Charon (moon) - Knowledge

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sight, either in deep craters or beneath Charon's surface. Similar to how Pluto transfers atmosphere to Charon, Charon's relatively low gravity, due to its low mass, causes any atmosphere that might be present to rapidly escape the surface into space. Even through stellar occultation, which is used to probe the atmosphere of stellar bodies, scientists cannot confirm an existing atmosphere; this was tested in 1986 while attempting to perform stellar occultation testing on Pluto. Charon also acts as a protector for Pluto's atmosphere, blocking the solar wind that would normally collide with Pluto and damage its atmosphere. Since Charon blocks these solar winds, its own atmosphere is diminished, instead of Pluto's. This effect is also a serious potential explanation for Charon's lack of atmosphere; when it begins to accumulate, the solar winds shut it down. Although, it is still possible for Charon to have an atmosphere. As previously stated, Pluto transfers some of its atmospheric gas to Charon, from where it tends to escape into space. Assuming Charon's density is 1.71 g/cm, which is the rough estimate we currently have, it would have a surface gravity of 0.6 of Pluto's. It also has a higher mean molecular weight than Pluto and a lower exobase surface temperature, so that the gases in its atmosphere would not escape as rapidly from Charon as they do from Pluto.

1441:, a phase of contraction begins, largely driven by compaction in Charon's interior. Approximately 100-200 million years after formation, enough heat builds up to where a subsurface ocean melts, leading to rapid differentiation, further contraction, and the hydration of core rocks. Despite this melting, a pristine crust of amorphous water ice on Charon remains. After this period, differentiation continues, but the core can no longer absorb more water, and thus freezing at the base of Charon's mantle begins. This freezing drives a period of expansion until Charon's core becomes warm enough to begin compaction, starting a final period of contraction. Serenity Chasma may have formed from the expansion episode, whilst the final contraction episode may have given rise to the arcuate ridges observed in Mordor Macula. 6222: 1687: 1355: 1468: 5059: 1366: 1574: 1266: 4574: 36: 6228: 1667: 1456: 1176: 7191: 1628: 899: 996: 7241: 5053: 1645: 1428:

melt fraction where complete differentiation occurs, leading to the crust retaining part of its silicate content upon freezing. A liquid subsurface ocean forms during or soon after Charon's accretion and persists for approximately 2 billion years before freezing, possibly driving cryovolcanic resurfacing of Vulcan Planitia. Radiogenic heat from Charon's core could then melt a second subsurface ocean composed of a

7265: 5065: 7217: 7253: 7229: 1229:, and Charon coalesced from the debris. However, such an impact should result in an icier Charon and rockier Pluto than scientists have found. It is now thought that Pluto and Charon might have been two bodies that collided before going into orbit around each other. The collision would have been violent enough to boil off volatile ices like 1541:. Later, when the area is again heated by the Sun as Charon's seasons change, the temperature at the pole rises to −213 °C, resulting in the volatiles sublimating and escaping Charon, leaving only the tholins behind. Over millions of years, the residual tholin builds up thick layers, obscuring the icy crust. In addition to Mordor, 1779:

of the term, the IAU proposed that a planet is defined as a body that orbits the Sun that is large enough for gravitational forces to render the object (nearly) spherical. Under this proposal, Charon would have been classified as a planet, because the draft explicitly defined a planetary satellite as

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O vapor on the surface of Charon, but these vapors are not sufficient for a viable atmosphere due to their low vapor pressures. Pluto's surface has abundant ice formations, but these are volatile, as they are made up of volatile substances like methane. These volatile ice structures cause a good deal

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Nimmo, F.; Umurhan, O.; Lisse, C.M.; Bierson, C.J.; Lauer, T.R.; Buie, M.W.; Throop, H.B.; Kammer, J.A.; Roberts, J.H.; McKinnon, W.B.; Zangari, A.M.; Moore, J.M.; Stern, S.A.; Young, L.A.; Weaver, H.A.; Olkin, C.B.; Ennico, K.; and the New Horizons GGI team (May 1, 2017). "Mean radius and shape of

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found evidence of extensive past geology that suggests that Charon is probably differentiated; in particular, the southern hemisphere has fewer craters than the northern and is considerably less rugged, suggesting that a massive resurfacing event—perhaps prompted by the partial or complete freezing

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years) from the circumplanetary disc, resulting from a highly-disruptive giant impact scenario. This rapid time scale prevents the heat from accretion from radiating away during the formation process, leading to the partial melting of Charon's outer layers. However, Charon's crust failed to reach a

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taken with the telescope two months prior. Christy noticed that a slight elongation appeared periodically. The bulge was confirmed on plates dating back to April 29, 1965. Subsequent observations of Pluto determined that the bulge was due to a smaller accompanying body. The periodicity of the bulge

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The many spectral signatures of ice formations on the surface of Charon have led some to believe that the ice formations could supply an atmosphere, but atmosphere supplying formations have not been confirmed yet. Many scientists theorize that these ice formations could be concealed out of direct

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Pluto does have a thin but significant atmosphere, and under some conditions Charon's gravitation may pull some of Pluto's upper atmosphere, specifically nitrogen, from Pluto's ice formations, toward Charon's surface. The nitrogen is mostly caught in the combined center of gravity between the two

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In contrast, the cold start model argues that a large subsurface ocean early in Charon's history is not necessary to explain Charon's surface features, and instead proposes that Charon may have been homogeneous and more porous at formation. According to the cold start model, as Charon's interior

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flyby, numerous discovered features on Charon's surface strongly indicated that Charon is differentiated, and may even have had a subsurface ocean early in its history. The past resurfacing observed on Charon's surface indicated that Charon's ancient subsurface ocean may have fed large-scale

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to one another, so each keeps the same face towards the other. This is a case of mutual tidal locking, as compared to that of the Earth and the Moon, where the Moon always shows the same face to Earth, but not vice versa. The average distance between Charon and Pluto is 19,570 kilometres

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flyby, no active cryovolcanoes or geysers were detected. Later research has also called into question the cryovolcanic origin for the crystalline water ice and ammonia features, with some researchers instead proposing that ammonia may be replenished passively from underground material.

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water-ammonia mixture before it too freezes, possibly driving the formation of Kubrick Mons and other similar features. These freezing cycles could increase Charon's size by >20 km, leading to the formation of the complex tectonic features observed in Serenity Chasma and Oz Terra.

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revealed their sizes. However, neither indicated the two bodies' individual masses. Those could only be estimated, until the discovery of Pluto's outer moons in late 2005. Details in the orbits of the outer moons then revealed that Charon has approximately 12% of the mass of Pluto.

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made it possible to resolve Pluto and Charon into separate disks using ground-based telescopes. Although ground-based observation is very challenging, a group of amateur astronomers in Italy used a 14-inch telescope in 2008 to successfully resolve Charon in an image of Pluto.

1404:, from which it can be determined that Charon is slightly less dense than Pluto and suggesting a composition of 55% rock to 45% ice (± 5%), whereas Pluto is about 70% rock. The difference is considerably lower than that of most suspected collisional satellites. 1588:

surrounding the moon contributing to the formation of dark regions such as Mordor Macula. The strong seasons experienced by Pluto and Charon could provide brief periods of exosphere formation as methane sublimates on Charon, interspersed by centuries of dormancy.

1537:. In winter, the temperature is −258 °C, and these gases, which include nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, condense into their solid forms; when these ices are subjected to solar radiation, they chemically react to form various reddish 1321:

dating to early in its history. The lack of such oblateness in Charon could mean that it is currently in hydrostatic equilibrium, or simply that its orbit approached its current one early in its history, when it was still warm.

