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These techniques are very ancient and have been extensively used all over the world, as they require only the simplest tools and materials, and yet allow great diversity of expression. They are also relatively economical, since there is no loss or waste of metal, which mostly retains its original
714:
Once the main repoussé is done, the piece is again released by heating. The cavities on the back side, created by the repoussé work, are filled with melted pitch. Once that filling has hardened, the plate is again turned over and placed on top of a layer of softened pitch. Once the pitch has
951:
850:
at the tip. They usually have a beveled rear end, to better handle the hammer blows. They can be purchased and used as such, modified by the user to suit the needs of a specific work, or made by the user from bar stock. To make or reform the punches, one needs a
680:. The pitch is heated until it is soft enough to make good contact with the metal, filling all its nooks and crannies, and then allowed to cool. At room temperature, the pitch must be hard enough to adhere to the metal and hold it in place, but still soft and
592:
360:. The majority of the mask was formed using the technique of repoussé from what appears to be a single sheet of gold. The lapis lazuli and other stones were inlaid in chased areas after the height of the form was completed. The ceremonial beard,
310:
The alternative to pressing gold sheet into a die is to work it over a design in cameo relief. Here the detail would be greater on the back of the final design, so some final chasing from the front was often carried out to sharpen the detail.
790:
A "liner" has a flattened tip with a slightly curved blunt edge. It is used to chase narrow grooves in the metal, or to repoussé narrow ridges from the back side; both for outlining the work, and to refine edges in the final
298:
During the 3rd millennium BC, in the Middle East, a variety of semi-mass production methods were introduced to avoid repetitive free-hand work. With the simplest technique, sheet gold could be pressed into designs carved in
702:
Once the plate is firmly held by the pitch, front side up, the outline of the desired design is lightly chased ("lined") on it by a special tool (a "liner"), that creates narrow raised lines on the other side.
107:
127:
931:
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The metal plate will have to be released from the pitch several times, for turning it over and/or for re-annealing. Pitch residues stuck to the plate must be removed with an appropriate
797:
A "doming" or "dotting" tool has a round or oval tip of small to moderate diameter, and can be used to chase dimples or grooves, or repoussé bumps and ridges, of various widths.
803:
A "hollow-faced" punch has a raised contour (circular, or with some other shape) with a hollowed-out middle, and is used to stamp that contour, usually on the front face.
526:
731:. In this case pitch must be dispensed with, or replaced by some material (like sand) that can withstand the heat and provide the right kind of "giving" support.
492:
goods of repoussé copper were fashioned as ritual regalia and eventually used in prestige burials. Examples have been found with many S.E.C.C. designs such as
380:
One of twenty-three silver altar vessels believed to have been found in the Syrian village of Kurin. Silver repoussé, partially gilt. The
Walters Art Museum.
907:
576:
262:
meaning to drive out, or to chase around which is what the artists are doing as they "chase" the forms on their metal in order to create their final design.
727:, that are too hard to be cold-formed by hammering. That is accomplished by heating the piece to a high enough temperature to make it malleable, as in
711:
The metal is turned over, and firmed again over the pitch, with the back side up. The main repoussé work is then performed, using a variety of punches.
1063:
1012:
919:
882:
162:
is a similar technique in which the piece is hammered on the front side, sinking the metal. The two techniques are often used in conjunction.
715:
hardened, the design is then refined by chasing. These procedures can be repeated several times, alternating between repoussé and chasing.
437:, dating to around 400 BCE, which is made from a silver sheet and features three scenes of warriors battling, each scene with two warriors.
1393:
875:
769:"pitch bowl" for smaller ones. The bowl can be placed over a sand bag or leather ring, and tilted to whatever angle is most convenient.
891:
376:
1308:
1140:
616:
307:. The gold could be worked into the designs with wood tools or, more commonly, by hammering a wax or lead "force" over it.
1669:
1423:
1064:"Hedge-fund pioneer Michael Steinhardt surrenders 180 stolen antiquities valued at $ 70 million, Manhattan DA Vance says"
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The plate must then be fixed on a suitable support. A commonly used technique is to place the metal over a layer of
2414:
583:
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The pitch is often cast as a thick layer over some softer backing material that can absorb larger deformations.
