Charles III of Spain

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lodges (rumored to be the Rodríguez Campomanes, Esquilache, Wall, Azara, Miguel de la Nava, Pedro del Río, Jovellanos, Valle, Salazar, Olavide, Roda, the Duke of Alba, the Count Floridablanca and the Count of Aranda), managing to convince the king to limit the authority of the Spanish Inquisition (even being behind the Expulsion of the Jesuits), because the presence of Freemasonry was very influential in the Cortes of Carlos III and Carlos IV to encourage enlightened despotism, being almost omnipresent in the noble, literary and military aristocracies that surrounded him. It is not surprising that in the year 1751, when the Peruvian Inquisition had a case of accusation against a Frenchman, this revealed that in the city of Lima there were already at least 40 initiates in Freemasonry. It is also mentioned that through Francisco Saavedra and the Gálvez brothers (Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo together with José de Gálvez y Gallardo), Freemasonry presented links with the government of the colonial territories in Hispanic America.

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that even his anti-Masonic policies were apparent, according to the Masonic oath of obedience and his vow of secrecy about his activities within Freemasonry (being, then, apparent and agreed persecutions). Despite this, there is a consensus that the expansion of Freemasonry in the enlightened Spain of Charles III unquestionably developed, in the same way as it was developed in the other European countries (specifically in the royal and noble houses of Germany, France and England). According to the Freemason Carlos José Gutiérrez de los Ríos, he believes that the increase in the number of people joining Freemasonry, during the reign of Charles III, was the product of the naivety of many Spaniards:

3526: 2396: 1982:, had a considerable influence over him. Tanucci had found a solution to Charles's acceding to the throne, but then implemented a major regalist policy toward the Church, substantially limiting the privileges of the clergy, whose vast possessions enjoyed tax exemption and their own jurisdiction. His realm was financially a backward, underdeveloped stagnant agrarian economy, with 80% of the land being owned or controlled by the church and therefore tax-exempt. Landlords often registered their properties with the church to benefit from tax exemptions. Their rural tenants were under their landlords' control rather than royal jurisdiction. Taxes were collected by 1279: 1660: 3510: 8232: 4444: 1155: 3195: 3495: 42: 2319: 1043:"I believe, that you will not be displeased to learn of her first interview with her little husband. They embraced very affectionately and kissed one another, and it appears to me that he does not displease her. Thus, since this evening they do not like to leave one another. She says a hundred pretty things; one would not credit the things that she says unless one heard them. She has the mind of an angel, and my son is only too happy to possess her . . . She has charged me to tell you that she loves you with all her heart and that she is quite content with her husband." 7416: 2891: 1009: 1661: 490: 2279: 2037:. This move had a little practical effect: though a few Jews did come to Sicily, though there was no legal impediment to their living there, they felt their lives insecure, and they soon went back to Turkey. Despite the King's goodwill, the Jewish community of Sicily which had flourished in the Middle East was not re-established. Still, this was a significant symbolic gesture, the King clearly repudiating a past policy of religious intolerance. Moreover, the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily had been an application of the Spanish 2774: 1755: 3087: 2879: 6599: 2203: 1060: 2020: 1796: 2010: 1491: 2702: 897: 691: 675: 1310:, had only limited resources for the defense of Naples and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility was against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to Charles, who would be more likely to live and rule there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took 3203: 3040:

military was insufficient for a war with Britain. Military defense of the empire was a top priority, an expensive but necessary undertaking. With the 1763 peace treaty ending the Seven Years' War, Spain regained its ports of Havana, Cuba, and Manila, in the Philippines. Esquilache needed to find revenue to support the establishment of a standing military and fortification of ports. To raise funds, the sales tax

2061:"The position of Italian matters is not more beautiful; but it is worsened by the fact that the King of Naples and the King of Sardinia, adding troops to larger forces of the others, could oppose itself to the plans of their neighbors; to defend itself against the dangers of the peace of the enemies themselves they were in a way united, but they are separated by their different systems of government." 3356: 1519:

of the Kingdom of Naples by a peace treaty, and so the Emperor was considered still de jure King of Naples. Receiving the Hackney from the Holy Roman Empire was common while receiving it from a Bourbon was unusual. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante.

2828:, and all their possessions were confiscated. His quarrel with the Jesuits, and the memory of those with the Pope while he was King of Naples, turned him towards a general policy of restriction of what he saw as the overgrown power of the Church. The number of reputedly idle clergy, and more particularly of the monastic orders, was reduced, and the 2306:; he would stay in Italy while his father was in Spain. Charles formally abdicated the crowns of Naples and Sicily on 6 October 1759 in favor of Ferdinand. Charles left his son's education and care to a regency council composed of eight members, which would govern the kingdom until the young king was 16 years old. Charles and his wife arrived in 1435:, while other Austrian troops were able to escape to the sea. To celebrate the victory, Naples was illuminated for three nights, and on 30 May, the Duke of Montemar, Charles's army commander, was named the Duke of Bitonto. Today there is an obelisk in the city of Bitonto commemorating the battle constructed and designed by 5341:

delle storie de' secoli andati, e dell'arte militare, e posso con verità assicurare la MV non-averlo per il più sentito parlar d'altro in occasione del pranzo, che dell'età degli astanti, di caccia, delle qualità de' suoi cani, della bontà ed insipidezza de' cibi, e della mutazione de' venti indicanti pioggia o serenità