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bodies before reaching Charon, but any gas that does reach Charon is held closely against the surface. The gas is mostly made up of ions of nitrogen, but the amounts are negligible compared to the total of Pluto's atmosphere.

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of geological activity, keeping its atmosphere constant, while Charon's ice structures are mainly made up of water and carbon dioxide, much less volatile substances that can stay dormant and not affect the atmosphere much.

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Stern, S.A.; Bagenal, F.; Ennico, K.; Gladstone, G.R.; Grundy, W.M.; McKinnon, W.B.; Moore, J.M.; Olkin, C.B.; Spencer, J.R. (October 16, 2015). "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons".

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Szakáts, R.; Kiss, Cs.; Ortiz, J. L.; Morales, N.; Pál, A.; Müller, T. G.; et al. (2023). "Tidally locked rotation of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris discovered from long-term ground based and space photometry".

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sound, as he had named the moon after his wife Charlene. Many English-speaking astronomers follow the classical convention, but others follow Christy's, and that is the prescribed pronunciation at NASA and of the

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Person, M. J; Elliot, J. L; Gulbis, A. A. S; Pasachoff, J. M; Babcock, B. A; Souza, S. P; Gangestad, J (2006). "Charon's radius and density from the combined data sets of the 2005 July 11 occultation".

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is edge-on as seen from Earth, which only happens at two intervals in Pluto's 248-year orbital period. It was fortuitous that one of these intervals happened to occur soon after Charon's discovery.

1032:, which strongly suggested that the bulge effect was real and not spurious. This resulted in reassessments of Pluto's size, mass, and other physical characteristics because the calculated mass and 1784:, but a formal definition of a planetary satellite was not decided upon. Charon is not in the list of dwarf planets currently recognized by the IAU. Had the draft proposal been accepted, even the 1059:

Charon was first given the temporary designation S/1978 P 1, after its discovery, following the then recently instituted convention. On June 24, 1978, Christy first suggested the name

1245:) but not violent enough to have destroyed either body. The very similar density of Pluto and Charon implies that the parent bodies were not fully differentiated when the impact occurred. 1744:

spacecraft made its closest approach to the Pluto system. It is the only spacecraft to date to have visited and studied Charon. Charon's discoverer James Christy and the children of

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Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (June 5, 2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2".

1716:. The telescope was responsible for the best, yet low-quality images of the moon. In 1994, the clearest picture of the Pluto–Charon system showed two distinct and well-defined disks 2092: 1736:

spacecraft captured consecutive images of the Pluto–Charon system as it approached it. The images were put together in an animation. It was the best image of Charon to that date

2073: 5660: 1557:, which extend as an equatorial belt for at least 1,000 km (620 mi). Argo Chasma potentially reaches as deep as 9 km (6 mi), with cliffs that may rival 4315: 1811: – orbit the same barycenter but they are not large enough to be spherical and they are simply considered to be satellites of Pluto (or of Pluto–Charon). 1509:. The fact that the ice was still in crystalline form suggested it may have been deposited recently, as it was expected that solar radiation would have degraded it to an 6429: 5786: 1772:(IAU) states that Charon is a satellite of Pluto, but the idea that Charon might be classified as a dwarf planet in its own right may be considered at a later date. 826:

With half the diameter and one-eighth the mass of Pluto, Charon is a very large moon in comparison to its parent body. Its gravitational influence is such that the

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cryoeruptions on the surface, erasing many older features. As a result, two broad competing views on the nature of Charon's interior arose: the so-called

1337:. With four smaller satellites in orbit about the two larger worlds, the Pluto–Charon system has been considered in studies of the orbital stability of 3809: 4600: 1012: 1000: 820: 7300: 4689: 3962: 4195: 4166:

Stern, Alan; Weaver, Hal; Mutchler, Max; Steffl, Andrew; Merline, Bill; Buie, Marc; Spencer, John; Young, Eliot; Young, Leslie (May 15, 2005).

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that is gradually moving the Moon away from Earth takes it far enough away that the center of mass of the system no longer lies within Earth.

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the mass ratio of Charon to Pluto is 0.1218:1. This is much larger than the Moon to the Earth: 0.0123:1. Because of the high mass ratio, the

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spacecraft is the only probe that has visited the Pluto system. It approached Charon to within 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in 2015.

4978: 4140: 3248:(at 2min 49sec), says Christy pronounced it rather than classical . In normal conversation, the second vowel is reduced to a schwa: 2622: 1305:. Charon's slow rotation means that there should be little flattening or tidal distortion if Charon is sufficiently massive to be in 3761: 4304: 1749: 1525:, with a bright equatorial band and darker poles. The north polar region is dominated by a very large dark area informally dubbed " 1192:(12,160 mi). The discovery of Charon allowed astronomers to calculate accurately the mass of the Plutonian system, and mutual 6001: 5719: 4402: 6780: 5462: 3705: 2455:

Stern, S.A.; Grundy, W.; McKinnon, W.B.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A. (December 15, 2017). "The Pluto System After New Horizons".

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Interactive 3D gravity simulation of Pluto and Charon in addition to Pluto's four other moons Styx, Kerberos, Hydra and Nix

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A simulated view of the Pluto–Charon system showing that Pluto orbits a point outside itself. Also visible is the mutual

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detected patches of ammonia hydrates and water crystals on the surface of Charon that suggested the presence of active

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Bagheri, Amirhossein; Khan, Amir; Deschamps, Frédéric; Samuel, Henri; Kruglyakov, Mikhail; Giardini, Domenico (2022).

3141: 1914: 1885: 1860: 6266: 4349: 3634: 982: 764: 730: 174: 140: 1959:, who led the team that discovered Nix and Hydra, also pronounces it on the Discovery Science Channel documentary 1769: 1460: 1157: 1117: 1037: 1003:

as a time-varying bulge on the image of Pluto (seen near the top at left, but absent on the right). Negative image.

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Astronomer Mike Brown can be heard pronouncing it in ordinary conversation on the KCET interview at 42min 48sec.

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There is minor debate over the preferred pronunciation of the name. The mythological figure is pronounced with a

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Charon's diameter is 1,212 kilometres (753 mi), just over half that of Pluto. Larger than the dwarf planet

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team. The favored explanation for this feature is that it is formed by condensation of gases that escaped from

920: 916: 665: 276: 5793: 2668:. Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series. New York, NY: Springer New York Springer e-books. p. 201. 1780:

one in which the barycenter lies within the major body. In the final definition, Pluto was reclassified as a

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In contrast to Pluto, Charon has no significant atmosphere. There has been speculation about an extremely

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Cook, Jason C.; Desch, Steven J.; Roush, Ted L.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Geballe, T. R. (July 10, 2007).

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sound, and this is often followed for the moon as well. However, Christy himself pronounced the initial

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as a scientific-sounding version of his wife Charlene's nickname, "Char". Although colleagues at the

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are the only known examples of mutual tidal locking in the Solar System, though it is likely that

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of an internal ocean—occurred at some point in the past and removed many of the earlier craters.

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Holler, B.J.; Young, L.A.; Buie, M.W; Grundy, W.M.; Lyke, J.E.; Young, E.F.; Roe, H.G. (2017).

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model, where Charon's formation is more gradual and involves a less violent impact with Pluto.