208:
of the Bronze Age, the copper ornaments made by the Native
Americans in the Southeastern United States, and the
1377:
604:
517:
388:
times, combined punches and dies were in use. In 400 BC, the Greeks were using beeswax for filler in repoussé.
2424:
1189:
2429:
1282:
The Art of the Anglo-Saxon
Goldsmith: Fine Metalwork in Anglo-Saxon England, its Practice and Practitioners
800:
A "matting" tool has a pattern cut into the tip, and is used (mainly in chasing) to create textured areas.
1099:
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485:
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culture, made between 150 BC and 1 AD) had originally thirteen separate silver panels, with repoussé
1716:
1538:
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31:
1325:
465:
Repoussage and chasing were used by many Pre-Columbian civilizations in the
Americas, such as the
2347:
1440:
1416:
17:
1280:
Coatsworth, Elizabeth & Pinder, Michael (2002). Hines, John & Cubitt, Catherine (eds.).
570:
repoussé in sections using wooden structures to shape each piece during the hammering process.
318:, if not far earlier. The simplest patterned punches were produced by loops or scrolls of wire.
44:
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at work undertaking the finishing chasing of a copper repoussé relief sculpture circa 1939.
513:
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to create objects such as water vessels. These vessels are generally made using sheets of
270:
The techniques of repoussé and chasing date from
Antiquity and have been used widely with
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with many pieces using these techniques. Another example piece using this technique is
357:
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A "planisher" has a smooth, flat tip meant for pushing out large, flat areas of metal.
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Summary of 2008 Field
Excavations to Locate the Copper Workshop in the Mound 34 Area
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size and thickness. Toolmarks are often intentionally left visible in the result.
1940:
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1219:(Technical report). Central Mississippi Valley Archaeological Research Institute.
664:
as possible. This process may have to be repeated several times, as many metals
637:
225:
120:
100:
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A container for the pitch, such as a "pitch tray" for larger plates, or a heavy
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Copper men: Archaeologists uncover Stone Age copper workshop near Monk's Mound
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971:– rolling sheet metal through dies to produce a raised or sunk relief design.
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A few among many famous examples of repoussé and chasing are the prehistoric
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Early Art of the
Southeastern Indians-Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings
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2009:
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using a lightweight chasing hammer and a liner to chase a pattern into a
598:
Repoussè on tin sheet – "Greek horse" by
Mexican artist Manolo Vega, 2011
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plaques. Although examples have been found in a widely scattered area (
434:
402:
145:
75:
1865:
842:—a hard alloy that can keep its shape even after years of use—and are
787:", that is, chisels with smooth tips that are used to push the metal:
542:
at
Cahokia are the only known Mississippian culture copper workshops.
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referring to a piece to which the technique has been applied (e.g. "
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2019:
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1284:. Anglo-Saxon Studies. Vol. 2. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
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Woman or goddess, Gundestrup
Cauldron. Silver; Celtic, ca. 100 BCE.
773:
539:
505:
473:(about 900 to 200 BC), to make ornaments of gold and other metals.
60:
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The use of patterned punches dates back to the first half of the
165:
Many metals can be used for chasing and repoussé work, including
780:
to soften the pitch in order to fix the plate, or to release it.
644:
The process of chasing and repoussé requires a number of steps.
2273:
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656:—that is, heated for some time at a temperature sufficient to
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1989:
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Man or god, Gundestrup Cauldron. Silver; Celtic, ca. 100 BCE.
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1401:
538:. Several copper workshops discovered during excavations of
2124:
2099:
2094:
2044:
1806:
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470:
271:
236:
166:
1210:
Kelly, John E.; Kelly, Lucretia S.; Brown, James (2009).
1122:
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and become brittle as they are deformed by the hammering.
391:
Classical pieces using repoussage and chasing include the
48:
The Great Dish, or Great Plate of Bacchus, from the Roman
852:
723:
Repoussé and chasing can also be done on materials, like
348:
A fine example of Egyptian repoussé is the mummy mask of
283:
345:
period, resin and mud for repoussé backing was in use.
808:
A lightweight "chasing hammer", to drive the punches.
293:
684:enough to "give" as the metal is hammered into it.
1341:
1124:
1091:
838:The punches are usually made of steel, especially
2406:
1279:
303:in stone, bone, metal or even materials such as
1013:"US billionaire surrenders $ 70m of stolen art"
333:, lining the inside and outside of the vessel.
