Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

2086: 61: 4163:-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves would be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would pass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes and services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The 6577: 6565: 5303: 5353: 5330: 5280: 5257: 3040:

uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.

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would frighten the devil". Terrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly between 1509 and 1516. Soon after the Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months."

6368: 6023: 3113:. He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died. Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off. 17831: 3125:. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson 6597: 18048: 6276: 6639:

Historically seen as a great ruler by some or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. References to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.

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archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar. Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.

24185: 6046: 503: 6345: 5503: 4081:, wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering the total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor. 19027: 4821: 3154: 6000: 5479: 6092: 6460: 6322: 1381:, respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace. The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas. 5977: 1712: 6207: 6115: 2980: 18637: 5005: 1852: 1456: 6437: 5556:. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor". 1385: 17733: 6683: 6184: 5953: 22794: 24443: 5230: 3583:

long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the way to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations." He confirmed Jannetto's son

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weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter

2380: 3805: 858: 6069: 2313:. Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. 3241:

spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions. As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".

2014:, which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King 5103:. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the 5563:, during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to 3027:(reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery. During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor 1661:("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of 687:. With no fixed capital, he made 40 journeys through the different entities he ruled and spent a quarter of his reign travelling within his realms. Although his empire came to him peacefully, he spent most of his life waging war, exhausting his revenues and leaving debts in his attempt to defend the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the 3870:, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. The conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the existing 5052:. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options. Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister 4711:, Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want him to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work." 5167:; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in his lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death. 976:), Maximilian and his descendants fought wars aplenty (Maximilian alone fought 27 wars during his four decades of ruling). His general strategy was to combine his intricate systems of alliance, wars, military threats and offers of marriage to realize his expansionist ambitions. Ultimately he succeeded in coercing 5123:

The marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two

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Due to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe, as well

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After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against

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Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions. By contrast,

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Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly

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would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries and of the Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to have her serve as regent in Spain whenever he

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to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to

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in Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on four, and England and Africa on two,

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The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side

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Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.

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Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of

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would defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was the first time that kings and philosophers conceded that

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New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, Charles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with

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After his father's death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as

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His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the

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in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn't get in hell because he

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had formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles’ decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala’s autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans and other friendly native peoples as

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According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of France; the never-ending

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When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and

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threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably

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You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by

1953:, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom. Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King. 6638:

Charles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign.

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Some advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles's court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage. He suffered from fainting spells, which might

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Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he

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The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.

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in the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine gulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10

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failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke

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In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda, who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system.

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His opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire. Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other

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Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The

2673:, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige. 2006:. This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the country. 2890:

began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened

6777:, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in 3120:

in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de

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natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.

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rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the

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Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the

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By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King

2073:. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the 13682:

Puype, Jan Piet (2018). "Wilfried Tittmann, Die Nürnberger Handfeuerwaffen vom Spätmittelalter bis zum Frühbarock: Der Beitrag Nürnbergs zur Militärischen Revolution der frühen Neuzeit (= The Portable Firearms of Nuremberg from the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age)".

4159:. Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future, in terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following: 5071:, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry. 5163:, a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The child named Gerónimo, later became known as 3881:

Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court

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European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the European rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France.

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16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by

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of the Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking

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prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by

1628:, contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, his son and heir, later 3044:

He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey."

1632:, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest. 2293:. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on 15009: 1898:, Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the 5039:

After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin

3968:. In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous. 3947:'s long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy, 1617:), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country's flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the Iberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince. 4755:, and spoke Latin. A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." A variant of the quote is attributed to him by 3129:, the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter 2545:, the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the 5115:

in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.

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reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents.

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and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian

6912:. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the 4789:. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. 13067:"A Habsburg–Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in 3438:. Later they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century". The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584. 3108:

and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was revealed in the twenty-first century to be

13139: 3521:, a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I, Pope Clement VII, Francis I, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Saxony, and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 1535:

in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel. The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both

13132:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois [manuscript]" 3998:

The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of

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Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the

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on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by

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Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of

1030:. Both heirs to the crowns of Castile and Aragon John and Isabella died in 1498, and the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands, so they designated their Portuguese grandson 10920:

Several sources claim he abdicated on 27 August, while others give 3 August or 7 September Moreover, his abdication was not recognized by the prince-electors until February 1558, on either the 24th or 28th.

3975:, who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar to the treatment of 1345:

into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.

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in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.

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Although even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the

637:. Heir of his grandparents, Charles inherited his family dominions at a young age. After his father's death in 1506, he inherited the Low Countries. In 1516 he became King of Spain as co-monarch of 3361:

Under the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being

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in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by

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massacred 12,000 invaders. Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the

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to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the

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Thus, after the commemoration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian

1755:. Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay 1426:. Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with 3730:. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style. 2065:

Protestant heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the

3052:

in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the

2340:, who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of 15575:"Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 pp. 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864" 3768:

had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to

3254:

and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the

6791:

under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of

4004:

the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.

2197:, one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the 12454: 12443: 13879:

Jean-Marie Le Gall, « Les Combattants de Pavie. Octobre 1524 – 24 février 1525 », Revue historique, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, no 671, juillet 2014, pp. 567–596

11453: 6552: 3244:

Charles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable.

15750: 3388:

of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the

15690: 12517: 3258:, not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out. 15098:

All Mankind is One: A study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indian

2676:

In 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a

3979:

rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. Relatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in

1972:; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon. 3749:, becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened 2492:(1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy. 60: 5608:. However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans. 5175:

Charles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.

3525:

The Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and

13131: 4683:

His father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists

3935:(1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded 16300: 3584: 937:. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the 22019: 14531: 13592: 12276: 11967: 11881: 4144:

written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.

15619: 12591:

Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?"

1531:) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian 5419:

Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon or attached to the household of

14862: 5083:. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 2033:

After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the

1998:) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances. 2931:

by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to

12256: 11947: 11861: 2511:, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, 16316:

Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].

3419:

Charles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly. Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the

833:

and abandoned his multi-national project with abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son

27791: 27746: 26216:

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

3559:, who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in 2810:

and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in

11533: 3141:

behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson

1934:, while Charles became governor general. Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and 15114: 11657:

Kaiser Maximilian I. : Bewahrer und Reformer; [Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung vom 2.8. bis 31.10.2002 im Reichskammergerichtsmuseum Wetzlar]

4124: 12408: 11218: 2785:

and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise

958:

in 1486, Charles's paternal grandfather Maximilian had carried a very financially risky policy of maximum expansionism, relying mostly on the resources of the

21149: 6596: 2699:. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the 1986:, and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name. The 1994:

jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (

15712: 991:

The fact that the marriages between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras, originally conceived as a marital alliance against France, would bring the crowns of

27841: 6617: 2838: 2589: 16208:

Dixon, C. Scott (1 January 2003). "Charles V and the Historians: Some Recent German Works on the Emperor and his Reign". German History. 21 (1): 104–124.

12475: 20158: 17021: 15850: 13982: 3230: 2939:

from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the

1824:

in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from

12366: 12347: 12323: 12300: 6931:, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father 3023:

The most famous – and only public – abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the

1583:. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself 26954: 26516: 21169: 20084: 16152:

Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms. Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981,

15213: 14986: 14971: 5302: 5155:

During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,

1739:. The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and 16092: 972:

or "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee.", reportedly spoken by

26694: 22087: 12903: 1676:, many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the 15582: 26959: 26593: 24775: 24066: 22756: 16484:

Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V",

6783: 4149:"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces." 1956:

Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian

11693: 3300:

important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries.

2869:

required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an

699:. Charles borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, to repay them, relied on the wealth of the Low Countries and on flow of silver from 27036: 21634: 16264: 4127:) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while 3480:

He often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the

21129: 15899: 13785:

Rüstungsgeschäfte im dreissigjährigen Krieg: Unternehmerkräfte, Militärgüter und Marktstrategien im Handel zwischen Genua, Amsterdam und Hamburg

6538:, as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the 3446: 1825: 26944: 26916: 26734: 26628: 26542: 11558: 7055: 6808: 5601: 4719:

Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking

4049:

was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the

25898: 12451: 12437: 5140:. Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the 3552:. The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news, spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution 3056:

assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and

2830:, in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace. 26714: 26684: 25614: 24835: 22183: 22092: 21179: 17478: 12993: 11469: 5497: 4923: 4031: 3178: 3138: 3089: 1508: 16543: 12175: 12093: 27227: 26198: 23788: 20784: 20142: 19232: 18241: 17983: 13444: 11936:

Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Castilian cortes in 1504 and 1510.

6922:, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler. 6666:

intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the

3636: 16123: 15742: 14908:

History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes

14589: 5352: 5329: 5279: 5256: 3888:

to administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending

3060:

rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.

2019: 1597:. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and 27796: 26009: 25969: 25906: 25690: 18763: 18507: 17769: 15682: 6051: 5513:

Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by

4765:, but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to 1759:

to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.

16957: 16340: 15371: 15342: 15313: 15280: 15250: 14421: 12393: 2568:, but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, 2166:

in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the

2026:

surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and

27721: 27041: 26939: 26709: 18917: 11305: 5409: 3863: 2484:

the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the

14922: 11399: 27696: 24602: 23538: 22131: 15941: 13533:

The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

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and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as

16794: 12321:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos

11602:

The high and puissant princess Marguerite of Austria, princess dowager of Spain, duchess dowager of Savoy, regent of the Netherlands

3377:. Charles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare. 2956: 2915:, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with 27736: 27731: 27706: 27701: 26871: 26552: 24932: 21999: 21103: 19781: 15543: 4703:, which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including 3226: 1357:

and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the

16292: 15336: 11157: 5408:, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with 27367: 26964: 26638: 26424: 21083: 16735: 14512: 10202: 5464: 5294: 5080: 4947: 4267: 3671:, Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first 3595:

Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system. Charles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one.

2858:

was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the

2700: 2602: 2193:

In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of

1774:). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523. 426: 17830: 13858: 13629:'The Confusion of the Battlefield: A New Perspective on the Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia (c. 1525–1528)', RIHA Journal 0102 12272: 11963: 11877: 2833:

Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial

2216:

consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the

27876: 27726: 27681: 27584: 27299: 26557: 26454: 26449: 25570: 25562: 25240: 25232: 24781: 11278: 10330: 10315: 5028:

of England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal

4629: 4045:

Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the

3739: 599: 66: 20221: 17271: 11377: 2710:, the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. A Turkish 27811: 27716: 27711: 26987: 26846: 26836: 26810: 26588: 26470: 26429: 26403: 26393: 26033: 25882: 25802: 25722: 25706: 21857: 19968: 15152: 13983:"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 H-German H-Net" 13604: 11583: 10489: 10217: 9982: 9952: 6499: 5667: 4007:

Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the

3323: 3174: 2419: 1680:

or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial

1520: 1405:, which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became 1378: 1374: 1027: 17: 20819: 20688: 20315: 20311: 16474:

Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean",

26861: 26851: 26719: 26578: 25890: 25866: 24769: 24059: 23913: 23318: 22749: 21952: 21947: 21315: 20721: 20364: 19817: 12532:

Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean."

5671: 5635: 5221: 3852: 3825: 3170: 3130: 2310: 2132: 1002:

The marriage contract between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already

767: 708: 583: 551: 421: 116: 16093:"Kohler on Tracy, 'Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics'" 15145:

Bartolomé de Las Casas : Face à l'esclavage des Noir-e-s en Amériques/Caraïbes. L'aberration du Onzième Remède (1516)

12412: 12363:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12344:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12298:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12252: 11939: 11853: 5088:

left. Ultimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the

2394:, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited 794:

in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. After years of negotiations, Charles V came to an agreement with

26969: 26856: 26831: 26795: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26770: 26633: 26475: 26444: 26373: 26025: 25810: 22014: 21134: 19317: 15616: 13415: 11516:

De strijd om het regentschap over Filips de Schone : opstand, facties en geweld in Brugge, Gent en Ieper (1482–1488)

10300: 9862: 5727: 3924: 3591:) in 1520. By Charles V's time, "the Holy Roman Empire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe." 3076: 2891:

hostilities against it in 1546. The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated

2876:

Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the

2746: 2128: 2046: 1931: 1580: 712: 587: 579: 20003: 16234: 16187: 16130:(in Dutch). Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Archived from 14839: 11717:

From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th–16th Centuries)

6908:, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of 5152:

in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.

4103:, making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered. 3961: 2328:

as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as

27147: 26891: 26866: 26841: 26724: 26704: 26679: 26674: 26495: 21781: 21098: 21034: 20756: 20736: 20211: 19943: 19906: 19307: 16768: 16747: 16682: 16642: 16625: 16581: 16517: 16376: 16044: 15981: 15927:"A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct" 15909: 15654: 15508: 15183: 14870: 14734: 14700: 14666: 14525: 14488: 14454: 14415: 14366: 14332: 14298: 14264: 14230: 14196: 14162: 14128: 14094: 14057: 14023: 13959: 13925: 13827: 13793: 13759: 13725: 13666: 13541: 13484: 13301: 13237: 12872: 12838: 12804: 12770: 12736: 12702: 12643: 12501: 12210: 12103: 12073: 11998: 11914: 11805: 11771: 11725: 11665: 11631: 11527: 11514: 11463: 11436: 11409: 11360: 11335: 11315: 11288: 11249: 11085: 10901: 10605: 9078: 7048: 6655: 5651: 5371:

through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (

5049: 3772:, an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the 3668: 3347: 3234: 2349: 2002:

in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as

22146: 21250: 19264: 19076: 18724: 18312: 6716:

Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.

5314: 2927:, instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the 2320:. It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent 27553: 26876: 26805: 26775: 26765: 26689: 26669: 26608: 26583: 26439: 26317: 26312: 26228: 26121: 25730: 25642: 25607: 25522: 25385: 25216: 25176: 25144: 24828: 24763: 24249: 23494: 22546: 22526: 22506: 22176: 21847: 21756: 21154: 20698: 20251: 19881: 19297: 17678: 17658: 17638: 17471: 16665:

Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe

16400: 15491:

Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299

12149: 10285: 9511: 9480: 8588: 5241: 4723:, which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learnt some 4209: 3431: 3404: 3182: 3024: 2928: 2892: 2245: 1662: 19053: 18701: 18280: 15971: 11215: 6542:. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and 3064:

advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of

27851: 27548: 27220: 27026: 26659: 26598: 26485: 26388: 26254: 26191: 25546: 25498: 25433: 25401: 25208: 25152: 24900: 24486: 24383: 24334: 23883: 23781: 23454: 22551: 22541: 22511: 22398: 22047: 20731: 20215: 19993: 19225: 18234: 17976: 17673: 17643: 17613: 17294: 10575: 9937: 8752: 6622: 5130: 5079:, making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, 4235: 3745: 2807: 2262: 1460: 1069: 906: 614: 232: 137: 21423: 21358: 19048: 18696: 18275: 13168: 6586:

of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble

3068:

such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.

2911:

The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in

27871: 27826: 27642: 26826: 26760: 26699: 26378: 26322: 26291: 25962: 25658: 25538: 25514: 25425: 25417: 25200: 25168: 24892: 24793: 24540: 24115: 24052: 24033: 23741: 23722: 23706: 23414: 23065: 22742: 22571: 22521: 22363: 21984: 21776: 21563: 21363: 20912: 20847: 20433: 20335: 18500: 17762: 17698: 17653: 17593: 17327: 15926: 9877: 9534: 9262: 4939: 4899: 3206: 2943:

in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.

2573: 1964:(1518) proved difficult. In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak 1410: 966:) that Charles V and the Habsburgs gained their vast empire through peaceful policies (exemplified by the saying 838: 242: 147: 21902: 21418: 20862: 20746: 15062: 15035: 11242:

Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present

5204: 4785:), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term 4751:

following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. By 1532, Charles was proficient in

4695:, she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon." She saw to his education, securing as tutor 1439: 1414: 660:, as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. At the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited the 27806: 27266: 26664: 26573: 26547: 26521: 26398: 26383: 26238: 26233: 25554: 25490: 25393: 25304: 25296: 25264: 25224: 24985: 24860: 24787: 24733: 24672: 24664: 24625: 24326: 24171: 24155: 24075: 24023: 23694: 23478: 22985: 22629: 22591: 22586: 22566: 22467: 22004: 21942: 21741: 21159: 20872: 20852: 20824: 20741: 20716: 20576: 20384: 20291: 20231: 20198: 19342: 19332: 19269: 18910: 18190: 18022: 17718: 17713: 17693: 17628: 16925: 16905: 16888: 16867: 16850: 16833: 16816: 16601: 16537: 16157: 15207: 15074: 14916: 14796: 13633: 13184:

Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League."

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The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System

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Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg."

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Cohn, H.J. (1 January 2001). "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?".

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Infanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother,

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The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent

1809:

and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a

1396:

In 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in

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Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta; et al. (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V".

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Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546–1547."

13031:

Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)

11261: 6868:. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of 4782: 27836: 27831: 27801: 27771: 27766: 27756: 26881: 26511: 26368: 25990: 25922: 25600: 25530: 25466: 25353: 25256: 25192: 25104: 24977: 24868: 24821: 24721: 24294: 24271: 24163: 23878: 23470: 23438: 23390: 23366: 23350: 22561: 22536: 22457: 22383: 22334: 22319: 22314: 22169: 21989: 21957: 21488: 21353: 20789: 20169: 19978: 19774: 18788: 17736: 17688: 17668: 17623: 17603: 17583: 17568: 17563: 17464: 16988: 16942: 10814: 9847: 8151: 7184: 6754: 6721: 4128: 2837:

was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the

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Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs."

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and the King. So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the

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Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe".

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Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of

4804:

As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the

3911:

Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the

2441:, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the 27776: 27434: 27115: 27073: 26623: 26618: 26363: 26338: 26073: 25955: 25762: 25458: 25120: 25096: 25066: 25058: 25034: 24924: 24131: 23873: 23757: 23547: 22685: 22601: 22484: 21897: 21260: 20907: 20794: 20706: 20678: 20305: 20275: 20080: 19911: 19741: 19241: 18493: 18250: 17992: 17755: 17114: 15270: 13028: 11685: 11348: 9832: 9787: 8350: 8092: 7768: 7753: 7534: 6706: 6535: 6482:

Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of

6281: 6258: 6097: 5586: 5564: 3908:, Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers. 3789: 3715: 3640: 3420: 3268:

He did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based

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Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the

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Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)

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Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)

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in 1557. In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer

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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion

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Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics

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Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

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Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters

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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion

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From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of

1636: 1409:. Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to 1358: 791: 555: 20441: 16334: 13819:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

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in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe." The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the

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went even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the

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alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by

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and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's

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In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,

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Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536

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The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici

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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V

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With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the

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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry during the Italian Wars, 1494–1559

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between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the

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in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.

2220:. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the 1698: 27866: 27605: 27579: 27439: 26755: 26654: 26207: 26137: 26105: 25850: 25312: 24711: 24533: 23978: 23948: 23888: 23652: 23637: 23569: 23253: 22634: 22403: 22102: 21674: 21609: 21113: 20999: 20882: 20842: 20486: 20279: 19938: 19928: 19636: 19456: 19375: 19312: 19172: 18991: 18956: 18857: 18653: 18409: 18142: 17811: 17363: 17238: 17134: 16709:

History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V, with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal.

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Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–468, 480–482

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Erasmus: The Education of a Christian Prince with the Panegyric for Archduke Philip of Austria

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Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and

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in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the

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on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.

3687: 3454: 3269: 2654: 2286: 2148: 1813:, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs. 1790: 1752: 1537: 1286: 926: 626: 22082: 21483: 21270: 21230: 21189: 20163: 19086: 19006: 19001: 18971: 18734: 18663: 16036:

The Histories of Emperor Charles V: Nationale Perspektiven Von Persönlichkeit und Herrschaft

14084: 14047: 13276: 11795: 11621: 11573: 6674:. In 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium. 5691: 5128:

to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's

5100: 4112: 3874:, established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the 3690:(1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the 3165:

Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed

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He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the

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were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention. Through the

3824:'s first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas. 3821: 3545: 3469: 3400: 3340: 3194: 2992: 2822:

led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by

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MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216.

4707:. Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI. A third major influence in Charles's early life was 3995:), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles. 3628: 1366: 8: 27569: 27485: 27362: 27357: 27276: 27271: 27120: 26480: 26353: 26270: 26153: 26049: 26017: 25842: 25818: 25786: 25674: 25042: 25026: 25018: 24556: 24509: 24373: 24284: 24239: 24193: 24105: 24092: 24008: 23998: 23968: 23918: 23863: 23848: 23688: 23676: 23642: 23621: 23611: 23603: 23590: 23283: 23248: 23217: 23182: 23166: 23110: 22810: 22802: 22447: 22437: 22425: 22263: 22234: 22219: 22205: 22126: 21882: 21867: 21751: 21731: 21684: 21664: 21468: 21463: 21408: 21378: 21144: 20769: 20726: 20683: 20612: 20581: 20352: 20331: 20297: 20203: 20173: 20104: 19948: 19921: 19821: 19719: 19680: 19670: 19617: 19558: 19539: 19403: 19337: 19181: 19163: 19143: 18866: 18848: 18828: 18611: 18456: 18446: 18418: 18400: 18380: 18185: 18175: 18132: 18079: 18032: 18027: 17910: 17867: 17857: 17820: 17548: 17538: 17398: 17387: 17301: 17187: 17064: 16791: 16660: 15646: 15640: 15147:, Études (in Spanish), Perpignan: Presses universitaires de Perpignan, pp. 159–183, 11226: 11194: 10504: 9802: 8877: 7717: 7500: 7315: 6935:

and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.

6873: 6865: 6831: 6787:(1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the 6702: 6587: 6523: 6413: 5919: 5831: 5779: 5675: 5655: 5616: 5582: 5537: 5159:, which may have produced a child, Isabel. After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced 5112: 5068: 4875: 4867: 4766: 4752: 4387: 4293: 4096:, from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the 4074: 4013: 3928: 3866:

in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of

3837: 3777: 3757: 3556: 3277: 2973: 2887: 2855: 2843: 2719: 2597: 2500: 2485: 2477: 2476:, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's 2430: 2426: 2411: 2399: 2368: 2282: 2254: 2194: 2171: 2163: 2152: 2140: 2015: 1919: 1856: 1798: 1693: 1655:

even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was

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Charles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of

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with the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November.

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against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as

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Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels

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who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people. The

2968:'s depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between 2882:

between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the

2131:. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as 1524: 27574: 27398: 27341: 27100: 27021: 26113: 26097: 25738: 25592: 25446: 25341: 25006: 24646: 24615: 24579: 24499: 24018: 24013: 23983: 23973: 23834: 23814: 23658: 23598: 23580: 23324: 23305: 23150: 22903: 22295: 22224: 22067: 22009: 21842: 21614: 21588: 21578: 21568: 21503: 21458: 21388: 21368: 21343: 21290: 21265: 20530: 20057: 19998: 19953: 19812: 19699: 19651: 19641: 19479: 19408: 19385: 19191: 19177: 19148: 18876: 18862: 18833: 18474: 18428: 18414: 18385: 18208: 18157: 18147: 18137: 18074: 17996: 17930: 17895: 17885: 17816: 17778: 17513: 17415: 17377: 17309: 17258: 17234: 17221: 17200: 17191: 17150: 17097: 17088: 16921: 16901: 16884: 16880: 16863: 16846: 16829: 16812: 16764: 16743: 16678: 16638: 16634: 16621: 16597: 16577: 16533: 16513: 16396: 16372: 16321: 16153: 16040: 15977: 15905: 15650: 15179: 15148: 14912: 14792: 14780: 14730: 14696: 14662: 14641: 14585: 14573: 14558:"Bibliographie Maximilien d'Autriche, cinq cents ans après. Diplomatie et propagande" 14521: 14484: 14450: 14411: 14362: 14328: 14294: 14260: 14226: 14192: 14158: 14124: 14090: 14053: 14019: 13955: 13921: 13850: 13823: 13789: 13755: 13721: 13700: 13662: 13600: 13537: 13480: 13368: 13341: 13297: 13233: 13111: 13048: 12971: 12868: 12834: 12800: 12766: 12732: 12698: 12639: 12497: 12386: 12231: 12206: 12129: 12123: 12099: 12069: 11994: 11910: 11801: 11767: 11721: 11661: 11627: 11600: 11579: 11523: 11459: 11432: 11405: 11356: 11331: 11311: 11284: 11245: 11091: 11081: 10930: 9161: 7126: 7063: 7022: 6976: 6778: 6731:

Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the

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Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a

3004: 3000: 2988: 2940: 2924: 2896: 2658: 2561: 2489: 2446: 2391: 2266: 2221: 2183: 2167: 2124: 2120: 2027: 1927: 1923: 1907: 1880: 1794: 1740: 1576: 1572: 1465: 1444: 1362: 1007: 959: 944: 830: 622: 575: 571: 543: 539: 481: 461: 431: 400: 320: 202: 123: 27250: 24744: 20088: 19327: 18017: 15564:"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation. 15298: 14015:

The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588

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Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:

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friars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in

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with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.

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denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the

969:

Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe / Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus

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The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara

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Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film

6511: 6442: 6212: 6120: 6074: 6028: 6005: 5982: 5959: 5915: 5891: 5859: 5835: 5775: 5755: 5751: 5541: 5526: 5454: 5387: 5160: 5156: 4809: 4734: 4728: 4355: 4329: 4066: 4046: 3965: 3703: 3461: 2904: 2883: 2834: 2670: 2662: 2469: 2302: 2204:

In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the

2090: 1965: 1884: 1844: 1782: 1748: 1556: 1427: 1389: 1342: 1338: 1141: 1035: 1003: 992: 973: 939: 914: 807: 799: 771: 716: 638: 618: 535: 340: 260: 24184: 23616: 22077: 20109: 19095: 18743: 16918:

Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.

13692: 6045: 3987:, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as 3623:, a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed 3619:

Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet

3589:

chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries

2806:

Charles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.

2779:

in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the

1613:, the rendition from French into Latin of Charles's personal motto "Plus Oultre" ( 1544:. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in 24461: 24318: 23819: 23358: 23267: 23190: 23174: 22347: 22239: 22229: 22142:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

21892: 21832: 21746: 21654: 21528: 21508: 21473: 21255: 21225: 21164: 20774: 20764: 20660: 20545: 20437: 20394: 20154: 20062: 19933: 19516: 18047: 17543: 17523: 17503: 17370: 17336: 17245: 17212: 17166: 17093: 17079: 17075: 17071: 16946: 16798: 16652:

The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor

16591: 16587: 16390: 16034: 15623: 15512: 15302: 15206: 14656: 14152: 13890: 13783: 13270: 13172: 12864:

Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens

12726: 12479: 12458: 12447: 12370: 12351: 12327: 12304: 11655: 11222: 11161: 10971: 10953: 8046: 6918: 6813: 6804: 6732: 6659: 6519: 6491: 6487: 6275: 5863: 5823: 5819: 5763: 5502: 5446: 5420: 5164: 5120:

impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.

5009: 4778: 4748: 4740: 4720: 4108: 4021: 3972: 3893: 3841: 3648: 3537: 3526: 3385: 3355: 3221:. By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained 3186: 3169:

to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first

3053: 3017: 2935:

in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture

2680:. In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the 2643: 2442: 2209: 2187: 2144: 2116: 2070: 2034: 1903: 1771: 1756: 1702:

The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556

1673: 1603:(the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in 1560: 996: 751: 723: 642: 491: 441: 31: 21801: 17249: 16977: 14759:"The Power of the Quill: Espionage under Charles V during the Tunisian Campaign" 6344: 4820: 3840:

had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of

3291:

In 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from

1727:

served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.

1010:

itself had been lost to the French crown), given Mary's death in 1482, and also

23334: 23126: 22373: 22304: 22280: 21736: 21649: 21533: 21285: 21108: 21093: 20994: 20968: 20953: 20834: 20429: 20423: 20327: 20094: 20008: 19958: 19836: 19790: 19395: 19026: 17839: 17799: 17553: 17317: 17305: 17178: 17162: 17141: 16966: 16716:

Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559

16386: 12618: 12253:"'Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla'; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11237: 11067: 11007: 10989: 7813: 7017: 6899: 6891: 6869: 5923: 5743: 5715: 5514: 5506:

Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the

5423:. She was brought up in an Augustinian convent in Madrigal de las Altas Torres. 4756: 4724: 4509: 3884: 3723: 3695: 3434:, in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the 3153: 3117: 3049: 3008: 2987:

Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the

2827: 2823: 2794: 2786: 2752: 2619: 2525: 2508: 2270: 2205: 2136: 2096: 2066: 1980: 1677: 1552: 1528: 866: 775: 692: 649: 591: 567: 563: 344: 20241: 16213: 15269: 13411: 6558:

Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.