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is outside of the radius of Pluto, and the Pluto–Charon system has been referred to as a dwarf

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object struck Pluto at high velocity, destroying itself and blasting off much of Pluto's outer

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after discovering that it was serendipitously the name of an appropriate mythological figure:

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model, where Charon's formation is rapid and involves a violent impact with Pluto, and the

1354: 1282: 839: 615: 310: 4656: 3650:"Measuring temperature and ammonia hydrate ice on Charon in 2015 from Keck/OSIRIS spectra" 3270: 1761: 1365: 8: 7269: 7143: 7123: 7113: 7103: 7093: 6986: 6841: 6831: 6758: 6748: 6696: 6686: 6646: 6613: 6583: 6573: 6383: 6343: 6300: 6182: 6117: 5921: 5680: 5229: 5178: 4963: 4729: 1721: 1534: 1338: 1265: 1210: 956: 873: 796: 366: 4276: 4241: 4218: 4015: 3897: 3856: 3675: 3602: 3508: 3457: 3405: 3351: 3286: 3058: 2976: 2841: 2770: 2539: 2486: 2410: 2329: 2273: 7257: 7245: 7133: 6964: 6954: 6944: 6934: 6905: 6895: 6873: 6851: 6821: 6811: 6738: 6728: 6718: 6666: 6603: 6593: 6563: 6543: 6513: 6491: 6481: 6438: 6403: 6373: 6363: 6353: 6310: 5477: 5371: 4539: 4288: 4262: 4230: 3956: 3687: 3661: 3494: 3443: 3365: 3337: 3306: 3103: 3007: 2895: 2866: 2823: 2756: 2725: 2699: 2551: 2525: 2490: 2464: 2430: 2396: 2285: 2259: 1921: 1892: 1867: 1789: 1498: 1078: 1020: 653: 192: 2648: 1123:

Coincidentally, nearly four decades before Charon's discovery, science fiction author

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officially adopted the name in late 1985, and it was announced on January 3, 1986.

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corresponded to Pluto's rotation period, which was previously known from Pluto's

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state after roughly thirty thousand years. However, following new data from the

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model, with two different levels of silicate 'fines,' or micron-sized particles

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Pluto & Charon: the new horizons spacecraft at the farthest worldly shores

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of the Pluto–Charon system had previously been attributed to Pluto alone. The

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Spiritualism and Women's Writing: From the Fin de Siècle to the Neo-Victorian

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would hypothetically be classified as a planet in billions of years when the

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New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt

1800: 1781: 1558: 1502: 1450: 1302: 1290: 1015:(NOFS). On June 22, 1978, he had been examining highly magnified images of 881: 843: 781: 54:

crosses Charon's equator, while Charon's north pole is covered by the dark

42: 5711: 4167: 4117: 3706:"The New Horizons team refers to a dark patch on Pluto's moon as 'Mordor'" 3156: 2353: 1175: 6460: 6337: 6284: 6279: 5951: 5836: 5549: 5398: 5330: 5280: 5275: 5192: 4856: 4754: 4626: 4353: 4267: 3865: 3840: 3735:"New Horizons Photos Show Pluto's Ice Mountains and Charon's Huge Crater" 3266: 2824:"Endogenically sourced volatiles on Charon and other Kuiper belt objects" 2779: 2744: 2264: 1808: 1506: 1222: 1206: 1193: 1132: 1025: 788: 632: 19: 1187:

Charon and Pluto orbit each other every 6.387 days. The two objects are

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Doubts about Charon's existence were erased when it and Pluto entered a

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Elliot, J. L.; Young, L. A. (1991). "Does Charon have an Atmosphere?".

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suggested that Charon could have been formed by a collision around 4.5

1069: 923: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 827: 470: 3841:"Extreme Exospheric Dynamics at Charon: Implications for the Red Spot" 2577: 2093:"New Horizons Team Names Science Ops Center After Charon's Discoverer" 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 6883: 6706: 6623: 6413: 6251: 6174: 5594: 5524: 5237: 5211: 5148: 4872: 3928: 2924:. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 16, 2003. Archived from 2796:"A new explanation for the reddish north pole of Pluto's moon Charon" 1585: 1521:

Photometric mapping of Charon's surface shows a latitudinal trend in

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formally announced Christy's discovery to the world on July 7, 1978.

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Discovery and Classification in Astronomy: Controversy and Consensus

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Human Vision and the Night Sky: Hot to Improve Your Observing Skills

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Charon was discovered by United States Naval Observatory astronomer

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According to the hot start model, Charon accreted rapidly (within ~

1317:, a Saturnian moon similar in size to Charon but with a pronounced 995: 869: 830:

of the Plutonian system lies outside Pluto, and the two bodies are

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Christy, J. W; Harrington, R. S (1978). "The satellite of Pluto".

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Bromwich, Jonah Engel; St. Fleur, Nicholas (September 14, 2016).

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The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of

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Tucker, O. J.; Johnson, R. E.; Young, L. A. (January 15, 2015).

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of 606 km (377 mi). Charon is the sixth-largest known

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Teolis, Ben; Raut, Ujjwal; Kammer, Joshua A. (April 15, 2022).

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spokesman Jeff Chester, when interviewed on the NPR commentary

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are the two smallest Plutonian moons, and were named in 2013.

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to each other. The dwarf planet systems Pluto–Charon and Eris–

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describing the discovery and naming of Charon (June 22, 2018)

2155:

Theater outside Athens: drama in Greek Sicily and South Italy

1987:. IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) 1270: 1214: 1016: 784: 437: 265: 255: 46:

spacecraft, July 2015. A massive fault system involving

4037:(3d ed.). Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier. p. 909-924. 5529: 5017: 4251: 4029:

Spohn, Tilman; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, Torrence V. (2014).

3013:

Prior to this, Christy had also considered naming the moon

2385: 2060: 1785: 1490:

ices, Charon's surface appears to be dominated by the less

1396:

Charon's volume and mass allow calculation of its density,

1274: 1218: 861: 753: 719: 524: 163: 129: 7228: 4993: 3480: 2054: 1437:

begins to warm due to radiogenic heating and heating from

747: 710: 157: 120: 4380: 4245: 4165: 3430:

Malamud, Uri; Perets, Hagai B.; Schubert, Gerald (2017).

3253: 2454: 1047:

between 1985 and 1990. This occurs when the Pluto–Charon

4118:"Pluto and the Developing Landscape of Our Solar System" 3483:"The tidal–thermal evolution of the Pluto–Charon system" 2510: 1565:

for the title of the tallest cliff in the Solar System.

2688: 3788:"New Horizons probes the mystery of Charon's red pole" 3584: 3528: 3526: 7205: 4300:

Cryovolcanism on Charon and other Kuiper Belt Objects

3647: 3429: 3005:

Shilling, Govert (June 2008). "A Bump in the Night".

2312:

Brozović, Marina; Jacobson, Robert A. (May 8, 2024).

2178:

Wade, Gerald Edward; Bowman, Sylvia E., eds. (1979).

2063: 1127:

had invented three moons of Pluto for his 1940 novel

1090: 765: 756: 731: 722: 713: 704: 175: 166: 141: 132: 123: 114: 3977:"Charon protects Pluto's atmosphere from solar wind" 3560:"Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze" 3326:"Instabilities in Multi-Planet Circumbinary Systems" 3059:"IAUC 4157: CH Cyg; R Aqr; Sats of Saturn and Pluto" 2822:

Menten, Stephanie M.; et al. (August 9, 2022).