1256:. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. p. 36.
30:"Chasing" redirects here. For other uses, see
1417:
1321:Hand-forging and Wrought-iron Ornamental Work
1062:Mangan, Dan; Forkin, Jim (December 6, 2021).
1061:
994:"Chalice with Apostles Venerating the Cross"
144:from the reverse side to create a design in
1123:F. Kent Reilly; James Garber, eds. (2004).
859:and abrasives to shape and polish the tip.
758:The tools needed for these techniques are
235:, which means "to push". Repoussage is the
1424:
1410:
445:Repoussé and chasing are commonly used in
1184:
562:, ("Liberty Enlightening The World"), in
1317:
1223:
1203:
1178:
1155:
738:
631:
582:Arts and Crafts repousse shield made by
460:
398:armour plates from the 3rd century BC.
375:
74:
54:
43:
1038:"152. Rhyton (stag's head) - Classical"
1010:
827:Other tools are usually handy, such as
706:
228:and means "pushed up", ultimately from
14:
2407:
1332:
1298:
855:or other cutting device, as well as a
371:
37:For the 2011 British short movie, see
1405:
1324:. Popular mechanics Company. p.
1251:
1245:
1089:
622:Construction of The Statue of Liberty
119:
99:
610:The Statue of Liberty, New York (NY)
530:, thought to have originated at the
524:), most are in what is known as the
258:Chasing comes from the French word,
1011:Alberge, Dalya (December 7, 2021).
554:created with this technique is the
24:
1273:
652:The metal plate should usually be
294:European prehistory and Bronze Age
25:
2446:
1363:
1348:(5th ed.). New York: Dover.
1318:Googerty, Thomas Francis (1911).
1232:Jewelry Concepts & Technology
1127:Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms
950:
930:
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906:
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874:
671:
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591:
584:Keswick School of Industrial Art
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278:for fine detailed work and with
239:to refer to the technique, with
545:
405:is a Roman silver cup, and the
1378:New International Encyclopedia
1149:
1116:
1083:
1055:
1030:
1004:
986:
718:
13:
1:
1431:
1156:Townsend, Richard F. (2004).
980:
867:
823:for annealing or hot-working.
1299:Corwin, Nancy Megan (2009).
658:reduce its internal stresses
647:
215:
7:
1100:University of Georgia Press
962:
566:. The statue was formed by
200:, the mask on the mummy of
10:
2451:
862:
627:
560:Liberté éclairant le monde
368:were attached separately.
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1158:Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand
1133:University of Texas Press
969:Embossing (manufacturing)
697:
425:of Roman silver found in
341:In 1400 BC, the Egyptian
1344:Metalwork and Enamelling
1235:. Doubleday; 864 pages.
835:to hold the hot plates.
734:
484:periods of the American
440:
32:Chasing (disambiguation)
2415:Visual arts terminology
1926:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1394:Encyclopædia Britannica
290:for larger sculptures.
1397:(11th ed.). 1911.
1301:Chasing & Repoussé
1252:Bowie, Hamish (1977).
1229:Oppi Untracht (2011):
998:The Walters Art Museum
755:
641:
536:Collinsville, Illinois
435:The Stag’s Head Rhyton
381:
87:
72:
52:
27:Metalworking technique
2267:Other natural objects
1162:Yale University Press
1090:Power, Susan (2004).
742:
635:
461:Pre-Columbian America
419:Berthouville Treasure
415:Water Newton Treasure
379:
177:, and alloys such as
136:technique in which a
78:
58:
47:
2425:Sculpture techniques
1742:Wire wrapped jewelry
1722:Repoussé and chasing
1303:. Brynmorgen Press.
957:Helmet. Gold; Roman.
707:Repoussé and chasing
494:Bi-lobed arrow motif
67:. Possibly from the
2430:Native American art
2284:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1042:www.georgeortiz.com
1017:www.theguardian.com
897:"Agamemnon". Gold;
407:Mildenhall Treasure
372:Classical antiquity
323:Gundestrup cauldron
198:Gundestrup cauldron
140:metal is shaped by
50:Mildenhall Treasure
1629:Jewellery designer
756:
642:
564:Upper New York Bay
550:The largest known
382:
358:Eighteenth Dynasty
325:(a product of the
212:in New York City.