5999: 3698:, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was 2049:, but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married 27675: 25272: 24633: 23736: 23275: 22765: 22704: 21300: 20150: 20067: 19876: 19724: 19508: 18812: 17945: 17920: 17351: 17011: 16952: 16448: 16434: 16325: 16226: 16171: 15360: 15346:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. 15331: 15308: 15284:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 922–932. 15275: 15239: 14831: 14784: 14577: 12963: 12382: 11095: 10934: 9082: 6965: 6743: 6710: 6091: 5376: 5093: 5089: 5029: 4727:, being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable 4156: 4028: 3988: 3769: 3760:

was commissioned Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the

3659:

publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His

3652: 3564: 3485: 3481: 3351: 3250: 3210: 2776: 2772: 2739: 2735: 2538: 2480:

and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from

2372: 2178:

where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.

1840: 1806: 1731:

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included

1476: 1350: 1031: 1011: 795: 739: 735: 527: 154: 16961:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 899–905. 16860:

Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee

16466:

The Emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire

15505: 15317:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–933. 6459: 6321: 3263:

Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms

3237:

were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.

1392:

representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle

22249: 22200: 22072: 22062: 21791: 21330: 21184: 21009: 20525: 20301: 19983: 19831: 19709: 17940: 17900: 15139:

Salmoral, Manuel Lucena (9 November 2017), Lavou Zoungbo, Victorien (ed.),

13372: 13345: 7006: 6886: 5903: 5799: 5575: 5440: 4786: 4141: 4116: 3920: 3897: 3856: 3829: 3788:. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of 3676: 3450: 3396: 3281: 3158: 2815: 2692: 2666: 2198: 2159: 2003: 1681: 1563:, included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the 948: 696: 657: 21383: 16574:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty: The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558.

15364: 15176:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558

15140: 14661:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 48, 53, 98, 99. 12441:; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866) 12153: 11991:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558

6650:", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor 6534:", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the 5976: 4812:. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms. 3878:

in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions.

2983:

Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V

2979: 2406:, to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by 1711: 25874: 25858: 24961: 24044: 23212: 23118: 22414: 20973: 20799: 20368: 20246: 19729: 19612: 17935: 17925: 17498: 16461: 15636: 15002:"Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed" 14569: 14358:

The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany

13337: 11828: 11486: 6913: 6909: 6788: 6671: 6651: 6436: 6206: 6114: 5004: 4998: 4137: 4133: 4104: 4100: 4039: 3919:(1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of 3916: 3889: 3867: 3773: 3750: 3699: 3424: 3381: 3314: 3285: 3222: 3122: 3101: 2819: 2764: 2695:

to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a

2317: 2023: 1969: 1604: 1585: 1541: 1484: 1423: 846: 688: 673: 645: 355: 158: 20963: 18636: 16970: 16495: 15375:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859. 15254:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421. 14911:(3rd ed.). Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. 14775: 12397:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416. 11483:

Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire

11280:

Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture

6648:

most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation

3472:, which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish 1851: 1455: 1384: 24079: 23097: 23073: 23049: 22723: 21837: 20571: 19851: 19592: 18591: 18581: 17877: 16699:

Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I and Charles V

16392:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

15222: 13566: 13359:

de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V".

13165: 12830:

Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization

6981: 6825: 6792: 6682: 5518: 5517:

in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of

5025: 4153: 4078: 3936: 3905: 3667:(On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and 3477:

million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit.

3296: 2434: 2403: 1961: 1935: 1801:

had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were

1778: 1657: 1488: 731: 24813: 22161: 19210: 18485: 18219: 17456: 16862:. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, 13597:

From Colony to Nationhood in Mexico: Laying the Foundations, 1560–1840

6183: 5952: 5433:), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married to Sinibaldo di Copeschi. 5229: 4747:

secretaries serving in the royal court. He gained a decent command of

2665:

in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the

1875:

of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the

1805:

of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the

27205: 26176: 25914: 24442: 23766: 23647: 23516: 23292: 23142: 23041: 23001: 22977: 22961: 22826: 22818: 22793: 20804: 20561: 20461: 20236: 20138: 20072: 19607: 19597: 19068: 18716: 18576: 18566: 18304: 17961: 17950: 17508: 13851:"Famous Makers of Arms and Armors and European Centers of Production" 13476: 13229:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

6927: 6895:(opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks. 6611: 5907: 5795: 5033: 4089: 3943:

of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar

3901: 3845: 3781: 3780:

still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to

3691: 3647:

at the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in

3644: 3549: 3362: 2912: 2861: 2711: 2364: 1475:, which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the 700: 17747: 16999:

The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France

14758: 14446:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

14256:

War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders

13627: 12728:

The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne

11428:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

6229: 5148:

to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his

3828:

began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and

962:

hereditary lands. Even though it is often implied (among others, by

23898: 23262: 23226: 23057: 23033: 23025: 23009: 22993: 22969: 22929: 22610: 20978: 19856: 19602: 18895: 18586: 18536: 17035: 14290:

The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe

12519:

The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers

12203:

La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana

11797:

The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Revolt in Bohemia, 1618

6160: 6137: 5927: 5883: 5569: 5104: 4794: 4164: 3940: 3809: 3761: 3503: 3489: 3366: 3202: 3057: 2996: 2811: 2237: 2175: 1891: 1724: 1720: 1545: 1504: 1492: 1397: 1015: 661: 16993: 16368:

Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown

5394:; Isabella died at the age of 19, never married, and had no issue. 4020:. This was because philosophical questions arose, especially from 3844:, which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the 3663:

are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His

3213:(1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as 2873:

of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.

2742:

signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.

2077:, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II. 27236: 23089: 23081: 22953: 22945: 22937: 22921: 22913: 22842: 22834: 22780: 22136: 22107: 20617: 20602: 19759: 18626: 18601: 18556: 18546: 18541: 16761:

Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato

15812: 15810: 15770: 15768: 15743:"Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons" 15178:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 269–272. 12666:

Justi, Ferdinand; Stevenson, Sara Yorke; Jastrow, Morris (1905).

12012: 12010: 6796: 6687: 6646:, dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " 6583: 5895: 5731: 5544:

in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of

5108: 4097: 4058: 4035: 4016:, so penetration into the American continent was suspended until 3711: 3560: 3497: 3374: 3110: 2932: 2715: 2379: 2306: 2249: 2241: 2100: 1860: 1777:

Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of

1599: 1480: 456: 16740:

The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America

13951:

Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry

3804: 3453:

burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by

2767:

was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As

23017: 22887: 22858: 22850: 21073: 20627: 20622: 20399: 19549: 19531: 18621: 18616: 18571: 18561: 18551: 12896:"Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII" 12491: 11684:

Skjelver, Danielle Mead; Wiesflecker, Hermann (18 March 2021).

6904: 6758: 6631: 5887: 5803: 5125: 4997:

The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in

4987: 4062: 4024: 3793: 3734: 3672: 3435: 3389: 3318: 3166: 3105: 2790: 2639: 2384: 1942: 727: 16976: 16002: 15807: 15765: 12226:

Martínez Gil, Fernando (1999). "Toledo es Corte (1480–1561)".

12007: 5059:

In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially

3607:, Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the 2324:

in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power.

1843:

served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in

857: 538:

from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising

22895: 22114: 20388: 20052: 15942:"Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria" 15243: 12953:

Note: the link goes to p. 480, then click the View All option

11763:

Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile

6724:

was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the

6068: 4801:, presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat. 4034:, about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to 3951:, attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don 3785: 3707: 3656: 3572: 3568: 3493: 3473: 3370: 2516: 2453:, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over 2332:

in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes

2179: 882: 870: 515: 14387: 14385: 14078: 14076: 13917:

Transcultural Wars: from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century

12796:

Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present

12205:. Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 113–121. 6658:. The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in 4132:

men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men (

3655:

in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original

22866: 20457: 20372: 16877:

Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs

15100:. Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 67. 13816:

Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2011).

13556:

Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.

12024: 12022: 11993:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 23. 4798: 4017: 4008: 3932: 3576: 3065: 2962:

Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels

2936: 2789:, and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of 2537:

and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the

2520: 2244:

seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the

1802: 1723:

from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.

1669: 24697: 20350: 16811:. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, 16632:

Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith 1500–58

15337:"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" 14407:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

14086:

The Irish in the Spanish Armies in the Seventeenth Century

13082:"The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, by Stanley Lane-Poole" 6876:

and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.

5056:

to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.

5016:

On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old

3611:

that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire."

3209:

archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the

2842:

the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the

2472:

had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the

1894:

and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but

15293: 15291: 14382: 14222:

The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World

14073: 13599:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–56, 13110:(2nd ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 24. 12439:

Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón

11126:"Instruction for the abdication mission to Ferdinand I", 6774:

De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V

3614: 2850:), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant 2755:

in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the

2352:, with support from local nobles and his German vassals. 1589:, thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of 1495:

proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of

1349:

Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally

16858:

Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg):

16014: 15464: 15221:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via 13204: 12019: 11653: 3733:

Charles commissioned several portraits from the painter

2653:

in 1535. The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the

2099:. It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into 1503:. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in 758:

by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers. Charles then

22764: 16072: 15959:

Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania

15823: 15208:"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" 14893:

Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present

13751:

Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit: Band 11: Renaissance–Signatur

13044:

Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1

12142: 3399:, originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and 2638:, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the 2390:

Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with

2248:

presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured

1975:

He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese

988:

into acquiescence in the Habsburgs' expansionist plan.

877:

Charles of Austria was born on 24 February 1500 in the

668:

as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of

25622: 16778:

Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite

15990: 15901:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

15288: 14520:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 350, 351. 13567:"Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala" 12225: 12200: 11741: 11200:

Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.

2642:

river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary

2488:. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the 1353:

only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific

652:'s possessions included the Castilian colonies of the 598:

he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "

20105:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

16732:. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000). 16318:

Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958

15663: 15424: 15263: 15261: 14410:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. 14120:

War and Conflict in the Early Modern World: 1500–1700

12665: 12409:"Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla" 12201:

Martínez Gil, Fernando (2007). "Corte renacentista".

3971:

Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of

3851:

The realm of his known possessions expanded with the

3343:

leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery

3339:

leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and

1018:. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish 25977: 16845:

Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990,

16395:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 15326: 15324: 13232:. University of California Press. pp. 935–936. 13014:

Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535."

6618:

Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

5063:, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, 2579: 1828:, was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent. 1527:(later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later 999:

to Maximilian's male line, however, was unexpected.

921:. Charles's mother Joanna was a younger daughter of 746:, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a 16807:Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: 15115:"Indígenas sin explotación, esclavitud y exclusión" 13379: 13323: 11942:

Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla

11856:

Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla

11827:The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, 11683: 3225:over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556. 2022:. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when 24359: 24091: 16320:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143. 16060: 15427:Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII 15304:"Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy" 15258: 15214:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 14987:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 14972:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 14692:Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? 13815: 13687:. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: 4. 12990:"Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566" 12057: 11840:Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana 11654:Baumann, Anette; Schmidt-von Rhein, Georg (2002). 6820:De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen 6612:Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture 5099:On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the 4731:, which he was required to learn by the Castilian 4069:. Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of 582:. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of 16994:The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558 16790:Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 ( 16257:"Every Upcoming Adrien Brody Movie & TV Show" 15897: 15355: 15353: 15321: 14480:Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address 13717:Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance 11114:Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865 5012:, the natural son of Charles during his widowhood 3937:personal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity 3603:Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the 2093:and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy 1706: 518:, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was 27673: 16989:Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors 15219:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 15063:"The Las Casas-Sepúlveda Controversy: 1550–1551" 14293:. Princeton University Press. pp. 273–275. 13788:(in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 79. 6570:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. 5585:' will, he theoretically inherited the title of 3504:Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems 837:, and Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother 27792:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 27747:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial 26558:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 20649: 15713:"Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection" 15234: 15232: 15197: 15195: 13571:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 13225: 13040: 12494:Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla 12128:(3rd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. 12091: 12080:Brussels was the imperial capital of Charles V. 3071: 2684:. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating 2460:When he was released, however, Francis had the 2433:began in 1521. Charles allied with England and 672:as his main title, and styled himself as a new 16121: 15418: 15350: 13508:including his last voyage after the abdication 13289: 12765:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239, 284. 5382:Charles also had six children out of wedlock: 3812:issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain 3416:long term, it was in general not belligerent. 2703:, forcing it to split its military resources. 2533:, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan 27221: 26192: 25963: 25608: 24829: 24060: 23782: 23532: 22750: 22177: 20294:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 19775: 19226: 18911: 18501: 18235: 17977: 17763: 17472: 16984:. Vol. 1. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. 16432:Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", 16227:"Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre" 14616:"Diplomacia e Estado na primeira modernidade" 14443:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 12987: 12219: 12039: 12037: 11679: 11677: 11496: 11494: 11425:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 11353:The Ideological Origins of the British Empire 7049: 6858:Charles V appears as a character in the play 5498:Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4732: 4053:, which could cause anguish in people of all 2261:After the death of his paternal grandfather, 2186:captured Francis and crushed his army in the 30:"Karl V." redirects here. For the opera, see 19969:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 16596:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 15471:Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century 15458: 15229: 15192: 15095: 14993: 14361:. University of Virginia Press. p. 67. 13895:. Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 80 12833:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 165. 12635:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation 12092:Maitland, Robert; Ritchie, Brent W. (2019). 12055: 6958:and is figured prominently in the 2003 film 6951:, covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530. 6742:A statue of Charles, donated by the city of 4986:depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by 3460:Charles's main sources of revenue were from 3007:, the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial 2951: 2590:Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) 2529:ended the war but lasted only a short time. 2445:in 1525. To gain his freedom, Francis ceded 1826:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 81: 27842:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery 14729:. Manchester University Press. p. 33. 14483:. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. 13754:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 480. 13720:. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. 12943: 12931: 12496:. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 37–43. 12095:City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives 11266:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 1943. 11182:Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte 6772: 6527: 5611:Charles's full titulature went as follows: 4171: 3201:). For the regency and governorship of the 2269:. He was also the natural candidate of the 1665:to maintain religious and political unity. 967: 806:to recognize the council's validity led to 27228: 27214: 26199: 26185: 25970: 25956: 25615: 25601: 24836: 24822: 24074: 24067: 24053: 23789: 23775: 23539: 23525: 22757: 22743: 22184: 22170: 19782: 19768: 19233: 19219: 18918: 18904: 18508: 18494: 18242: 18228: 17984: 17970: 17770: 17756: 17479: 17465: 17015:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 17007:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 16763:, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, 16677:. New Haven: Yale University Press (2019) 16332: 16315: 16078: 16008: 15054: 14969:Burkholder, Mark A. "New Laws of 1542" in 14832:"The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace" 14609: 14607: 14442: 14403: 14259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 14225:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168. 13517:Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia 13358: 13283: 13221: 13219: 13016:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 12926:Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars 12731:. LAP Lambert Acad. Publ. pp. 20–40. 12638:. Princeton University Press. p. 47. 12492:Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). 12034: 11674: 11557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11491: 11424: 11355:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. 11032:as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; 7056: 7042: 5491: 4185:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3288:civilizations were conquered in his name. 2037:in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir 1551:The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a 1049:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 59: 27481:Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 22088:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 16941: 15297: 15029: 15027: 14898: 14774: 14756: 14631: 14556:Cauchies, Jean-Marie (5 September 2020). 14510: 14391: 14354: 13525: 13523: 12564:Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano 11909:. Yale University Press. pp. 9, 10. 11626:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 5377:personal union between Spain and Portugal 4125:Civil Wars between the conquerors of Peru 3682:Martyr was given the post of chronicler ( 3627:(imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520. 2725: 2556:erupted with Francis' son and successor, 27435:William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 22093:Colonial universities in the Philippines 16371:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 16364: 16355: 16020: 15829: 15359: 15330: 15238: 15201: 15138: 15036:"La Efeméride : 3 de Julio de 1549" 14904: 14861:SL, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura. 14688: 14555: 14404:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). 14252: 14157:. Indiana University Press. p. 61. 14116: 14052:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–15. 13954:. Cornell University Press. p. 27. 13713: 13268: 12433: 12431: 12381: 12270: 12250: 12117: 12115: 11961: 11937: 11875: 11851: 11793: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11347: 11076:. Memoirs. Vol. 162. Philadelphia: 11062: 11060: 11058: 7030: 6693: 6681: 6626:Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. 6621: 5501: 5111:. Charles began the construction of the 5003: 4992: 4976: 4819: 4772: 3931:in the newly founded Spanish capital of 3864:Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 3803: 3694:. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of 3513: 3445: 3430:In Spain, inheriting the reform work of 3346: 3322: 3152: 3075: 2978: 2955: 2946: 2745: 2729: 2601: 2499:erupted in 1536. Following the death of 2378: 2363: 2231: 2084: 1850: 1835: 1710: 1697: 1471:The Burgundian inheritance included the 1454: 1438: 1383: 856: 274:25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555 24843: 22191: 21084:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 19240: 18515: 18249: 17486: 16593:A Brief History of the Episcopal Church 16084: 15537: 15267: 14984:Cook David Noble, "Gonzalo Pizarro" in 14863:"La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org" 14722: 14604: 14476: 14286: 14218: 14154:The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 14089:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 9. 13781: 13625: 13590: 13529: 13216: 12826: 12631: 12552:Penguin Books (New York: 2002), p. 208. 12125:Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict 12064:. University of Chicago Press. p. 11759: 11747: 11571: 11512: 11375: 6502:present in the previous coat, those of 5410:Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence 5032:, and Mary was instead married to King 1341:of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the 707:, brought under his rule following the 542:. His dominions in Europe included the 432:Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma 14: 27674: 27300:Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence 27235: 26206: 23796: 23546: 22037: 17991: 16586: 16522: 16441:Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. 16385: 16169: 15996: 15924: 15134: 15132: 15109: 15107: 15024: 14654: 14613: 14424:from the original on 26 September 2021 14320: 14184: 14123:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. 13947: 13913: 13747: 13654: 13520: 13275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13108:Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale 13105: 13021: 12860: 12758: 12425:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV 12388:"Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco" 11902: 11619: 11451: 11401:History of the German speaking nations 11397: 11276: 11066: 10856: 6979:in one episode of the Showtime series 6939: 6670:, also propelling a peculiar brand of 6606:used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. 5404:, who Charles recognized a servant of 5390:, but strongly disputed by biographer 5024:and younger sister to the future King 4551: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4309: 4199: 4195: 3927:in the 1530s, Charles established the 3615:Patronage of the arts and architecture 3161:an ocean away from his European realms 2560:, in 1551. Henry won early success in 1743:fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of 1332: 1199: 1059: 600:the empire on which the sun never sets 27430:Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 27209: 26471:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 26180: 25951: 25596: 24817: 24696: 24358: 24090: 24048: 23770: 23520: 22738: 22165: 22036: 21932: 21931: 21055: 20933: 20648: 20507: 20475: 20412: 20349: 20264: 20187: 20127: 20041: 20030: 19802: 19801: 19763: 19214: 18899: 18489: 18223: 17965: 17777: 17751: 17460: 17022:Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video 16965: 16546:from the original on 20 November 2022 16409: 16290: 16237:from the original on 30 December 2019 16103:from the original on 10 February 2022 16066: 16032: 15939: 15853:from the original on 21 February 2021 15753:from the original on 24 December 2019 15669: 15635: 15546:from the original on 28 November 2009 15442:, Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla 15173: 15060: 15033: 14869:(in European Spanish). Archived from 14842:from the original on 11 November 2016 14191:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83. 14150: 14045: 14011: 13888: 13861:from the original on 5 September 2022 13681: 13626:Paredes, Cecilia (28 December 2014). 13385: 13210: 13188:(2013 104#1 pp. 134–157), in English. 12996:from the original on 21 November 2010 12792: 12724: 12690: 12428: 12121: 12112: 11988: 11696:from the original on 28 December 2018 11418: 11386: 11379:Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17 11303: 11244:. New York: Random House 2007, p. 76 11216:Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador 11055: 10828: 10826: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10717: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10604: 10602: 10589: 10587: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10503: 10501: 10488: 10448: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 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4239: 4233: 4223: 4207: 4203: 3544:, a postal system that connected the 3272:in 1524 and the establishment of the 3157:Empire of Charles V at its peak with 2826:in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial 2174:retook the initiative, crossing into 2139:, however, was under French control. 2045:. Jeanne was instead forced to marry 1521:Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy 1284: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1236: 1217: 1207: 1203: 1189: 1168: 1158: 1139: 1129: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1091: 1067: 1063: 482:Joanna, Queen of Castile & Aragon 385: 246:(in the name of Charles V until 1556) 26579:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 20365:Captaincy General of the Philippines 19857:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 18925: 16701:(2002) 246 pp., covers 1497 to 1558. 16303:from the original on 9 February 2022 16267:from the original on 8 February 2022 15969: 14999: 14082: 13993:from the original on 26 January 2022 13661:. Casemate Publishers. p. 260. 13468: 13450:from the original on 27 January 2012 13142:from the original on 29 October 2020 12604: 11598: 11297: 11211: 11209: 11107: 11105: 6838:Charles V is a notable character in 6835:refers to Charles as "The Spaniard". 3904:in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at 3853:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 3826:Spanish colonization of the Americas 3555:The system was developed further by 2999:. First he abdicated the thrones of 2793:. He outlawed Luther and issued the 2618:Charles fought continually with the 2227: 1879:, heir-apparent to his mother Queen 802:(1545). The refusal of the Lutheran 445: 435: 224:12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 26771:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 26476:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 22068:Indochristian painting in New Spain 20188: 15129: 15104: 15012:from the original on 21 August 2018 14925:from the original on 29 August 2012 14905:Prescott, William Hickling (1873). 14614:Mainka, Peter Johann (April 2022). 14537:from the original on 9 October 2022 13412:"El Escorial History – El Escorial" 11539:from the original on 9 October 2022 6818:(1882–1939) included both tales in 6677: 5092:died out in 1580, resulting in the 4743:, acquired by the influence of the 3925:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 2606:Detail of a tapestry depicting the 2359: 2075:inflation that affected the kingdom 2047:William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg 1831: 829:Ultimately, Charles V conceded the 24: 27797:Infectious disease deaths in Spain 26639:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary 25934: 25624:Princes and Princesses of Asturias 21035:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 20508: 19789: 16826:Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie 16753: 16529:The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon 16420: 16297:Oxford Bibliographies Online (obo) 16190:from the original on 17 April 2021 16090: 15693:from the original on 7 August 2018 14799:from the original on 26 March 2023 13636:from the original on 26 March 2023 13069:The Indian Ocean in world history? 11455:The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook 11263:Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas 10902:Museum of Military History, Vienna 6656:Museum of Military History, Vienna 6522:. Charles I also incorporates the 5375:, in 1580), thus establishing the 4797:. He was seriously afflicted with 4777:Charles suffered from an enlarged 3722:in giving naval assistance to the 3519:Allegory of the reign of Charles V 3327:The second tapestry in the series 3308: 3235:Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez 2162:troops succeeded in re-installing 2119:inherited by Charles included the 1883:. On the other hand, in 1502, the 1413:in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador 841:. In 1557, Charles retired to the 389: 25: 27888: 27722:16th-century archdukes of Austria 26670:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 25483:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 20265: 20128: 20009:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 16935: 16455:(Oxford University Press, 2002). 15723:from the original on 8 March 2021 15645:. Yale University Press. p. 15585:from the original on 11 June 2020 15465:Cornelius August Wilkens (1897). 14726:The Rise and Fall of World Orders 13920:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 65. 13418:from the original on 16 July 2017 13186:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 12561: 12279:from the original on 10 June 2008 12259:from the original on 10 June 2008 11970:from the original on 10 June 2008 11950:from the original on 10 June 2008 11884:from the original on 10 June 2008 11864:from the original on 10 June 2008 11605:. Harper & Brothers. p. 11206: 11102: 6872:conjures up spirits representing 5242:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 4824:The children of Philip and Joanna 4210:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 4092:, which included figures such as 3718:was a poet who participated with 3403:, formed the bulk of Charles V's 3183:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 3148: 3025:States General of the Netherlands 2893:John Frederick, Elector of Saxony 2814:. There, he began to work on his 2580:Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire 2277:. He defeated the candidacies of 2265:, in 1519, Charles inherited the 2080: 2041:to marry the heiress of Navarre, 1042:; but he died as a baby in 1500. 816:new support to the Lutheran cause 774:. In 1535, he took possession of 596:European and American territories 27697:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors 26165: 25979:Princes and Princesses of Girona 24743: 24441: 24183: 22792: 22120:Criollos in the colonial society 22048:Spanish missions in the Americas 21170:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 19025: 18635: 18294: 18046: 17829: 17732: 17731: 17013:New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 16979:The New Student's Reference Work 16675:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 16249: 16219: 16202: 16176:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 16163: 16146: 16115: 16026: 15963: 15948: 15933: 15918: 15891: 15878: 15865: 15835: 15794: 15781: 15735: 15705: 15675: 15629: 15610: 15597: 15567: 15558: 15531: 15518: 15494: 15485: 15453:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 15445: 15433: 15405: 15392: 15379: 15268:Holland, Arthur William (1911). 15167: 15089: 14978: 14963: 14958:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 14950: 14945:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 14937: 14885: 14854: 14824: 14811: 14750: 14716: 14682: 14648: 14592:from the original on 3 June 2022 14549: 14514:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 14504: 14470: 14436: 14397: 14348: 14314: 14280: 14246: 14212: 14178: 14144: 14110: 14039: 14005: 13975: 13941: 13907: 13882: 13873: 13843: 13809: 13775: 13741: 13707: 13675: 13648: 13619: 13593:"Tlaxcalan Vassals of the North" 13584: 13559: 13550: 13511: 13502: 13493: 13462: 13430: 13404: 13391: 12044:Germany in the Holy Roman Empire 11906:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 11660:. Ramstein: Paqué. p. 117. 11623:The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 11501:Emperor, a new life of Charles V 6595: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6458: 6435: 6412: 6389: 6366: 6343: 6320: 6297: 6274: 6251: 6228: 6205: 6182: 6159: 6136: 6113: 6090: 6067: 6044: 6021: 5998: 5975: 5951: 5477: 5463: 5351: 5328: 5301: 5278: 5255: 5228: 5203: 5131:Portrait of Isabella of Portugal 4236:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 4077:, together with the pressure of 3784:, a mode then in its infancy in 3746:Equestrian Portrait of Charles V 2808:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 2691:Charles V made overtures to the 2371:and Charles V made peace at the 2309:, the last emperor to receive a 1571:) and the Aragonese kingdoms of 1461:Portrait of Charles V with a Dog 1443:A 1519 portrait of Charles V by 1022:, preceded by her older brother 907:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 615:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 501: 27737:16th-century Navarrese monarchs 27732:16th-century monarchs of Naples 27707:16th-century Castilian monarchs 27702:16th-century Aragonese monarchs 27643:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 22147:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 20031: 16843:Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. 16742:. New York: Random House 2010. 16562:. London: Franklin Watts (1970) 16476:Journal of Early Modern History 16438:(Dec 1980) 30#12 pp. 13–18 16343:from the original on 9 May 2015 16333:Ferdinandy, Michael de (2021). 16283: 16124:"Keizer Karel in de literatuur" 15925:Foulke, Roland Roberts (1920). 15849:(in Spanish). 12 January 2020. 15473:. William Heinemann. p. 66 13892:Fatal Partners, War and Disease 13352: 13317: 13262: 13253: 13191: 13178: 13154: 13124: 13099: 13074: 13061: 13034: 13008: 12981: 12956: 12918: 12888: 12854: 12820: 12786: 12752: 12718: 12684: 12659: 12625: 12598: 12585: 12570: 12555: 12542: 12534:Journal of Early Modern History 12526: 12510: 12485: 12463: 12401: 12375: 12356: 12337: 12314: 12291: 12244: 12194: 12168: 12085: 12049: 11982: 11930: 11896: 11845: 11833: 11821: 11787: 11753: 11708: 11647: 11613: 11592: 11565: 11506: 11476: 11445: 11369: 11341: 11324: 11270: 11254: 11231: 11019: 10944: 10923: 5315:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal 4940:Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia 4123:(Peru's first peacemaker after 3816:From his maternal grandmother, 3706:, as proposed by Charles V, as 3631:, twin brother of the humanist 3080:Deathbed of the Emperor at the 2816:German translation of the bible 2669:. At the same time, the Muslim 2574:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 1591:Charles I of Castile and Aragon 1434: 901:. His father Philip, nicknamed 381: 27404:Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 20476: 20199:Captaincy General of Guatemala 19907:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 17031:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 16723:Palace of Charles V in Granada 16512:(Boydell & Brewer, 2012). 16443:The World of Emperor Charles V 16122:Heymans, Frans (4 June 2007). 15904:. Cambridge University Press. 15429:. Euskaltzaindia. p. 712. 15425:Madariaga Orbea, Juan (2014). 15075:San Francisco State University 15000:Keys, David (17 August 2018). 14860: 14819:Spain, the Center of the World 14633:10.1590/1806-93472022v42n89-04 14620:Revista Brasileira de História 13591:McEnroe, Sean F., ed. (2012), 13106:Garcés, María Antonia (2005). 12697:. Read Books Ltd. p. 59. 12230:. Azacanes. pp. 259–308. 12176:"Gilde van de Stroppendragers" 12078:– via Internet Archive. 12056:Papadopoulos, Alex G. (1996). 12016:History of Spain, Joseph Perez 11578:. Cambridge University Press. 11188: 11173: 11148: 11133: 11120: 11078:American Philosophical Society 10914: 6864:by the Elizabethan playwright 6761:that is named after Charles V. 6701:, a 1912 watercolour portrait 5602:of inheriting the Roman legacy 5599:claim of the Holy Roman Empire 5414:Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma 2273:to succeed his grandfather as 2057:would oppose Philip II in the 1992:invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon 1863:was built upon his wedding to 1707:Burgundy and the Low Countries 762:from the Turks and obtained a 13: 1: 27877:Children of Joanna of Castile 27727:16th-century Spanish monarchs 27682:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 27326:Alfonso II, Count of Provence 26344:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 22098:General Archive of the Indies 21359:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 21030:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 21015:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 19964:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 19917:War of the Spanish Succession 19882:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 16809:Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit 16788:Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V. 16560:Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor 16478:(2005) 9#3 pp. 239–283. 16453:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558. 16336:Charles V: Holy Roman emperor 16216:. Retrieved 11 February 2022. 15843:"La hija secreta de Carlos V" 15540:"German Epilepsy Museum Kork" 14723:Knutsen, Torbjørn L. (1999). 14049:The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704 14046:López, Ignacio J. N. (2012). 13914:Kortüm, Hans-Henning (2010). 13693:10.1080/17416124.2020.1791406 13530:Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015). 13041:Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002). 12799:. Basic Books. p. 1737. 11111:Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). 11043: 8374: 7822: 7741: 7324: 7193: 6795:, the one about a paysant of 6765: 6746:, was erected in 1966 in the 6722:Charles V Monument in Palermo 6662:, brought together the local 5427: 5402:Johanna Maria van der Gheynst 4414:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3217:in Germany, which took place 2429:with Charles's great nemesis 2383:Charles V in the 1550s after 2053:, and both she and their son 849:and died there a year later. 709:Spanish conquest of the Aztec 27812:Knights of the Golden Fleece 27717:16th-century Roman Catholics 27712:16th-century kings of Sicily 27585:Peter, Count of Alburquerque 25499:Maximilian I the Last Knight 25402:Maximilian I the Last Knight 25153:Maximilian I the Last Knight 24949:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 21056: 20170:Captaincy General of Yucatan 20100:Union with Holy Roman Empire 20079:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 19994:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 18789:Portuguese House of Burgundy 16828:. C. H. Beck, München 2001, 16637:series (1992; 2nd ed. 2000) 16619:Charles V: The World Emperor 16356:Fletcher, Catherine (2016). 15683:"The Glory – The Collection" 13889:Major, Ralph Hermon (1941). 13071:Milo Kearney – 2004 – p. 112 13018:(Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63. 12691:Mahan, J. Alexander (2011). 12576:Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). 11760:Fleming, Gillian B. (2018). 11720:. Brill. 2020. p. 197. 11572:Erasmus, Desiderius (1997). 11304:Ferer, Mary Tiffany (2012). 11128:Charles V: The World Emperor 11048: 6755:Plaza del Emperador Carlos V 4714: 4678: 4176: 4084:In 1550, Charles convened a 3492:. Other creditors were from 3455:Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker 3432:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 3205:, Charles named his brother 3072:Retirement, death and burial 3031:and, crying, pronounced his 2610:in the Tapestry Room of the 2503:, Charles installed his son 1548:and various Flemish cities. 1431:(heir apparent of Austria). 1415:Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida 798:for the organization of the 770:and Holy Roman Emperor from 566:with its possessions of the 427:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 7: 27177:also an infante of Portugal 26339:Charles, Prince of Asturias 26122:Infante Michael of Portugal 25346:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola 20934: 20650:Administrative subdivisions 19847:War of the League of Cognac 16569:(1983) covers 1518 to 1530. 16532:. Kessinger, reprint 2005. 16291:Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021). 16039:. Aschendorff. p. 10. 15940:Vehse, Carl Eduard (1856). 15888:, pp. 400–401, 483–484, 560 15366:"Isabella of Castile" 15040:Centro Diego de Covarrubias 14757:Varri̇ale, Gennaro (2021). 13296:. OUP Oxford. p. 343. 13201:(1975), Vol. 11, pp. 67–78. 11620:Ingrao, Charles W. (2019). 11522:. Gent. pp. 203, 204. 11130:, Harald Kleinschmidt, 2011 10890: 6757:is a square in the city of 6536:collar of the Golden Fleece 5449:(1547–1578), victor of the 4972: 4916:Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 4815: 4739:. He could also speak some 4701:Brethren of the Common Life 4330:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy 3799: 3171:Governor of the Netherlands 2886:was finally opened and the 2437:against the French and the 1751:, a powerful player in the 905:, was the firstborn son of 852: 810:, won by Charles. However, 10: 27893: 26811:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 26624:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 26404:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 25137:Ladislaus I the Posthumous 24647:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 22686:North German Confederation 22602:Confederation of the Rhine 21364:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 21349:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 21251:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 20413: 20149:), Western United States ( 20042: 19912:Portuguese Restoration War 17115:Count Palatine of Burgundy 16426: 16360:. Oxford University Press. 15955:Relazione di Germania 1526 15898:Thomas A Brady JR (2009). 14689:Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2016). 14018:. OUP Oxford. p. 27. 13748:Jaeger, Friedrich (2017). 13714:Springer, Carolyn (2010). 