2249: 3523: 2360:. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. August 23, 2013 2051: 1087: 744: 701: 154: 111: 4028: 3879: 2009: 1842:The former is the anglicized pronunciation of the 4697: 4335:simulation of rotating Charon by Seán Doran (see 4308:Camera Spots Pluto's Largest Moon – July 10, 2013 4204: 3436:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3330:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3323: 2888: 2821: 1013:United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station 1011:, using the 1.55-meter (61 in) telescope at 821:United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station 7277: 3838: 3324:Sutherland, A.P.; Kratter, K.M. (May 29, 2019). 2311: 2008: 1325:Based on mass updates from observations made by 1045:five-year period of mutual eclipses and transits 3810:"A 'Super Grand Canyon' on Pluto's Moon Charon" 3317: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2124:. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 96. 1850:, the latter is the discoverer's pronunciation. 4174:. Southwest Research Institute, Boulder Office 3425: 3423: 2955:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17. 2743:Brown, Michael E.; Butler, Bryan (July 2023). 1612: 5995: 5727: 4979: 4683: 4396: 3779: 3762:"New Horizons Reveals Ice Mountains on Pluto" 3698: 3198:"Welcome to the solar system, Nix and Hydra!" 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1482:Unlike Pluto's surface, which is composed of 3961:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3753: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3083: 3077: 3027: 3025: 2882: 2787: 2623:"Measuring the Size of a Small, Frost World" 2592: 2506: 2504: 2296: 2245: 2243: 1938:Calculated on the basis of other parameters. 5741: 4001: 3474: 3420: 3000: 2998: 2815: 2742: 2682: 2457:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 1976: 1795:The other moons of Pluto – 1704:Since the first blurred images of the moon 1248: 1131:and named them Charon, Styx, and Cerberus; 6226: 6220: 6002: 5988: 5734: 5720: 4986: 4972: 4690: 4676: 4403: 4389: 4132: 3832: 3641: 3387: 3232:"Letters: Radiology Dangers, AIDS, Charon" 3108:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2977:"IAUC 3241: 1978 P 1; 1978 (532) 1; 1977n" 2441: 2372: 2177: 1932: 1752:during the New Horizons closest approach. 34: 4266: 4143:. CNN Science & Space. Archived from 4138: 4112: 4110: 3864: 3665: 3610: 3535:"Charon: Cracked, Cratered, and Colorful" 3498: 3465: 3447: 3376: 3359: 3341: 3063:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 3022: 2981:Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 2891:"Why Pluto's Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap" 2865: 2778: 2760: 2736: 2703: 2562: 2529: 2501: 2468: 2400: 2346: 2337: 2263: 2240: 1568: 1374:Two proposed models of Charon's interior 983:Learn how and when to remove this message 819:, using photographic plates taken at the 18:Not to be confused with the minor planet 4159: 4087: 3801: 3578: 3031: 3004: 2995: 2969: 2570:"Classic Satellites of the Solar System" 2041: 2039: 1900:. (cf. Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese 1859:From the alternative Latin oblique form 1750:Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory 1572: 1466: 1454: 1264: 1174: 994: 627:0.2 to 0.5 at a solar phase angle of 15° 7301:Objects observed by stellar occultation 3729: 3727: 3271:"A Giant Impact Origin of Pluto–Charon" 3169:Pronounced "KAIR en" or "SHAHR en" per 2202: 2117: 1919:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 1890:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 1865:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 7278: 4107: 4090:"Charon Imaged by Amateur Astronomers" 4004:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 3807: 3785: 3532: 2661: 2598: 2219: 2152: 1838: 1836: 1600:There has been significant proof of CO 5983: 5715: 4967: 4671: 4384: 4139:Roy Britt, Robert (August 18, 2006). 3926: 3786:Howett, Carley (September 11, 2015). 3759: 3265: 2793: 2036: 2004: 2002: 1985:"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature" 1344: 1261:List of geological features on Charon 1205:Simulation work published in 2005 by 860:that may be essential ingredients of 409:Longitude of ascending node 4200:NASA's Solar System Exploration site 4141:"Earth's moon could become a planet" 4088:Atkinson, Nancy (October 30, 2008). 3724: 2946: 2030:participating institution membership 1982: 1293:. Charon is even similar in size to 921:adding citations to reliable sources 892: 864:. These tholins were produced from 3888:. Special Issue: The Pluto System. 3552: 3195:Pronounced 'with a soft "sh" ' per 2487:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051935 1983:Blue, Jennifer (November 9, 2009). 1833: 1001:Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station 811:. It was discovered in 1978 at the 13: 3163: 2226:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 60. 2180:Studies in honor of Gerald E. Wade 2095:. October 10, 2002. Archived from 1999: 1720:. The image was taken by Hubble's 25:Largest natural satellite of Pluto 14: 7322: 6009: 4329:of Charon flyover (July 14, 2017) 4189: 3760:Corum, Jonathan (July 15, 2015). 3533:Beatty, Kelly (October 2, 2015). 1755: 1620:Historical observations of Charon 1549:Charon has a system of extensive 191:Discoverer's wife, Charlene, and 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7190: 7189: 5063: 5057: 5051: 4572: 4035:Encyclopedia of the solar system 3388:Desch, S. J.; Neveu, M. (2017). 3032:Williams, Matt (July 14, 2015). 2794:Yirka, Bob (September 7, 2022). 2576:. April 15, 2007. Archived from 2047: 1770:International Astronomical Union 1685: 1665: 1643: 1626: 1364: 1353: 1313:mission. This is in contrast to 1083: 1038:International Astronomical Union 897: 740: 697: 348:(6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 35.89 ± 0.35 s) 150: 107: 4242:Hubble reveals new map of Pluto 4081: 4051: 4022: 3995: 3969: 3933:. University of Arizona Press. 3920: 3873: 3259: 3220: 3189: 3134: 3116: 3051: 2940: 2910: 2655: 2641: 2615: 2213: 2196: 2076:. June 30, 2005. Archived from 1950: 1941: 1913:From the Latin adjectival form 1907: 908:needs additional citations for 813:United States Naval Observatory 6022:List of possible dwarf planets 4065:. May 16, 1994. Archived from 3808:Keeter, Bill (June 23, 2016). 3034:"Charon: Pluto's Largest Moon" 2603:. Institute for Astronomy (UH) 2171: 2146: 2111: 1878: 1853: 1475:and Charon's informally named 1: 4345:, interactive map of the moon 4172:Planetary Science Directorate 3633:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2749:The Planetary Science Journal 2153:Bosher, Kathryn, ed. (2016). 1970: 1497:In 2007, observations by the 778:five known natural satellites 3906:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.002 3845:Geophysical Research Letters 3684:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.003 3517:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114871 3414:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.037 3202:The Planetary Society Weblog 2692:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2548:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027 2209:. Henry G. Bohn. p. 48. 2118:Russell, C. T., ed. (2009). 