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on the frontier and its educational institutions. For American-born Spaniards, at a stroke, the most wealthy and prestigious religious order that educated their sons and accepted a chosen few into their ranks were consigned to Italian exile. Jesuit properties, included thriving haciendas, were confiscated, the

1055:"I find her the most beautiful and most lovable child in the world. It is the most pleasing thing imaginable to see her with her little husband: how they caress one another and how they love one another already. They have a thousand little secrets to tell one another, and they cannot part for an instant." 3406:

Freemasonry arrived in Spain in 1726, by the year 1748, there were already 800 members in Cádiz, which was the door to Spanish America. During the reign of Carlos III, Freemasonry enjoyed wide liberties, where the most influential political leaders and social figures were distinguished members of the

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In the meantime, much-antiquated legislation that tended to restrict trade and industry was abolished, and roads, canals, and drainage works were established. Many of his paternal ventures led to little more than the wasting of monies, or the creation of hotbeds of jobbery; on the whole, however, the

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Charles encouraged the development of skilled craftsmen in Naples and Sicily, after centuries of foreign domination. Charles is recognized for having recreated the "Neapolitan nation", building an independent and sovereign kingdom. He also instituted reforms that were more administrative, more social

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horse from the Holy Roman Emperor rather than from Charles. The Hackney was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that Charles had not yet been recognized as ruler

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Two chroniclers of the era, the Florentine Bartolomeo Intrieri, and the Venetian Cesare Vignola made conflicting reports on the view of the situation by Neapolitans. Intrieri writes that the arrival was a historic event and that the crowd cried out that "His Royal Highness is beautiful, that his face

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Il di lui talento è naturale, e non-stato coltivato da maestri, sendo stato allevato all'uso di Spagna, ove i ministri non-amano di vedere i loro sovrani intesi di molte cose, per poter indi più facilmente governare a loro talento. Poche sono le notizie delle corti straniere, delle leggi, de' Regni,

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was seen as the real culprit. After exiling Esquilache, Charles expelled the Jesuits from Spain and its empire in 1767. In Spanish America, the impact was significant, since the Jesuits were a wealthy and powerful religious order, owning lucrative haciendas that produced revenue funding its missions

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In order to defend the Duchy of Parma from Charles Emmanuel's threats, Charles deployed troops on the borders of the Papal States. Thanks to the mediation of Louis XV, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claims to Piacenza in exchange for financial compensation. Charles thus assured the succession of one

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Charles was not expected to ascend to the throne of Spain, since his father had sons from his first wife who were more likely to rule. As the first son of his father's second wife, Charles benefited from his mother's ambition that he have a kingdom to rule, an experience that served him well when he

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in 1765 to find ways to extract further revenue from its richest overseas possession and to observe conditions. The position gave sweeping powers to its holder, sometimes greater than that of the viceroy. Following his return to Spain in 1771, Gálvez became Minister of the Indies and proceeded with

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His internal government was, on the whole, beneficial to the country. He began by compelling the people of Madrid to give up emptying their slops out of the windows, and when they objected he said they were like children who cried when their faces were washed. At the time of his accession to Spain,

1588:, who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed the taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiastical, and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal. 630:

In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with the aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new

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However, authors such as Miguel Morayta (endorsing the thesis that Charles III was a Freemason) that his anti-Masonic attitudes were actually due to his concern "for his foreign dependence" (for the interests of the United Kingdom and to a lesser extent of his rivals in the French Enlightened), or

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king. Among the initiatives aimed at bringing the kingdom out of difficult economic conditions, Charles created the "commerce council" that negotiated with the Ottomans, Swedes, French, and Dutch. He also founded an insurance company and took measures to protect the forests, and tried to start the

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In order to oppose the small but powerful pro-Austrian party in Naples, a new council was formed under the direction of Tanucci that resulted in the arrest of more than 800 people. In April Maria Theresa addressed the Neapolitans with a proclamation in which she promised pardons and other benefits

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In particular, it has problems with the final paragraph of section (in sentences starting "But I also accept that..."), which appears to be either the editor talking in first person, plagiarism from a first person essay, a failed attempt at translating, &/or close paraphrasing from an uncited

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The episode was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, the seat of the papacy, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. The regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such

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The letter began with the words "To the King of Naples, My Son, and My Brother". Charles was unique in the fact that he was the first ruler of Naples to actually live there, after two centuries of viceroys. However, Austrian resistance had not yet been completely eliminated. The emperor had sent

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were captured (1762–63) by the British. Charles's predecessors on the throne had begun reforming the relationship between the Iberian metropole Spanish American and Philippine possessions, to create a centralized and unified empire. The Seven Years' War had demonstrated to Charles that Spain's

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Bourbon Spain, like their Habsburg predecessors, were drawn into European conflicts, not necessarily to Spain's benefit. The traditional friendship with Bourbon France brought about the idea that the power of Great Britain would decrease and that of Spain and France would do the opposite; this

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The rule of Charles III has been considered the "apogee of empire" and not sustained after his death. Charles III ascended the throne of Spain with considerable experience in governance, and enacted significant reforms to revivify Spain's economy and strengthen its empire. Although there were