13269:Robinson, H., ed. (1846). 13029:Truce of Adrianople (1547) 12970:. Brill Publishers, 1975. 12867:. McFarland. p. 334. 12861:Potter, Philip J. (2014). 12827:Hendrix, Scott H. (2004). 12672:. Lea Brothers. p. 56 12619:10.1191/026635501672200203 12471:Historia general de España 11599:Hare, Christopher (1907). 10937:with the titular title of 7016:Charles V is portrayed by 6975:Charles V is portrayed by 6954:Charles V is portrayed by 6707:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6615: 6098:Count Palatine of Burgundy 5886:of the Holy Roman Empire, 5597:, therefore cementing the 5565:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 5525:in the city of Bologna by 5495: 5426:Tadea of Austria (1523? – 4691:and master tapestry-maker 4545: 4429: 4303: 4197: 3639:, was a Spanish humanist. 3507: 3441: 3421:Order of the Golden Fleece 3312: 3143:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 2966:Frans Francken the Younger 2787:unified only in his person 2682:Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois 2644:fell under Ottoman control 2583: 2513:Charles III, Duke of Savoy 2004:a contract with the people 1747:, the last remnant of the 1691: 1533:Order of the Golden Fleece 1507:together with his sisters 1449:Order of the Golden Fleece 1177:Archduke of Austria (1519) 1145:Duchess of Burgundy (1477) 1074:Archduke of Austria (1493) 954:From the moment he became 931:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 873:, where Charles V was born 635:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 406: 29: 27651: 27630: 27614: 27593: 27562: 27541: 27533:James II, Count of Urgell 27520: 27512:Peter II, Count of Urgell 27494: 27453: 27412: 27376: 27350: 27334: 27313: 27305:Sancho, Count of Provence 27298:Peter, Count of Cerdanya/ 27285: 27259: 27243: 27165: 27140: 27133: 27093: 27086: 27066: 27050: 27012: 27005: 26978: 26925: 26907: 26900: 26819: 26743: 26730:Francis V, Duke of Modena 26647: 26566: 26530: 26504: 26463: 26412: 26349:Diego, Prince of Asturias 26331: 26300: 26279: 26263: 26247: 26221: 26214: 26163: 26034:Infante Balthasar Charles 25985: 25932: 25630: 25445: 25340: 25005: 24960: 24861:Leopold I the Illustrious 24851: 24752: 24741: 24710: 24706: 24699:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 24692: 24645: 24614: 24591: 24568: 24498: 24450: 24439: 24372: 24368: 24354: 24283: 24238: 24215: 24192: 24181: 24106:Elder House of Luxembourg 24104: 24100: 24086: 23833: 23804: 23754: 23554: 23317: 23202: 23109: 22878: 22801: 22790: 22773: 22703: 22684: 22665: 22643: 22619: 22600: 22289: 22248: 22199: 22132:Slavery in Spanish Empire 22043: 22032: 21938: 21927: 21825: 21719: 21712: 21597: 21446: 21439: 21432: 21419:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 21329: 21198: 21160:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 21122: 21066: 21062: 21051: 21020:Barcelona Trading Company 20987: 20944: 20940: 20929: 20833: 20785:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 20755: 20697: 20659: 20655: 20644: 20595: 20554: 20518: 20514: 20503: 20482: 20419: 20360: 20292:Venezuela, part of Guyana 20271: 20194: 20145:, Central United States ( 20134: 20048: 20037: 20026: 19877:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 19862:Expulsion of the Moriscos 19808: 19797: 19738: 19689: 19650: 19626: 19572: 19548: 19530: 19507: 19470: 19437: 19394: 19361: 19278: 19252: 19190: 19134: 19067: 19034: 19023: 18937: 18875: 18819: 18805: 18787: 18715: 18682: 18644: 18633: 18527: 18465: 18427: 18371: 18303: 18292: 18261: 18199: 18156: 18118: 18055: 18044: 18003: 17876: 17838: 17827: 17798: 17785: 17727: 17494: 17444: 17429: 17420: 17412: 17405: 17395: 17368: 17360: 17345: 17334: 17324: 17299: 17291: 17276: 17268: 17243: 17231: 17210: 17160: 17139: 17131: 17121: 17069: 17061: 17056: 17029: 16487:Sixteenth Century Journal 16214:10.1191/0266355403gh277xx 15622:24 September 2016 at the 15061:Hernandez, Bonar Ludwig. 14564:(in French) (1): 99–105. 14449:. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. 14253:Phillips, Andrew (2010). 14083:Mesa, Eduardo de (2014). 13822:. ABC-CLIO. p. 526. 13546:– via Google Books. 13489:– via Google Books. 13199:Austrian History Yearbook 13162:Sixteenth Century Journal 12550:Imperial Spain 1469–1716. 12473:; Modesto Lafuente (1861) 12271:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 12251:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 12150:"Gentenaars Stropdragers" 12108:– via Google Books. 11962:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11944:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11938:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11903:Parker, Geoffrey (2019). 11876:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11858:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11852:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11452:Wilson, Peter H. (2010). 11441:– via Google Books. 11293:– via Google Books. 11160:24 September 2021 at the 11142:Allgemeine Weltgeschichte 10727: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10446: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10360: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10028: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10008: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9564: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9302: 9300: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8981: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8820: 8818: 8688: 8686: 8662: 8660: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8468: 8466: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8231: 8229: 8075: 8073: 8065: 8063: 8007: 8005: 7997: 7995: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7889: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7258: 7256: 6686:A statue of Charles V in 6644:Franz Joseph I of Austria 6528: 5936: 5638:, King of all Spains, of 5529:in the medieval fashion. 5400:(1522–1586), daughter of 5313:Married her first cousin 5240:Married her first cousin 5085:doblas de oro castellanas 4866:second marriage in 1530, 4615: 4607: 4579: 4557: 4553: 4517: 4495: 4487: 4459: 4437: 4433: 4395: 4373: 4365: 4356:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 4337: 4315: 4311: 4275: 4253: 4245: 4217: 4201: 3808:Frontispiece of the 1542 3484:and 4.2 million from the 3303: 3203:Austrian hereditary lands 3177:(succeeded by his sister 2952:Division of the Habsburgs 2919:, rebelled again and the 2903:, capturing both. At the 2722:were filled with slaves. 2697:Habsburg–Persian alliance 2103:in 1530 when Charles was 1637:Austrian hereditary lands 1519:at the court of his aunt 1447:with the insignia of the 1373:were his godfathers, and 1272: 1264: 1230: 1205: 1201: 1174:Holy Roman Emperor (1519) 1152: 1127: 1119: 1085: 1077:Holy Roman Emperor (1508) 1061: 869:for "Princes' Court", in 861:The entrance gate to the 662:Austrian hereditary lands 556:Austrian hereditary lands 497: 487: 477: 467: 455: 422:Maria, Holy Roman Empress 399: 363: 350: 326: 302: 298: 288: 278: 270: 251: 238: 228: 220: 211: 198: 188: 178: 167: 153: 143: 133: 99: 89: 75: 58: 49: 44: 27656:also a prince of Majorca 27622:John, Prince of Asturias 27601:Charles, Prince of Viana 27466:James I, Count of Urgell 27195:also a prince of Belgium 27183:also a prince of Tuscany 27171:also an infante of Spain 25386:Frederick V the Peaceful 25145:Frederick V the Peaceful 24933:Frederick I the Catholic 24754:House of Nassau-Weilburg 24452:House of Valois-Burgundy 23205:(title disputed 887–933) 22654:Archduke John of Austria 22073:Quito painting tradition 22063:Cusco painting tradition 21424:García López de Cárdenas 21414:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 21321:Felipe González de Ahedo 21241:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 19818:Conquest of the Americas 16914:Manuel Fernández Álvarez 16900:Goldmann, München 1999, 16759:Salvatore Agati (2009). 16728:Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. 16714:Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. 16694:(2009), popular history. 16667:(2017), popular history; 16410:Tracy, James D. (2002). 16170:Alares, Gustavo (2020). 16097:Habsburg – H-Net reviews 16033:Dixon, C. Scott (2005). 15717:Museo Nacional del Prado 15687:Museo Nacional del Prado 15203:Wurzbach, Constantin von 14695:. Springer. p. 22. 14355:Häberlein, Mark (2012). 14219:Fuentes, Carlos (1999). 14185:Maltby, William (2017). 14117:Sandberg, Brian (2016). 13226:Fernand Braudel (1995). 12759:Whaley, Joachim (2011). 12694:Maria Theresa of Austria 12669:A History of All Nations 11794:Mortimer, Geoff (2015). 11766:. Springer. p. 21. 11404:. Troubador Publishing. 11398:Kanski, Jack J. (2019). 11376:Smedley, Edward (1845). 11167:Neue Deutsche Biographie 11139:Flathe, Theodor (1886). 10939:Duke/Duchess of Burgundy 10907: 6925:In another Verdi opera, 6880: 6852: 6259:King of Castile and León 5373:Henry, the Cardinal-King 5170: 5067:, daughter of his aunt, 4860:first marriage in 1518, 4172:Dynasty and private life 4086:conference at Valladolid 3913:Viceroyalty of New Spain 3637:secretary of the Emperor 3542:Niederländische Postkurs 3274:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2757:Ghent University Library 2624:Suleiman the Magnificent 2535:Suleiman the Magnificent 2523:in 1538 on the basis of 2515:, including his capital 1687: 1569:Province of Tierra Firme 1365:. The Burgundian nobles 1024:John, Prince of Asturias 1014:of Austria as honorific 824:Suleiman the Magnificent 786:during the struggle for 742:in 1521. The same year, 560:Burgundian Low Countries 417:Philip II, King of Spain 27852:Spanish Roman Catholics 27661:also a prince of Sicily 27394:Frederick III of Sicily 27189:also a prince of Modena 26486:Ferdinand IV of Hungary 26026:Infante Philip Prospero 24941:Leopold VI the Glorious 24877:Adalbert the Victorious 21858:Comuneros (New Granada) 21635:Balearic Islands (1558) 21354:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 21281:Ruy López de Villalobos 21236:Miguel López de Legazpi 21150:García de Toledo Osorio 20014:Western Sahara conflict 20004:Independence of Morocco 19944:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 19887:Piracy in the Caribbean 19872:French Wars of Religion 18797:Ferdinand I of Portugal 17005:Luminarium Encyclopedia 16958:Encyclopædia Britannica 16648:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 16365:Freiberg, Jack (2014). 15372:Encyclopædia Britannica 15343:Encyclopædia Britannica 15314:Encyclopædia Britannica 15281:Encyclopædia Britannica 15251:Encyclopædia Britannica 15174:Heath, Richard (2018). 15034:admin (7 August 2018). 14655:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 14477:Brisman, Shira (2017). 14287:Ágoston, Gábor (2021). 13782:Zunckel, Julia (1997). 13290:Joachim Whaley (2012). 13027:In particular, in this 12793:Simms, Brendan (2013). 12394:Encyclopædia Britannica 12369:5 February 2012 at the 12326:14 January 2012 at the 12303:5 February 2012 at the 11989:Heath, Richard (2018). 11842:, José Hernando Sanchez 11800:. Springer. p. 3. 11690:Encyclopedia Britannica 11513:Haemers, Jelle (2014). 11179:Bruno Gebhardt (1890). 11028:as Holy Roman Emperor; 10897:Royal Armoury of Madrid 10868:Habsburg family website 7005:Charles V is played by 6737:Royal Palace of Caserta 6699:Escutcheon of Charles V 5536:Following the death of 5508:Royal Armoury of Madrid 5492:Titles and coat of arms 5044:, the daughter of King 5020:, the daughter of King 4892:Christian II of Denmark 4129:Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda 3792:on the lower level and 3641:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 3587:as Postmaster General ( 3011:, in favour of his son 2921:Second Schmalkaldic War 2678:Franco-Ottoman alliance 2657:after its victories at 2279:Frederick III of Saxony 2059:French Wars of Religion 2012:Revolt of the Comuneros 1735:and, most notably, the 1626:Revolt of the Comuneros 1622:Revolt of the Germanies 1479:and covered modern-day 1290:Queen of Castile (1474) 1252:Queen of Castile (1504) 1186:Duke of Burgundy (1506) 1107:Duke of Burgundy (1482) 1038:of Spain by naming him 820:Franco-Ottoman alliance 691:, the expansion of the 532:Lord of the Netherlands 530:from 1516 to 1556, and 256:Lord of the Netherlands 27872:Sons of queens regnant 27827:Monarchs who abdicated 27580:Henry, Duke of Villena 27476:Frederick IV of Sicily 27440:John, Duke of Randazzo 26756:Maximilian I of Mexico 26751:Emperor Franz Joseph I 25939: 25394:Albert VI the Prodigal 25113:Albert III the Pigtail 25059:Leopold I the Glorious 25035:Rudolf II the Debonair 24925:Leopold V the Virtuous 24712:House of Orange-Nassau 24534:Isabella Clara Eugenia 22103:Colonial Spanish Horse 21777:Colonia del Sacramento 21000:Spanish treasure fleet 20577:Royal Decree of Graces 16776:D'Amico, Juan Carlos. 16617:Kleinschmidt, Harald. 15579:British History Online 15542:. Epilepsiemuseum.de. 15504:111.2 (2013): 114–121 15467:"VIII. Juan de Valdés" 14867:La Alhambra de Granada 14188:The Reign of Charles V 13948:Singer, P. W. (2011). 12992:. Personal.umich.edu. 12900:royalcollection.org.uk 12725:Beard, Joseph (2010). 12632:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 12522:. Weed, Parsons. 1899. 11458:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11011: 11002: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10864:"Habsburg family tree" 7009:in the upcoming movie 6773: 6713: 6691: 6668:Universitas Christiana 6635: 6526:with the inscription " 5606:Fall of Constantinople 5595:Isabella I of Castille 5591:Ferdinand II of Aragon 5510: 5013: 5001: 4990: 4825: 4783:mandibular prognathism 4733: 4478:Ferdinand II of Aragon 4169: 4140:that are prior to any 4094:Bartolomé de las Casas 4051:New Kingdom of Granada 3985:Bartholomeus V. Welser 3945:Bartolomé de las Casas 3813: 3776:style, with traces of 3764:palaces. Although the 3686:) in the newly formed 3540:family) developed the 3522: 3510:Kaiserliche Reichspost 3457: 3358: 3344: 3266: 3162: 3133:and Charles's sisters 3085: 3042: 2984: 2976: 2879:Colloquy of Regensburg 2804: 2760: 2743: 2726:Protestant Reformation 2636:Siege of Vienna (1529) 2615: 2594:Ottoman wars in Europe 2547:status quo ante bellum 2387: 2376: 2291:1519 Imperial election 2258: 2147:after victory against 2112: 1868: 1848: 1728: 1703: 1635:Charles inherited the 1501:Charles II of Burgundy 1468: 1452: 1393: 1255:Queen of Aragon (1516) 1220:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1180:King of Castile (1516) 1110:King of Castile (1506) 1070:Maximilian of Habsburg 968: 923:Ferdinand II of Aragon 919:Burgundian Netherlands 874: 715:empires, which caused 631:Ferdinand II of Aragon 27807:Knights of the Garter 26735:Ferdinand Karl Viktor 26629:Ferdinand Karl Joseph 25938: 25475:William the Courteous 25459:Rudolf IV the Founder 25362:William the Courteous 25121:Albert IV the Patient 25097:Rudolf IV the Founder 24994:Ottokar II of Bohemia 24970:Vladislaus of Moravia 24217:House of Hohenstaufen 23717:Parthenopean Republic 21261:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 21221:Juan Sebastián Elcano 20536:Council of the Indies 19897:Spanish–Moro conflict 19867:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 19827:Treaty of Tordesillas 18646:Astur-Leonese dynasty 17792:Monarchs' family tree 17371:King of Lower Navarre 17213:King of Upper Navarre 16524:Froude, James Anthony 16508:Ferer, Mary Tiffany. 16490:(2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. 15973:The Emperor Charles V 15970:Rady, Martyn (2014). 15271:"Maximilian I." 15117:(in European Spanish) 15096:Hanke, Lewis (1974). 14763:Osmanlı Araştırmaları 14327:. Brill. p. 42. 14321:Sherer, Idan (2017). 14151:Kamen, Henry (1969). 14012:Tracy, James (2008). 13655:Loades, Mike (2011). 13472:The Emperor Charles V 13469:Rady, Martyn (2014). 12562:Litta, Count Pompeo. 12536:9.3 (2005): 239–283. 12122:Kamen, Henry (2005). 7031:Male-line family tree 6995:Carlos, Rey Emperador 6964:covering the life of 6697: 6685: 6625: 6604:Royal Bend of Castile 5621:Emperor of the Romans 5587:Eastern Roman Emperor 5505: 5496:Further information: 5150:Missa 'Mort m'a privé 5007: 4996: 4980: 4942:and had no children. 4870:and had no children. 4823: 4773:Appearance and health 4598:Isabella I of Castile 4161: 3876:Council of the Indies 3834:Treaty of Tordesillas 3818:Isabella I of Castile 3807: 3740:Portrait of Charles V 3716:Juan Boscán Almogáver 3688:Council of the Indies 3517: 3449: 3427:were also recruited. 3407:. They surpassed the 3350: 3326: 3270:Council of the Indies 3246: 3156: 3079: 3037: 2982: 2959: 2947:Abdications and death 2799: 2749: 2733: 2708:expedition of Algiers 2655:Eastern Mediterranean 2605: 2586:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 2584:Further information: 2420:Saint George's Chapel 2402:, urged her husband, 2382: 2367: 2287:Henry VIII of England 2235: 2095:, a 1580 portrait by 2088: 2020:reconquer the kingdom 1906:, which consisted of 1854: 1839: 1714: 1701: 1464:, a 1532 portrait by 1458: 1451:prominently displayed 1442: 1387: 1287:Isabella I of Castile 1223:King of Aragon (1479) 1183:King of Aragon (1516) 943:directed against the 927:Isabella I of Castile 860: 818:and strengthened the 730:, Charles sided with 627:Isabella I of Castile 609:to Habsburg Archduke 171:14 March 1516 – 67:Portrait of Charles V 18:Charles V of Habsburg 27445:James III of Majorca 25467:Leopold III the Just 25354:Leopold III the Just 25105:Leopold III the Just 25051:Frederick I the Fair 24997:(claimant 1251–1278) 24989:(claimant 1250–1268) 24986:Frederick I of Baden 24981:(claimant 1248–1250) 24973:(claimant 1246–1247) 24917:Henry II Jasomirgott 24909:Leopold the Generous 24901:Leopold III the Good 24593:House of Wittelsbach 23415:Lothair III (or II) 22768:between 476 and 1556 22667:German Confederation 22621:German Confederation 22058:Mesoamerican Codices 21782:Comuneros (Paraguay) 21620:Siege of Castelnuovo 21206:Christopher Columbus 21025:Consulate of the Sea 21005:Casa de Contratación 20596:Titles and positions 19989:Spanish–American War 19979:Liberal constitution 19822:Asia and the Pacific 16797:17 July 2011 at the 16661:Norwich, John Julius 16630:MacDonald, Stewart. 16293:"Charles V, Emperor" 16134:on 27 September 2007 15747:The Brabant Ensemble 14570:10.3917/rma.261.0099 13658:Swords and Swordsmen 13338:10.1056/NEJMon060780 13171:7 April 2022 at the 12951:pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97 12478:4 April 2023 at the 12457:10 June 2008 at the 11221:25 July 2021 at the 11036:as Duke of Burgundy. 6998:and is portrayed by 6898:In the third act of 6705:, now housed at the 5632:King in (of) Germany 5412:, and secondly with 5406:Charles I de Lalaing 5369:Manuel I of Portugal 5077:John III of Portugal 5046:Manuel I of Portugal 5042:Isabella of Portugal 5022:Henry VII of England 4983:Isabella of Portugal 4964:John III of Portugal 4862:Manuel I of Portugal 4630:Isabella of Portugal 4071:Francisco de Vitoria 4057:, even if they were 3822:Christopher Columbus 3756:The building of the 3720:Garcilaso de la Vega 3621:Garcilaso de la Vega 3401:Georg von Frundsberg 3384:of Augsburg and the 3341:Georg von Frundsberg 3195:Isabella of Portugal 3096:. He arrived at the 2993:Palace of Coudenberg 2543:Franco-Ottoman fleet 2143:took Milan from the 1865:Isabella of Portugal 1855:The exterior of the 1717:Palace of Coudenberg 1641:Charles I of Austria 1620:Two rebellions, the 1473:Habsburg Netherlands 1359:Church of Saint John 1249:Joanna of Trastámara 964:Erasmus of Rotterdam 899:Joanna of Trastámara 891:Habsburg Netherlands 717:widespread inflation 681:the medieval concept 679:Charles revitalized 605:Charles was born in 584:Spanish colonization 388:; died 370:Isabella of Portugal 317:Habsburg Netherlands 27837:Princes of Asturias 27832:Nobility from Ghent 27802:Knights of Santiago 27772:Deaths from malaria 27767:Counts of Charolais 27757:Counts of Barcelona 27486:James IV of Majorca 27363:James II of Majorca 26965:Franz Karl Salvator 26827:Crown Prince Rudolf 26685:Frederick Ferdinand 26655:Emperor Ferdinand I 26481:Charles II of Spain 26354:Philip III of Spain 26271:Philip I of Castile 25043:Rudolf III the Good 24893:Leopold II the Fair 24845:Monarchs of Austria 24093:County of Luxemburg 22206:Carolingian dynasty 22193:Monarchs of Germany 21787:Cartagena de Indias 21409:Diego de Mazariegos 21379:Pere Fages i Beleta 21246:Sebastián de Ocampo 20727:Provincias Internas 20699:Captaincies General 20613:Municipal president 20582:School of Salamanca 20353:Spanish East Indies 20332:Misiones Orientales 20204:Spanish West Indies 20168:, Central America ( 20115:Pyrénées-Orientales 20068:Union with Portugal 19959:Napoleonic invasion 19939:War of Jenkins' Ear 19750:King/Queen of Spain 19628:House of Trastámara 19472:House of Trastámara 19136:House of Trastámara 18939:Astur-Leonese house 18821:House of Trastámara 18373:House of Trastámara 18120:House of Trastámara 17488:Holy Roman emperors 17302:Archduke of Austria 16721:Rosenthal, Earl E. 16697:Richardson, Glenn. 16501:Espinosa, Aurelio. 16011:, pp. 138–143. 15617:Palace of Charles V 14776:10.18589/oa.1041507 13414:. el-escorial.com. 13213:, pp. 229–248. 12988:Sandra Arlinghaus. 12968:A Great Expectation 12595:(2001) 19#1 pp 1–27 12415:on 24 February 2013 11277:Leitch, S. (2010). 11227:National Geographic 11195:William H. Prescott 10335:Archduke of Austria 10320:Archduke of Austria 9972:Archduke of Austria 9897:Archduke of Austria 9882:Archduke of Austria 9867:Archduke of Austria 9539:Archduke of Austria 9516:Archduke of Austria 8623:Archduke of Austria 8608:Archduke of Austria 6940:Television and film 6874:Alexander the Great 6866:Christopher Marlowe 6832:Napoleon Buonaparte 6748:Prinsenhof in Ghent 6703:John Singer Sargent 6588:Order of the Garter 6524:pillars of Hercules 6510:, modern Burgundy, 6374:Archduke of Austria 5748:Archduke of Austria 5617:by the grace of God 5583:Andreas Palaiologos 5398:Margaret of Austria 5113:Palace of Charles V 5069:Catherine of Aragon 5048:and Charles's aunt 5036:of France in 1514. 4868:Francis I of France 4767:Frederick the Great 4536:Joanna I of Castile 4388:Isabella of Bourbon 4294:Philip I of Castile 4268:Eleanor of Portugal 4075:School of Salamanca 3929:Viceroyalty of Peru 3778:Gothic architecture 3758:Palace of Charles V 3557:Philip the Handsome 3278:Viceroyalty of Peru 3175:Margaret of Austria 2974:Emperor Ferdinand I 2888:Counter-Reformation 2856:Schmalkaldic League 2848:Confessio Augustana 2844:Augsburg Confession 2714:confirmed that the 2701:Ottoman–Safavid War 2598:Barbary slave trade 2572:, and his brother, 2531:War resumed in 1542 2501:Francesco II Sforza 2486:English Reformation 2478:sack of Rome (1527) 2431:Francis I of France 2412:Order of the Garter 2400:Catherine of Aragon 2330:Archduke of Austria 2283:Francis I of France 2255:Nuremberg Chronicle 2195:Massimiliano Stampa 2172:Francis I of France 2164:Francesco II Sforza 2153:Battle of Marignano 2129:Kingdom of Sardinia 1947:Jiménez de Cisneros 1857:Palace of Charles V 1799:Seventeen Provinces 1694:Empire of Charles V 1643:, and obtained the 1565:Spanish West Indies 1379:Margaret of Austria 1333:Birth and childhood 1171:Charles of Habsburg 935:House of Trastámara 911:Archduke of Austria 903:Philip the Handsome 804:Schmalkaldic League 744:Francis I of France 625:, younger child of 611:Philip the Handsome 588:German colonization 554:with rule over the 526:from 1519 to 1556, 524:Archduke of Austria 472:Philip the Handsome 309:Prinsenhof of Ghent 283:Philip the Handsome 213:Archduke of Austria 93:28 June 1519 – 52:Imperator Romanorum 27817:Margraves of Namur 27787:Dukes of Montblanc 27762:Counts of Burgundy 27752:Castilian infantes 27742:Aragonese infantes 27638:Charles I of Spain 27528:Martin I of Sicily 27425:Peter II of Sicily 27237:Infantes of Aragon 27148:Ferdinand Zvonimir 26420:Philip IV of Spain 26308:Philip II of Spain 26208:Austrian archdukes 25940: 25883:Emanuele Filiberto 25491:Sigismund the Rich 25370:Leopold IV the Fat 25067:Albert II the Wise 24978:Herman VI of Baden 24869:Henry I the Strong 24853:House of Babenberg 24361:Duchy of Luxemburg 23798:Monarchs of Sicily 23548:Monarchs of Naples 22291:Kingdom of Germany 22255:Kingdom of Germany 22083:Academia Antártica 22038:Other civil topics 21404:Pánfilo de Narváez 21306:Sebastián Vizcaíno 21271:Andrés de Urdaneta 21231:Juan Ponce de León 21216:Ferdinand Magellan 21190:Bernardo de Gálvez 21089:Indian auxiliaries 20587:Trial of residence 20567:Laws of the Indies 20351:Asia and Oceania ( 20212:Dominican Republic 19363:House of Champagne 19318:García Sánchez III 18807:House of Lancaster 18057:House of Barcelona 17434:Title next held by 17423:Prince of Asturias 17348:Holy Roman Emperor 17184:Count of Barcelona 16967:Beach, Chandler B. 16948:"Charles V." 16920:. Stuttgart 1977, 16883:, Stuttgart 1999, 16705:Robertson, William 16387:Setton, Kenneth M. 16263:. 23 August 2021. 15884:Parker, Geoffrey. 15511:4 May 2021 at the 14873:on 19 October 2016 13987:networks.h-net.org 12906:on 6 December 2011 12446:2008-06-10 at the 12350:2012-02-05 at the 12228:Historia de Toledo 10929:Monarchs from the 10580:King of the Romans 10494:Prince of Asturias 9927:Margrave of Burgau 9912:Margrave of Burgau 9792:Prince of Asturias 6845:All Men Are Mortal 6840:Simone de Beauvoir 6750:where he was born. 6714: 6692: 6636: 6546:are incorporated. 6420:King of the Romans 6397:Holy Roman Emperor 6328:Count of Barcelona 6144:Count of Charolais 5740:King of the Indies 5561:Philip II of Spain 5511: 5437:Cornelis de Hooghe 5262:22 November 1529 – 5212:13 September 1598 5197:Philip II of Spain 5146:Thomas Crecquillon 5142:Monastery of Yuste 5101:Alcázar of Seville 5014: 5002: 4991: 4966:and had children. 4918:and had children. 4894:and had children. 4826: 4806:Monastery of Yuste 4762:Gulliver's Travels 4699:, a member of the 4572:John II of Castile 4113:Bartolomé Carranza 3981:Venezuela Province 3953:Antonio de Mendoza 3872:Council of Castile 3836:(1494), Spain and 3814: 3523: 3458: 3359: 3345: 3337:Marquis of Pescara 3215:King of the Romans 3199:Philip II of Spain 3163: 3135:Eleanor of Austria 3098:Monastery of Yuste 3094:Eleanor of Austria 3086: 3082:Monastery of Yuste 3033:resignation speech 3029:William the Silent 2985: 2977: 2970:Philip II of Spain 2917:Henry II of France 2901:Battle of Mühlberg 2871:ecumenical council 2852:Philip Melanchthon 2782:Ninety-five Theses 2769:Holy Roman Emperor 2761: 2744: 2720:markets of Algiers 2616: 2462:Parlement of Paris 2449:to Charles in the 2416:Garter stall plate 2398:, where his aunt, 2388: 2377: 2338:King of the Romans 2299:Holy Roman Emperor 2275:Holy Roman Emperor 2259: 2113: 2109:Holy Roman Emperor 2051:Antoine de Bourbon 1988:Kingdom of Navarre 1877:Prince of Asturias 1869: 1849: 1811:Pragmatic Sanction 1768:Pier Gerlofs Donia 1753:Hundred Years' War 1729: 1704: 1649:Holy Roman Emperor 1630:Philip II of Spain 1595:Charles I of Spain 1469: 1453: 1394: 1371:John III of Glymes 1355:Duke of Luxembourg 1104:Philip of Habsburg 1040:Prince of Asturias 1028:Isabella of Aragon 1020:line of succession 956:King of the Romans 875: 843:Monastery of Yuste 835:Philip II of Spain 812:Henry II of France 792:Algiers expedition 685:universal monarchy 586:and a short-lived 520:Holy Roman Emperor 337:Monastery of Yuste 293:Philip II of Spain 122:24 February 1530 ( 115:22 February 1530 ( 77:Holy Roman Emperor 27777:Dukes of Burgundy 27669: 27668: 27399:Sancho of Majorca 27203: 27202: 27161: 27160: 27129: 27128: 27082: 27081: 27022:Crown Prince Otto 27001: 27000: 26912:Emperor Charles I 26847:Leopold Ferdinand 26589:Alexander Leopold 26574:Emperor Francis I 26455:Sigismund Francis 26450:Ferdinand Charles 26394:Maximilian Ernest 26174: 26173: 26138:Infante Ferdinand 26066:Infante Ferdinand 25945: 25944: 25803:Balthasar Charles 25590: 25589: 25583: 25575: 25571:Sigismund Francis 25567: 25563:Ferdinand Charles 25559: 25551: 25543: 25535: 25527: 25519: 25511: 25503: 25495: 25487: 25479: 25471: 25463: 25452: 25447:House of Habsburg 25438: 25430: 25422: 25414: 25406: 25398: 25390: 25382: 25374: 25366: 25358: 25347: 25342:House of Habsburg 25333: 25325: 25317: 25309: 25301: 25293: 25285: 25281:Francis I Stephen 25277: 25269: 25261: 25253: 25252:(1657, 1665–1705) 25245: 25241:Sigismund Francis 25237: 25233:Ferdinand Charles 25229: 25221: 25213: 25212:(1590, 1619–1637) 25205: 25197: 25189: 25181: 25173: 25165: 25157: 25149: 25141: 25133: 25125: 25117: 25109: 25101: 25093: 25085: 25079: 25071: 25063: 25055: 25047: 25039: 25031: 25023: 25012: 25007:House of Habsburg 24998: 24990: 24982: 24974: 24953: 24945: 24937: 24929: 24921: 24913: 24905: 24897: 24889: 24881: 24873: 24865: 24811: 24810: 24807: 24806: 24803: 24802: 24688: 24687: 24684: 24683: 24677: 24669: 24661: 24638: 24630: 24616:House of Habsburg 24607: 24584: 24561: 24553: 24545: 24538: 24530: 24522: 24514: 24500:House of Habsburg 24491: 24482: 24474: 24466: 24434: 24426: 24415: 24404: 24396: 24388: 24350: 24349: 24346: 24345: 24339: 24331: 24323: 24315: 24307: 24299: 24276: 24268: 24257: 24231: 24208: 24176: 24168: 24160: 24152: 24144: 24136: 24128: 24120: 24042: 24041: 23835:Kingdom of Sicily 23764: 23763: 23758:Monarch of Sicily 23747: 23728: 23712: 23608: 23595: 23579: 23514: 23513: 23325:Holy Roman Empire 22732: 22731: 22658: 22657:(Imperial Regent) 22296:Holy Roman Empire 22225:Louis the Younger 22159: 22158: 22155: 22154: 22028: 22027: 21933:Spanish conquests 21923: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21915: 21914: 21911: 21910: 21708: 21707: 21389:Pedro de Alvarado 21374:Gaspar de Portolà 21369:Pedro de Valdivia 21344:Francisco Pizarro 21296:Nicolás de Ovando 21291:Alonso de Ercilla 21266:Alonso de Salazar 21099:Ships of the line 21047: 21046: 21043: 21042: 20925: 20924: 20921: 20920: 20640: 20639: 20636: 20635: 20499: 20498: 20495: 20494: 20471: 20470: 20428:Northern Africa ( 20424:Equatorial Guinea 20408: 20407: 20345: 20344: 20260: 20259: 20183: 20182: 20174:Spanish Caribbean 20147:Spanish Louisiana 20123: 20122: 20058:Crown of Castille 20022: 20021: 19999:Spanish Civil War 19974:Adams–Onís Treaty 19954:Nootka Convention 19902:Thirty Years' War 19892:Eighty Years' War 19813:Catholic Monarchs 19803:Timeline–immersed 19757: 19756: 19652:House of Habsburg 19308:García Sánchez II 19208: 19207: 19192:House of Habsburg 19069:House of Burgundy 18893: 18892: 18877:House of Habsburg 18717:House of Burgundy 18483: 18482: 18429:House of Habsburg 18305:House of Burgundy 18217: 18216: 18158:House of Habsburg 17959: 17958: 17779:Monarchs of Spain 17745: 17744: 17455: 17454: 17396:Succeeded by 17325:Succeeded by 17122:Succeeded by 17089:Margrave of Namur 17051:21 September 1558 17036:House of Habsburg 16972:"Charles V" 16943:Armstrong, Edward 16896:Ferdinant Seibt: 16881:Kohlhammer Verlag 16786:Norbert Conrads: 16688:Reston Jr., James 16635:Access to History 16565:Headley, John M. 16184:Casa de Velázquez 15873:The Golden Empire 15818:The Golden Empire 15776:The Golden Empire 15605:The Golden Empire 15413:The Golden Empire 15400:The Golden Empire 15387:The Golden Empire 15154:978-2-35412-284-3 14817:Goodwin, Robert, 13855:www.metmuseum.org 13685:Arms & Armour 13606:978-1-107-00630-0 13499:Including Austria 13086:www.gutenberg.org 12156:on 4 January 2014 11585:978-0-521-58811-9 11503:, Geoffrey Parker 11310:. Boydell Press. 11240:quoting Ariosto, 10931:House of Habsburg 10888: 10887: 10870:. 28 October 2023 10845: 10844: 10491:Balthasar Charles 10332:Sigismund Francis 10317:Ferdinand Charles 9954:Maximilian Ernest 7189:Count of Habsburg 7064:House of Habsburg 7023:The Serpent Queen 6977:Sebastian Armesto 6779:Charles De Coster 6726:Conquest of Tunis 6664:national catholic 6654:, located at the 6628:Peter Paul Rubens 6582:Arms of Charles, 6540:Cross of Burgundy 6480: 6479: 6470:12 September 1543 6447:12 September 1543 6240:25 September 1506 6217:25 September 1506 6194:25 September 1506 6190:Count of Hainault 6171:25 September 1506 6167:Count of Flanders 6151:21 September 1558 6148:25 September 1506 6125:25 September 1506 6102:25 September 1506 6079:25 September 1506 6075:Margrave of Namur 6056:25 September 1506 6052:Duke of Luxemburg 6033:25 September 1506 6010:25 September 1506 5987:25 September 1506 5964:25 September 1506 5840:Burgundy Palatine 5816:Count of Flanders 5736:King of Jerusalem 5471:Margaret of Parma 5451:Battle of Lepanto 5365: 5364: 5340:Died in infancy. 5335:19 October 1537 – 5310:7 September 1573 5267:Died in infancy. 