1884:From the Latin oblique form 1775:In a draft proposal for the 1577:Charon's night side seen by 1285:, it is the twelfth-largest 1200: 888: 7: 7311:Moons with a prograde orbit 4313:40th anniversary NASA video 2722:10.1051/0004-6361/202245234 2662:Borgia, Michael P. (2006). 2599:Jewitt, David (June 2008). 1814: 1613:Observation and exploration 1471:Comparison between Pluto's 464:(0.095 Earths, 0.51 Plutos) 10: 7327: 7296:Trans-Neptunian satellites 4410: 2850:10.1038/s41467-022-31846-8 1847: 1821:List of natural satellites 1448: 1444: 1384:A possible outcome of the 1377:A possible outcome of the 1258: 1252: 1109: 999:Charon's discovery at the 17: 7306:Planetary-mass satellites 7185: 7156: 7083: 6771: 6638: 6451: 6428: 6323: 6265: 6242: 6235: 6218: 6065: 6017: 5942: 5802: 5749: 5656: 5490: 5123: 5072: 5049: 5005: 4845: 4841: 4713: 4709: 4644: 4609: 4588: 4581: 4570: 4522: 4491: 4475: 4444: 4431: 4418: 3927:Alan., Stern, S. (2017). 3591:The Astrophysical Journal 2649:"Trans-Neptunian objects" 2203:Herbert, William (1838). 2130:10.1007/978-0-387-89518-5 2017:Oxford English Dictionary 1221:. In this model, a large 678: 663: 651: 631: 621: 607: 591: 574: 555: 523: 500: 479: 469: 448: 443: 431: 406: 365: 352: 322:Orbital period (sidereal) 319: 309: 274: 264: 254: 235: 227: 213: 201: 185: 102: 92: 87: 79: 67: 62: 33: 5508:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths 4255:The Astronomical Journal 4248:News, September 12, 2005 2947:Dick, Steven J. (2013). 2922:Solar System Exploration 2918:"Charon Discovery Image" 2601:"The 1000 km Scale KBOs" 2339:10.3847/1538-3881/ad39f0 2318:The Astronomical Journal 2252:The Astronomical Journal 2220:Kontou, Tatiana (2009). 2206:Attila, King of the Huns 1826: 1695:1st color animated view; 1249:Physical characteristics 1170: 776:, is the largest of the 666:Absolute magnitude 444:Physical characteristics 40:Charon as imaged by the 5743:Trans-Neptunian objects 3295:10.1126/science.1106818 3153:Oxford University Press 2714:2023A&A...669L...3S 2479:2018ARA&A..56..357S 2419:10.1126/science.aad1815 2022:Oxford University Press 1963:, premiered 2006-01-15. 1307:hydrostatic equilibrium 1183:between the two bodies. 1054: 610:Synodic rotation period 229:Orbital characteristics 5762:Scattered-disc objects 4632:Trans-Neptunian object 4374:June 11, 2020, at the 4063:Hubble Space Telescope 2512:Pluto and Charon from 1710:Hubble Space Telescope 1581: 1569:Hypothesized exosphere 1479: 1464: 1278: 1189:gravitationally locked 1184: 1129:Calling Captain Future 1004: 876:to the orbiting moon. 793:trans-Neptunian object 6026:Former dwarf planets 4318:May 11, 2022, at the 3361:10.1093/mnras/stz1503 3149:UK English Dictionary 3084:Codex Regius (2016). 2829:Nature Communications 2358:Solar System Dynamics 1576: 1470: 1459:A map of Charon with 1458: 1268: 1213:years ago, much like 1178: 1073:, Christy stuck with 998: 5681:Planetary-mass moons 4703:likely dwarf planets 4207:Astronomical Journal 4069:on September 5, 2015 3866:10.1029/2021GL097580 3467:10.1093/mnras/stx546 3269:(January 28, 2005). 3227:US Naval Observatory 3208:on February 10, 2009 2045:Pronounced "Sharon" 1740:. In July 2015, the 1656:– before correction; 1553:and scarps, such as 1339:circumbinary planets 917:improve this article 375:(to Pluto's equator) 5969:541132 Leleākūhonua 4277:2006AJ....132.1575P 4219:1978AJ.....83.1005C 4016:1991LPI....22..347E 3981:SpaceFlight Insider 3898:2015Icar..246..291T 3857:2022GeoRL..4997580T 3676:2017Icar..284..394H 3603:2007ApJ...663.1406C 3509:2022Icar..37614871B 3458:2017MNRAS.468.1056M 3406:2017Icar..287..175D 3352:2019MNRAS.487.3288S 3287:2005Sci...307..546C 3008:Sky & Telescope 2842:2022NatCo..13.4457M 2771:2023PSJ.....4..193B 2629:on January 18, 2006 2540:2017Icar..287...12N 2411:2015Sci...350.1815S 2330:2024AJ....167..256B 2274:2006AJ....132..290B 2099:on October 17, 2022 2080:on October 17, 2022 2020:(Online ed.). 1748:were guests at the 1722:Faint Object Camera 1678:– after correction; 1028:. This indicated a 1021:photographic plates 874:atmosphere of Pluto 296:km (planetocentric) 80:Discovery date 30: 5661:Discovery timeline 4995:Natural satellites 4147:on October 2, 2012 4059:"Pluto and Charon" 3983:. January 12, 2017 3766:The New York Times 3564:Gemini Observatory 3238:. January 19, 2006 3159:on April 16, 2021. 2949:"The Pluto Affair" 2896:The New York Times 2780:10.3847/PSJ/ace52a 2574:Observatorio ARVAL 1922:A Latin Dictionary 1893:A Latin Dictionary 1868:A Latin Dictionary 1790:tidal acceleration 1732:In June 2015, the 1582: 1535:Pluto's atmosphere 1499:Gemini Observatory 1480: 1465: 1345:Internal structure 1279: 1269:Size comparisons: 1185: 1152:⟨ch⟩ 1005: 932:"Charon" moon 654:Apparent magnitude 386:(to Pluto's orbit) 69:Discovered by 28: 7203: 7202: 7181: 7180: 5977: 5976: 5709: 5708: 5509: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4813:S/2015 (136472) 1 4665: 4664: 4640: 4639: 4568: 4567: 4044:978-0-12-415845-0 3940:978-0-8165-3613-9 3539:Sky and Telescope 3095:978-1-5349-6074-9 3065:. January 3, 1986 3011:. pp. 26–27. 2962:978-1-107-03361-0 2675:978-0-387-46322-3 2395:(6258): aad1815. 2233:978-1-349-29915-7 2189:978-84-7317-086-4 2164:978-1-107-52750-8 2139:978-0-387-89517-8 2028:(Subscription or 1961:Passport to Pluto 1777:2006 redefinition 1739: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1694: 1674: 1652: 1635: 1287:natural satellite 1255:Geology of Charon 1065:Naval Observatory 1030:synchronous orbit 993: 992: 985: 967: 690: 689: 433:Satellite of 204:Alternative names 7318: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7232: 7231: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7193: 7192: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7149: 7139: 7129: 7119: 7109: 7099: 7085:Detached objects 7076: 7074: 7073: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6970: 6960: 6950: 6940: 6930: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6911: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6857: 6847: 6837: 6827: 6817: 6807: 6797: 6764: 6754: 6744: 6734: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6702: 6692: 6682: 6672: 6662: 6652: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6619: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6559: 6549: 6539: 6529: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6497: 6487: 6444: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6399: 6389: 6379: 6369: 6359: 6349: 6316: 6306: 6296: 6240: 6239: 6230: 6224: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5808: 5772:Resonant objects 5767:Detached objects 5736: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5504: 5483: 5471: 5457: 5443: 5426: 5414: 5407: 5388: 5374: 5360: 5325: 5311: 5297: 5292: 5270: 5265: 5253: 5246: 5232: 5218: 5201: 5184: 5174: 5165: 5151: 5067: 5061: 5055: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4943: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4586: 4585: 4576: 4442: 4441: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4356:on June 23, 2018 4352:. Archived from 4343:Google Charon 3D 4296: 4270: 4268:astro-ph/0602082 4261:(4): 1575–1580. 4238: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3930:Pluto and Charon 3924: 3918: 3917: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3820:on June 17, 2019 3816:. Archived from 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3669: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3614: 3597:(2): 1406–1419. 