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However, despite this rosy legend of his relative tolerance, Charles III remained a devout Catholic who persecuted Freemasonry, first in the Kingdom of Naples (where in 1751 he had published an edict prohibiting Freemasonry as disturbing public tranquility and of violating the rights of Royal

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heard about the ceremony, he was enraged that Gian Gastone had not informed him, since he was overlord of Tuscany and the nomination should have been his prerogative. Despite the celebrations, Elisabeth Farnese urged her son to go on to Parma, which he did in October 1732, where he was warmly

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on the eastern outskirts of Madrid, aged 35, on 27 September 1760. She was buried at the El Escorial in the royal crypt. Charles did not marry again. The example of his actions and works was not without effect on other Spanish nobles. In his domestic life, King Charles was regular, and was a

1291:. On 27 February, King Philip declared his intention to capture the Kingdom of Naples, claiming he would free it of "excessive violence by the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, oppression, and tyranny". Charles, now "Charles I of Parma", was to be in charge. Charles inspected the Spanish troops at 1572:

The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king

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His twenty years in the Italian Peninsula had been very fruitful, and he came to the throne of Spain with significant experience. Internal politics, as well as diplomatic relationships with other countries, underwent complete reform. Charles represented a new type of ruler, who followed

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from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity

3291:. Maria Josepha was a niece of Emperor Charles; the marriage was seen as the only alternative to an Austrian marriage. Maria Amalia was only 13 when she was informed of her proposed marriage. The marriage date was confirmed on 31 October 1737. Maria Amalia was married by proxy at 1000:

Charles's half-brother, Infante Philip Peter, died on 29 December 1719, putting Charles third in line to the throne after Luis and Ferdinand. He would retain his position behind these two until they died and he succeeded to the Spanish throne. His second full brother, Infante

4415: 1534:. The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from the Church. Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as Charles would have wanted. 3411:

sovereignty) and later in Spain, gaining the fame of being the most distinguished European monarch in repressing Freemasonry (according to the record of his letters) and being obedient to the anti-Masonic indications of the bull Providas Romanorum Pontificum of

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of the military navy was introduced by the king on 28 May 1785. Until then, Spanish vessels sported the white flag of the Bourbons with the arms of the sovereign. Charles replaced it due to his concern that it looked too similar to the flags of other nations.

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Charles had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the

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constructed, as well a number of routes that led to the capital of Madrid, which is located in the center of Spain. Other cities were improved during his reign; Seville for example saw the introduction of many new structures such as hospitals and the

1337:. There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, Charles received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the 3271:

His physical appearance was dominated by the Bourbon nose that he had inherited from his father's side of the family. He was described as "a brown boy, who has a lean face with a bulging nose", and was known for his happy and exuberant character.

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During the early years of Charles's reign, the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See over jurisdiction, clerical appointments, and revenues. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason,

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on the statue that the representative". Vignola wrote in contrast that "there were only some acclamations", and that the crowd applauded with "a lot of languors" and only "to incite those that threw the money to throw it in more abundance".

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and generally liberalized most commerce. Despite this action, it provoked the overlord to charge high prices because of the "monopolizers" speculating on the bad harvests of the previous years. On 23 March 1766, his attempt to force the

2112:, which was a constant threat to the capital, as was the sea. Charles himself laid the foundation stone of the palace amid many festivities on his 36th birthday, 20 January 1752. Other buildings he had built in his kingdom were the 1883:

Charles had wanted to stay neutral during the conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. Charles arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers that were to be sent to Italy under the command of the

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Out of these proposed marriages, only Louis and Louise Élisabeth would wed. Elisabeth Farnese looked for other potential brides for her eldest son. For this, she looked to Austria, Spain's principal opponent for influence on the

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of his sons, the protection of his brother Philip's duchy and, at the same time, reduced Charles Emmanuel's ambitions. According to Domenico Caracciolo, this was "a fatal blow to the hopes and designs of the king of Sardinia".

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considerate master, though he had a somewhat caustic tongue and took a rather cynical view of humanity. He was passionately fond of hunting. During his later years he had some trouble with his eldest son and daughter-in-law.

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On 20 January 1734, Charles, now 18, reached his majority, and was "free to govern and to manage in a manner independent its states". He was also named commander of all Spanish troops in Italy, a position he shared with the

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In 1735, pursuant to the treaty ending the war, Charles formally ceded Parma to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in exchange for his recognition as King of Naples and Sicily. Following the loss of Parma, Charles removed the

2100:). Construction ideas for the stunning palace started in 1751 when he was 35 years old. The site had previously been home to a small hunting lodge, as had Versailles, which he was fond of because it reminded him of the 5640: 3427:"The other initiates ignore it and enter in good faith for the attraction of fun and even flatter the recruits with mutual aid, they enjoy all the occasions of great ease to enter and find friends everywhere..." 2052:

wanted to create an Italian league where Naples and Sardinia would fight together against Austria, but Charles refused to participate. This choice was sharply criticized by the Neapolitan Ambassador in Turin,

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industrialized quickly and produced much revenue for the Spanish economy. He then turned to the foreign economy looking towards his colonies in the Americas. In particular, he looked at the finances of the

1600:). This was intended to emphasize that he was the first King of Naples to live there, and to mark the discontinuity between him and previous rulers named Charles, specifically his predecessor, the Habsburg 4991:

The Academy of Real Navy 10 December 1735, was the first institution to be established by Charles III for cadets, followed 18 November 1787 by the Royal Military Academy (later Military School of Naples):

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Menéndez-Pidal De Navascués, Faustino; (1999)El escudo; Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O´Donnell, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña. Símbolos de España. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.

