678:bánki
4664:nzerú
4658:ndíwo
4652:ndevu
4638:mbúzi
4632:mbúzi
4602:(7):
4585:chaká
4552:madzí
4549:(6):
4533:'eye'
4512:khásu
4494:maína
4488:dzína
4464:(3):
4447:msika
4417:midzi
4411:mudzi
4318:agalú
4292:mwaná
4274:anthu
4170:bánki
4101:ndiza
4089:ndiza
4058:low:
4050:kudyá
4018:manga
3974:tonal
3962:Tones
3930:mwalá
3874:msewu
3822:ngoma
3788:bánki
3762:nduná
3756:njóka
3706:mfíti
3700:mbale
3507:mdidi
3352:lw/rw
2932:(ndz)
2868:(dzw)
2814:ⁿt͡ʃʰ
1934:Nasal
1913:plain
1894:plain
1875:plain
1859:Velar
1820:la/ra
1220:Nasal
1208:Velar
1196:Post-
872:Close
855:Front
828:ófesi
703:mombo
673:bzala
667:dzala
536:) as
427:Chewa
175:Latin
142:Chewa
137:Nyasa
132:Bantu
74:Chewa
33:Chewa
14228:The
14185:S62
14181:Copi
14179:S61
14156:S54
14150:S53
14144:S52
14140:Tswa
14138:S51
14111:Lala
14073:S44
14067:S43
14063:Zulu
14061:S42
14055:S41
14014:S33
14004:Pedi
13961:S21
13944:S16
13940:Ndau
13938:S15
13932:S14
13928:Tebe
13914:S12
13908:S11
13880:R41
13851:R31
13774:R24
13768:R23
13762:R22
13756:R21
13721:R14
13715:R13
13709:R12
13703:R11
13659:Koti
13651:P34
13645:P33
13639:P32
13633:P31
13616:P25
13610:P24
13604:P23
13598:P22
13592:P21
13575:P15
13569:P14
13563:P13
13557:P12
13551:P11
13517:N46
13511:N45
13507:Sena
13505:N44
13499:N43
13493:N42
13487:N41
13466:Cewa
13435:N21
13400:N15
13394:N14
13388:N13
13382:N12
13376:N11
13272:Lozi
13267:Tswa
13201:Ndau
13068:Tswa
13058:Tewe
13033:Sena
13003:Ndau
12958:Koti
12943:Dema
12729:Soli
12583:Lozi
12128:2012
12004:2019
11986:ISBN
11960:ISBN
11905:ISBN
11893:2012
11821:ISBN
11754:2012
10372:Food
10243:Inde
10143:ndi-
10131:twa-
10117:and
10066:none
10050:None
10031:None
9691:pit-
9668:yes-
9613:thy-
9415:and
9370:-an-
9356:mas-
9344:mas-
9332:thy-
9320:thy-
9259:gul-
9243:gul-
9227:gul-
9207:gul-
9191:gul-
9132:-ka-
9057:-sa-
8997:-ná-
8974:kadá
8972:ndi-
8960:ndi-
8948:ndi-
8936:ndi-
8902:-ká-
8676:-ku-
8673:and
8670:-na-
8593:-óna
8581:-ona
8524:-wa-
8518:-mu-
8503:-wa-
8497:-ti-
8491:-m'-
8485:-mu-
8479:-ku-
8194:ndi-
8137:and
8080:and
8077:-ma-
8065:-dzá
8059:-ká-
8053:-má-
8026:ndí-
8014:ndí-
8002:ndi-
7990:ndí-
7978:ndi-
7939:tuló
7857:dzi-
7640:-ína
7631:and
7612:-ína
7502:-áke
7496:-áwo
7472:-áwo
7466:-ánu
7454:-áke
7448:-áko
7369:a-a-
7286:and
7259:and
7132:-ira
6893:ónse
6890:for
6849:ókha
6813:and
6759:and
6750:ndi-
6747:and
6738:icho
6732:ichi
6708:náwo
6702:náye
6666:etc.
6663:(w)ó
6530:muja
6436:kuja
6363:péna
6342:paja
6248:kuja
6234:-kú-
6182:wáu-
6175:wína
6081:tína
6060:tija
6046:-tí-
5987:kéna
5966:kaja
5952:-ká-
5918:baby
5893:zína
5872:zija
5858:-zí-
5806:yái-
5705:zína
5684:zija
5670:-zí-
5629:zaká
5603:chó-
5582:chi-
5568:chi-
5561:chó-
5554:icho
5547:ichi
5541:year
5481:-wá-
5447:eyes
5441:masó
5422:lína
5401:lija
5387:-lí-
5347:díso
5335:yái-
5253:mitú
5241:wau-
5234:wína
5165:head
5159:mutú
5053:wám-
5046:wína
4961:adj
4949:rem
4946:num
4908:-mu-
4783:pl.
4745:tuló
4708:pl.
4696:pl.
4681:pl.
4635:pl.
4623:pl.
4591:zaká
4588:pl.
4576:pl.
4564:maló
4530:masó
4527:pl.
4524:díso
4515:pl.
4503:pl.
4500:vúto
4491:pl.
4479:bowa
4473:móto
4467:mowa
4450:pl.
4438:pl.
4435:moyo
4426:pl.
4414:pl.
4373:pl.
4370:gúle
4361:pl.
4358:kíyi
4315:pl.
4312:galú
4295:pl.
4283:pl.
4271:pl.
4258:lusó
4252:lumo
4207:mowa
4035:kúdy
3936:móto
3892:duwa
3886:lowa
3880:liwú
3868:mawú
3827:kudu
3801:and
3746:ntch
3652:and
3642:and
3585:and
3551:and
3525:and
3517:and
3485:bála
3478:and
3471:duur
3459:bála
3452:and
3436:and
3331:flap
3229:zʲ~ʒ
3223:(zy)
3184:(vy)
2997:(fy)
2957:ⁿd͡ʒ
2938:ⁿd͡z
2923:ᵐbzʲ
2874:d͡zʷ
2808:ntch
2791:ᵐpsʲ
2757:t͡ʃʰ
2689:t͡sʷ
2373:ᵑkʷʰ
2367:nkhw
2345:ⁿtʷʰ
2339:nthw
2332:ⁿtʲʰ
2326:nthy
2306:ᵐpʷʰ
2300:mphw
2040:Stop
2023:ng'w
2008:ng'
1576:t͡ʃʰ
1285:Stop
1268:ng'
1159:and
1140:etc.
1129:ntch
1123:nkhw
1114:etc.
1056:etc.
1030:etc.
1004:etc.
938:Open
865:Back
618:Tete
577:and
575:Tete
544:and
542:Sena
497:and
487:chi-
477:and
14173:S60
14132:S50
14049:S40
14034:Pai
13972:S30
13955:S20
13902:S10
13882:Yei
13874:R40
13845:R30
13750:R20
13697:R10
13627:P30
13594:Yao
13586:P20
13545:P10
13513:Rue
13481:N40
13452:N30
13429:N20
13370:N10
13073:Yao
12744:Yao
12634:Ila
12501:Yao
10535:cf.
10238:Yes
10147:βa-
10139:ni-
10135:ta-
10127:za-
10123:va-
10115:la-
10111:ya-
10035:mis
9744:on-
9670:ets
9658:its
9654:its
9556:dy-
9544:or
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