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3502: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3451: 3442:(1): 1056–1069. 3427: 3418: 3417: 3385: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3345: 3336:(3): 3288–3304. 3321: 3315: 3314: 3281:(5709): 546–50. 3263: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3204:. Archived from 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155:. Archived from 3138: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3099: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3020: 3012: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2764: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2707: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2580:on July 31, 2010 2566: 2560: 2559: 2533: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2472: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2404: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2309: 2294: 2293: 2267: 2265:astro-ph/0512491 2247: 2238: 2237: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1980: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1911: 1905: 1882: 1876: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1768:with Pluto. The 1737: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1692: 1689: 1672: 1669: 1650: 1647: 1633: 1630: 1473:Sputnik Planitia 1439:serpentinization 1426: 1403: 1401: 1368: 1357: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 988: 981: 977: 974: 968: 966: 925: 901: 893: 817:Washington, D.C. 774:(134340) Pluto I 768: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 734: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 681:Angular diameter 646: 639: 601: 587: 570: 568: 551:(12.2% of Pluto) 548: 546: 539: 537: 533: 519: 518:(0.00086 Earths) 516: 514: 510: 496: 493: 491: 465: 462: 460: 427: 420: 418: 402: 395: 393: 387: 384: 382: 376: 373: 346: 344: 343: 342: 337: 331: 305:km (barycentric) 304: 302: 295: 294: 293: 286: 248: 246: 243: 221:Charontian, -ean 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 144: 139: 138: 135: 134: 131: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 74:James W. Christy 38: 31: 27: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7206: 7204: 7199: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7079: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7011: 7010: 7007: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6926: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6634: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6424: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6261: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6061: 6013: 6008: 5978: 5973: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5938: 5806: 5798: 5777:Neptune trojans 5745: 5740: 5710: 5705: 5671:Irregular moons 5652: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5453: 5439: 5424: 5419: 5410: 5403: 5384: 5370: 5356: 5348:Jupiter trojans 5321: 5307: 5295: 5290: 5268: 5263: 5249: 5242: 5228: 5216: 5197: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5161: 5147: 5126: 5119: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5047: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4962: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4920: 4909: 4898: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4833: 4828: 4817: 4806: 4795: 4774: 4705: 4696: 4666: 4661: 4636: 4605: 4577: 4564: 4518: 4514:Serenity Chasma 4509:Nostromo Chasma 4499:Caleuche Chasma 4487: 4471: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4409: 4376:Wayback Machine 4359: 4357: 4348: 4320:Wayback Machine 4192: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4027: 4023: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3878: 3874: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3741:. July 15, 2015 3733: 3732: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3712:. July 15, 2015 3704: 3703: 3699: 3646: 3642: 3626: 3625: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3524: 3479: 3475: 3428: 3421: 3386: 3377: 3322: 3318: 3264: 3260: 3241: 3239: 3236:Morning Edition 3230: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3023: 3003: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2741: 2737: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2509: 2502: 2453: 2442: 2384: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2310: 2297: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2218: 2214: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2072: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2037: 2027: 2007: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1927:Perseus Project 1912: 1908: 1898:Perseus Project 1883: 1879: 1873:Perseus Project 1858: 1854: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1817: 1758: 1726:adaptive optics 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1571: 1555:Serenity Chasma 1477:Vulcan Planitia 1453: 1447: 1424: 1402:0.017 g/cm 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1203: 1173: 1151: 1125:Edmond Hamilton 1086: 1082: 1057: 989: 978: 972: 969: 926: 924: 914: 902: 891: 766: 743: 739: 735:-on, -⁠ən 732: 718: 700: 696: 686:55 milli-arcsec 683: 671: 656: 641: 637: 612: 602: 599: 596: 594:Escape velocity 582: 579: 577:Surface gravity 569:0.006 g/cm 566: 564: 561: 550: 544: 542: 540: 535: 531: 529: 517: 512: 508: 506: 495:(0.0090 Earths) 494: 489: 487: 484: 463: 458: 456: 453: 421: 416: 414: 411: 396: 391: 389: 388: 385: 380: 378: 377: 374: 371: 358: 347: 340: 338: 335: 333: 332: 329: 327: 324: 300: 298: 297: 291: 289: 288: 284: 282: 279: 277:Semi-major axis 249: 244: 241: 239: 222: 220: 206: 188: 176: 153: 149: 145:-on, -⁠ən 142: 128: 110: 106: 95: 58: 48:Serenity Chasma 26: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7324: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7291:Moons of Pluto 7288: 7273: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7162: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 6777: 6775: 6773:Scattered disc 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5811: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5463:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 5460: 5459: 5458: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622:Moons of Pluto 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4504:Mandjet Chasma 4501: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4366: 4346: 4340: 4330: 4323: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4285:10.1086/507330 4249: 4239: 4227:10.1086/112284 4202: 4196:Charon Profile 4191: 4190:External links 4188: 4186: 4185: 4158: 4131: 4106: 4094:Universe Today 4080: 4050: 4043: 4021: 3994: 3968: 3939: 3919: 3872: 3831: 3800: 3778: 3752: 3723: 3697: 3640: 3612:10.1086/518222 3577: 3551: 3522: 3473: 3419: 3375: 3316: 3258: 3219: 3188: 3162: 3133: 3128:Dictionary.com 3115: 3094: 3076: 3050: 3038:Universe Today 3021: 2994: 2983:. July 7, 1978 2968: 2961: 2939: 2928:on May 2, 2013 2909: 2881: 2814: 2786: 2735: 2681: 2674: 2654: 2640: 2614: 2591: 2561: 2500: 2440: 2371: 2345: 2295: 2282:10.1086/504422 2258:(1): 290–298. 