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Giovanni Antonio Medrano taught him geography, history and mathematics, as well as military art and architecture during his stay in the cities of Florence, Parma and Piacenza. He was also educated in

1937:, who retreated with heavy losses. The courage shown by Charles caused the King of Sardinia, his enemy, to write that "he revealed a worthy consistency of his blood and that he behaved gloriously". 8503: 8498: 8483: 3299:

representing Charles. This marriage was looked upon favorably by the Holy See and effectively ended its diplomatic disagreement with Charles. The couple met for the first time on 19 June 1738 at

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Meanwhile, Charles had landed in Sicily. Although the Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient

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of France would marry the three-year-old Infanta Mariana Victoria and thus she would become Queen of France; Charles's half-brother Louis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the regent,

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educating their sons closed, and frontier missions were turned over to other religious orders. Politically, culturally, and economically the expulsion was a blow into the fabric of the empire.

4429: 2538:, Spain's stronghold for its Asian trade and colony of strategic islands. Charles III wanted to keep fighting the following year, but he was persuaded by the French leadership to stop. In the 2275:, by which Austria formally renounced the Italian Duchies. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, however, continued to pressure on the possible gain of Piacenza and even threatened to occupy it. 1974:

Charles left a lasting legacy on his kingdom, introducing reforms during his reign. In Naples, Charles began internal reforms that he later continued in peninsular Spain and the ultramarine

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as Philip V. For the remainder of his reign (1700–46), he continually attempted to regain the ceded territories in Europe. In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife, the Princess

1507:, the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles's father, Philip V, King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer 1322:. A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked the defensive position of the Austrians under general 623:. Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased 3093:, Mexican Jesuit exiled to Italy. His history of ancient Mexico was a significant text for pride for contemporaries in New Spain. He is revered in modern Mexico as a creole patriot. 2576:

the power of the revitalized Spanish military after the disastrous Spanish experience in the Seven Years' War. The assault was also meant to demonstrate that Spain would defend its

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The decision to remain neutral was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. Charles's parents encouraged him to take arms as his brother Infante

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writes that Charles "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers

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Determined to maintain the hold of his descendants on the court of Naples, Charles undertook lengthy diplomatic negotiations with Maria Theresa, and in 1758 the two signed the

3004:(Gala Dining room) was built during the years of 1765–1770; the room took the place of the old apartments of Queen Maria Amalia. He died in the palace on 14 December 1788. 1642:

Charles, by the Grace of God King of Naples, Sicily and of Jerusalem, etc. Infante of Spain, Duke of Parma, Piacenza and of Castro etc. Great Hereditary Prince of Tuscany.

603:, and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the 5614: 3097:

Charles's Italian minister Esquilache was hated in Spain, seen as a foreigner, and responsible for policies that many Spaniards opposed. Bread riots in 1766, known as the

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and a flag, a capital city worthy of the name, and the construction of a network of coherent roads converging on Madrid. On 3 September 1770 Charles III declared that the

8110: 5648: 2863:, aimed to establish greater legal control over slaves in the Spanish colonies, in order to expand agricultural production. The first code was written for the city of 2001:

Charles was the most popular king the Neapolitans had had for many years. He was very supportive of the people's needs, regardless of class, and has been hailed as an

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on 2 September 1734, beginning a conquest of the island's Austrian-held fortresses that ended in early 1735. Capua, the only remaining Austrian stronghold in Naples,

6036:, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms. 1910:

had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, Charles took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of

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on 6 May. This all occurred even though Charles had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness a review.

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The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa , left some garrisons holding the city's fortresses and withdrew to

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Charles's mother Elisabeth Farnese sought potential brides for her son, when he was formally recognized as King of Naples and Sicily. It was impossible to get an

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The principles of the Enlightenment were applied to his rule in Naples, and he intended to do the same in Spain though on a much larger scale. Charles went about

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Mörner, Magnus. "The expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and Spanish America in 1767 in light of eighteenth-century regalism." The Americas 23.2 (1966): 156-164.

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through low paid employees who supplemented their income by the exploitation of their position. "Smuggling and corruption were institutionalized at all levels."

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was thought to have been pregnant at the time of his death. The Duchess was examined by many doctors without any confirmation of her pregnancy. As a result, the

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to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on the empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and

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considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples, and so he did not recognize Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through the

838:. Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714; she quickly proved a domineering consort and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the 3081: 3044:

was increased from 2% to 5%. To increase trade, Havana and other Caribbean ports were allowed to trade with other ports within the Spanish empire, not full

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In Spain, he continued with his work trying to improve the services and facilities of his people. He created the Luxury Porcelain factory under the name of

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with skills or experience in governance. Charles IV continued a number of policies of his more distinguished father, but was forced to abdicate by his son

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In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of

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was freer trade. With the expansion, Spain hoped to undermine Britain's secret trade with Spanish America, and gain more revenue for the Spanish crown.