5237:26 February 1603 4970: 4969: 4962:married in 1525, 4938:married in 1522, 4928:15 September 1505 4914:married in 1521, 4890:married in 1515, 4864:and had children; 4729:Castilian Spanish 4697:Adrian of Utrecht 4685:Bernard van Orley 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4452:John II of Aragon 4136:), rights of the 4121:Pedro de la Gasca 3962:rebellion in Peru 3958:Pedro de la Gasca 3949:Blasco Núñez Vela 3939:, by issuing the 3820:, who had funded 3766:Catholic Monarchs 3629:Alfonso de Valdés 3609:Kingdom of Naples 3585:Giovanni Battista 3409:Swiss mercenaries 3333:Bernard van Orley 3227:Charles de Lannoy 3223:hereditary rights 3191:Adrian of Utrecht 2989:House of Habsburg 2941:Peace of Augsburg 2925:Maurice of Saxony 2771:, Charles called 2763:The issue of the 2738:to appear at the 2651:conquest of Tunis 2608:conquest of Tunis 2490:Treaty of Cambrai 2297:, he was crowned 2267:Habsburg monarchy 2228:Holy Roman Empire 2222:Battle of Lepanto 2218:Battle of Preveza 2184:Charles de Lannoy 2168:Battle of Bicocca 2125:Kingdom of Sicily 2121:Kingdom of Naples 1871:In the Castilian 1653:Emperor Charles V 1607:until her death. 1555:of the crowns of 1466:Jakob Seisenegger 1445:Bernard van Orley 1367:Charles I de Croÿ 1363:Bishop of Tournai 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1026:and older sister 1008:Duchy of Burgundy 945:Kingdom of France 917:, heiress to the 895:Philip of Austria 831:Peace of Augsburg 754:(1525). In 1527, 738:an outlaw at the 623:Joanna of Castile 546:, extending from 544:Holy Roman Empire 540:House of Habsburg 509: 508: 330:21 September 1558 321:Holy Roman Empire 247: 207: 108:23 October 1520 ( 16:(Redirected from 27884: 27847:Spanish infantes 27662: 27657: 27230: 27223: 27216: 27207: 27206: 27138: 27137: 27091: 27090: 27010: 27009: 26905: 26904: 26862:Leopold Salvator 26720:Rainer Ferdinand 26201: 26194: 26187: 26178: 26177: 26169: 26168: 25972: 25965: 25958: 25949: 25948: 25937: 25617: 25610: 25603: 25594: 25593: 25581: 25573: 25565: 25557: 25549: 25541: 25533: 25525: 25517: 25509: 25501: 25493: 25485: 25477: 25469: 25461: 25450: 25436: 25428: 25420: 25412: 25404: 25396: 25388: 25380: 25372: 25364: 25356: 25345: 25331: 25323: 25321:Francis Joseph I 25315: 25307: 25299: 25291: 25283: 25275: 25267: 25259: 25251: 25243: 25235: 25227: 25219: 25211: 25203: 25195: 25187: 25179: 25171: 25163: 25155: 25147: 25139: 25131: 25123: 25115: 25107: 25099: 25091: 25083: 25077: 25075:Otto I the Merry 25069: 25061: 25053: 25045: 25037: 25029: 25021: 25010: 24996: 24988: 24980: 24972: 24951: 24943: 24935: 24927: 24919: 24911: 24903: 24895: 24887: 24885:Ernest the Brave 24879: 24871: 24863: 24838: 24831: 24824: 24815: 24814: 24747: 24708: 24707: 24694: 24693: 24675: 24667: 24659: 24636: 24628: 24605: 24582: 24570:House of Bourbon 24559: 24551: 24543: 24536: 24528: 24520: 24512: 24489: 24480: 24472: 24464: 24445: 24432: 24421: 24410: 24402: 24394: 24386: 24374:House of Limburg 24370: 24369: 24356: 24355: 24337: 24329: 24321: 24313: 24305: 24297: 24285:House of Limburg 24274: 24263: 24252: 24229: 24206: 24187: 24174: 24166: 24158: 24150: 24142: 24134: 24126: 24118: 24102: 24101: 24088: 24087: 24069: 24062: 24055: 24046: 24045: 23806:County of Sicily 23791: 23784: 23777: 23768: 23767: 23745: 23726: 23710: 23606: 23593: 23577: 23541: 23534: 23527: 23518: 23517: 23506: 23498: 23490: 23482: 23474: 23466: 23458: 23450: 23442: 23434: 23426: 23418: 23410: 23402: 23394: 23386: 23378: 23370: 23362: 23354: 23346: 23338: 23319:Kingdom of Italy 23309: 23301: 23287: 23279: 23271: 23257: 23243: 23235: 23221: 23194: 23186: 23178: 23170: 23162: 23154: 23146: 23138: 23130: 23122: 23101: 23093: 23085: 23077: 23069: 23061: 23053: 23045: 23037: 23029: 23021: 23013: 23005: 22997: 22989: 22981: 22973: 22965: 22957: 22949: 22941: 22933: 22925: 22917: 22909: 22899: 22891: 22870: 22862: 22854: 22846: 22838: 22830: 22822: 22814: 22796: 22784: 22759: 22752: 22745: 22736: 22735: 22656: 22215:Louis the German 22186: 22179: 22172: 22163: 22162: 22034: 22033: 22000:Chibchan Nations 21929: 21928: 21898:Santiago de Cuba 21757:Guadalupe Island 21717: 21716: 21444: 21443: 21437: 21436: 21399:Diego de Almagro 21276:Antonio de Ulloa 21180:Ambrosio Spinola 21175:Pedro de Zubiaur 21145:Alfonso d'Avalos 21135:Antonio de Leyva 21079:Army of Flanders 21064: 21063: 21053: 21052: 20942: 20941: 20931: 20930: 20657: 20656: 20646: 20645: 20516: 20515: 20505: 20504: 20473: 20472: 20446:Peñón of Algiers 20410: 20409: 20347: 20346: 20262: 20261: 20185: 20184: 20167: 20125: 20124: 20039: 20038: 20028: 20027: 19949:Seven Years' War 19922:Queen Anne's War 19799: 19798: 19784: 19777: 19770: 19761: 19760: 19691:House of Bourbon 19574:House of Bourbon 19298:García Sánchez I 19280:House of Jiménez 19253:House of Íñiguez 19235: 19228: 19221: 19212: 19211: 19036:House of Jiménez 19029: 18920: 18913: 18906: 18897: 18896: 18684:House of Jiménez 18639: 18510: 18503: 18496: 18487: 18486: 18467:House of Bourbon 18298: 18263:House of Jiménez 18244: 18237: 18230: 18221: 18220: 18201:House of Bourbon 18050: 18005:House of Jiménez 17986: 17979: 17972: 17963: 17962: 17833: 17788:List of monarchs 17772: 17765: 17758: 17749: 17748: 17735: 17734: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17458: 17457: 17447:Prince of Girona 17413:Preceded by 17361:Preceded by 17292:Preceded by 17283:Count of Zutphen 17279:Duke of Guelders 17269:Preceded by 17232:Preceded by 17132:Preceded by 17062:Preceded by 17052: 17045: 17044:24 February 1500 17027: 17026: 16985: 16983: 16974: 16962: 16950: 16930: 16910: 16893: 16872: 16855: 16838: 16821: 16804: 16783: 16773: 16671:Parker, Geoffrey 16614: 16612: 16610: 16588:Holmes, David L. 16572:Heath, Richard. 16555: 16553: 16551: 16415: 16406: 16382: 16361: 16352: 16350: 16348: 16329: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16242: 16223: 16217: 16206: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16167: 16161: 16150: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16091:Kohler, Alfred. 16088: 16082: 16076: 16070: 16064: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16012: 16006: 16000: 15994: 15988: 15987: 15967: 15961: 15952: 15946: 15945: 15937: 15931: 15930: 15922: 15916: 15915: 15895: 15889: 15882: 15876: 15869: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15858: 15839: 15833: 15827: 15821: 15814: 15805: 15798: 15792: 15785: 15779: 15772: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15739: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15679: 15673: 15667: 15661: 15660: 15633: 15627: 15614: 15608: 15601: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15590: 15571: 15565: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15551: 15535: 15529: 15522: 15516: 15498: 15492: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15462: 15456: 15449: 15443: 15437: 15431: 15430: 15422: 15416: 15409: 15403: 15396: 15390: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15368: 15357: 15348: 15347: 15339: 15328: 15319: 15318: 15306: 15295: 15286: 15285: 15273: 15265: 15256: 15255: 15247: 15236: 15227: 15226: 15210: 15199: 15190: 15189: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15136: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15111: 15102: 15101: 15093: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15031: 15022: 15021: 15019: 15017: 14997: 14991: 14982: 14976: 14967: 14961: 14954: 14948: 14941: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14902: 14896: 14891:Simms, Brendan, 14889: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14828: 14822: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14804: 14778: 14754: 14748: 14747: 14745: 14743: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14686: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14675: 14652: 14646: 14645: 14635: 14611: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14553: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14542: 14536: 14519: 14508: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14474: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14401: 14395: 14389: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14284: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14250: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14239: 14216: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14080: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14009: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13979: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13886: 13880: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13802: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13711: 13705: 13704: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13548: 13547: 13527: 13518: 13515: 13509: 13506: 13500: 13497: 13491: 13490: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13455: 13449: 13442: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13408: 13402: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13376: 13367:(1–2): 107–109. 13356: 13350: 13349: 13321: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13223: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13195: 13189: 13182: 13176: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13078: 13072: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13038: 13032: 13025: 13019: 13012: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12985: 12979: 12960: 12954: 12947: 12941: 12935: 12929: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12902:. Archived from 12892: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12858: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12824: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12688: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12602: 12596: 12589: 12583: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12559: 12553: 12546: 12540: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12489: 12483: 12467: 12461: 12435: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12411:. Archived from 12405: 12399: 12398: 12390: 12379: 12373: 12360: 12354: 12341: 12335: 12318: 12312: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12178:. Archived from 12172: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12152:. Archived from 12146: 12140: 12139: 12119: 12110: 12109: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12063: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12032: 12026: 12017: 12014: 12005: 12004: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11681: 11672: 11671: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11596: 11590: 11589: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11556: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11538: 11521: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11489: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11472:on 7 April 2022. 11468:. Archived from 11449: 11443: 11442: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11395: 11384: 11383: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11345: 11339: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11274: 11268: 11267: 11258: 11252: 11235: 11229: 11213: 11204: 11192: 11186: 11177: 11171: 11152: 11146: 11137: 11131: 11124: 11118: 11109: 11100: 11099: 11064: 11037: 11023: 11017: 10948: 10942: 10927: 10921: 10918: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10860: 10839: 10824: 10615: 10600: 10585: 10514: 10499: 10340: 10325: 10310: 10295: 10280: 10227: 10212: 10197: 9992: 9977: 9962: 9947: 9932: 9917: 9902: 9887: 9872: 9857: 9842: 9827: 9812: 9797: 9544: 9521: 9490: 9451: 9272: 9193: 9168: 9159: 9088: 9076: 8887: 8762: 8731: 8628: 8613: 8598: 8567: 8434: 8411: 8396: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8360: 8197: 8182: 8161: 8130: 8115: 8102: 8049: 8044: 8021: 8019:Albertinian line 8016: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7808: 7793: 7778: 7763: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7727: 7544: 7529: 7510: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7129: 7124: 7071: 7070: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7000:Álvaro Cervantes 6970:Diet of Augsburg 6956:Torben Liebrecht 6817: 6784:Thyl Ulenspiegel 6776: 6678:Public monuments 6599: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6533: 6532: 6508:ancient Burgundy 6466:Duke of Guelders 6462: 6443:Count of Zutphen 6439: 6427:24 February 1530 6416: 6393: 6370: 6347: 6324: 6301: 6278: 6255: 6236:Count of Zeeland 6232: 6213:Count of Holland 6209: 6186: 6163: 6140: 6117: 6094: 6071: 6048: 6025: 6002: 5979: 5960:Duke of Burgundy 5955: 5934: 5933: 5752:Duke of Burgundy 5542:Battle of Mohacs 5527:Pope Clement VII 5481: 5467: 5455:Barbara Blomberg 5432: 5429: 5388:Germaine of Foix 5355: 5332: 5305: 5282: 5259: 5232: 5207: 5178: 5177: 5161:Barbara Blomberg 5157:Germaine de Foix 4958: 4955:12 February 1578 4934: 4910: 4886: 4856: 4853:25 February 1558 4850:15 November 1498 4828: 4827: 4738: 4735:Cortes Generales 4693:Pieter van Aelst 4191: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4067:Spanish nobility 4047:Crown of Castile 3855:(1519–21) under 3737:, including the 3728:Turkish invasion 3704:Pope Clement VII 3669:Native Americans 3535: 3264: 3256:Imperium Romanum 3139:Maria of Hungary 3131:Maria of Austria 2905:Augsburg Interim 2884:Council of Trent 2835:Diet of Augsburg 2818:. The spread of 2706:During the 1541 2671:Barbary corsairs 2632:Battle of Mohács 2626:. The defeat of 2622:and its sultan, 2539:conquest of Nice 2470:Pope Clement VII 2466:League of Cognac 2451:Treaty of Madrid 2360:Wars with France 2311:papal coronation 2303:Pope Clement VII 2295:24 February 1530 2091:Pope Clement VII 2055:Henry of Navarre 1896:Alonso de Aragón 1832:Spanish kingdoms 1764:Frisian peasants 1749:Burgundian State 1428:Germaine de Foix 1407:Queen of Castile 1390:Bernhard Strigel 1375:Margaret of York 1343:Burgundian State 1339:Charles the Bold 1142:Mary of Burgundy 1055: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1036:heir presumptive 1004:Duke of Burgundy 974:Mathias Corvinus 971: 940:League of Venice 915:Mary of Burgundy 800:Council of Trent 772:Pope Clement VII 750:that led to the 697:wars with France 619:Mary of Burgundy 568:southern Italian 536:Duke of Burgundy 505: 447: 437: 410: 393: 391: 387: 383: 341:Crown of Castile 333: 306:24 February 1500 261:Duke of Burgundy 245: 205: 174: 63: 42: 41: 21: 27892: 27891: 27887: 27886: 27885: 27883: 27882: 27881: 27862:Royal reburials 27857:Counts of Malta 27672: 27671: 27670: 27665: 27660: 27655: 27647: 27631:17th generation 27626: 27615:16th generation 27610: 27594:15th generation 27589: 27563:14th generation 27558: 27542:13th generation 27537: 27521:12th generation 27516: 27495:11th generation 27490: 27471:Louis of Sicily 27454:10th generation 27449: 27408: 27372: 27346: 27330: 27309: 27281: 27255: 27239: 27234: 27204: 27199: 27157: 27134:19th generation 27125: 27087:18th generation 27078: 27062: 27046: 27014: 27006:17th generation 26997: 26980: 26974: 26970:Hubert Salvator 26927: 26921: 26901:16th generation 26896: 26857:Peter Ferdinand 26852:Josef Ferdinand 26832:Franz Ferdinand 26820:15th generation 26815: 26796:Charles Stephen 26781:Ludwig Salvator 26744:14th generation 26739: 26648:13th generation 26643: 26619:Cardinal Rudolf 26567:12th generation 26562: 26531:11th generation 26526: 26500: 26459: 26445:Leopold Wilhelm 26408: 26327: 26296: 26275: 26259: 26243: 26217: 26210: 26205: 26175: 26170: 26166: 26161: 26154:Infante Alfonso 26146:Infante Charles 26090:Infante Charles 26074:Infante Charles 26018:Infante Charles 26010:Infante Alfonso 25981: 25976: 25946: 25941: 25935: 25930: 25811:Philip Prospero 25626: 25621: 25591: 25586: 25449: 25441: 25378:Ernest the Iron 25344: 25336: 25009: 25001: 24956: 24847: 24842: 24812: 24799: 24756: 24748: 24739: 24714: 24702: 24680: 24649: 24641: 24618: 24610: 24595: 24587: 24572: 24564: 24502: 24494: 24454: 24446: 24437: 24376: 24364: 24342: 24287: 24279: 24242: 24234: 24219: 24211: 24196: 24188: 24179: 24108: 24096: 24082: 24073: 24043: 24038: 23829: 23800: 23795: 23765: 23760: 23750: 23550: 23545: 23515: 23510: 23504: 23496: 23488: 23480: 23472: 23464: 23456: 23448: 23440: 23432: 23424: 23416: 23408: 23400: 23392: 23384: 23376: 23368: 23360: 23352: 23344: 23336: 23327: 23322: 23313: 23307: 23299: 23285: 23277: 23269: 23255: 23241: 23233: 23219: 23204: 23198: 23192: 23184: 23176: 23168: 23160: 23152: 23144: 23136: 23128: 23120: 23105: 23099: 23091: 23083: 23075: 23067: 23059: 23051: 23043: 23035: 23027: 23019: 23011: 23003: 22995: 22987: 22979: 22971: 22963: 22955: 22947: 22939: 22931: 22923: 22915: 22907: 22897: 22889: 22874: 22868: 22860: 22852: 22844: 22836: 22828: 22820: 22812: 22797: 22788: 22782: 22769: 22763: 22733: 22728: 22699: 22680: 22661: 22639: 22615: 22596: 22463:Frederick (III) 22294: 22285: 22253: 22244: 22240:Louis the Child 22230:Charles the Fat 22204: 22195: 22190: 22160: 22151: 22127:Old inquisition 22039: 22024: 21934: 21907: 21863:Trinidad (1797) 21833:La Noche Triste 21821: 21817:San Juan (1797) 21767:San Juan (1595) 21704: 21593: 21433:Notable battles 21428: 21394:Martín de Ursúa 21325: 21256:Alonso de Ojeda 21226:Juan de la Cosa 21211:Pinzón brothers 21194: 21165:John of Austria 21140:Martín de Goiti 21118: 21058: 21039: 20983: 20936: 20917: 20829: 20825:Terra Australis 20820:Río de la Plata 20765:Castilla de Oro 20751: 20693: 20689:Río de la Plata 20651: 20632: 20591: 20550: 20546:Santa Hermandad 20510: 20491: 20487:Terra Australis 20478: 20467: 20434:Spanish Morocco 20415: 20404: 20395:Northern Taiwan 20356: 20341: 20312:Río de la Plata 20267: 20256: 20190: 20189:Central America 20179: 20161: 20130: 20119: 20063:Crown of Aragon 20044: 20033: 20018: 19934:Bourbon Reforms 19804: 19793: 19788: 19758: 19753: 19734: 19693:- Upper Navarre 19685: 19654:- Upper Navarre 19646: 19630:- Upper Navarre 19622: 19576:- Lower Navarre 19568: 19552:- Lower Navarre 19550:House of Albret 19544: 19532:House of Albret 19526: 19517:Francis Phoebus 19503: 19466: 19439:House of Évreux 19433: 19390: 19357: 19274: 19248: 19239: 19209: 19204: 19186: 19130: 19063: 19030: 19021: 18967:Alfonso Fróilaz 18933: 18924: 18894: 18889: 18871: 18815: 18801: 18783: 18711: 18678: 18640: 18631: 18523: 18514: 18484: 18479: 18461: 18423: 18367: 18299: 18290: 18257: 18248: 18218: 18213: 18195: 18152: 18114: 18051: 18042: 17999: 17990: 17960: 17955: 17872: 17834: 17825: 17794: 17781: 17776: 17746: 17741: 17723: 17490: 17485: 17450: 17435: 17426: 17418: 17407:Spanish royalty 17401: 17384: 17374: 17366: 17355: 17350: 17340: 17337:King of Germany 17330: 17321: 17316: 17304: 17297: 17286: 17281: 17274: 17272:William I and V 17255: 17253: 17246:King of Castile 17241: 17218: 17216: 17197: 17195: 17182: 17147: 17145: 17137: 17127: 17118: 17113: 17094:Count of Artois 17092: 17087: 17072:Duke of Brabant 17067: 17046: 17040: 17039: 17032: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16908: 16891: 16875:Ernst Schulin: 16870: 16853: 16841:Alfred Kohler: 16836: 16824:Alfred Kohler: 16819: 16802: 16799:Wayback Machine 16781: 16771: 16756: 16754:Other languages 16730:Young Charles V 16718:(1988), 375 pp. 16608: 16606: 16604: 16549: 16547: 16540: 16429: 16423: 16421:Further reading 16418: 16414:. Cambridge UP. 16403: 16379: 16346: 16344: 16306: 16304: 16286: 16281: 16280: 16270: 16268: 16255: 16254: 16250: 16240: 16238: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16207: 16203: 16193: 16191: 16168: 16164: 16151: 16147: 16137: 16135: 16120: 16116: 16106: 16104: 16089: 16085: 16079:Ferdinandy 2021 16077: 16073: 16065: 16061: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16031: 16027: 16019: 16015: 16009:Enepekides 1960 16007: 16003: 15995: 15991: 15984: 15968: 15964: 15953: 15949: 15938: 15934: 15923: 15919: 15912: 15896: 15892: 15883: 15879: 15870: 15866: 15856: 15854: 15841: 15840: 15836: 15828: 15824: 15815: 15808: 15799: 15795: 15786: 15782: 15773: 15766: 15756: 15754: 15741: 15740: 15736: 15726: 15724: 15711: 15710: 15706: 15696: 15694: 15681: 15680: 15676: 15672:, pp. 6–7. 15668: 15664: 15657: 15642:Philip of Spain 15634: 15630: 15624:Wayback Machine 15615: 15611: 15602: 15598: 15588: 15586: 15573: 15572: 15568: 15563: 15559: 15549: 15547: 15536: 15532: 15523: 15519: 15513:Wayback Machine 15499: 15495: 15490: 15486: 15476: 15474: 15463: 15459: 15450: 15446: 15438: 15434: 15423: 15419: 15410: 15406: 15397: 15393: 15384: 15380: 15358: 15351: 15329: 15322: 15299:Poupardin, René 15296: 15289: 15266: 15259: 15237: 15230: 15200: 15193: 15186: 15172: 15168: 15159: 15157: 15155: 15137: 15130: 15120: 15118: 15113: 15112: 15105: 15094: 15090: 15080: 15078: 15059: 15055: 15045: 15043: 15032: 15025: 15015: 15013: 15006:The Independent 14998: 14994: 14990:, v. 4, 417–418 14983: 14979: 14968: 14964: 14955: 14951: 14942: 14938: 14928: 14926: 14919: 14903: 14899: 14890: 14886: 14876: 14874: 14859: 14855: 14845: 14843: 14836:granadainfo.com 14830: 14829: 14825: 14816: 14812: 14802: 14800: 14755: 14751: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14721: 14717: 14707: 14705: 14703: 14687: 14683: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14653: 14649: 14612: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14554: 14550: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14528: 14517: 14509: 14505: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14475: 14471: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14441: 14437: 14427: 14425: 14418: 14402: 14398: 14390: 14383: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14353: 14349: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14285: 14281: 14271: 14269: 14267: 14251: 14247: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14183: 14179: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14149: 14145: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14115: 14111: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14081: 14074: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14044: 14040: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14010: 14006: 13996: 13994: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13946: 13942: 13932: 13930: 13928: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13887: 13883: 13878: 13874: 13864: 13862: 13849: 13848: 13844: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13814: 13810: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13780: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13730: 13728: 13712: 13708: 13680: 13676: 13669: 13653: 13649: 13639: 13637: 13624: 13620: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13589: 13585: 13575: 13573: 13565: 13564: 13560: 13555: 13551: 13544: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13494: 13487: 13467: 13463: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13421: 13419: 13410: 13409: 13405: 13396: 13392: 13384: 13380: 13357: 13353: 13326:N. Engl. J. Med 13322: 13318: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13288: 13284: 13267: 13263: 13258: 13254: 13244: 13242: 13240: 13224: 13217: 13209: 13205: 13196: 13192: 13183: 13179: 13173:Wayback Machine 13164:(1982): 75–106 13159: 13155: 13145: 13143: 13130: 13129: 13125: 13118: 13104: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13080: 13079: 13075: 13066: 13062: 13055: 13039: 13035: 13026: 13022: 13013: 13009: 12999: 12997: 12986: 12982: 12961: 12957: 12949:Froude (1891), 12948: 12944: 12937:Holmes (1993), 12936: 12932: 12928:(Osprey, 1996). 12924:Angus Konstam, 12923: 12919: 12909: 12907: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12859: 12855: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12825: 12821: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12791: 12787: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12723: 12719: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12689: 12685: 12675: 12673: 12664: 12660: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12630: 12626: 12603: 12599: 12590: 12586: 12575: 12571: 12560: 12556: 12547: 12543: 12531: 12527: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12490: 12486: 12480:Wayback Machine 12468: 12464: 12459:Wayback Machine 12448:Wayback Machine 12436: 12429: 12418: 12416: 12407: 12406: 12402: 12380: 12376: 12371:Wayback Machine 12361: 12357: 12352:Wayback Machine 12342: 12338: 12328:Wayback Machine 12319: 12315: 12305:Wayback Machine 12296: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12262: 12260: 12249: 12245: 12238: 12224: 12220: 12213: 12199: 12195: 12185: 12183: 12182:on 4 March 2016 12174: 12173: 12169: 12159: 12157: 12148: 12147: 12143: 12136: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12076: 12054: 12050: 12042: 12035: 12031:, Pierre Chaunu 12027: 12020: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11953: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11867: 11865: 11850: 11846: 11838: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11758: 11754: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11682: 11675: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11618: 11614: 11597: 11593: 11586: 11570: 11566: 11550: 11549: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11499: 11492: 11481: 11477: 11466: 11450: 11446: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11396: 11387: 11374: 11370: 11363: 11346: 11342: 11329: 11325: 11318: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11238:Pagden, Anthony 11236: 11232: 11223:Wayback Machine 11214: 11207: 11193: 11189: 11178: 11174: 11162:Wayback Machine 11153: 11149: 11138: 11134: 11125: 11121: 11110: 11103: 11088: 11080:. p. 716. 11065: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11016: 10949: 10945: 10928: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10910: 10893: 10884: 10883: 10873: 10871: 10862: 10861: 10857: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10302:Leopold Wilhelm 10293: 10292: 10289: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10195: 10194: 10191: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9160: 9157: 9077: 9074: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8432: 8431: 8429:Duke of Austria 8428: 8409: 8408: 8406:Duke of Austria 8405: 8394: 8393: 8391:Duke of Austria 8390: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8370:Duke of Austria 8369: 8358: 8357: 8355:Duke of Austria 8354: 8195: 8194: 8192:Duke of Austria 8191: 8180: 8179: 8178:Duke of Austria 8177: 8159: 8158: 8156:Duke of Austria 8155: 8128: 8127: 8125:Duke of Austria 8124: 8113: 8112: 8100: 8099: 8097:Duke of Austria 8096: 8047:Leopoldian line 8045: 8042: 8017: 8014: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7806: 7805: 7803:Duke of Austria 7802: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7776: 7775: 7773:Duke of Austria 7772: 7761: 7760: 7758:Duke of Austria 7757: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7542: 7541: 7539:Duke of Austria 7538: 7527: 7526: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7125: 7122: 7062: 7033: 6942: 6883: 6855: 6811: 6805:Louis Paul Boon 6781:'s masterpiece 6768: 6733:Ghent City Hall 6680: 6660:Francoist Spain 6620: 6614: 6607: 6602:Variant of the 6600: 6591: 6580: 6571: 6568: 6559: 6556: 6473:25 October 1555 6450:25 October 1555 6424:23 October 1520 6381:12 January 1521 6378:12 January 1519 6335:16 January 1556 6315:Charles I (II) 6312:16 January 1556 6289:16 January 1556 6266:16 January 1556 6243:25 October 1555 6220:25 October 1555 6197:25 October 1555 6174:25 October 1555 6128:25 October 1555 6121:Count of Artois 6105:5 February 1556 6082:25 October 1555 6059:25 October 1555 6036:25 October 1555 6029:Duke of Lothier 6013:25 October 1555 6006:Duke of Limburg 5990:25 October 1555 5983:Duke of Brabant 5967:25 October 1555 5718:, King of both 5500: 5494: 5487: 5486: 5485:John of Austria 5482: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5447:John of Austria 5430: 5421:Henry of Nassau 5392:Geoffrey Parker 5348: 5336: 5325: 5309: 5298: 5275: 5263: 5252: 5236: 5225: 5211: 5200: 5173: 5165:John of Austria 5061:William de Croÿ 5050:Maria of Aragon 5010:John of Austria 4975: 4956: 4952:14 January 1507 4932: 4931:18 October 1558 4908: 4884: 4883:19 January 1526 4865: 4854: 4818: 4775: 4717: 4709:William de Croÿ 4705:Thomas à Kempis 4681: 4676: 4179: 4174: 4109:Domingo de Soto 3973:Gonzalo Pizarro 3964:coincided with 3902:northern Mexico 3802: 3617: 3538:Thurn und Taxis 3529: 3527:Franz von Taxis 3512: 3506: 3444: 3356:Battle of Pavia 3329:Battle of Pavia 3321: 3311: 3309:Military system 3306: 3265: 3262: 3251:house of Fugger 3187:Regent of Spain 3179:Mary of Hungary 3151: 3090:Mary of Hungary 3074: 3054:prince-electors 3018:Pope Julius III 2954: 2949: 2897:Philip of Hesse 2728: 2600: 2582: 2443:Battle of Pavia 2362: 2334:elect Ferdinand 2322:Imperial Cities 2230: 2210:Barbary pirates 2208:and its vassal 2188:Battle of Pavia 2170:1522. In 1524, 2145:House of Sforza 2117:Crown of Aragon 2111:by Clement VII. 2083: 2071:Barbary pirates 2043:Jeanne d'Albret 2035:July Revolution 1904:Crown of Aragon 1834: 1772:Wijard Jelckama 1709: 1696: 1690: 1674:House of Nassau 1525:William de Croÿ 1437: 1335: 1330: 855: 782:. However, the 760:defended Vienna 756:Rome was sacked 752:Battle of Pavia 724:King of Germany 646:with his mother 492:Catholic Church 451: 442:John of Austria 404: 403: 395: 379: 375: 372: 359: 335: 331: 307: 265: 215: 173:16 January 1556 172: 162: 129: 94: 85: 71: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27890: 27880: 27879: 27874: 27869: 27864: 27859: 27854: 27849: 27844: 27839: 27834: 27829: 27824: 27822:Child monarchs 27819: 27814: 27809: 27804: 27799: 27794: 27789: 27784: 27782:Dukes of Milan 27779: 27774: 27769: 27764: 27759: 27754: 27749: 27744: 27739: 27734: 27729: 27724: 27719: 27714: 27709: 27704: 27699: 27694: 27689: 27684: 27667: 27666: 27664: 27663: 27658: 27652: 27649: 27648: 27646: 27645: 27640: 27634: 27632: 27628: 27627: 27625: 27624: 27618: 27616: 27612: 27611: 27609: 27608: 27603: 27597: 27595: 27591: 27590: 27588: 27587: 27582: 27577: 27572: 27566: 27564: 27560: 27559: 27557: 27556: 27551: 27545: 27543: 27539: 27538: 27536: 27535: 27530: 27524: 27522: 27518: 27517: 27515: 27514: 27509: 27504: 27498: 27496: 27492: 27491: 27489: 27488: 27483: 27478: 27473: 27468: 27463: 27457: 27455: 27451: 27450: 27448: 27447: 27442: 27437: 27432: 27427: 27422: 27416: 27414: 27413:9th generation 27410: 27409: 27407: 27406: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27386: 27380: 27378: 27377:8th generation 27374: 27373: 27371: 27370: 27365: 27360: 27354: 27352: 27351:7th generation 27348: 27347: 27345: 27344: 27338: 27336: 27335:6th generation 27332: 27331: 27329: 27328: 27323: 27317: 27315: 27314:5th generation 27311: 27310: 27308: 27307: 27302: 27296: 27289: 27287: 27286:4th generation 27283: 27282: 27280: 27279: 27274: 27269: 27263: 27261: 27260:2nd generation 27257: 27256: 27254: 27253: 27247: 27245: 27244:1st generation 27241: 27240: 27233: 27232: 27225: 27218: 27210: 27201: 27200: 27198: 27197: 27191: 27185: 27179: 27173: 27166: 27163: 27162: 27159: 27158: 27156: 27155: 27150: 27144: 27142: 27135: 27131: 27130: 27127: 27126: 27124: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27108: 27103: 27097: 27095: 27088: 27084: 27083: 27080: 27079: 27077: 27076: 27070: 27068: 27064: 27063: 27061: 27060: 27054: 27052: 27048: 27047: 27045: 27044: 27039: 27034: 27029: 27024: 27018: 27016: 27007: 27003: 27002: 26999: 26998: 26996: 26995: 26990: 26984: 26982: 26976: 26975: 26973: 26972: 26967: 26962: 26957: 26952: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26931: 26929: 26923: 26922: 26920: 26919: 26914: 26908: 26902: 26898: 26897: 26895: 26894: 26892:Joseph Francis 26889: 26884: 26879: 26874: 26872:Albrecht Franz 26869: 26867:Franz Salvator 26864: 26859: 26854: 26849: 26844: 26842:Ferdinand Karl 26839: 26834: 26829: 26823: 26821: 26817: 26816: 26814: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26798: 26793: 26788: 26783: 26778: 26773: 26768: 26763: 26758: 26753: 26747: 26745: 26741: 26740: 26738: 26737: 26732: 26727: 26725:Heinrich Anton 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26705:Leopold Ludwig 26702: 26697: 26692: 26687: 26682: 26680:Karl Ferdinand 26677: 26672: 26667: 26662: 26657: 26651: 26649: 26645: 26644: 26642: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26596: 26591: 26586: 26581: 26576: 26570: 26568: 26564: 26563: 26561: 26560: 26555: 26550: 26545: 26543:Charles Joseph 26540: 26534: 26532: 26528: 26527: 26525: 26524: 26519: 26517:Leopold Joseph 26514: 26508: 26506: 26505:9th generation 26502: 26501: 26499: 26498: 26496:Charles Joseph 26493: 26488: 26483: 26478: 26473: 26467: 26465: 26464:8th generation 