2239: 2232: 2212: 2195: 2188: 2170: 2163: 2145: 2138: 2110: 2035: 1998: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1906: 1877: 1852: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1762:center of mass 1757: 1756:Classification 1754: 1746:Clyde Tombaugh 1691: 1684: 1683: 1671: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1570: 1567: 1446: 1443: 1407:Following the 1390: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1202: 1199: 1172: 1169: 1056: 1053: 991: 990: 905: 903: 896: 890: 887: 858:macromolecules 832:tidally locked 688: 687: 684: 679: 676: 675: 672: 664: 661: 660: 657: 652: 649: 648: 635: 629: 628: 625: 619: 618: 613: 608: 605: 604: 600:0.59 km/s 597: 592: 589: 588: 580: 575: 572: 571: 562: 556: 553: 552: 547:10 Earths 527: 521: 520: 504: 498: 497: 485: 480: 477: 476: 473: 467: 466: 454: 449: 446: 445: 441: 440: 435: 429: 428: 424:vernal equinox 412: 407: 404: 403: 369: 363: 362: 359: 353: 350: 349: 325: 320: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 280: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 261: 258: 252: 251: 233: 232: 225: 224: 217: 211: 210: 207: 202: 199: 198: 189: 186: 183: 182: 104: 100: 99: 96: 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 52:Mandjet Chasma 39: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7323: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:Charon (moon) 7284: 7283: 7281: 7271: 7261: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7196: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7138: 7131: 7128: 7121: 7118: 7111: 7108: 7101: 7098: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7066: 7063: 7054: 7051: 7042: 7039: 7030: 7027: 7018: 7015: 7006: 7003: 6994: 6991: 6984: 6981: 6972: 6969: 6962: 6959: 6952: 6949: 6942: 6939: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6913: 6910: 6903: 6900: 6893: 6890: 6881: 6878: 6871: 6868: 6859: 6856: 6849: 6846: 6839: 6836: 6829: 6826: 6819: 6816: 6809: 6806: 6799: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6753: 6746: 6743: 6736: 6733: 6726: 6723: 6716: 6713: 6704: 6701: 6694: 6691: 6684: 6681: 6674: 6671: 6664: 6661: 6654: 6651: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6621: 6618: 6611: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6591: 6588: 6581: 6578: 6571: 6568: 6561: 6558: 6551: 6548: 6541: 6538: 6531: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6511: 6508: 6499: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6408: 6401: 6398: 6391: 6388: 6381: 6378: 6371: 6368: 6361: 6358: 6351: 6348: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6305: 6298: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6244:Asteroid belt 6241: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6011:Dwarf planets 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5804:Dwarf planets 5801: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Regular moons 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Double planet 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:James Christy 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851:(8): e97580. 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3793:September 16, 3789: 3782: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3177: 3173: 3172:"Pluto Facts" 3166: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3088:. Wiesbaden. 3087: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2902:September 14, 2898: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2602: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1986: 1979: 1975: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1845: 1844:Ancient Greek 1839: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766:binary planet 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1712:in the 1990s 1711: 1688: 1677: 1668: 1655: 1646: 1629: 1610: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:cryovolcanoes 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1356: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1335:double planet 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1246: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1182: 1181:tidal locking 1177: 1168: 1166: 1159: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1106:Ancient Greek 1101: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1049:orbital plane 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:James Christy 1002: 997: 987: 984: 976: 965: 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 944: 941: 937: 934: – 933: 929: 928:Find sources: 922: 918: 912: 911: 906:This section 904: 900: 895: 894: 886: 884: 883: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795:after Pluto, 794: 790: 786: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770: 761: 737: 736: 727: 694: 685: 682: 677: 673: 670: 669: 662: 658: 655: 650: 645: 636: 634: 630: 626: 624: 620: 617: 614: 611: 606: 598: 595: 590: 586: 581: 578: 573: 563: 560: 554: 528: 526: 522: 505: 503: 499: 486: 483: 478: 474: 472: 468: 455: 452: 447: 442: 439: 436: 434: 430: 425: 413: 410: 405: 400: 370: 368: 364: 360: 357: 356:orbital speed 351: 326: 323: 318: 314: 312: 308: 281: 278: 273: 269: 267: 263: 259: 257: 253: 250:(2002 Nov 22) 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 216: 212: 208: 205: 200: 197: 194: 190: 184: 181: 180: 171: 147: 146: 137: 105: 103:Pronunciation 101: 97: 91: 86: 83:June 22, 1978 82: 78: 75: 72: 70: 66: 61: 57: 56:Mordor Macula 53: 49: 45: 44: 37: 32: 21: 16: 7270:Solar System 6209: 6195: 6181: 6162: 6148: 6129: 6105: 6091: 6072: 5831: 5701:Trojan moons 5691:Subsatellite 5564: 5505: 5230:Petit-Prince 5125:Minor-planet 5074:Dwarf planet 4999:Solar System 4749: 4652:In mythology 4483:Kubrick Mons 4411: 4358:. Retrieved 4354:the original 4306:New Horizons 4305: 4258: 4254: 4210: 4206: 4176:. Retrieved 4171: 4161: 4151:November 25, 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4134: 4122:. Retrieved 4097:. Retrieved 4093: 4083: 4071:. Retrieved 4067:the original 4062: 4053: 4034: 4024: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3980: 3971: 3929: 3922: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818:the original 3813: 3803: 3791:. Retrieved 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3765: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3738: 3714:. Retrieved 3709: 3700: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3629:cite journal 3594: 3590: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3439: 3435: 3397: 3393: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3278: 3274: 3267:Canup, Robin 3261: 3252:in RP (ref: 3240:. Retrieved 3235: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3206:the original 3201: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3176:Nine Planets 3175: 3165: 3157:the original 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3085: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3062: 3053: 3041:. Retrieved 3037: 3014: 3006: 2985:. Retrieved 2980: 2971: 2952: 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2926:the original 2921: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2894: 2884: 2833: 2827: 2817: 2807:September 9, 2805:. Retrieved 2799: 2789: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2664: 2657: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2627:the original 2617: 2605:. Retrieved 2594: 2582:. Retrieved 2578:the original 2573: 2564: 2521: 2517: 2514:New Horizons 2513: 2460: 2456: 2392: 2388: 2364:December 27, 2362:. Retrieved 2357: 2348: 2324:(256): 256. 