1271:), also entered the conflict. Charles's mother, as regent, saw the opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the 957: 8533: 2381: 1596:

Charles was the seventh king of that name to rule Naples, but he never styled himself Charles VII. He was known simply as Charles of Bourbon (Italian:

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Charles had able and enlightened ministers who helped craft his reform policies. During his early rule in Spain, he appointed Italians, including the

2349:, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. Charles shared these ideals with other monarchs, including 1288: 4901:

Giovanni Drei, Giuseppina Allegri Tassoni (a cura di) I Farnese. Grandezza e decadenza di una dinastia Italiana, Rome, La Libreria Dello Stato, 1954.

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The policies that centralized the Spanish state on the Iberian Peninsula were extended to its overseas territories, especially after the end of the

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that some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for the occupation.

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rather than a collection of kingdoms and territories with a common sovereign. This was a long process that his Bourbon predecessors had initiated.

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pro-independence rebels, was an officer of the Neapolitan army and the Genoese suspected that he received the assistance of the Kingdom of Naples.

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on 9 November 1729. Provisions of the treaty did allow the Infante Charles the right to occupy Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany by force if necessary.

5044: 67: 2788:; in English, "1778 Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the Spains and of the Indies, Mexico , 8 Reales." The reverse depicts the arms of 2092:

in Spain (the latter being modeled on Versailles itself). He undertook and oversaw the construction of one of Europe's most lavish palaces, the

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Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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The situation worsened when, in 1735, just a few days before the coronation of Charles, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of a

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The birth of Charles encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered the Spanish invasion of

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The first crisis that Charles had to deal with as King of Spain was the death of his beloved wife Maria Amalia. She died unexpectedly at the

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The duchy was occupied by Count Carlo Stampa, who served as the lieutenant of Parma for the young Charles. Charles was from then on known as

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country prospered. The result was largely due to the king who, even when ill-advised, did at least work steadily at his task of government.

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stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in

8354: 7568: 7076: 2767: 2725: 2373: 1158: 1138: 855:. He was fourth in line to the Spanish throne, after three elder half-brothers: the Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias (who ruled briefly as 255: 145: 6698: 2963: 1637:, & Hyerusalem, &c. Infans Hispaniarum, Dux Parmae, Placentiae, Castri, &c. Ac Magnus Princeps Haereditarius Hetruriae, &c 1573:

subsequently managed to iron out his differences with the Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome,

8329: 7354: 6445: 6014: 4203: 2875:" after Charles himself, divided the freed black and slave populations of Santo Domingo into strictly stratified socio-economic classes. 2741: 2496: 2369: 1934: 5855: 2174:

who was in charge of excavated items at the king's palace in Portici was also the first to attempt in reading obtained scrolls from the

2170:(1748) were re-discovered. The king encouraged their excavation and continued to be informed about findings even after moving to Spain. 1765:

A preliminary peace with Austria was concluded on 3 October 1735. However, the peace was not finalized until three years later with the

1466:, which Charles observed, ended on 6 August. Three weeks later, the Duke of Montemar left the mainland for Sicily where they arrived in 8548: 8513: 8508: 6286: 3300: 2457:. When Charles III became King of Spain, he further solidified the standing of the nation as a single political entity. He created the 2101: 1553:. During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed, including an officer. The disturbances spread to the town of 6337: 2839:

Charles also sought to reform Spanish colonial policy, in order to make Spain's colonies more competitive with the plantations of the

2717: 1267:

another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the

141: 6826: 6383: 3118:

The government of Spain, in an effort to streamline the operation of its colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the

2649:(1776-1783), despite his misgivings about the example it would set for Spain's overseas territories. During the war, Spain recovered 1667: 3217:; he was very pious and was often in awe of his domineering mother, who according to many contemporaries, he resembled greatly. The 8433: 8428: 6579: 1954:

signed in 1748; it was not until the next year that Infante Felipe would officially be the Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla.

6684: 5809: 2728:

was an important minister late in Charles's reign, who was carried over as minister after Charles's death. Also important was the

666:'s assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III." 584:

for 19 years. Charles gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he was well prepared as the monarch of the

8382: 6189: 6100: 3237:

declared that "...he received an education removed from all studies and all applications in order to be able to govern himself" (

2627: 1780:

in return. (Charles had inherited Tuscany in 1737 on the death of Gian Gastone.) Tuscany went to Emperor Charles VI's son-in-law

1511:

in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament.

860: 7415: 6276: 2813: 2721: 2377: 2260:, which Charles had not ratified, foresaw the eventuality of his accession to Spain; thus Naples and Sicily went to his brother 8563: 8418: 5742: 5269: 3296: 2152: 1926: 1885: 1323: 1029: 4922: 3825: 2341:, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, 8423: 6404: 6327: 6126: 6105: 5320: 5168: 4515: 3494: 3239:...tenne sempre un'educazione lontanissima da ogni studio e da ogni applicazione per diventare da sé stesso capace di governo 1718: 918: 712: 386: 17: 5326: 4949:

Cronaca Civile e Militare delle Due Sicilie sotto la dinastia borbonica dall'anno 1734 in poi, Naples, Stamperia Reale, 1857

4735: 3123: 2181:

After Charles departed for Spain, Minister Tanucci presided over the Council of Regency that ruled until Charles' third son

8438: 8376: 8339: 8319: 7201: 4235: 3366: 3331: 2492: 1930: 1822:

of artwork, the archives and the ducal library, the cannons of the fort, and even the marble stairway of the ducal palace.