88:
73:
71:(100–500 AD)
53:
2402:
2401:
2319:
2318:
2189:Organic gemstones
1786:
1785:
1310:978-1-929565-32-0
1186:Pawlaczyk, George
1142:978-0-292-71347-5
556:Statue of Liberty
316:2nd millennium BC
210:Statue of Liberty
121:[ʁəpusaʒ]
59:Golden mask from
16:(Redirected from
2442:
2420:Jewellery making
1846:Britannia silver
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1388:"Repoussé"
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1188:(Feb 16, 2010),
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496:headdresses and
421:are examples of
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101:[ʁəpuse]
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1836:Precious metal
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1799:Precious metals
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1372:"Chasing"
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1338:"Repoussé Work"
1334:Maryon, Herbert
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1274:Further reading
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69:Calima culture
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1263:0-8092-8084-1
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883:Cheng Kingdom
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764:hemispherical
761:
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746:
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732:
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726:
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712:
704:
695:
693:
688:
685:
683:
679:
678:chasers pitch
672:Pitch backing
669:
667:
663:
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541:
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519:
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511:
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498:falcon dancer
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Mississippian
479:
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468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
432:
429:and northern
428:
424:
420:
416:
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389:
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378:
369:
367:
364:vulture, and
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
337:Ancient Egypt
334:
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94:
93:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
65:Museo del Oro
62:
57:
51:
46:
40:
39:Chased (film)
33:
19:
2394:Wearable art
2389:Phaleristics
2384:Metalworking
2289:Gutta-percha
2065:Lapis lazuli
1851:Colored gold
1732:Stonesetting
1721:
1392:
1376:
1343:
1320:
1300:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1230:
1225:
1212:
1205:
1195:, retrieved
1190:
1180:
1157:
1151:
1126:
1118:
1093:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1067:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:
1006:
988:
837:
826:
813:oxyacetylene
757:
743:A chaser in
722:
713:
710:
701:
689:
686:
675:
651:
643:
559:
549:
546:Modern works
527:Braden Style
525:
475:
464:
444:
400:
390:
383:
356:of the late
347:
340:
320:
313:
309:
300:
297:
269:
259:
257:
252:
248:
240:
232:
221:
219:
206:body armours
195:
191:
164:
159:
153:
149:
134:metalworking
114:
113:
91:
90:
89:
2331:Art jewelry
2155:Tiger's eye
2060:Labradorite
2010:Chrysocolla
2005:Chrysoberyl
1921:Mokume-gane
1898:Base metals
1670:centrifugal
1639:Silversmith
1514:Ferronnière
1464:Belt buckle
1459:Belly chain
1075:December 7,
1047:December 7,
1022:December 7,
719:Hot forming
558:, properly
476:During the
411:Hoxne Hoard
386:Hellenistic
350:Tutankhamun
202:Tutankhamun
84:Tutankhamun
80:Golden mask
2409:Categories
2165:Tourmaline
2110:Prasiolite
1985:Aventurine
1856:Crown gold
1758:Draw plate
1707:Metal clay
1644:Watchmaker
1634:Lapidarist
1619:Clockmaker
1494:Collar pin
1489:Chatelaine
1197:2010-11-08
981:References
945:, 431 BCE.
885:, 1018 CE.
868:Face masks
840:tool steel
783:A set of "
778:blow torch
586:, UK, 1895
518:Moundville
403:Warren Cup
146:low relief
115:repoussage
2311:Toadstone
2248:Operculum
2175:Variscite
2170:Turquoise
2150:Tanzanite
2085:Moonstone
2080:Marcasite
2075:Malachite
2000:Carnelian
1975:Amazonite
1962:gemstones
1936:Pinchbeck
1881:Argentium
1871:Shibuichi
1812:Palladium
1791:Materials
1727:Soldering
1717:Polishing
1692:Engraving
1687:Enameling
1653:Processes
1624:Goldsmith
1559:Tie chain
1534:Neck ring
1524:Lapel pin
1433:Jewellery
817:blowtorch
767:cast iron
662:malleable
648:Annealing
636:Sculptor
552:sculpture
486:Southeast
255:piece").