2321: 2317: 2255: 2251: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2179: 2173: 2154: 2148: 2120: 2113: 2101:. Retrieved 2097:the original 2082:. Retrieved 2078:the original 2015: 1991:February 24, 1989:. Retrieved 1978: 1960: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1794: 1782:dwarf planet 1774: 1759: 1742:New Horizons 1741: 1734:New Horizons 1733: 1731: 1703: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579:New Horizons 1578: 1559:Verona Rupes 1548: 1543:New Horizons 1542: 1531:New Horizons 1530: 1520: 1515:New Horizons 1514: 1496: 1481: 1451:Kubrick Mons 1435: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409:New Horizons 1408: 1406: 1395: 1385: 1378: 1327:New Horizons 1326: 1324: 1311:New Horizons 1310: 1291:Solar System 1280: 1277:, and Charon 1204: 1194:occultations 1186: 1165:New Horizons 1164: 1141: 1128: 1122: 1074: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1042: 1006: 979: 970: 960: 953: 946: 939: 927: 915:Please help 910:verification 907: 882:New Horizons 880: 878: 848: 846:is another. 825: 782:dwarf planet 773: 692: 691: 667: 638:−220 °C 482:Surface area 311:Eccentricity 270:19 598.92 km 260:19 592.61 km 195: 88:Designations 43:New Horizons 41: 15: 7258:Outer space 7246:Spaceflight 5952:90377 Sedna 5750:TNO classes 5666:Inner moons 5372:Skamandrios 4627:Kuiper belt 3892:: 291–297. 3660:: 394–406. 3400:: 175–186. 2836:(1): 4457. 2633:October 19, 2584:October 19, 2463:: 357–392. 1503:cryogeysers 1494:water ice. 1223:Kuiper belt 1207:Robin Canup 1026:light curve 789:mean radius 787:. It has a 633:Temperature 616:synchronous 583:0.288 461:0.5 km 451:Mean radius 367:Inclination 187:Named after 94:Designation 20:2060 Chiron 7280:Categories 6639:Other KBOs 6257:Interamnia 6118:Atmosphere 6085:Atmosphere 6052:Mesoplanet 5430:Sila–Nunam 5296:Cleoselene 5291:Alexhelios 5269:Gorgoneion 5207:Euphrosyne 5134:Near-Earth 5076:satellites 5009:satellites 4657:In fiction 4178:August 30, 4099:August 22, 4073:October 8, 3667:1606.05695 3544:October 3, 3500:2109.13206 3449:1603.00875 3343:1905.12638 3242:October 3, 3212:October 3, 3181:October 3, 3043:October 8, 2762:2307.04848 2755:(10): 11. 2705:2211.07987 2531:1603.00821 2470:1712.05669 2402:1510.07704 2103:October 3, 2084:October 3, 2032:required.) 1971:References 1957:Hal Weaver 1636:Discovery; 1449:See also: 1418:cold start 1386:cold start 1331:barycenter 1319:oblateness 1259:See also: 1070:Persephone 943:newspapers 828:barycenter 538:10 kg 515:10 km 492:10 km 471:Flattening 215:Adjectives 209:S/1978 P 1 7222:Astronomy 6786:Dziewanna 6453:Cubewanos 6236:Candidate 6066:Consensus 5794:TNO moons 5757:Cubewanos 5595:Enceladus 5469:Gǃòʼé ǃHú 5380:Eurybates 5358:Menoetius 5352:Patroclus 5341:Dinkinesh 5286:Kleopatra 5189:Main belt 5149:Dimorphos 5007:Planetary 4589:Discovery 4582:Astronomy 4540:Nasreddin 4476:Mountains 4452:Gallifrey 4432:Geography 4339:for more) 4333:CGI video 4325:NASA CGI 4235:120501620 3957:cite book 3949:963785129 3914:0019-1035 3824:August 3, 3692:118534504 3621:0004-637X 3370:170078974 3250:/ˈkɛərən/ 3104:cite book 2858:2041-1723 2730:253522934 2524:: 12–29. 2516:images". 2495:119072504 2290:119386667 1916:Charōnēus 1887:Charontis 1604:gas and H 1586:exosphere 1529:" by the 1511:amorphous 1414:hot start 1379:hot start 1297:'s moons 1201:Formation 1067:proposed 973:June 2017 889:Discovery 603:0.37 mi/s 361:0.21 km/s 256:Periapsis 223:Charonean 219:Charonian 63:Discovery 7195:Category 7158:Sednoids 6430:Twotinos 6325:Plutinos 6275:Chariklo 6267:Centaurs 6197:Gonggong 6150:Makemake 5944:Sednoids 5927:Dysnomia 5915:Xiangliu 5910:Gonggong 5898:Makemake 5847:Kerberos 5787:Twotinos 5782:Plutinos 5640:Hyperion 5590:Dysnomia 5520:Callisto 5500:Ganymede 5323:Olympias 5193:Kalliope 5163:Squannit 5138:Florence 5110:Gonggong 5105:Makemake 4824:Xiangliu 4802:Dysnomia 4765:Kerberos 4740:Gonggong 4735:Makemake 4436:features 4372:Archived 4360:April 6, 4316:Archived 4213:: 1005. 4124:July 10, 3771:July 15, 3745:July 15, 3739:NBC News 3716:July 15, 3710:The Week 3570:July 18, 3311:19558835 3303:15681378 3142:"Charon" 3124:"Charon" 2932:July 10, 2876:35945207 2801:Phys.org 2607:June 13, 2556:44935431 2427:26472913 2090:and per 2011:"Charon" 1862:Charōnis 1815:See also 1805:Kerberos 1492:volatile 1484:nitrogen 1430:eutectic 1217:and the 1137:Kerberos 870:nitrogen 836:Dysnomia 823:(NOFS). 809:Gonggong 805:Makemake 642:53 475:<0.5% 415:223.046° 399:ecliptic 397:(to the 390:112.783° 379:119.591° 354:Average 315:0.000161 266:Apoapsis 7208:Portals 7167:2012 VP 7144:2008 ST 7134:2007 JJ 7124:2005 TB 7114:2004 XR 7104:2003 QX 7094:2003 FY 7069:2021 LL 7057:2021 DR 7045:2018 VG 7033:2018 AG 7021:2017 FO 7009:2015 RR 6997:2015 KH 6987:2014 WK 6975:2014 UZ 6965:2014 EZ 6955:2014 AN 6945:2013 FY 6935:2010 VZ 6928:2010 TJ 6916:2010 JO 6906:2010 RF 6896:2010 RE 6884:2010 KZ 6874:2008 OG 6862:2006 QH 6852:2005 RM 6842:2005 QU 6832:2004 XA 6822:2002 TC 6812:2001 UR 6802:1996 TL 6792:1996 GQ 6759:2015 RR 6749:2015 AM 6739:2014 UM 6729:2013 FZ 6719:2011 GM 6707:2011 FW 6697:2010 VK 6687:2010 JO 6677:2002 XW 6667:2000 YW 6657:1999 DE 6647:1999 CD 6624:2010 FX 6614:2005 UQ 6604:2005 RN 6594:2004 UX 6584:2004 TY 6574:2004 PF 6564:2004 NT 6554:2004 GV 6544:2003 QW 6534:2002 UX 6524:2002 MS 6514:2002 KX 6502:2002 CY 6492:2002 AW 6482:1998 SN 6466:Salacia 6439:2002 WC 6414:2017 OF 6404:2007 JH 6394:2003 VS 6384:2003 UZ 6374:2003 AZ 6364:2002 XV 6354:2002 VR 6344:2001 QF 6311:2014 NW 6301:2013 TC 6291:1999 OX 6113:Geology 6080:Geology 6057:Planemo 5958:2012 VP 5869:Hiʻiaka 5807:(moons) 5630:Hiʻiaka 5610:Proteus 5600:Miranda 5570:Umbriel 5560:Iapetus 5545:Titania 5506:largest 5493:by size 5478:2013 FY 5435:Salacia 5421:2002 UX 5343:(Selam) 5331:Pulcova 5281:Elektra 5276:Camilla 5259:Minerva 5244:Romulus 5224:Eugenia 5217:Peneius 5179:2001 SN 5172:1994 CC 5143:Didymos 5043:Neptune 5028:Jupiter 4997:of the 4939:2013 FY 4873:2013 FY 4862:Salacia 4791:Hiʻiaka 4645:Related 4610:General 4530:Dorothy 4523:Craters 4445:Regions 4423:Geology 4293:6169239 4273:Bibcode 4215:Bibcode 4031:"Pluto" 4012:Bibcode 4010:: 347. 3987:May 13, 3894:Bibcode 3853:Bibcode 3672:Bibcode 3599:Bibcode 3505:Bibcode 3454:Bibcode 3402:Bibcode 3348:Bibcode 3283:Bibcode 3275:Science 3069:July 5, 2987:July 5, 2867:9363412 2838:Bibcode 2767:Bibcode 2710:Bibcode 2698:: 669. 2536:Bibcode 2475:Bibcode 2435:1220226 2407:Bibcode 2389:Science 2326:Bibcode 2270:Bibcode 1902:Caronte 1563:Miranda 1551:grabens 1539:tholins 1488:methane 1445:Surface 1315:Iapetus 1299:Umbriel 1289:in the 1231:methane 1211:billion 957:scholar 866:methane 855:organic 851:tholins 780:of the 559:density 534:0.0045) 530:(1.5897 345: d 98:Pluto I 6476:Varuna 6285:Pholus 6280:Chiron 6252:Hygiea 6164:Quaoar 6131:Haumea 6045:Pallas 6035:Triton 6030:Phoebe 5886:Weywot 5881:Quaoar 5864:Namaka 5859:Haumea 5832:Charon 5686:Naming 5645:Phoebe 5635:Actaea 5625:Nereid 5620:Ilmarë 5585:Tethys 5565:Charon 5555:Oberon 5540:Triton 5535:Europa 5491:Ranked 5455:Ilmarë 5441:Actaea 5366:Hektor 5317:Roxane 5309:Dactyl 5238:Sylvia 5212:Daphne 5157:Moshup 5100:Quaoar 5095:Haumea 5038:Uranus 5033:Saturn 4927:Ilmarë 4916:Actaea 4894:Weywot 4852:Quaoar 4786:Namaka 4750:Charon 4725:Haumea 4555:Ripley 4545:Organa 4492:Chasms 4467:Vulcan 4457:Mordor 4412:Charon 4291: 4233: 4041: 3947: 3937: 3912: 3886:Icarus 3690: 3654:Icarus 3619: 3566:. 2007 3487:Icarus 3394:Icarus 3368: 3309: 3301: 3147:Lexico 3092: 2959: 2874: 2864: 2856: 2728: 2672: 2554: 2518:Icarus 2493: 2433: 2425: 2288: 2230: 2186: 2161: 2136: 1807:, and 1527:Mordor 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