1375: 1095:, a document drafted by Emperor Charles in 1713 to assure support for Maria Theresa in the succession to the throne of the 635:, realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing 8349: 8334: 8314: 8309: 8289: 7653: 6281: 6131: 4528:

Lößlein, Horst. 2019. Royal Power in the Late Carolingian Age: Charles III the Simple and His Predecessors. Cologne: MAP.

4355: 4055: 3552: 3533: 2959: 2825: 2689:

of 1783 confirmed the recovery of the Floridas and Menorca and restricted the actions of British commercial interests in

2519: 2511: 2264:, while the possessions of the latter were divided between Maria Theresa (Parma and Guastalla) and the King of Sardinia ( 2034: 1896: 1099:. The emperor also relinquished all claims to the Spanish throne and promised to support Spain in its attempts to regain 564:. In 1734, at the age of 18, he led Spanish troops in a bold and almost entirely bloodless march down Italy to seize the 6470: 2744:

and both realized many reforms. The Spanish Army and Navy were reorganized despite the losses from the Seven Years War.

8284: 7643: 6636: 6368: 5775:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

5730: 4593: 4421:

Coat of arms as Infante of Spain, Sovereign Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, and Grand Prince and Heir of Tuscany

4177: 1804: 1025: 7600: 6317: 5554:"Historia de las sociedades secretas, antiguas y modernas en España y especialmente de la Francmasonería - Wikisource" 1020:, the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that could potentially ease tense relations. The young 8473: 8448: 8324: 8213: 7633: 6624: 6606: 6465: 6414: 6373: 6250: 5796: 5590: 5480: 5293: 4568: 4542: 3878: 3419:. Authors such as José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli came to deny the Masonic influence during the Enlightenment in Spain. 3393: 2049: 944: 738: 489: 401: 2978: 2546:

to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. This was partly compensated by the acquisition of

926: 720: 580:, who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. They resided in 8208: 8188: 7561: 7171: 7069: 6642: 6618: 6496: 6455: 6363: 6332: 6245: 6225: 4297: 3855: 3694: 3485: 2454: 2291: 2257: 1951: 1877: 1737: 835: 396: 376: 8178: 3578:

Antonietta de Padua Francisca Januaria Francisca de Paula Juana Nepomucena Josefina Onesifora of Naples and Sicily

1962: 366: 8468: 8299: 8245: 8198: 7347: 7321: 7029: 7010: 6994: 6235: 6007: 5957: 5696: 3769: 2820:. The wealth and power of the Jesuits were very great; and by the royal decree of 27 February 1767, known as the 2303: 2207: 2182: 867:(the future Ferdinand VI). Because the Duke Francesco of Parma and his heir were childless, Elisabeth sought the 205: 2902: 2471:: two red stripes above and below a central yellow stripe double in width and the arms of Castile and León. The 2230: 1017: 7678: 7668: 7605: 7311: 6982: 6774: 6712: 6660: 6648: 6630: 6612: 6450: 6419: 6378: 5936: 5926: 5909: 5134: 4081: 3686: 2631: 2611:, in which Spain again conceded that Portuguese Brazil had expanded far west of the longitude specified in the 1857: 1831: 1758: 1601: 1574: 1260: 1221: 1119: 1073: 922: 716: 561: 245: 235: 195: 5033:

Francesco Renda, Storia della Sicilia Dalle origini ai giorni nostri vol. II, Palerme, Sellerio editore, 2003.

3167: 1220:, and Charles paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne. When 8528: 8443: 8403: 8304: 7996: 7595: 7432: 7376: 7276: 6952: 6819: 6424: 6069: 6033: 3640: 3261: 2588: 2354: 1781: 1672: 1122:, the Duke of Parma, died on 26 February 1731 without naming an heir. This was because the widow of Antonio, 990: 986: 756: 5849: 5015: 1714: 1114:

After the Treaty of Seville, Philip V disregarded its provisions and formed an alliance with France and the

1048: 8553: 7166: 6786: 6572: 6307: 3792: 1770: 1250: 1216:, on 24 June. At this fête Gian Gastone named Charles his heir, giving him the traditional Tuscan title of 7628: 2948: 1107:

stopped the ambitions of Elisabeth Farnese, and the marriage plans were abandoned with the signing of the

7554: 7062: 6409: 4113: 2272: 1350: 1278: 868: 2244:

that stated he would not be able to join the Neapolitan and Sicilian territories to the Spanish throne.

8344: 8077: 7577: 7340: 7161: 7045: 6835: 6780: 6768: 6724: 6678: 6388: 6255: 6064: 6000: 5916: 4552: 4323: 3818: 3090: 3068:

sweeping administrative changes, replacing the old system of governance with administrative districts (

2646: 2569: 2395: 1869: 1853: 1092: 994: 557: 514: 212: 5838: 3460:

The arms used by Charles while King of Spain were used until 1931 when his great-great-great grandson

1173:

before his departure to Spain in 1700. Charles left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to

851: 8543: 8463: 8458: 8263: 6718: 6342: 6322: 6074: 3784: 2940: 2608: 1922: 1722: 1678: 982: 978: 381: 8453: 8203: 8085: 7821: 7372: 6812: 6491: 6460: 6240: 4969:

Gaetano Falzone, Il Regno di Carlo di Borbone in Sicilia. 1734–1759, Bologne, Pàtron Editore, 1964.