26461: 26460: 26458: 26457: 26452: 26447: 26442: 26437: 26432: 26427: 26422: 26416: 26414: 26413:7th generation 26410: 26409: 26407: 26406: 26401: 26396: 26391: 26386: 26381: 26376: 26374:Maximilian III 26371: 26366: 26361: 26356: 26351: 26346: 26341: 26335: 26333: 26332:6th generation 26329: 26328: 26326: 26325: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26304: 26302: 26301:5th generation 26298: 26297: 26295: 26294: 26289: 26283: 26281: 26280:4th generation 26277: 26276: 26274: 26273: 26267: 26265: 26264:3rd generation 26261: 26260: 26258: 26257: 26251: 26249: 26248:2nd generation 26245: 26244: 26242: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26225: 26223: 26222:1st generation 26219: 26218: 26215: 26212: 26211: 26204: 26203: 26196: 26189: 26181: 26172: 26171: 26164: 26162: 26160: 26159: 26151: 26143: 26135: 26127: 26119: 26114:Infanta Joanna 26111: 26103: 26098:Infanta Joanna 26095: 26087: 26079: 26071: 26063: 26055: 26050:Infante Philip 26047: 26039: 26031: 26023: 26015: 26007: 26002:Infante Felipe 25998: 25997: 25995:(2014-present) 25991:Infanta Leonor 25986: 25983: 25982: 25975: 25974: 25967: 25960: 25952: 25943: 25942: 25933: 25931: 25929: 25928: 25920: 25912: 25904: 25896: 25888: 25880: 25872: 25864: 25856: 25848: 25840: 25832: 25824: 25816: 25808: 25800: 25792: 25784: 25776: 25768: 25760: 25752: 25744: 25736: 25728: 25720: 25712: 25704: 25696: 25688: 25680: 25672: 25664: 25656: 25648: 25640: 25631: 25628: 25627: 25620: 25619: 25612: 25605: 25597: 25588: 25587: 25585: 25584: 25576: 25568: 25560: 25552: 25544: 25536: 25528: 25520: 25512: 25504: 25496: 25488: 25480: 25472: 25464: 25455: 25453: 25443: 25442: 25440: 25439: 25431: 25423: 25415: 25407: 25399: 25391: 25383: 25375: 25367: 25359: 25350: 25348: 25338: 25337: 25335: 25334: 25326: 25318: 25310: 25302: 25294: 25286: 25278: 25270: 25262: 25254: 25246: 25238: 25230: 25222: 25214: 25206: 25198: 25190: 25182: 25174: 25166: 25158: 25150: 25142: 25134: 25126: 25118: 25110: 25102: 25094: 25086: 25080: 25072: 25064: 25056: 25048: 25040: 25032: 25024: 25015: 25013: 25003: 25002: 25000: 24999: 24991: 24983: 24975: 24966: 24964: 24958: 24957: 24955: 24954: 24946: 24938: 24930: 24922: 24914: 24906: 24898: 24890: 24882: 24874: 24866: 24857: 24855: 24849: 24848: 24841: 24840: 24833: 24826: 24818: 24809: 24808: 24805: 24804: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24791: 24785: 24779: 24776:Marie-Adélaïde 24773: 24767: 24760: 24758: 24757:(1890–present) 24750: 24749: 24742: 24740: 24738: 24737: 24731: 24725: 24718: 24716: 24704: 24703: 24690: 24689: 24686: 24685: 24682: 24681: 24679: 24678: 24670: 24662: 24653: 24651: 24643: 24642: 24640: 24639: 24631: 24622: 24620: 24612: 24611: 24609: 24608: 24599: 24597: 24589: 24588: 24586: 24585: 24576: 24574: 24566: 24565: 24563: 24562: 24554: 24546: 24531: 24523: 24515: 24506: 24504: 24496: 24495: 24493: 24492: 24484: 24475: 24467: 24458: 24456: 24448: 24447: 24440: 24438: 24436: 24435: 24427: 24416: 24405: 24397: 24389: 24380: 24378: 24366: 24365: 24352: 24351: 24348: 24347: 24344: 24343: 24341: 24340: 24332: 24324: 24316: 24308: 24300: 24291: 24289: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24277: 24269: 24258: 24246: 24244: 24240:House of Namur 24236: 24235: 24233: 24232: 24223: 24221: 24213: 24212: 24210: 24209: 24200: 24198: 24194:House of Namur 24190: 24189: 24182: 24180: 24178: 24177: 24169: 24161: 24153: 24145: 24137: 24129: 24121: 24112: 24110: 24098: 24097: 24084: 24083: 24072: 24071: 24064: 24057: 24049: 24040: 24039: 24037: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24019:Victor Amadeus 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23916: 23911: 23906: 23901: 23896: 23891: 23886: 23881: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23861: 23856: 23851: 23846: 23840: 23838: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23811: 23809: 23802: 23801: 23794: 23793: 23786: 23779: 23771: 23762: 23761: 23755: 23752: 23751: 23749: 23748: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23720: 23713: 23704: 23698: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23674: 23668: 23662: 23656: 23650: 23645: 23640: 23635: 23630: 23625: 23619: 23614: 23609: 23601: 23596: 23588: 23583: 23572: 23567: 23562: 23555: 23552: 23551: 23544: 23543: 23536: 23529: 23521: 23512: 23511: 23509: 23508: 23500: 23495:Frederick III 23492: 23484: 23476: 23468: 23460: 23452: 23444: 23436: 23428: 23420: 23412: 23404: 23396: 23388: 23380: 23372: 23364: 23356: 23348: 23340: 23331: 23329: 23315: 23314: 23312: 23311: 23303: 23289: 23281: 23273: 23259: 23245: 23237: 23223: 23208: 23206: 23200: 23199: 23197: 23196: 23188: 23180: 23172: 23164: 23156: 23148: 23140: 23132: 23124: 23115: 23113: 23107: 23106: 23104: 23103: 23095: 23087: 23079: 23071: 23063: 23055: 23047: 23039: 23031: 23023: 23015: 23007: 22999: 22991: 22983: 22975: 22967: 22959: 22951: 22943: 22935: 22927: 22919: 22911: 22901: 22893: 22884: 22882: 22876: 22875: 22873: 22872: 22864: 22856: 22848: 22840: 22832: 22824: 22816: 22807: 22805: 22799: 22798: 22791: 22789: 22787: 22786: 22777: 22775: 22771: 22770: 22766:Kings of Italy 22762: 22761: 22754: 22747: 22739: 22730: 22729: 22727: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22710: 22708: 22701: 22700: 22698: 22697: 22691: 22689: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22678: 22676:Franz Joseph I 22672: 22670: 22663: 22662: 22660: 22659: 22650: 22648: 22641: 22640: 22638: 22637: 22632: 22626: 22624: 22617: 22616: 22614: 22613: 22607: 22605: 22598: 22597: 22595: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22524: 22519: 22514: 22509: 22504: 22499: 22494: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22364:Lothair II/III 22361: 22356: 22351: 22344: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22301: 22299: 22287: 22286: 22284: 22283: 22278: 22271: 22266: 22260: 22258: 22246: 22245: 22243: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22211: 22209: 22197: 22196: 22189: 22188: 22181: 22174: 22166: 22157: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22149: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22123: 22122: 22112: 22111: 22110: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22044: 22041: 22040: 22030: 22029: 22026: 22025: 22023: 22022: 22017: 22012: 22007: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21981: 21980: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21943:Canary Islands 21939: 21936: 21935: 21925: 21924: 21921: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21913: 21912: 21909: 21908: 21906: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21829: 21827: 21823: 21822: 21820: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21797:Túpac Amaru II 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21742:Bogotá savanna 21739: 21734: 21729: 21723: 21721: 21714: 21710: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21703: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21650:Spanish Armada 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21601: 21599: 21595: 21594: 21592: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21566: 21561: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21544:White Mountain 21541: 21539:Cape Celidonia 21536: 21534:English Armada 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21476: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21450: 21448: 21441: 21434: 21430: 21429: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21346: 21341: 21335: 21333: 21327: 21326: 21324: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21311:Juan Fernández 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21286:Diego Columbus 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21202: 21200: 21196: 21195: 21193: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21126: 21124: 21120: 21119: 21117: 21116: 21114:Army of Africa 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21094:Spanish Armada 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21070: 21068: 21060: 21059: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21044: 21041: 21040: 21038: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20995:Manila galleon 20991: 20989: 20985: 20984: 20982: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20950: 20948: 20938: 20937: 20927: 20926: 20923: 20922: 20919: 20918: 20916: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20839: 20837: 20831: 20830: 20828: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20761: 20759: 20753: 20752: 20750: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20703: 20701: 20695: 20694: 20692: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20665: 20663: 20653: 20652: 20642: 20641: 20638: 20637: 20634: 20633: 20631: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20599: 20597: 20593: 20592: 20590: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20558: 20556: 20552: 20551: 20549: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20522: 20520: 20512: 20511: 20509:Administration 20501: 20500: 20497: 20496: 20493: 20492: 20490: 20489: 20483: 20480: 20479: 20469: 20468: 20466: 20465: 20430:Western Sahara 20426: 20420: 20417: 20416: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20343: 20342: 20340: 20339: 20328:Banda Oriental 20309: 20295: 20272: 20269: 20268: 20258: 20257: 20255: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20201: 20195: 20192: 20191: 20181: 20180: 20178: 20177: 20143:Coastal Alaska 20135: 20132: 20131: 20121: 20120: 20118: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20077: 20076: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20049: 20046: 20045: 20035: 20034: 20024: 20023: 20020: 20019: 20017: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19925: 19924: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19815: 19809: 19806: 19805: 19795: 19794: 19791:Spanish Empire 19787: 19786: 19779: 19772: 19764: 19755: 19754: 19746:King of France 19742:King of Aragon 19739: 19736: 19735: 19733: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19696: 19694: 19687: 19686: 19684: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19657: 19655: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19644: 19639: 19633: 19631: 19624: 19623: 19621: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19570: 19569: 19567: 19566: 19561: 19555: 19553: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19542: 19536: 19534: 19528: 19527: 19525: 19524: 19519: 19513: 19511: 19505: 19504: 19502: 19501: 19496: 19489: 19482: 19476: 19474: 19468: 19467: 19465: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19443: 19441: 19435: 19434: 19432: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19400: 19398: 19396:House of Capet 19392: 19391: 19389: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19367: 19365: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19343:García Ramírez 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19284: 19282: 19276: 19275: 19273: 19272: 19267: 19265:García Íñiguez 19262: 19256: 19254: 19250: 19249: 19238: 19237: 19230: 19223: 19215: 19206: 19205: 19203: 19202: 19196: 19194: 19188: 19187: 19185: 19184: 19175: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19140: 19138: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19073: 19071: 19065: 19064: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19040: 19038: 19032: 19031: 19024: 19022: 19020: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18943: 18941: 18935: 18934: 18923: 18922: 18915: 18908: 18900: 18891: 18890: 18888: 18887: 18881: 18879: 18873: 18872: 18870: 18869: 18860: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18825: 18823: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18809: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18799: 18793: 18791: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18721: 18719: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18688: 18686: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18650: 18648: 18642: 18641: 18634: 18632: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18533: 18531: 18525: 18524: 18513: 18512: 18505: 18498: 18490: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18471: 18469: 18463: 18462: 18460: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18433: 18431: 18425: 18424: 18422: 18421: 18412: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18377: 18375: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18309: 18307: 18301: 18300: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18267: 18265: 18259: 18258: 18247: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18224: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18211: 18205: 18203: 18197: 18196: 18194: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18162: 18160: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18124: 18122: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18061: 18059: 18053: 18052: 18045: 18043: 18041: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18009: 18007: 18001: 18000: 17989: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17966: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17882: 17880: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17844: 17842: 17840:Personal union 17836: 17835: 17828: 17826: 17824: 17823: 17814: 17804: 17802: 17800:Dynastic union 17796: 17795: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17775: 17774: 17767: 17760: 17752: 17743: 17742: 17740: 17739: 17728: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17495: 17492: 17491: 17484: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17461: 17453: 17452: 17442: 17441: 17433: 17428: 17419: 17414: 17410: 17409: 17403: 17402: 17397: 17394: 17367: 17362: 17358: 17357: 17343: 17342: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17323: 17318:Count of Tyrol 17306:Duke of Styria 17298: 17293: 17289: 17288: 17275: 17270: 17266: 17265: 17242: 17233: 17229: 17228: 17208: 17207: 17163:King of Aragon 17158: 17157: 17142:King of Naples 17138: 17133: 17129: 17128: 17123: 17120: 17068: 17063: 17059: 17058: 17057:Regnal titles 17054: 17053: 17033: 17030: 17025: 17024: 17018: 17017: 17009: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16969:, ed. (1914). 16963: 16953:Chisholm, Hugh 16937: 16936:External links 16934: 16932: 16931: 16911: 16894: 16873: 16856: 16839: 16822: 16805: 16784: 16774: 16769:978-8877512871 16755: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16748:978-1400061259 16733: 16726: 16725:(1986) 383 pp. 16719: 16712: 16702: 16695: 16685: 16683:978-0300254860 16668: 16658: 16645: 16643:978-0340749227 16628: 16626:978-0750924047 16615: 16602: 16584: 16582:978-1725852785 16570: 16563: 16556: 16538: 16520: 16518:978-1843836995 16506: 16499: 16482: 16472: 16459: 16449:Blockmans, Wim 16446: 16439: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16407: 16401: 16383: 16378:978-1107042971 16377: 16362: 16353: 16330: 16313: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16279: 16278: 16248: 16218: 16201: 16162: 16145: 16114: 16083: 16071: 16059: 16046:978-3402065747 16045: 16025: 16023:, p. 152. 16013: 16001: 15999:, p. 463. 15989: 15983:978-1317880820 15982: 15962: 15947: 15932: 15917: 15911:978-1139481151 15910: 15890: 15877: 15864: 15834: 15822: 15806: 15793: 15780: 15764: 15734: 15704: 15674: 15662: 15656:978-0300070811 15655: 15628: 15626:, Alhambra.org 15609: 15596: 15566: 15557: 15530: 15517: 15493: 15484: 15457: 15444: 15432: 15417: 15404: 15391: 15378: 15363:, ed. (1911). 15361:Chisholm, Hugh 15349: 15334:, ed. (1911). 15332:Chisholm, Hugh 15320: 15309:Chisholm, Hugh 15287: 15276:Chisholm, Hugh 15257: 15245:"Joanna" 15242:, ed. (1911). 15240:Chisholm, Hugh 15228: 15205:, ed. (1861). 15191: 15185:978-1725852785 15184: 15166: 15153: 15128: 15103: 15088: 15053: 15023: 14992: 14977: 14975:, v. 4, p. 177 14962: 14949: 14936: 14917: 14897: 14884: 14853: 14823: 14810: 14749: 14736:978-0719040580 14735: 14715: 14702:978-0230554436 14701: 14681: 14668:978-3110454574 14667: 14647: 14603: 14548: 14527:978-0199602971 14526: 14503: 14490:978-0226354897 14489: 14469: 14456:978-1440848568 14455: 14435: 14417:978-3642543319 14416: 14396: 14394:, p. 349. 14392:Behringer 2011 14381: 14368:978-0813932446 14367: 14347: 14334:978-9004337725 14333: 14313: 14300:978-0691205380 14299: 14279: 14266:978-1139494014 14265: 14245: 14232:978-0395924990 14231: 14211: 14198:978-0230629080 14197: 14177: 14164:978-0253190253 14163: 14143: 14130:978-1509503025 14129: 14109: 14096:978-1843839514 14095: 14072: 14059:978-1780968735 14058: 14038: 14025:978-0191607288 14024: 14004: 13974: 13961:978-0801459603 13960: 13940: 13927:978-3050049953 13926: 13906: 13881: 13872: 13842: 13829:978-1851096978 13828: 13808: 13795:978-3428088072 13794: 13774: 13761:978-3476000606 13760: 13740: 13727:978-1442699021 13726: 13706: 13674: 13668:978-1848847033 13667: 13647: 13618: 13605: 13583: 13558: 13549: 13543:978-1476608891 13542: 13519: 13510: 13501: 13492: 13486:978-1317880820 13485: 13461: 13438:"A-Panteo.Pdf" 13429: 13403: 13390: 13378: 13361:Parassitologia 13351: 13332:(5): 516–520. 13316: 13303:978-0198731016 13302: 13282: 13272:Zurich Letters 13261: 13252: 13239:978-0520203303 13238: 13215: 13203: 13190: 13177: 13153: 13123: 13116: 13098: 13073: 13060: 13053: 13033: 13020: 13007: 12980: 12955: 12942: 12930: 12917: 12887: 12874:978-0786491032 12873: 12853: 12840:978-0664227135 12839: 12819: 12806:978-0465065950 12805: 12785: 12772:978-0191617218 12771: 12751: 12738:978-3838339641 12737: 12717: 12704:978-1446545553 12703: 12683: 12658: 12645:978-0691007953 12644: 12624: 12607:German History 12597: 12593:German History 12584: 12569: 12554: 12541: 12525: 12509: 12503:978-8476817360 12502: 12484: 12462: 12427: 12400: 12385:, ed. (1911). 12383:Chisholm, Hugh 12374: 12365:, pp. 139–140 12355: 12336: 12313: 12290: 12243: 12236: 12218: 12212:978-8493414078 12211: 12193: 12167: 12141: 12134: 12111: 12105:978-1845935467 12104: 12084: 12075:978-0226645599 12074: 12048: 12033: 12018: 12006: 12000:978-1725852785 11999: 11981: 11929: 11916:978-0300241020 11915: 11895: 11844: 11832: 11820: 11807:978-1137543851 11806: 11786: 11773:978-3319743479 11772: 11752: 11750:, p. 204. 11740: 11727:978-9004422445 11726: 11707: 11686:"Maximilian I" 11673: 11667:978-3935279338 11666: 11646: 11633:978-1108499255 11632: 11612: 11591: 11584: 11564: 11529:978-9038224008 11528: 11505: 11490: 11475: 11465:978-1137069771 11464: 11444: 11438:978-1440848568 11437: 11417: 11411:978-1789017182 11410: 11385: 11368: 11362:978-0521789783 11361: 11340: 11336:978-0141926605 11323: 11317:978-1843836995 11316: 11296: 11290:978-0230112988 11289: 11269: 11253: 11250:978-0307431592 11230: 11205: 11187: 11172: 11147: 11132: 11119: 11101: 11087:978-0871691620 11086: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11005: 10996: 10987: 10978: 10969: 10960: 10950: 10943: 10922: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10854: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10827: 10825: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10607:Charles Joseph 10603: 10601: 10588: 10586: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10502: 10500: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10328: 10326: 10313: 10311: 10298: 10296: 10283: 10281: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10215: 10213: 10200: 10198: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9980: 9978: 9965: 9963: 9950: 9948: 9935: 9933: 9920: 9918: 9905: 9903: 9890: 9888: 9875: 9873: 9864:Maximilian III 9860: 9858: 9845: 9843: 9830: 9828: 9815: 9813: 9800: 9798: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8726:the Posthumous 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8616: 8614: 8601: 8599: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8399: 8397: 8384: 8382: 8363: 8361: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8185: 8183: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8118: 8116: 8105: 8103: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7811: 7809: 7796: 7794: 7781: 7779: 7766: 7764: 7751: 7749: 7730: 7728: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7532: 7530: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7018:Rupert Everett 7014: 7003: 6986: 6973: 6952: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6923: 6900:Giuseppe Verdi 6896: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6870:Mephistopheles 6861:Doctor Faustus 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6836: 6823: 6801:Het geuzenboek 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6751: 6740: 6729: 6679: 6676: 6634:, 17th century 6616:Main article: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6592: 6581: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6550: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404:27 August 1556 6402: 6399: 6394: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6351:King of Naples 6348: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6305:King of Sicily 6302: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6282:King of Aragon 6279: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6233: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6118: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6095: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5716:Canary Islands 5515:Pope Julius II 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5417: 5395: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358:21 April 1539 5356: 5349: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337:20 March 1538 5333: 5326: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5308:24 June 1535 – 5306: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5235:21 June 1528 – 5233: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5172: 5169: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4959:(aged 71) 4953: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4935:(aged 53) 4929: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4911:(aged 61) 4905: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4887:(aged 24) 4881: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4858: 4857:(aged 59) 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4817: 4814: 4774: 4771: 4757:Jonathan Swift 4716: 4713: 4689:Albrecht Dürer 4680: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510:Juana Enriquez 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4001:African slaves 3966:one in Germany 3801: 3798: 3724:Isle of Rhodes 3696:Count Palatine 3633:Juan de Valdés 3616: 3613: 3605:Tunis campaign 3505: 3502: 3443: 3440: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3260: 3193:(succeeded by 3150: 3149:Administration 3147: 3073: 3070: 3050:Spanish Empire 3009:Duchy of Milan 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2860:standstill of 2828:Swabian League 2824:Thomas Muntzer 2795:Edict of Worms 2753:Lucas de Heere 2727: 2724: 2693:Safavid Empire 2620:Ottoman Empire 2612:Alcázar Palace 2581: 2578: 2526:uti possidetis 2509:Duchy of Milan 2361: 2358: 2246:Imperial Diets 2236:A panorama of 2229: 2226: 2206:Ottoman Empire 2137:Duchy of Milan 2097:Jacopo Ligozzi 2082: 2081:Italian states 2079: 2067:Ottoman Empire 1833: 1830: 1708: 1705: 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1663:imperial diets 1615:Further Beyond 1553:dynastic union 1529:Pope Adrian VI 1491:. It excluded 1436: 1433: 1388:A painting by 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1006:(although the 854: 851: 780:captured Tunis 693:Ottoman Empire 592:personal union 552:northern Italy 507: 506: 499: 495: 494: 489: 485: 484: 479: 475: 474: 469: 465: 464: 459: 453: 452: 450: 449: 439: 429: 424: 419: 413: 411: 397: 396: 377: 373: 368: 367: 365: 361: 360: 354: 352: 348: 347: 334:(aged 58) 328: 324: 323: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 209: 208: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 169: 165: 164: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 120: 113: 105: 103: 97: 96: 95:27 August 1556 91: 87: 86: 79: 73: 72: 64: 56: 55: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27889: 27878: 27875: 27873: 27870: 27868: 27867:Sons of kings 27865: 27863: 27860: 27858: 27855: 27853: 27850: 27848: 27845: 27843: 27840: 27838: 27835: 27833: 27830: 27828: 27825: 27823: 27820: 27818: 27815: 27813: 27810: 27808: 27805: 27803: 27800: 27798: 27795: 27793: 27790: 27788: 27785: 27783: 27780: 27778: 27775: 27773: 27770: 27768: 27765: 27763: 27760: 27758: 27755: 27753: 27750: 27748: 27745: 27743: 27740: 27738: 27735: 27733: 27730: 27728: 27725: 27723: 27720: 27718: 27715: 27713: 27710: 27708: 27705: 27703: 27700: 27698: 27695: 27693: 27690: 27688: 27685: 27683: 27680: 27679: 27677: 27659: 27654: 27653: 27650: 27644: 27641: 27639: 27636: 27635: 27633: 27629: 27623: 27620: 27619: 27617: 27613: 27607: 27604: 27602: 27599: 27598: 27596: 27592: 27586: 27583: 27581: 27578: 27576: 27573: 27571: 27568: 27567: 27565: 27561: 27555: 27552: 27550: 27547: 27546: 27544: 27540: 27534: 27531: 27529: 27526: 27525: 27523: 27519: 27513: 27510: 27508: 27505: 27503: 27500: 27499: 27497: 27493: 27487: 27484: 27482: 27479: 27477: 27474: 27472: 27469: 27467: 27464: 27462: 27459: 27458: 27456: 27452: 27446: 27443: 27441: 27438: 27436: 27433: 27431: 27428: 27426: 27423: 27421: 27418: 27417: 27415: 27411: 27405: 27402: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27392: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27381: 27379: 27375: 27369: 27366: 27364: 27361: 27359: 27356: 27355: 27353: 27349: 27343: 27340: 27339: 27337: 27333: 27327: 27324: 27322: 27319: 27318: 27316: 27312: 27306: 27303: 27301: 27297: 27295: 27291: 27290: 27288: 27284: 27278: 27275: 27273: 27270: 27268: 27265: 27264: 27262: 27258: 27252: 27249: 27248: 27246: 27242: 27238: 27231: 27226: 27224: 27219: 27217: 27212: 27211: 27208: 27196: 27192: 27190: 27186: 27184: 27180: 27178: 27174: 27172: 27168: 27167: 27164: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27145: 27143: 27139: 27136: 27132: 27122: 27119: 27117: 27114: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27104: 27102: 27099: 27098: 27096: 27092: 27089: 27085: 27075: 27072: 27071: 27069: 27065: 27059: 27056: 27055: 27053: 27049: 27043: 27040: 27038: 27035: 27033: 27030: 27028: 27025: 27023: 27020: 27019: 27017: 27011: 27008: 27004: 26994: 26991: 26989: 26986: 26985: 26983: 26977: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26953: 26951: 26948: 26946: 26945:Leopold Maria 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26932: 26930: 26924: 26918: 26915: 26913: 26910: 26909: 26906: 26903: 26899: 26893: 26890: 26888: 26885: 26883: 26880: 26878: 26877:Karl Albrecht 26875: 26873: 26870: 26868: 26865: 26863: 26860: 26858: 26855: 26853: 26850: 26848: 26845: 26843: 26840: 26838: 26835: 26833: 26830: 26828: 26825: 26824: 26822: 26818: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26806:Joseph August 26804: 26802: 26799: 26797: 26794: 26792: 26789: 26787: 26786:John Salvator 26784: 26782: 26779: 26777: 26776:Karl Salvator 26774: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26766:Ludwig Viktor 26764: 26762: 26759: 26757: 26754: 26752: 26749: 26748: 26746: 26742: 26736: 26733: 26731: 26728: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26698: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26690:Wilhelm Franz 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26671: 26668: 26666: 26663: 26661: 26658: 26656: 26653: 26652: 26650: 26646: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26609:Rainer Joseph 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26590: 26587: 26585: 26582: 26580: 26577: 26575: 26572: 26571: 26569: 26565: 26559: 26556: 26554: 26551: 26549: 26546: 26544: 26541: 26539: 26536: 26535: 26533: 26529: 26523: 26520: 26518: 26515: 26513: 26510: 26509: 26507: 26503: 26497: 26494: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26479: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26468: 26466: 26462: 26456: 26453: 26451: 26448: 26446: 26443: 26441: 26438: 26436: 26433: 26431: 26428: 26426: 26423: 26421: 26418: 26417: 26415: 26411: 26405: 26402: 26400: 26397: 26395: 26392: 26390: 26389:Ferdinand III 26387: 26385: 26382: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26355: 26352: 26350: 26347: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26336: 26334: 26330: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26314: 26313:Maximilian II 26311: 26309: 26306: 26305: 26303: 26299: 26293: 26290: 26288: 26285: 26284: 26282: 26278: 26272: 26269: 26268: 26266: 26262: 26256: 26253: 26252: 26250: 26246: 26240: 26237: 26235: 26232: 26230: 26227: 26226: 26224: 26220: 26213: 26209: 26202: 26197: 26195: 26190: 26188: 26183: 26182: 26179: 26158: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26144: 26142: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26104: 26102: 26099: 26096: 26094: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26064: 26062: 26059: 26058:Infante Diego 26056: 26054: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26040: 26038: 26035: 26032: 26030: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26008: 26006: 26003: 26000: 25999: 25996: 25993: 25992: 25988: 25987: 25984: 25980: 25973: 25968: 25966: 25961: 25959: 25954: 25953: 25950: 25927: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25913: 25911: 25908: 25905: 25903: 25900: 25897: 25895: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25849: 25847: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25785: 25783: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25769: 25767: 25764: 25761: 25759: 25756: 25753: 25751: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25729: 25727: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25713: 25711: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25697: 25695: 25692: 25689: 25687: 25684: 25681: 25679: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25665: 25663: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25633: 25632: 25629: 25625: 25618: 25613: 25611: 25606: 25604: 25599: 25598: 25595: 25580: 25577: 25572: 25569: 25564: 25561: 25556: 25553: 25548: 25547:Ferdinand III 25545: 25540: 25537: 25532: 25529: 25524: 25521: 25516: 25513: 25508: 25505: 25500: 25497: 25492: 25489: 25484: 25481: 25476: 25473: 25468: 25465: 25460: 25457: 25456: 25454: 25448: 25444: 25435: 25434:Ferdinand III 25432: 25427: 25424: 25419: 25416: 25411: 25408: 25403: 25400: 25395: 25392: 25387: 25384: 25379: 25376: 25371: 25368: 25363: 25360: 25355: 25352: 25351: 25349: 25343: 25339: 25330: 25327: 25322: 25319: 25314: 25311: 25306: 25303: 25298: 25295: 25290: 25287: 25282: 25279: 25274: 25273:Maria Theresa 25271: 25266: 25263: 25258: 25255: 25250: 25247: 25242: 25239: 25234: 25231: 25226: 25223: 25218: 25215: 25210: 25209:Ferdinand III 25207: 25202: 25199: 25194: 25191: 25186: 25183: 25178: 25177:Maximilian II 25175: 25170: 25167: 25162: 25159: 25154: 25151: 25146: 25143: 25138: 25135: 25130: 25127: 25122: 25119: 25114: 25111: 25106: 25103: 25098: 25095: 25090: 25087: 25082:Frederick II 25081: 25076: 25073: 25068: 25065: 25060: 25057: 25052: 25049: 25044: 25041: 25036: 25033: 25028: 25025: 25020: 25017: 25016: 25014: 25008: 25004: 24995: 24992: 24987: 24984: 24979: 24976: 24971: 24968: 24967: 24965: 24963: 24959: 24950: 24947: 24942: 24939: 24934: 24931: 24926: 24923: 24918: 24915: 24910: 24907: 24902: 24899: 24894: 24891: 24886: 24883: 24878: 24875: 24870: 24867: 24862: 24859: 24858: 24856: 24854: 24850: 24846: 24839: 24834: 24832: 24827: 24825: 24820: 24819: 24816: 24795: 24792: 24789: 24786: 24783: 24780: 24777: 24774: 24771: 24768: 24765: 24762: 24761: 24759: 24755: 24751: 24746: 24735: 24732: 24729: 24726: 24723: 24720: 24719: 24717: 24713: 24709: 24705: 24700: 24695: 24691: 24674: 24671: 24666: 24663: 24658: 24655: 24654: 24652: 24648: 24644: 24635: 24632: 24627: 24624: 24623: 24621: 24617: 24613: 24604: 24603:Maximilian II 24601: 24600: 24598: 24594: 24590: 24581: 24578: 24577: 24575: 24571: 24567: 24558: 24555: 24550: 24547: 24542: 24535: 24532: 24527: 24524: 24519: 24516: 24511: 24508: 24507: 24505: 24501: 24497: 24488: 24485: 24479: 24476: 24471: 24468: 24463: 24460: 24459: 24457: 24453: 24449: 24444: 24431: 24428: 24425: 24422:(1411–1415), 24420: 24417: 24414: 24409: 24406: 24401: 24398: 24393: 24392:Wenceslaus II 24390: 24385: 24382: 24381: 24379: 24375: 24371: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24353: 24336: 24333: 24328: 24325: 24320: 24317: 24312: 24309: 24304: 24301: 24296: 24293: 24292: 24290: 24286: 24282: 24273: 24270: 24267: 24264:(1197–1214), 24262: 24259: 24256: 