245:adjective
243:being an
220:The word
216:Etymology
160:embossing
152:(French:
142:hammering
138:malleable
63:, at the
2379:Gemology
2353:Fineness
2344:(purity)
2279:Bog-wood
2226:Precious
2206:Ammolite
2145:Sunstone
2135:Sodalite
2130:Sapphire
2090:Obsidian
2030:Fluorite
2020:Diopside
1980:Amethyst
1960:Mineral
1951:Tungsten
1946:Titanium
1861:Electrum
1817:Platinum
1702:Kazaziye
1697:Filigree
1675:lost-wax
1574:Toe ring
1564:Tie clip
1539:Pectoral
1529:Necklace
1504:Cufflink
1479:Bracelet
1474:Bolo tie
1454:Barrette
1336:(1971).
963:See also
941:. Gold;
848:tempered
829:tweezers
774:heat gun
654:annealed
540:Mound 34
534:Site in
506:Oklahoma
478:Hopewell
417:and the
301:intaglio
253:repoussé
251:work", "
249:repoussé
241:repoussé
222:repoussé
155:ciselure
92:Repoussé
86:'s mummy
61:Colombia
2374:Fashion
2348:Finding
2196:Abalone
2105:Peridot
2070:Larimar
2055:Kyanite
2040:Howlite
2025:Emerald
2015:Diamond
1888:Tumbaga
1866:Shakudō
1822:Rhodium
1773:Mandrel
1712:Plating
1665:Casting
1660:Carving
1569:Tie pin
1544:Pendant
1519:Genital
1509:Earring
1381:. 1905.
943:Thracia
939:Teres I
899:Mycenae
863:Gallery
857:grinder
819:, or a
815:torch,
791:object.
785:punches
729:forging
692:solvent
682:plastic
628:Methods
532:Cahokia
522:Alabama
514:Georgia
490:Midwest
427:England
362:Nekhbet
354:Pharaoh
266:History
260:chasser
233:pulsare
150:Chasing
132:) is a
97:French:
18:Chasing
2338:(mass)
2274:Bezoar
2180:Zircon
2140:Spinel
2115:Quartz
2050:Jasper
2035:Garnet
1931:Pewter
1916:Copper
1911:Bronze
1838:alloys
1827:Silver
1778:Pliers
1768:Hammer
1680:vacuum
1607:People
1600:Making
1584:pocket
1484:Brooch
1449:Anklet
1352:
1307:
1288:
1260:
1239:
1168:
1139:
1106:
844:forged
752:mortar
698:Lining
666:harden
568:copper
516:, and
510:Etowah
455:silver
451:copper
431:France
423:hoards
413:, the
409:, the
393:bronze
366:Uraeus
343:Amarna
331:relief
327:Celtic
288:bronze
286:, and
280:copper
276:silver
226:French
204:, the
187:pewter
185:, and
183:bronze
175:copper
171:silver
2342:Carat
2336:Carat
2324:Terms
2299:Shell
2253:Pearl
2243:Nacre
2233:Ivory
2221:Black
2216:Coral
2211:Copal
2201:Amber
2160:Topaz
2119:smoky
1990:Beryl
1970:Agate
1906:Brass
1751:Tools
1589:strap
1579:Watch
1554:Tiara
1499:Crown
1469:Bindi
1441:Forms
1217:(PDF)
937:King
833:tongs
821:forge
749:brass
745:Tunis
735:Tools
725:steel
502:Spiro
447:India
441:India
396:Greek
230:Latin
179:steel
158:) or
112:) or
2294:Hair
2125:Ruby
2100:Opal
2095:Onyx
2045:Jade
1807:Gold
1763:File
1549:Ring
1350:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1077:2021
1069:CNBC
1049:2021
1024:2021
846:and
488:and
480:and
471:Peru
401:The
352:, a
321:The
274:and
272:gold
237:noun
167:gold
2238:Jet
1994:red
1326:134
853:saw
831:or
811:An
776:or
469:of
453:or
384:By
305:jet
284:tin
224:is
82:of
2411::
1391:.
1375:.
1340:.
1164:.
1160:.
1135:.
1131:.
1102:.
1098:.
1066:.
1040:.
1015:.
996:.
772:A
694:.
520:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
457:.
282:,
189:.
181:,
173:,
169:,
148:.
2121:)
2117:(
1996:)
1992:(
1425:e
1418:t
1411:v
1358:.
1328:.
1313:.
1294:.
1266:.
1174:.
1145:.
1112:.
1079:.
1051:.
1026:.
1000:.
754:.
118:(
95:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