3890: 3800: 3479: 3308: 3288: 3218: 3214: 2971: 2935: 2658: 2438: 2124: 1865: 1436: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1091:

The alliance of Spain and Austria was signed on 30 April 1725 and included Spanish support for the

907: 880: 879:(1671–1737) was also childless. He was a distant cousin of hers, related via her great-grandmother 804: 701: 391: 6312: 2491:

signed on 15 August 1761 (called the "Treaty of Paris"). Charles had become deeply concerned that

1423:

Spanish troops led by the Count of Montemar attacked the Austrians on 25 May 1734 at Bitonto, and

1205:

on 9 March 1732 with a retinue of 250 people. He stayed with his host at the ducal residence, the

1169:("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather 8538: 8294: 8231: 8081: 7216: 7191: 7146: 6744: 6730: 6565: 6429: 6110: 3724:

Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego of Naples and Sicily

3675: 3465: 2554: 2458: 2093: 1766: 1234: 1127: 911: 705: 272: 3194: 2762:), during which he did not display much personal courage. For a long time after, he remained at 2302:, the second-born. The right of succession to Naples and Sicily was reserved for his third son, 1627:) as their sovereign (they rebelled against him), nor Emperor Charles, whom they also disliked. 8157: 7972: 7792: 7711: 7648: 7396: 7266: 7236: 7176: 6940: 6925: 6857: 6271: 3993: 3883:

Antonio Pascual Bernardo Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Julian of Naples and Sicily

3461: 3446: 3284: 2997: 2883: 2592: 2539: 2329: 2241: 2140: 2105: 2089: 2023: 1893: 1800: 1777: 1736:. The two children in the foreground are Princess Maria Isabella Anne of Naples and Sicily and 1726: 1379: 1256: 1154: 1130:

on 22 July 1731 officially recognized the young Infante Charles as Duke of Parma and Piacenza.

872: 663: 608: 577: 573: 546: 314: 289: 7963: 7807: 5411: 3375: 3326:

Charles was one of the largest slave owners in the Spanish Empire, owning 1,500 slaves in the

3287:, a daughter of the newly elected Polish king Augustus III and his (ironically) Austrian wife 2577: 1921:

The participation of Naples and Sicily in the conflict resulted, on 11 August in the decisive

7828: 7787: 7782: 7706: 7688: 7658: 7638: 7392: 7251: 7226: 7156: 7004: 6915: 6873: 6756: 6672: 6209: 6204: 6194: 5967: 5045:"Buried by the Ash of Vesuvius, These Scrolls Are Being Read for the First Time in Millennia" 2868: 2686: 2612: 2557:

the Spanish came close to war with Great Britain after expelling the British garrison of the

2261: 2214: 2144: 1947: 1907: 1710: 1692: 1538: 1471: 1463: 1081: 1002: 864: 591:

Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 upon the death of his childless half-brother

5768: 3478:

and a descendant by four of his great-great-grandparents. Felipe VI is also a descendant of

3307:. At court, festivities lasted till 3 July. As part of the celebration, Charles created the 3166:

underclasses created an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur. In 1780 an

588:. His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain. 8413: 8408: 8183: 7857: 7797: 7759: 7683: 7623: 7231: 7181: 7141: 6920: 6852: 6762: 6750: 3961: 3805:

Antonio Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Serafin Pascual Salvador of Naples and Sicily

3742: 3664: 3626: 3312: 2561:. However, Spain was forced to back down when it realized its vulnerability to the British 2434: 2346: 2338: 2240:. Upon gaining the Spanish throne, he abdicated those of Naples and Sicily, respecting the 2148: 2132: 2085: 2002: 1123: 823: 371: 5470: 5258:

The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867

4527: 3787:

and had issue; current line of the Two Sicilies descends from them; married secondly in a

2890: 2867:

in 1768, while the second code was written for the recently acquired Spanish territory of

2467:

was to be used in official ceremonies. It was Charles who chose the colors of the present

2389: 2029:

On 3 February 1740, King Charles issued a proclamation containing 37 paragraphs, in which

997:

included the recognition of Charles as heir to the Italian Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.

8: 8193: 8055: 8016: 8006: 7953: 7894: 7875: 7739: 7673: 7495: 7452: 7442: 7405: 7296: 7286: 7256: 7206: 7151: 7136: 6976: 6964: 6930: 6909: 6899: 6891: 6878: 6230: 6136: 6079: 5984: 3935: 3829: 3788: 3719: 3442: 3139: 3056: 3028: 2990: 2927: 2829: 2805: 2600: 2422: 2358: 2318: 2299: 2222: 2175: 2128: 2045: 1873: 1685: 1620: 1383: 1263:, sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and 966: 780: 772: 100: 47: 5450:(in Spanish). Universidad Católica/Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas 2955: 2789: 8011: 8001: 7923: 7918: 7899: 7834: 7764: 7754: 7716: 7698: 7581: 7447: 7437: 7291: 7281: 7241: 7221: 7211: 7196: 7131: 7112: 7085: 6970: 6958: 6862: 6846: 6291: 6095: 6048: 4557: 3873:

married his niece, Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain (1779–1798) in 1795 and had no issue.