24253:(1197–1247), 24251: 24248: 24247: 24245: 24241: 24237: 24228: 24225: 24224: 24222: 24218: 24214: 24205: 24202: 24201: 24199: 24195: 24191: 24186: 24173: 24170: 24165: 24162: 24157: 24154: 24149: 24146: 24141: 24138: 24133: 24130: 24125: 24122: 24117: 24114: 24113: 24111: 24107: 24103: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24085: 24081: 24077: 24070: 24065: 24063: 24058: 24056: 24051: 24050: 24047: 24035: 24034:Ferdinand III 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23944:Frederick III 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23852: 23850: 23847: 23845: 23842: 23841: 23839: 23836: 23832: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23812: 23810: 23807: 23803: 23799: 23792: 23787: 23785: 23780: 23778: 23773: 23772: 23769: 23759: 23753: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23718: 23714: 23708: 23705: 23702: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23684: 23681: 23678: 23675: 23672: 23669: 23666: 23663: 23660: 23657: 23654: 23653:Ferdinand III 23651: 23649: 23646: 23644: 23641: 23639: 23636: 23634: 23631: 23629: 23626: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23610: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23568: 23566: 23563: 23560: 23557: 23556: 23553: 23549: 23542: 23537: 23535: 23530: 23528: 23523: 23522: 23519: 23507: 23501: 23499: 23493: 23491: 23485: 23483: 23477: 23475: 23469: 23467: 23461: 23459: 23455:Frederick II 23453: 23451: 23445: 23443: 23437: 23435: 23429: 23427: 23421: 23419: 23413: 23411: 23405: 23403: 23397: 23395: 23389: 23387: 23381: 23379: 23373: 23371: 23365: 23363: 23357: 23355: 23349: 23347: 23341: 23339: 23333: 23332: 23330: 23326: 23320: 23316: 23310: 23304: 23302: 23295: 23294: 23290: 23288: 23282: 23280: 23274: 23272: 23265: 23264: 23260: 23258: 23251: 23250: 23246: 23244: 23238: 23236: 23229: 23228: 23224: 23222: 23215: 23214: 23210: 23209: 23207: 23201: 23195: 23189: 23187: 23181: 23179: 23173: 23171: 23165: 23163: 23157: 23155: 23149: 23147: 23141: 23139: 23133: 23131: 23125: 23123: 23117: 23116: 23114: 23112: 23108: 23102: 23096: 23094: 23088: 23086: 23080: 23078: 23072: 23070: 23064: 23062: 23056: 23054: 23048: 23046: 23040: 23038: 23032: 23030: 23024: 23022: 23016: 23014: 23008: 23006: 23000: 22998: 22992: 22990: 22984: 22982: 22976: 22974: 22968: 22966: 22960: 22958: 22952: 22950: 22944: 22942: 22936: 22934: 22928: 22926: 22920: 22918: 22912: 22910: 22906: 22902: 22900: 22894: 22892: 22886: 22885: 22883: 22881: 22877: 22871: 22865: 22863: 22857: 22855: 22849: 22847: 22841: 22839: 22833: 22831: 22825: 22823: 22817: 22815: 22809: 22808: 22806: 22804: 22800: 22795: 22785: 22779: 22778: 22776: 22772: 22767: 22760: 22755: 22753: 22748: 22746: 22741: 22740: 22737: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22719:Frederick III 22717: 22715: 22712: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22705:German Empire 22702: 22696: 22693: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22683: 22677: 22674: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22664: 22655: 22652: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22645:German Empire 22642: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22618: 22612: 22609: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22599: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22547:Ferdinand III 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22527:Maximilian II 22525: 22523: 22520: 22518: 22515: 22513: 22510: 22508: 22507:Frederick III 22505: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22492: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22475: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22433: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22416: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22349: 22345: 22343: 22342: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22292: 22288: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22276: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22251: 22247: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22202: 22198: 22194: 22187: 22182: 22180: 22175: 22173: 22168: 22167: 22164: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22121: 22118: 22117: 22116: 22113: 22109: 22106: 22105: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22078:Tapada limeña 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22045: 22042: 22035: 22031: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22013: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21979: 21976: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21960: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21940: 21937: 21930: 21926: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21828: 21824: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21718: 21715: 21711: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21670:Montes Claros 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21611: 21610:Vienna (1529) 21608: 21606: 21603: 21602: 21600: 21596: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21451: 21449: 21445: 21442: 21438: 21435: 21431: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21345: 21342: 21340: 21339:Hernán Cortés 21337: 21336: 21334: 21332: 21331:Conquistadors 21328: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21301:Juan de Ayala 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21203: 21201: 21197: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21155:Duke of Savoy 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21127: 21125: 21121: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21071: 21069: 21065: 21061: 21054: 21050: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20992: 20990: 20986: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20954:Dollar (Peso) 20952: 20951: 20949: 20947: 20943: 20939: 20932: 20928: 20914: 20913:Santo Domingo 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20840: 20838: 20836: 20832: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20790:New Andalusia 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20760: 20758: 20754: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20737:Santo Domingo 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20708: 20705: 20704: 20702: 20700: 20696: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20666: 20664: 20662: 20661:Viceroyalties 20658: 20654: 20647: 20643: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20598: 20594: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20523: 20521: 20517: 20513: 20506: 20502: 20488: 20485: 20484: 20481: 20474: 20463: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20439: 20435: 20431: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20421: 20418: 20411: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20370: 20366: 20363: 20362: 20359: 20354: 20348: 20337: 20333: 20329: 20325: 20321: 20317: 20313: 20310: 20307: 20303: 20299: 20296: 20293: 20289: 20285: 20281: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20270: 20266:South America 20263: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20217: 20213: 20209: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20193: 20186: 20175: 20171: 20165: 20160: 20156: 20152: 20151:Spanish Texas 20148: 20144: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20133: 20129:North America 20126: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20110:Franche-Comté 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20090: 20086: 20082: 20078: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20055: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20047: 20040: 20036: 20029: 20025: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19923: 19920: 19919: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19807: 19800: 19796: 19792: 19785: 19780: 19778: 19773: 19771: 19766: 19765: 19762: 19751: 19747: 19743: 19737: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19725:Ferdinand III 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19688: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19649: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19625: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19571: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19547: 19541: 19538: 19537: 19535: 19533: 19529: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19512: 19510: 19509:House of Foix 19506: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19494: 19490: 19488: 19487: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19477: 19475: 19473: 19469: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19440: 19436: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19397: 19393: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19368: 19366: 19364: 19360: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19293:Jimeno Garcés 19291: 19289: 19286: 19285: 19283: 19281: 19277: 19271: 19270:Fortún Garcés 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19257: 19255: 19251: 19247: 19243: 19236: 19231: 19229: 19224: 19222: 19217: 19216: 19213: 19201: 19198: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19189: 19183: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19141: 19139: 19137: 19133: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19101:Ferdinand III 19099: 19097: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19070: 19066: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19041: 19039: 19037: 19033: 19028: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18936: 18932: 18928: 18921: 18916: 18914: 18909: 18907: 18902: 18901: 18898: 18886: 18883: 18882: 18880: 18878: 18874: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18824: 18822: 18818: 18814: 18813:John of Gaunt 18810: 18808: 18804: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18792: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18749:Ferdinand III 18747: 18745: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18722: 18720: 18718: 18714: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18685: 18681: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18651: 18649: 18647: 18643: 18638: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18534: 18532: 18530: 18529:Suebian kings 18526: 18522: 18518: 18511: 18506: 18504: 18499: 18497: 18492: 18491: 18488: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18470: 18468: 18464: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18434: 18432: 18430: 18426: 18420: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18374: 18370: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18338:Ferdinand III 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18310: 18308: 18306: 18302: 18297: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18268: 18266: 18264: 18260: 18256: 18252: 18245: 18240: 18238: 18233: 18231: 18226: 18225: 18222: 18210: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18202: 18198: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18159: 18155: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18121: 18117: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18049: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18006: 18002: 17998: 17994: 17987: 17982: 17980: 17975: 17973: 17968: 17967: 17964: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17946:Juan Carlos I 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17921:Ferdinand VII 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17879: 17875: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17843: 17841: 17837: 17832: 17822: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17793: 17789: 17784: 17780: 17773: 17768: 17766: 17761: 17759: 17754: 17753: 17750: 17738: 17730: 17729: 17726: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17679:Ferdinand III 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17659:Maximilian II 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17639:Frederick III 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17496: 17493: 17489: 17482: 17477: 17475: 17470: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17459: 17449: 17448: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17424: 17417: 17411: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17393: 17390: 17389: 17383: 17380: 17379: 17373: 17372: 17365: 17359: 17354: 17353: 17352:King of Italy 17349: 17344: 17339: 17338: 17333: 17329: 17320: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17296: 17290: 17285: 17284: 17280: 17273: 17267: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17252: 17251: 17247: 17240: 17236: 17230: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17215: 17214: 17209: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17194: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17164: 17159: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17144: 17143: 17136: 17130: 17126: 17117: 17116: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17066: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17043: 17038: 17037: 17028: 17023: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17008: 17006: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16982: 16980: 16973: 16968: 16964: 16960: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16940: 16939: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16907: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16874: 16869: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16835: 16831: 16827: 16823: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16806: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16779: 16775: 16770: 16766: 16762: 16758: 16757: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16734: 16731: 16727: 16724: 16720: 16717: 16713: 16710: 16706: 16703: 16700: 16696: 16693: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16680: 16676: 16672: 16669: 16666: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16629: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16616: 16605: 16599: 16595: 16594: 16589: 16585: 16583: 16579: 16575: 16571: 16568: 16564: 16561: 16558:Grant, Neil. 16557: 16545: 16541: 16535: 16531: 16530: 16525: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16511: 16507: 16504: 16500: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16444: 16440: 16437: 16436: 16435:History Today 16431: 16430: 16413: 16408: 16404: 16402:0-87169-127-2 16398: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16363: 16359: 16354: 16342: 16338: 16337: 16331: 16327: 16323: 16319: 16314: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16289: 16288: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16236: 16232: 16228: 16222: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16189: 16185: 16182:(2). Madrid: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16166: 16159: 16155: 16149: 16133: 16129: 16125: 16118: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16087: 16080: 16075: 16068: 16063: 16048: 16042: 16038: 16037: 16029: 16022: 16021:Freiberg 2014 16017: 16010: 16005: 15998: 15993: 15985: 15979: 15976:. Routledge. 15975: 15974: 15966: 15960: 15956: 15951: 15943: 15936: 15928: 15921: 15913: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15894: 15887: 15881: 15874: 15868: 15852: 15848: 15844: 15838: 15832:, p. 50. 15831: 15830:Fletcher 2016 15826: 15819: 15813: 15811: 15803: 15797: 15791:, pp. 400–401 15790: 15784: 15777: 15771: 15769: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15738: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15678: 15671: 15666: 15658: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15632: 15625: 15621: 15618: 15613: 15606: 15600: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15570: 15561: 15545: 15541: 15538:H. Schneble. 15534: 15527: 15521: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15488: 15472: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15448: 15441: 15436: 15428: 15421: 15414: 15408: 15401: 15395: 15388: 15382: 15374: 15373: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15354: 15345: 15344: 15338: 15333: 15327: 15325: 15316: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15292: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15264: 15262: 15253: 15252: 15246: 15241: 15235: 15233: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15215: 15209: 15204: 15198: 15196: 15187: 15181: 15177: 15170: 15156: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15135: 15133: 15116: 15110: 15108: 15099: 15092: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15067:Ex Post Facto 15064: 15057: 15041: 15037: 15030: 15028: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14996: 14989: 14988: 14981: 14974: 14973: 14966: 14960:, pp. 364–367 14959: 14953: 14946: 14940: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14910: 14909: 14901: 14894: 14888: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14857: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14827: 14820: 14814: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14753: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14719: 14704: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14685: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14659: 14651: 14643: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14626:(89): 39–60. 14625: 14621: 14617: 14610: 14608: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14552: 14533: 14529: 14523: 14516: 14515: 14507: 14492: 14486: 14482: 14481: 14473: 14458: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14439: 14423: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14408: 14400: 14393: 14388: 14386: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14359: 14351: 14336: 14330: 14326: 14325: 14317: 14302: 14296: 14292: 14291: 14283: 14268: 14262: 14258: 14257: 14249: 14234: 14228: 14224: 14223: 14215: 14200: 14194: 14190: 14189: 14181: 14166: 14160: 14156: 14155: 14147: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14113: 14098: 14092: 14088: 14087: 14079: 14077: 14061: 14055: 14051: 14050: 14042: 14027: 14021: 14017: 14016: 14008: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13963: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13944: 13929: 13923: 13919: 13918: 13910: 13894: 13893: 13885: 13876: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13831: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13812: 13797: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13778: 13763: 13757: 13753: 13752: 13744: 13729: 13723: 13719: 13718: 13710: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13678: 13670: 13664: 13660: 13659: 13651: 13635: 13632:. p. 6. 13631: 13630: 13622: 13608: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13587: 13572: 13568: 13562: 13553: 13545: 13539: 13536:. McFarland. 13535: 13534: 13526: 13524: 13514: 13505: 13496: 13488: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13473: 13465: 13446: 13439: 13433: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13400: 13394: 13388:, p. 65. 13387: 13382: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13355: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13320: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13294: 13286: 13278: 13274: 13273: 13265: 13256: 13241: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13222: 13220: 13212: 13207: 13200: 13194: 13187: 13181: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13127: 13119: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13070: 13064: 13056: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13037: 13030: 13024: 13017: 13011: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12964:Bryan W. Ball 12962:Quoted from: 12959: 12952: 12946: 12940: 12934: 12927: 12921: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12876: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12857: 12842: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12823: 12808: 12802: 12798: 12797: 12789: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12755: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12706: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12687: 12671: 12670: 12662: 12647: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12588: 12581: 12580: 12573: 12565: 12558: 12551: 12548:Elliot, J.H. 12545: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12521: 12520: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12466: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12434: 12432: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12396: 12395: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12340: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12317: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12294: 12278: 12274: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12239: 12233: 12229: 12222: 12214: 12208: 12204: 12197: 12181: 12177: 12171: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12137: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12118: 12116: 12107: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12088: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12052: 12045: 12040: 12038: 12030: 12025: 12023: 12013: 12011: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11969: 11965: 11949: 11945: 11943: 11933: 11918: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11863: 11859: 11857: 11848: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11824: 11809: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11790: 11775: 11769: 11765: 11764: 11756: 11749: 11744: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11711: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11680: 11678: 11669: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11650: 11635: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11595: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11568: 11560: 11554: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11518: 11517: 11509: 11502: 11497: 11495: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11448: 11440: 11434: 11430: 11429: 11421: 11413: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11381: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11319: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11281: 11273: 11265: 11264: 11257: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11184: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11151: 11144: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11123: 11117:. pp. 16, 78. 11116: 11115: 11108: 11106: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11054: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10976:Charles Quint 10973: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10936: 10935:Low Countries 10932: 10926: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10869: 10865: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10842: 10835: 10832: 10820: 10817: 10732: 10729: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10620: 10618: 10611: 10608: 10596: 10593: 10581: 10578: 10510: 10507: 10495: 10492: 10487: 10484: 10476: 10474: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10444: 10436: 10434: 10426: 10424: 10358: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10336: 10333: 10321: 10318: 10306: 10303: 10291: 10288: 10287:Ferdinand III 10274: 10223: 10220: 10208: 10205: 10193: 10190: 10177: 10174: 10166: 10164: 10156: 10154: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10134: 10132: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10096: 10088: 10086: 10078: 10076: 10026: 10010: 9997: 9995: 9988: 9985: 9973: 9970: 9958: 9955: 9943: 9940: 9928: 9925: 9913: 9910: 9898: 9895: 9883: 9880: 9868: 9865: 9853: 9850: 9838: 9835: 9823: 9820: 9808: 9805: 9793: 9790: 9785: 9782: 9774: 9772: 9764: 9762: 9754: 9752: 9744: 9742: 9734: 9732: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9712: 9704: 9702: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9672: 9648: 9636: 9628: 9616: 9600: 9598: 9574: 9572: 9562: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9540: 9537: 9517: 9514: 9486: 9483: 9482:Maximilian II 9447: 9444: 9431: 9428: 9412: 9410: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9336: 9334: 9289: 9287: 9268: 9265: 9189: 9186: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9064: 9061: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8979: 8947: 8945: 8905: 8903: 8892: 8890: 8883: 8880: 8827: 8825: 8767: 8765: 8758: 8755: 8727: 8724: 8695: 8693: 8633: 8631: 8624: 8621: 8609: 8606: 8594: 8591: 8590:Frederick III 8563: 8560: 8531: 8528: 8520: 8519: 8502: 8494: 8439: 8437: 8430: 8427: 8407: 8404: 8392: 8389: 8371: 8368: 8356: 8353: 8324: 8321: 8305: 8303: 8295: 8293: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8259: 8257: 8241: 8239: 8202: 8200: 8193: 8190: 8176: 8157: 8154: 8126: 8123: 8111: 8110: 8109:Frederick III 8098: 8095: 8082: 8080: 8048: 8020: 7984: 7981: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7933: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7905: 7887: 7847: 7845: 7834: 7832: 7819: 7816: 7804: 7801: 7789: 7786: 7774: 7771: 7759: 7756: 7738: 7735: 7723: 7720: 7691: 7688: 7680: 7678: 7670: 7668: 7660: 7658: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7620: 7604: 7602: 7578: 7576: 7549: 7547: 7540: 7537: 7525: 7506: 7503: 7450: 7447: 7439: 7437: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7389: 7336: 7334: 7321: 7318: 7265: 7263: 7205: 7203: 7190: 7187: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7127:Original line 7072: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6968:up until the 6967: 6966:Martin Luther 6963: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948:Martin Luther 6944: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6711:New York City 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355:14 March 1516 6354: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6332:14 March 1516 6331: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309:14 March 1516 6308: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286:14 March 1516 6285: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263:14 March 1516 6262: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904:Wendish March 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636:King of Italy 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5480: 5475: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439:(1541-1583), 5438: 5435: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285:29 June 1534 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5264:13 July 1530 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5210:21 May 1527 – 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5094:Iberian Union 5091: 5090:House of Aviz 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030:Thomas Wolsey 5027: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4904:10 March 1503 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4157:Sublimis Deus 4155: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3993:little Venice 3990: 3989:Klein-Venedig 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860:Hernán Cortés 3858: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Pedro Machuca 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3675:reference to 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653:South America 3650: 3646: 3643:, an Italian 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546:Low Countries 3543: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3470:Low Countries 3467: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405:Imperial army 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3352:Heavy cavalry 3349: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:Diet of Worms 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3185:). His first 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:Imperial army 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2798: 2797:, declaring: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2777:Diet of Worms 2774: 2773:Martin Luther 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2740:Diet of Worms 2737: 2736:Martin Luther 2732: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716:Berber tribes 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:captured Metz 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2519:. A truce at 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2373:Truce of Nice 2370: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:King of Italy 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018:attempted to 2017: 2013: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1951:fait accompli 1949:accepted the 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807:Guelders Wars 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737:Low Countries 1734: 1733:Franche-Comté 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1700: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:Franche-Comté 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Low Countries 1474: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:heir apparent 1347: 1344: 1340: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Miguel da Paz 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:heir apparent 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 872: 868: 864: 859: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:Pope Paul III 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:King of Italy 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 740:Diet of Worms 737: 736:Martin Luther 734:and declared 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:King of Spain 525: 521: 517: 513: 504: 500: 496: 493: 490: 486: 483: 480: 476: 473: 470: 466: 463: 460: 458: 454: 443: 440: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 412: 409: 408: 402: 398: 371: 366: 362: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 329: 325: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 284: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266:as Charles II 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 250: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 210: 204: 201: 197: 194: 191: 187: 184: 181: 177: 170: 166: 160: 156: 155:King of Spain 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 107: 106: 104: 102: 98: 92: 88: 83: 78: 74: 69: 68: 62: 57: 54: 53: 48: 43: 40: 36: 34: 19: 27637: 27606:Ferdinand II 27194: 27188: 27182: 27176: 27170: 27116:Karl Philipp 26988:Joseph Árpád 26955:Franz Joseph 26660:Joseph Franz 26599:Anton Victor 26440:Ferdinand IV 26318:Ferdinand II 26286: 26255:Maximilian I 26156: 26148: 26140: 26132: 26130:Infante John 26124: 26116: 26108: 26106:Infante John 26100: 26092: 26089: 26084: 26076: 26068: 26060: 26052: 26044: 26036: 26028: 26020: 26012: 26004: 25994: 25989: 25925: 25917: 25909: 25901: 25893: 25885: 25877: 25869: 25861: 25853: 25845: 25837: 25829: 25821: 25813: 25805: 25797: 25789: 25781: 25773: 25765: 25757: 25749: 25746: 25741: 25733: 25725: 25717: 25709: 25701: 25693: 25685: 25677: 25669: 25661: 25653: 25645: 25637: 25523:Ferdinand II 25506: 25409: 25217:Ferdinand IV 25160: 24796:(since 2000) 24701:(since 1815) 24517: 24487:Maximilian I 24423: 24412: 24411:(1411–1443) 24384:Wenceslaus I 24335:Wenceslaus I 24265: 24254: 23988: 23979:Ferdinand II 23929:Frederick II 23914:Constance II 23742:Ferdinand IV 23723:Ferdinand IV 23715: 23707:Ferdinand IV 23664: 23638:Ferdinand II 23502: 23431:Frederick I 23298:Berengar II 23291: 23261: 23247: 23225: 23211: 23203:Non-dynastic 23175:Charles III 23119:Charlemagne 23111:Carolingians 22904: 22774:Non-dynastic 22552:Ferdinand IV 22542:Ferdinand II 22516: 22512:Maximilian I 22489: 22472: 22430: 22415:Henry (VIII) 22413: 22399:Frederick II 22354:Conrad (III) 22346: 22339: 22273: 22250:East Francia 22201:East Francia 22053:Architecture 21948:The Americas 21812:Newfoundland 21802:Túpac Katari 21792:Cuerno Verde 21727:Tenochtitlan 21559:Valenciennes 21316:Luis Fajardo 21185:Blas de Lezo 21130:Duke of Alba 21010:Spanish Road 20848:Buenos Aires 20757:Governorates 20526:Ayuntamiento 20519:Organization 20099: 19984:Carlist Wars 19832:Italian Wars 19710:Ferdinand II 19660: 19491: 19484: 19260:Íñigo Arista 19199: 19116:Ferdinand IV 19082:Ferdinand II 18884: 18769:Ferdinand IV 18730:Ferdinand II 18436: 18353:Ferdinand IV 18323:Alfonso VIII 18165: 18143:Ferdinand II 17941:Alfonso XIII 17901:Ferdinand VI 17847: 17674:Ferdinand II 17648: 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Retrieved 16592: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16548:. Retrieved 16528: 16509: 16502: 16485: 16475: 16465: 16462:Brandi, Karl 16452: 16442: 16433: 16411: 16391: 16367: 16357: 16345:. Retrieved 16335: 16317: 16305:. Retrieved 16296: 16284:Bibliography 16269:. Retrieved 16260: 16251: 16239:. Retrieved 16230: 16221: 16204: 16192:. Retrieved 16179: 16175: 16165: 16148: 16136:. Retrieved 16132:the original 16127: 16117: 16105:. Retrieved 16096: 16086: 16074: 16062: 16050:. Retrieved 16035: 16028: 16016: 16004: 15992: 15972: 15965: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15935: 15920: 15900: 15893: 15885: 15880: 15872: 15867: 15855:. Retrieved 15846: 15837: 15825: 15817: 15801: 15796: 15788: 15783: 15775: 15755:. Retrieved 15746: 15737: 15725:. Retrieved 15716: 15707: 15695:. Retrieved 15686: 15677: 15665: 15641: 15631: 15612: 15604: 15599: 15587:. Retrieved 15578: 15569: 15560: 15548:. Retrieved 15533: 15525: 15520: 15501: 15496: 15487: 15475:. 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Retrieved 13136:lib.ugent.be 13135: 13126: 13107: 13101: 13089:. Retrieved 13085: 13076: 13068: 13063: 13047:. Abc-Clio. 13043: 13036: 13023: 13015: 13010: 12998:. Retrieved 12983: 12967: 12958: 12945: 12933: 12925: 12920: 12908:. Retrieved 12904:the original 12899: 12890: 12878:. Retrieved 12863: 12856: 12844:. Retrieved 12829: 12822: 12810:. Retrieved 12795: 12788: 12776:. Retrieved 12761: 12754: 12742:. Retrieved 12727: 12720: 12708:. Retrieved 12693: 12686: 12674:. Retrieved 12668: 12661: 12649:. Retrieved 12634: 12627: 12610: 12606: 12600: 12592: 12587: 12578: 12572: 12563: 12557: 12549: 12544: 12533: 12528: 12518: 12512: 12493: 12487: 12482:, pp. 51–52. 12470: 12465: 12438: 12417:. Retrieved 12413:the original 12403: 12392: 12377: 12358: 12339: 12331: 12316: 12308: 12293: 12281:. Retrieved 12261:. Retrieved 12246: 12227: 12221: 12202: 12196: 12184:. Retrieved 12180:the original 12170: 12158:. 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Retrieved 10867: 10858: 10850: 10830: 10815: 10606: 10591: 10577:Ferdinand IV 10576: 10505: 10490: 10331: 10316: 10301: 10286: 10273:John-Charles 10272: 10218: 10203: 10188: 9983: 9968: 9953: 9939:Ferdinand II 9938: 9923: 9908: 9893: 9878: 9863: 9848: 9833: 9818: 9803: 9788: 9535: 9513:Ferdinand II 9512: 9481: 9442: 9263: 9184: 9183: 8878: 8754:Maximilian I 8753: 8722: 8619: 8604: 8589: 8558: 8426:Frederick IV 8425: 8402: 8387: 8366: 8351: 8188: 8175:Frederick II 8174: 8152: 8121: 8108: 8093: 7814: 7799: 7788:the Friendly 7784: 7769: 7754: 7733: 7718: 7535: 7523: 7501: 7316: 7185: 7021: 7010: 7007:Adrien Brody 6993: 6980: 6959: 6946: 6926: 6917: 6903: 6890: 6887:Ernst Krenek 6859: 6843: 6829: 6819: 6809:Abraham Hans 6800: 6782: 6715: 6698: 6667: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6496:Two Sicilies 6481: 6476:Charles III 6401:28 June 1519 6358:25 July 1554 6177:Charles III 6062:Charles III 5946:Regnal name 5802:, Prince of 5724:Ultra Sicily 5614: 5613: 5610: 5580: 5576:Onate treaty 5568: 5558: 5535: 5531: 5512: 5443:cartographer 5381: 5366: 5345: 5322: 5293: 5272: 5249: 5220: 5195: 5174: 5154: 5149: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5098: 5084: 5073: 5058: 5038: 5015: 4981: 4957:(1578-02-12) 4933:(1558-10-18) 4909:(1564-07-25) 4907:25 July 1564 4885:(1526-01-19) 4880:18 July 1501 4855:(1558-02-25) 4803: 4791: 4787:Habsburg jaw 4776: 4760: 4759:in his 1726 4718: 4682: 4413: 4162: 4148: 4146: 4142:positive law 4117:Melchor Cano 4083: 4079:missionaries 4044: 4038:conquer the 4032:philosophers 4006: 3997: 3992: 3976: 3970: 3923:. After the 3921:Tenochtitlan 3910: 3883: 3880: 3857:conquistador 3850: 3830:Spanish Main 3815: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3683: 3681: 3677:India rubber 3665:De Orbe Novo 3664: 3660: 3624: 3618: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3554: 3541: 3524: 3518: 3479: 3459: 3451:Anton Fugger 3429: 3418: 3414: 3397:Landsknechte 3394: 3379: 3360: 3328: 3290: 3267: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3164: 3159:The Americas 3115: 3087: 3062: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3022: 2986: 2961: 2910: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2859: 2847: 2832: 2805: 2800: 2780: 2762: 2734:Summons for 2705: 2690: 2675: 2667:Spanish Navy 2661:in 1538 and 2648: 2617: 2551: 2546: 2524: 2494: 2459: 2424: 2418:survives in 2389: 2354: 2326: 2315: 2260: 2253: 2212:. In 1538 a 2203: 2199:Italian Wars 2192: 2157: 2114: 2089: 2063: 2032: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1899: 1890:gathered in 1886: 1872: 1870: 1819: 1815: 1776: 1761: 1730: 1682:Landsknechte 1667: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1639:in 1519, as 1634: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1550: 1538:economically 1500: 1470: 1459: 1435:Inheritances 1420: 1402: 1395: 1348: 1336: 1170: 1001: 990: 953: 949:Italian Wars 938: 902: 889:city of the 876: 828: 784:loss of Buda 748:war in Italy 721: 678: 669: 658:Spanish Main 604: 570:kingdoms of 511: 510: 405: 332:(1558-09-21) 233:Maximilian I 216:as Charles I 206:(until 1555) 183:Ferdinand II 163:as Charles I 138:Maximilian I 65: 50: 39: 32: 27692:1558 deaths 27687:1500 births 27384:Alfonso III 27037:Carl Ludwig 26761:Karl Ludwig 26700:Joseph Karl 26548:Leopold VII 26522:Charles III 26292:Ferdinand I 26229:Frederick V 26149:(1458-1461) 26141:(1461-1479) 26133:(1479-1497) 26125:(1498-1500) 26117:(1502-1509) 26101:(1509-1516) 26093:(1504-1516) 26085:(1527-1556) 26077:(1556-1568) 26069:(1571–1578) 26061:(1578-1582) 26053:(1582-1598) 26045:(1605-1621) 26037:(1629–1646) 26029:(1657-1661) 26021:(1661-1665) 26013:(1907–1931) 26005:(1977-2014) 25918:(1977–2014) 25902:(1881–1904) 25854:(1788–1808) 25822:(1661–1665) 25814:(1657–1661) 25806:(1629–1646) 25734:(1498–1500) 25582:(1665–1705) 25574:(1662–1665) 25566:(1632–1662) 25558:(1623–1632) 25550:(1619–1623) 25534:(1595–1619) 25526:(1564–1595) 25518:(1521–1564) 25515:Ferdinand I 25510:(1519–1521) 25502:(1490–1519) 25494:(1439–1490) 25486:(1406–1439) 25478:(1386–1406) 25470:(1365–1386) 25462:(1363–1365) 25437:(1590–1637) 25429:(1564–1590) 25421:(1521–1564) 25418:Ferdinand I 25413:(1519–1521) 25405:(1493–1519) 25397:(1457–1463) 25389:(1424–1493) 25381:(1402–1424) 25373:(1386–1411) 25365:(1386–1406) 25357:(1365–1386) 25332:(1916–1918) 25324:(1848–1916) 25316:(1835–1848) 25313:Ferdinand I 25308:(1792–1835) 25300:(1790–1792) 25297:Leopold VII 25292:(1765–1790) 25284:(1740–1765) 25276:(1740–1780) 25268:(1711–1740) 25265:Charles III 25260:(1705–1711) 25244:(1662–1665) 25236:(1632–1662) 25228:(1623–1632) 25220:(1637–1657) 25196:(1608–1619) 25188:(1576–1608) 25180:(1564–1576) 25172:(1521–1564) 25169:Ferdinand I 25164:(1519–1521) 25156:(1493–1519) 25148:(1457–1493) 25140:(1440–1457) 25132:(1404–1439) 25124:(1395-1404) 25116:(1365-1395) 25108:(1365-1379) 25100:(1358–1365) 25092:(1339–1344) 25084:(1339–1344) 25078:(1330–1339) 25070:(1330–1358) 25062:(1308–1326) 25054:(1308–1330) 25046:(1298–1307) 25038:(1282–1283) 25030:(1282–1308) 25022:(1278–1282) 24962:Interregnum 24952:(1230–1246) 24944:(1198–1230) 24936:(1195–1198) 24928:(1177–1194) 24920:(1141–1177) 24912:(1137–1141) 24904:(1095–1136) 24896:(1075–1095) 24888:(1055–1075) 24880:(1018–1055) 24790:(1964–2000) 24784:(1919–1964) 24778:(1912–1919) 24772:(1905–1912) 24766:(1890–1905) 24736:(1849–1890) 24734:William III 24730:(1840–1849) 24724:(1815–1840) 24715:(1815–1890) 24676:(1792–1794) 24668:(1790–1792) 24660:(1780–1790) 24650:(1780–1794) 24637:(1740–1780) 24629:(1713–1740) 24619:(1713–1780) 24606:(1712–1713) 24596:(1712–1713) 24583:(1700–1712) 24573:(1700–1712) 24560:(1665–1700) 24552:(1621–1665) 24544:(1598–1621) 24537:(1598–1621) 24529:(1556–1598) 24521:(1506–1556) 24518:Charles III 24513:(1482–1506) 24503:(1482–1700) 24490:(1477–1482) 24481:(1477–1482) 24473:(1467–1477) 24465:(1443–1467) 24455:(1443–1482) 24433:(1418–1425) 24403:(1388–1411) 24395:(1383–1388) 24387:(1354–1383) 24377:(1354–1443) 24363:(1354–1794) 24338:(1353–1354) 24330:(1346–1353) 24322:(1313–1346) 24314:(1288–1313) 24306:(1281–1288) 24298:(1247–1281) 24288:(1247–1354) 24275:(1214–1226) 24243:(1197–1247) 24230:(1196–1197) 24220:(1196–1197) 24207:(1136–1189) 24197:(1136–1189) 24175:(1131–1136) 24167:(1096–1131) 24159:(1086–1096) 24151:(1059–1086) 24143:(1047–1059) 24135:(1026–1047) 24009:Charles III 23964:Ferdinand I 23884:Frederick I 23874:Constance I 23869:William III 23837:(1130–1816) 23808:(1071–1130) 23746:(3rd reign) 23727:(2nd reign) 23711:(1st reign) 23701:Charles VII 23628:Ferdinand I 23607:(2nd reign) 23594:(1st reign) 23586:Charles III 23505:(1530–1556) 23497:(1452–1493) 23489:(1431–1437) 23481:(1355–1378) 23479:Charles IV 23473:(1327–1347) 23465:(1311–1313) 23457:(1212–1250) 23449:(1209–1212) 23441:(1186–1197) 23433:(1154–1186) 23425:(1138–1152) 23423:Conrad III 23417:(1125–1137) 23409:(1106–1125) 23401:(1093–1101) 23393:(1056–1105) 23385:(1039–1056) 23377:(1026–1039) 23369:(1004–1024) 23361:(1002–1014) 23284:Lothair II 23218:Berengar I 23213:Unruochings 23159:Charles II 23098:Desiderius 23074:Hildeprand 23050:Aripert II 22905:Interregnum 22707:(1871–1918) 22688:(1867–1871) 22669:(1850–1866) 22647:(1848/1849) 22635:Ferdinand I 22623:(1815–1848) 22604:(1806–1813) 22572:Charles VII 22522:Ferdinand I 22404:Henry (VII) 22379:Frederick I 22020:Philippines 21985:El Salvador 21605:Capo d'Orso 21489:St. Quentin 21464:Rome (1527) 21123:Strategists 20873:Guadalajara 20800:New Navarre 20795:New Castile 20780:La Luisiana 20732:Puerto Rico 20722:Philippines 20679:New Granada 20369:Philippines 20330:(Uruguay), 20326:(Bolivia), 20276:New Granada 20216:Puerto Rico 20162: [ 20032:Territories 19852:Encomiendas 19720:Charles VII 19637:Ferdinand I 19457:Charles III 19376:Theobald II 19173:Ferdinand V 19077:Alfonso VII 19044:Ferdinand I 19017:Bermudo III 18947:Alfonso III 18858:Ferdinand V 18764:Prince John 18725:Alfonso VII 18674:Bermudo III 18410:Ferdinand V 18313:Alfonso VII 18271:Ferdinand I 18191:Charles III 18128:Ferdinand I 18085:Alfonso III 17936:Alfonso XII 17926:Isabella II 17906:Charles III 17812:Ferdinand V 17699:Charles VII 17654:Ferdinand I 17599:Frederick I 17594:Lothair III 17524:Charles III 17499:Charlemagne 17438:Philip (II) 17392:(1521–1530) 17382:(1516–1530) 17364:Ferdinand I 17328:Ferdinand I 17263:(1516–1555) 17239:Ferdinand V 17226:(1516–1555) 17205:(1516–1555) 17155:(1516–1554) 16929:(in German) 16909:(in German) 16892:(in German) 16871:(in German) 16854:(in German) 16837:(in German) 16820:(in German) 16803:(in German) 16782:(in French) 16609:23 February 16550:20 November 16241:30 December 16186:: 117–140. 16128:Overzichten 16107:10 February 16052:10 February 15997:Setton 1978 14929:11 December 14877:22 February 14846:22 February 14803:5 September 14742:5 September 14708:5 September 14674:5 September 14496:16 December 14374:5 September 14340:5 September 14306:5 September 14272:5 September 14238:5 September 14204:5 September 14170:5 September 14136:5 September 14102:5 September 14065:5 September 14031:5 September 13967:5 September 13933:5 September 13899:5 September 13865:5 September 13835:5 September 13801:5 September 13767:5 September 13733:5 September 13640:5 September 13309:23 February 13245:23 February 12910:16 December 12880:5 September 12846:5 September 12778:5 September 12613:(1): 1–27. 11829:Martyn Rady 11639:10 November 11487:Karl Brandi 9264:Ferdinand I 8378: 1370 8153:Leopold III 7826: 1290 7745: 1289 7328: 1218 7197: 1188 6914:Victor Hugo 6910:Charlemagne 6812: [ 6789:Inquisition 6672:europeanism 6652:Emanuel Max 6453:Charles II 6361:Charles IV 6246:Charles II 6223:Charles II 6200:Charles II 6154:Charles II 6131:Charles II 6108:Charles II 6085:Charles II 6039:Charles II 6016:Charles II 5993:Charles II 5970:Charles II 5792:Württemberg 5581:As part of 5523:was crowned 5431: 1562 5361:Stillborn. 5288:Stillborn. 4999:El Escorial 4810:sedan chair 4138:eternal Law 4134:Ius gentium 4119:, and also 4105:Theologians 4101:natural law 3917:Mexico City 3898:Augustinian 3868:Christendom 3790:rustication 3774:Plateresque 3751:Renaissance 3530: [ 3500:and Spain. 3425:condottieri 3382:Helmschmied 3315:Landsknecht 3297:Tlaxcallans 3123:El Escorial 3102:Extremadura 2820:Lutheranism 2765:Reformation 2564:, where he 2474:Florentines 2318:Reformation 2240:, the main 2214:Holy League 2149:Switzerland 2024:Hondarribia 1970:Quinto Real 1605:Tordesillas 1586:jure matris 1485:Netherlands 1424:Tordesillas 947:during the 847:Extremadura 689:Reformation 674:Charlemagne 654:West Indies 534:as titular 356:El Escorial 279:Predecessor 243:Ferdinand I 229:Predecessor 179:Predecessor 159:jure matris 148:Ferdinand I 134:Predecessor 27676:Categories 27420:Alfonso IV 27294:Alfonso II 27013:Descent of 26981:of Hungary 26917:Maximilian 26665:Franz Karl 26634:Maximilian 26491:Leopold VI 26384:Wenceslaus 26379:Albert VII 26323:Charles II 25579:Leopold VI 25539:Albert VII 25426:Charles II 25305:Francis II 25249:Leopold VI 25201:Albert VII 25089:Leopold II 24872:(994–1018) 24770:William IV 24728:William II 24557:Charles IV 24526:Philip III 24470:Charles II 24127:(998–1026) 24109:(963–1136) 24095:(963–1354) 24080:Luxembourg 24024:Charles IV 24004:Philip III 23989:Charles II 23854:William II 23695:Charles VI 23683:Philip III 23665:Charles IV 23659:Joanna III 23633:Alfonso II 23565:Charles II 23503:Charles V 23487:Sigismund 23463:Henry VII 23399:Conrad II 23383:Henry III 23375:Conrad II 23353:(996–1002) 23328:(962–1556) 23143:Lothair I 23066:Liutprand 23042:Raginpert 23002:Perctarit 22978:Perctarit 22962:Aripert I 22827:Theodahad 22819:Athalaric 22811:Theodoric 22803:Ostrogoths 22724:William II 22611:Napoleon I 22592:Francis II 22587:Leopold II 22567:Charles VI 22480:Wenceslaus 22468:Charles IV 22374:Henry (VI) 22369:Conrad III 22298:(962–1806) 22293:within the 22203:during the 21690:Somosierra 21680:Manila Bay 21554:Nördlingen 21494:Gravelines 20974:Columnario 20946:Currencies 20863:Concepción 20835:Audiencias 20810:New Toledo 20775:La Florida 20608:Corregidor 20572:Papal bull 20477:Antarctica 20385:Micronesia 19842:Golden Age 19730:Isabella I 19715:Charles VI 19700:Philip VII 19661:Charles IV 19493:Blanche II 19486:Charles IV 19452:Charles II 19447:Philip III 19371:Theobald I 19353:Sancho VII 19313:Sancho III 19169:Isabella I 19121:Alfonso XI 19087:Alfonso IX 19054:Alfonso VI 19007:Bermudo II 19002:Ramiro III 18982:Ordoño III 18972:Alfonso IV 18854:Isabella I 18774:Alfonso XI 18735:Alfonso IX 18702:Alfonso VI 18664:Bermudo II 18592:Theodemund 18582:Hermeneric 18457:Charles II 18447:Philip III 18406:Isabella I 18358:Alfonso XI 18333:Berengaria 18318:Sancho III 18281:Alfonso VI 18186:Charles II 18181:Philip III 18095:Alfonso IV 18065:Alfonso II 18038:Petronilla 17911:Charles IV 17878:Real union 17868:Charles II 17858:Philip III 17808:Isabella I 17719:Francis II 17714:Leopold II 17694:Charles VI 17664:Rudolph II 17629:Charles IV 17519:Charles II 17427:1504–1516 17378:Joanna III 17356:1530–1556 17341:1519–1556 17322:1519–1521 17287:1543–1555 17188:Roussillon 17151:Joanna III 17119:1506–1555 17084:Luxembourg 16926:3763011781 16906:3442755115 16889:3170156950 16868:3700130546 16851:3534048202 16834:3406453597 16817:3933463068 16603:1563380609 16539:1417971096 16347:14 October 16307:8 February 16271:8 February 16261:ScreenRant 16158:3702301135 16067:Boone 2021 15670:Kamen 1997 15223:Wikisource 14956:Parker, '' 14918:1152295705 14462:7 February 13997:5 February 13386:Kamen 1997 13211:Tracy 2002 13117:0826514707 13054:1576077330 12976:9004043152 12744:9 December 12710:9 December 12676:9 December 12651:9 December 12237:8488480199 12186:7 November 12160:7 November 12135:0582784646 11068:Setton, K. 11044:References 11034:Charles II 10933:ruled the 10874:28 October 10831:Charles VI 10610:of Austria 10506:Charles II 10305:of Austria 10276:of Austria 10222:of Austria 10207:of Austria 9987:of Austria 9957:of Austria 9894:Wenceslaus 9879:Albert VII 9837:of Austria 9804:Philip III 9536:Charles II 8882:of Castile 8562:of Germany 8388:Leopold IV 8189:Leopold II 8122:Albert III 7828:–1312/1313 7722:of Bohemia 7505:of Germany 7320:of Germany 6982:The Tudors 6826:Lord Byron 6803:(1979) by 6793:Oudenaarde 6766:Literature 6530:Plus Ultra 6430:Charles V 6407:Charles V 6384:Charles I 6338:Charles I 6292:Charles I 6269:Charles I 5898:, Lord of 5868:Roussillon 5784:Gelderland 5780:Luxembourg 5604:since the 5519:Pope Leo X 5026:Henry VIII 4793:have been 4753:Portuguese 4154:papal bull 4029:scholastic 3890:Franciscan 3536:(from the 3508:See also: 3423:. Italian 3313:See also: 2867:standstill 2712:chronicler 2614:in Seville 2435:Pope Leo X 2404:Henry VIII 2263:Maximilian 1962:Valladolid 1936:Pope Leo X 1885:Aragonese 1658:A.E.I.O.U. 1610:Plus Ultra 1542:culturally 1489:Luxembourg 879:Prinsenhof 863:Prinsenhof 764:coronation 732:Pope Leo X 199:Co-monarch 101:Coronation 27570:Alfonso V 27358:Peter III 27277:Ramiro II 27272:Alfonso I 27067:Palatines 27015:Charles I 26979:Palatines 26960:Karl Pius 26935:Gottfried 26791:Friedrich 26715:Sigismund 26553:Ferdinand 26538:Joseph II 26430:Ferdinand 26399:Leopold V 26287:Charles I 26239:Sigismund 26234:Albert VI 26082:Philip II 26042:Philip IV 25910:(1907–38) 25894:(1875–80) 25886:(1871–73) 25878:(1857–68) 25870:(1851–57) 25862:(1830–33) 25851:Ferdinand 25846:(1759–88) 25838:(1724–46) 25835:Ferdinand 25830:(1709–24) 25798:(1605–21) 25790:(1582–98) 25782:(1578–82) 25774:(1571–78) 25771:Ferdinand 25766:(1556–68) 25758:(1527–56) 25750:(1504–16) 25742:(1502–04) 25726:(1497–98) 25718:(1478–97) 25710:(1470–78) 25702:(1468–70) 25694:(1464–68) 25686:(1462–64) 25678:(1425–54) 25670:(1424–25) 25662:(1423–24) 25659:Catherine 25654:(1405–06) 25646:(1402–05) 25638:(1388–90) 25555:Leopold V 25507:Charles I 25410:Charles I 25329:Charles I 25289:Joseph II 25225:Leopold V 25161:Charles I 24864:(976–994) 24782:Charlotte 24722:William I 24626:Charles V 24549:Philip IV 24510:Philip II 24408:Elisabeth 24327:Charles I 24311:Henry VII 24250:Ermesinde 24172:Conrad II 24164:William I 24156:Henry III 24140:Giselbert 24119:(963–998) 24116:Siegfried 24029:Charles V 24014:Philip IV 23999:Philip II 23969:Alfonso I 23959:Martin II 23909:Charles I 23899:Conrad II 23864:Roger III 23849:William I 23737:Joachim I 23689:Charles V 23677:Philip II 23648:Louis III 23643:Frederick 23622:Alfonso I 23612:Joanna II 23604:Ladislaus 23591:Ladislaus 23559:Charles I 23471:Louis IV 23439:Henry VI 23391:Henry IV 23367:Henry II 23359:Arduin I 23351:Otto III 23345:(980–983) 23337:(962–973) 23308:(950–963) 23306:Adalbert 23300:(950–963) 23293:Anscarids 23286:(945–950) 23278:(926–947) 23270:(900–905) 23268:Louis II 23256:(922–933) 23242:(891–897) 23234:(889–894) 23227:Guideschi 23220:(887–924) 23185:(896–899) 23177:(879–887) 23169:(877–879) 23167:Carloman 23161:(875–877) 23153:(855–875) 23145:(818–855) 23137:(810–818) 23129:(781–810) 23121:(774–814) 23100:(756–774) 23092:(749–756) 23084:(744–749) 23068:(712–744) 23058:Ansprand 23052:(702–712) 23036:(700–702) 23034:Liutpert 23028:(689–700) 23026:Cunipert 23012:(688–689) 23010:Cunipert 23004:(671–688) 22994:Garibald 22988:(662–671) 22986:Grimoald 22980:(661–662) 22972:(661–662) 22970:Godepert 22964:(653–661) 22956:(652–653) 22948:(636-652) 22940:(626–636) 22932:(616–626) 22930:Adaloald 22924:(590–616) 22916:(584–590) 22908:(574–584) 22898:(572–574) 22890:(568–572) 22869:(552–553) 22861:(541–552) 22845:(540–541) 22837:(536–540) 22829:(534–536) 22821:(526–534) 22813:(493–526) 22783:(476–493) 22714:William I 22695:William I 22630:Francis I 22582:Joseph II 22577:Francis I 22557:Leopold I 22532:Rudolf II 22517:Charles V 22502:Albert II 22497:Sigismund 22453:Henry VII 22409:Conrad IV 22330:Henry III 22325:Conrad II 22257:(919–962) 22252:(911–919) 22208:(843–911) 21995:Nicaragua 21973:Guatemala 21883:Pichincha 21868:Chacabuco 21807:Pensacola 21752:Mataquito 21732:Cajamarca 21713:New World 21685:Trafalgar 21589:Alhucemas 21469:Landriano 21454:Comuneros 21440:Old World 21384:Joan Orpí 21104:Royalists 20878:Guatemala 20805:New Spain 20742:Venezuela 20717:Guatemala 20674:New Spain 20669:Columbian 20562:Exequatur 20462:Cape Juby 20316:Argentina 20139:New Spain 20073:Gibraltar 19837:Habsburgs 19681:Charles V 19676:Philip VI 19666:Philip IV 19618:Charles V 19598:Louis III 19588:Henry III 19522:Catherine 19462:Blanche I 19424:Charles I 19419:Philip II 19348:Sancho VI 19338:Alfonso I 19323:Sancho IV 19303:Sancho II 19200:Charles I 19154:Henry III 19111:Sancho IV 19106:Alfonso X 19049:Sancho II 19012:Alfonso V 18992:Ordoño IV 18977:Ramiro II 18962:Fruela II 18957:Ordoño II 18885:Charles I 18839:Henry III 18759:Sancho IV 18754:Alfonso X 18697:Sancho II 18692:García II 18669:Alfonso V 18654:Ordoño II 18607:Theodemar 18577:Remismund 18567:Richimund 18452:Philip IV 18442:Philip II 18437:Charles I 18391:Henry III 18348:Sancho IV 18343:Alfonso X 18276:Sancho II 18209:Philip IV 18176:Philip II 18166:Charles I 18133:Alfonso V 18080:Peter III 18033:Ramiro II 18028:Alfonso I 17951:Felipe VI 17863:Philip IV 17853:Philip II 17848:Charles I 17709:Joseph II 17704:Francis I 17684:Leopold I 17649:Charles V 17634:Sigismund 17619:Henry VII 17579:Henry III 17574:Conrad II 17544:Louis III 17509:Lothair I 17310:Carinthia 17254:1516–1556 17217:1516–1556 17196:1516–1556 17146:1516–1554 17125:Philip II 16326:761003148 16231:VisitGent 15804:, 545–546 15637:Kamen, H. 15440:Charles V 15016:21 August 14793:245485372 14785:0255-0636 14642:247214976 14586:242643244 14578:0027-2841 13701:227060405 13477:Routledge 13401:, 490–494 13146:25 August 12978:. p. 142. 12812:30 August 12582:. p. 311. 12346:, p. 138 12283:23 August 12263:23 August 12029:Charles V 11974:23 August 11954:23 August 11922:7 January 11888:23 August 11868:23 August 11813:7 January 11779:7 January 11733:7 January 11700:7 January 11553:cite book 11543:7 January 11382:. London. 11145:. p. 212. 11096:0065-9738 11049:Citations 11030:Charles I 11026:Charles V 11012:Carolus V 10838:1685–1740 10823:1678–1711 10614:1649–1664 10599:1640–1705 10592:Leopold I 10584:1633–1654 10513:1661–1700 10498:1629–1646 10339:1630–1665 10324:1628–1662 10309:1614–1662 10294:1608–1657 10279:1605–1619 10226:1609–1641 10219:Ferdinand 10211:1607–1632 10196:1605–1665 10189:Philip IV 9991:1590–1624 9976:1586–1632 9969:Leopold V 9961:1583–1616 9946:1578–1637 9931:1560–1618 9916:1558–1600 9901:1561–1578 9886:1559–1621 9871:1558–1618 9856:1557–1619 9841:1553–1595 9826:1552–1612 9819:Rudolf II 9811:1578–1621 9796:1545–1568 9543:1540–1590 9520:1529–1595 9489:1527–1576 9450:1527–1598 9443:Philip II 9271:1503–1564 9192:1500–1558 9185:Charles V 8886:1478–1506 8761:1459–1519 8730:1440–1457 8723:Ladislaus 8627:1427–1496 8620:Sigismund 8612:1418–1463 8605:Albert VI 8597:1415–1493 8566:1397–1439 8559:Albert II 8433:1382–1439 8410:1377–1424 8395:1371–1411 8359:1377–1404 8352:Albert IV 8196:1328–1344 8181:1327–1344 8160:1351–1386 8129:1349–1395 8114:1347–1362 8101:1339–1365 8094:Rudolf IV 7818:Parricida 7807:1301–1339 7792:1299–1327 7777:1298–1358 7770:Albert II 7762:1290–1326 7755:Leopold I 7734:Frederick 7726:1281–1307 7543:1270–1290 7536:Rudolf II 7528:1263–1281 7509:1255–1308 6933:Philip II 6928:Don Carlo 6902:'s opera 6889:'s opera 5908:Pordenone 5832:Barcelona 5812:Catalonia 5796:Landgrave 5788:Neopatria 5768:Carinthia 5744:Ocean Sea 5712:Gibraltar 5708:Algeciras 5615:Charles, 5578:of 1617. 5540:, at the 5453:, son of 5250:Ferdinand 5137:La Gloria 5081:Catherine 5034:Louis XII 4948:Catherine 4900:Ferdinand 4779:lower jaw 4715:Languages 4679:Education 4177:Ancestors 4098:Thomistic 4090:New World 4014:moral law 3894:Dominican 3885:audiencia 3846:New World 3782:Mannerism 3726:during a 3692:New World 3645:historian 3579:in 1505. 3550:Innsbruck 3363:Nuremberg 3280:when the 3207:Ferdinand 3127:Philip IV 3084:, Cáceres 2913:Innsbruck 2862:Nuremberg 2570:Philip II 2554:final war 2549:in 1544. 2497:third war 2482:annulling 2439:Venetians 2427:first war 2408:Henry VII 2369:Francis I 2252:from the 2224:in 1571. 2158:Imperial- 2155:in 1515. 2039:Philip II 1990:had been 1966:Castilian 1945:Cardinal 1916:Catalonia 1791:Groningen 1411:Ferdinand 933:from the 839:Ferdinand 701:New Spain 695:, and in 670:Charles V 613:, son of 512:Charles V 498:Signature 289:Successor 239:Successor 193:Philip II 189:Successor 144:Successor 45:Charles V 27461:Peter IV 27389:James II 27321:Peter II 27251:Sancho I 26926:Habsburg 26882:Leo Karl 26675:Albrecht 26512:Joseph I 26369:Matthias 26359:Rudolf V 25926:(2014– ) 25899:Mercedes 25891:Isabella 25867:Isabella 25859:Isabella 25723:Isabella 25707:Isabella 25699:Isabella 25531:Matthias 25257:Joseph I 25193:Matthias 25185:Rudolf V 25129:Albert V 25027:Albert I 25019:Rudolf I 24580:Philip V 24462:Philip I 24424:and then 24303:Henry VI 24266:and then 24261:Theobald 24204:Henry IV 24148:Conrad I 24132:Henry II 24076:Monarchs 23994:Philip I 23954:Martin I 23934:Peter II 23894:Conrad I 23889:Henry II 23844:Roger II 23825:Roger II 23732:Joseph I 23671:Philip I 23599:Louis II 23575:Joanna I 23447:Otto IV 23407:Henry V 23343:Otto II 23263:Bosonids 23254:Rudolph 23240:Lambert 23151:Louis I 23135:Bernard 23090:Aistulf 23082:Ratchis 22954:Rodoald 22946:Rothari 22938:Arioald 22922:Agilulf 22914:Authari 22880:Lombards 22843:Ildibad 22835:Vitiges 22781:Odoacer 22562:Joseph I 22537:Matthias 22458:Louis IV 22448:Albert I 22438:Rudolf I 22384:Henry VI 22335:Henry IV 22320:Henry II 22315:Otto III 22264:Conrad I 22220:Carloman 22005:Colombia 21990:Honduras 21903:Asomante 21888:Ayacucho 21878:Carabobo 21853:Curalaba 21630:Ceresole 21524:Gembloux 21484:Mühlberg 21199:Mariners 21057:Military 20979:Doubloon 20964:Maravedí 20908:Santiago 20815:Paraguay 20541:Germania 20381:Caroline 20336:Malvinas 20320:Paraguay 20280:Colombia 20222:Trinidad 20089:Sardinia 19929:Bourbons 19705:Louis II 19671:Philip V 19642:Joan III 19613:Louis VI 19603:Louis IV 19593:Louis II 19564:Joan III 19559:Henry II 19540:John III 19404:Philip I 19328:Sancho V 19288:Sancho I 19242:Monarchs 19182:Philip I 19164:Henry IV 19144:Henry II 18997:Sancho I 18987:Sancho I 18952:García I 18927:Monarchs 18867:Philip I 18849:Henry IV 18829:Henry II 18659:Sancho I 18597:Chararic 18587:Veremund 18537:Hermeric 18517:Monarchs 18475:Philip V 18419:Philip I 18401:Henry IV 18381:Henry II 18251:Monarchs 18171:Philip I 18100:Peter IV 18090:James II 18070:Peter II 18013:Ramiro I 17993:Monarchs 17896:Philip V 17886:Philip V 17821:Philip I 17737:Category 17689:Joseph I 17669:Matthias 17624:Louis IV 17604:Henry VI 17584:Henry IV 17569:Henry II 17564:Otto III 17549:Berengar 17514:Louis II 17399:Henry II 17388:Henry II 17314:Carniola 17235:Joanna I 17192:Cerdagne 17175:Sardinia 17171:Valencia 17098:Flanders 17065:Philip I 16945:(1911). 16795:Archived 16590:(1993). 16544:Archived 16526:(1891). 16496:20477694 16389:(1978). 16341:Archived 16301:Archived 16265:Archived 16235:Archived 16194:20 March 16188:Archived 16160:, p. 30. 16101:Archived 15871:Thomas, 15851:Archived 15816:Thomas, 15800:Parker, 15787:Parker, 15774:Thomas, 15751:Archived 15721:Archived 15691:Archived 15639:(1997). 15620:Archived 15607:, 84, 88 15603:Thomas, 15583:Archived 15544:Archived 15524:Parker, 15509:Archived 15502:Heredity 15455:, p. 377 15451:Parker, 15411:Thomas, 15398:Thomas, 15385:Thomas, 15301:(1911). 15081:13 April 15077:: 95–104 15010:Archived 14943:Parker, 14923:Archived 14840:Archived 14797:Archived 14590:Archived 14541:7 August 14532:Archived 14422:Archived 13991:Archived 13859:Archived 13634:Archived 13445:Archived 13416:Archived 13397:Parker, 13373:18412053 13346:16885558 13169:Archived 13140:Archived 13091:18 April 12994:Archived 12476:Archived 12455:Archived 12444:Archived 12367:Archived 12348:Archived 12334:, p. 299 12324:Archived 12311:, p. 137 12301:Archived 12277:Archived 12257:Archived 12098:. CABI. 12046:, Whaley 11968:Archived 11948:Archived 11882:Archived 11862:Archived 11694:Archived 11534:Archived 11351:(2000). 11219:Archived 11197:(1856). 11185:. p. 92. 11158:Archived 11070:(1984). 11003:Carles V 10967:Carlos V 10891:See also 10816:Joseph I 10509:of Spain 10192:of Spain 9849:Matthias 9807:of Spain 9446:of Spain 9166:HRE line 9162:Austrian 8879:Philip I 7737:the Fair 7719:Rudolf I 7524:Hartmann 7502:Albert I 7317:Rudolf I 6807:, while 6735:and the 6516:Flanders 5958:Titular 5928:Mechelen 5892:Oristano 5884:Margrave 5872:Cerdagne 5856:Ferrette 5820:Habsburg 5772:Carniola 5760:Lorraine 5728:Sardinia 5704:Algarves 5676:Valencia 5656:Dalmatia 5570:suo jure 5187:Lifespan 5184:Portrait 5105:Alhambra 4973:Marriage 4876:Isabella 4816:Siblings 4795:epilepsy 4165:Antilles 4073:and the 4059:prelates 4022:Catholic 3977:comunero 3941:New Laws 3838:Portugal 3810:New Laws 3800:Americas 3762:Alhambra 3743:and the 3700:invested 3684:cronista 3673:European 3490:Augsburg 3468:and the 3367:Augsburg 3293:Tlaxcala 3276:and the 3261:— 3167:deputies 3058:suo jure 2997:Brussels 2812:Wartburg 2562:Lorraine 2558:Henry II 2447:Burgundy 2271:electors 2238:Augsburg 2176:Lombardy 2127:and the 2016:Henry II 1981:Catalan 1932:Sardinia 1920:Valencia 1892:Zaragoza 1867:in 1526. 1822:rebelled 1795:Guelders 1766:(led by 1745:Flanders 1725:Brussels 1721:Brussels 1678:Ottomans 1645:election 1624:and the 1581:Sardinia 1567:and the 1546:Brussels 1517:Isabella 1505:Mechelen 1493:Burgundy 1398:Mechelen 1016:archduke 960:Austrian 853:Ancestry 814:offered 790:and the 722:Crowned 664:and was 656:and the 607:Flanders 580:Sardinia 488:Religion 462:Habsburg 313:Flanders 203:Joanna I 27575:John II 27342:James I 27267:Peter I 27141:Charles 27094:Charles 27058:Dominic 27051:Tuscany 26928:Tuscany 26887:Wilhelm 26695:Stephen 26584:Charles 26425:Charles 25907:Alfonso 25875:Alfonso 25843:Charles 25819:Charles 25763:Charles 25747:Charles 25731:Michael 25691:Alfonso 25667:Eleanor 25011:Austria 24764:Adolphe 24673:Francis 24665:Leopold 24634:Mary II 24430:John II 24419:Anthony 24295:Henry V 24272:Waleran 24124:Henry I 23924:James I 23919:Peter I 23904:Manfred 23879:Henry I 23859:Tancred 23815:Roger I 23581:Louis I 23335:Otto I 23321:within 23191:Ratold 23183:Arnulf 23018:Alahis 22888:Alboin 22859:Totila 22851:Eraric 22474:Günther 22432:Alfonso 22426:Richard 22421:William 22394:Otto IV 22359:Henry V 22348:Hermann 22310:Otto II 22269:Henry I 22137:Asiento 22108:Mustang 21968:Yucatán 21963:Chiapas 21843:Tucapel 21675:Passaro 21625:Algiers 21615:Preveza 21584:Tetouan 21579:Vitoria 21569:Bitonto 21509:Antwerp 21504:Lepanto 21459:Bicocca 20935:Economy 20858:Charcas 20853:Caracas 20747:Yucatán 20618:Regidor 20603:Alcalde 20531:Cabildo 20438:Tripoli 20377:Mariana 20324:Charcas 20300:(Peru, 20284:Ecuador 20247:Bonaire 20242:Curazao 20227:Jamaica 20155:Florida 19748:. Also 19744:. Also 19608:Louis V 19583:Antoine 19499:Eleanor 19480:John II 19429:Joan II 19409:Louis I 19381:Henry I 19333:Peter I 19246:Navarre 19159:John II 18844:John II 18627:Malaric 18602:Ariamir 18557:Maldras 18547:Rechiar 18542:Rechila 18521:Galicia 18396:John II 18328:Henry I 18255:Castile 18138:John II 18075:James I 18023:Peter I 17891:Louis I 17609:Otto IV 17589:Henry V 17559:Otto II 17534:Lambert 17504:Louis I 17167:Majorca 17110:Zeeland 17106:Holland 17102:Hainaut 17080:Lothier 17076:Limburg 16955:(ed.). 16898:Karl V. 16711:(1769). 16654:(1925) 16576:(2018) 16468:(1939) 16427:English 16138:20 July 15886:Emperor 15875:, 37–38 15802:Emperor 15789:Emperor 15757:10 June 15727:10 June 15697:28 July 15589:11 June 15526:Emperor 15477:24 July 15402:, 26–27 15311:(ed.). 15278:(ed.). 14895:, p. 87 13454:10 June 13422:19 July 13399:Emperor 12452:page 64 12273:"XXIII" 11964:"XXIII" 11878:"XXIII" 11203:p. 321. 10999:Catalan 10994:Karel V 10985:Carlo V 10981:Italian 10963:Spanish 10958:Karl V. 10204:Charles 9984:Charles 9924:Charles 9083:Iberian 9079:Spanish 8367:William 7011:Emperor 6992:series 6919:Hernani 6830:Ode to 6797:Berchem 6690:, Spain 6688:Granada 6584:Infante 6544:Navarre 6512:Brabant 6504:Austria 6500:Granada 6484:Castile 5924:Tripoli 5896:Gociano 5880:Zutphen 5876:Drenthe 5852:Seeland 5848:Holland 5844:Hainaut 5828:Gorizia 5808:Asturia 5776:Limburg 5756:Brabant 5732:Corsica 5692:Cordova 5688:Sevilla 5684:Majorca 5680:Galicia 5668:Grenada 5664:Navarra 5660:Croatia 5652:Hungary 5640:Castile 5625:forever 5554:Bohemia 5550:Croatia 5546:Hungary 5109:Granada 5054:Eleanor 4846:Eleanor 4065:of the 4063:knights 4055:Estates 4036:legally 4025:jurists 3862:and by 3753:ruler. 3712:Jamaica 3661:Decades 3649:Central 3625:contino 3561:Granada 3498:Antwerp 3486:Welsers 3482:Fuggers 3462:Castile 3442:Finance 3436:tercios 3390:muskets 3386:Negroli 3375:Brescia 3354:at the 3219:in 1531 3118:codicil 3111:malaria 2933:Villach 2923:began. 2899:at the 2839:Ottoman 2775:to the 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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

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