3813: 3488:, established in 1989 and one of the world's top 300 universities, is named after him. 3469: 3450: 3437:

European conflicts to contend with, he died in 1788, months before the eruption of the

3415:, which made impossible the development of an organized Freemasonry in Spain until the 3319: 2733: 2645:

The rivalry with Britain also led him to support the American revolutionaries in their

2430: 2295: 2278: 1845: 1841: 1819: 1479: 1413: 1354: 1008: 818:

In 1700, Charles's father, originally a French Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, became

41: 7774: 7615: 5416:

Memòries de la Reial Acadèmia Mallorquina d'Estudis Genealògics, Heràldics i Històrics

2958:

constructed along with the statue of Alcachofa fountain, and moved and redesigned the

2816:

tried to show Charles that the true leaders of the revolt against Esquilache were the

8035: 7987: 7977: 7815: 7744: 7721: 7515: 7480: 7470: 7401: 7363: 7306: 7301: 7271: 7261: 7122: 7102: 6946: 6886: 6868: 5792: 5726: 5586: 5476: 5419: 5382: 5316: 5289: 5164: 5130: 4627: 4589: 4564: 4538: 4511: 4261: 4019: 3731: 3581: 3438: 3412: 3327: 2670: 2666: 2616: 2515: 2450: 2446: 2418: 2408: 2342: 2218: 2113: 2066: 2013: 1995: 1785: 1706: 1585: 1578: 1523: 1474:

until 24 November 1734. In the kingdom, independence from the Austrians was popular.

1424: 1272: 1096: 1069: 1036: 831: 819: 800: 792: 776: 752: 679: 612: 569: 565: 542: 538: 468: 458: 345: 185: 111: 7663: 3773:

Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto of Naples and Sicily

3179: 871:

for Charles, since he was unlikely to be king of Spain. She also sought for him the

8268: 8126: 8040: 8026: 7909: 7749: 7500: 7475: 7246: 7093: 7019: 6184: 5880: 5872: 5848: 4657: 4653: 4619: 4581: 4577: 3710: 3335: 3102: 3098: 2758: 2558: 2547: 2487: 2442: 2426: 2226: 1979: 1911: 1815: 1550: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1371: 1300: 1213: 856: 788: 764: 502: 448: 428: 420: 6904: 3178:

peoples took place against the colonial rulers of the Viceroyalty of Peru, led by

2855:", or Spanish Black Codes. The Black Codes, which were partly based on the French 1856:

would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the

1330:. This allowed Charles and his troops to advance on to the city of Naples itself. 1135:

HRH Don Charles of Spain (or Borbón), Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Infante of Spain

7852: 7107: 5671: 5580: 5504: 5445: 5310: 4948: 3119: 3013: 2967: 2848: 2840: 2773: 2690: 2674: 2635: 2543: 2523: 2365: 2171: 2038: 1967: 1808: 1545:

them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in the suburb of

1527: 1515: 1443: 1428: 1398:

Charles's father, King Philip V of Spain, wrote the following letter to Charles.

1268: 827: 615:'s Muslim past, even after succeeding to the Spanish throne. He strengthened the 596: 572:

and enforce the Spanish claim to their thrones. In 1738, he married the Princess

478: 8095: 3860:

Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Sylvestre of Naples and Sicily

3256:, and a wide range of physical activities, including a future favourite of his, 3183: 1754: 1541:, which was the personal property of King Charles; people were brought there to 7731: 7424: 7384: 5947: 5943: 3864: 3454: 3416: 3268:

noted that he was greatly impressed at the fondness Charles had for the sport.

3222: 3175: 3017: 2982: 2860: 2844: 2801: 2777: 2706: 2623: 2581: 2573: 2500: 2109: 2070: 1975: 1942: 1581:

and the chaplain Celestino Galiani. The agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738.

1346: 1238: 974: 839: 796: 784: 768: 645:) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges ( 585: 530: 522: 159: 155: 121: 3086: 2449:

in legal affairs. He incorporated these formerly privileged entities into the

8397: 8060: 7844: 7530: 7505: 7024: 6666: 6598: 6588: 6486: 5974: 5423: 5386: 5375:"'Hidden in plain sight': the European city tours of slavery and colonialism" 5253: 3213:

Charles received the strict and structured education of a Spanish Infante by

3171: 3082:

Suppression of the Society of Jesus § Spanish Empire suppression of 1767

3000:

underwent many alterations under his rule. It was in his reign that the huge

2934:, starting in 1778. He also carried out a number of public works; he had the 2931: 2864: 2756:

to adopt French dress for public security reasons was the excuse for a riot (

2705:

Charles III painted in hunting attire, with few signs of his royal position.

2503:

as well. The French government ceded its largest territory in North America,

2472: 2468: 2350: 1849: 1814:

The treaty included the transfer to Naples of all the inherited goods of the

1319: 1206: 1077: 993:

with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Alberoni by Philip in 1719. The

655: 636: 510: 62: 5777:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 8. 5472:

Masonería, Iglesia e Ilustración: un conflicto ideológico-político-religioso

4844:

Harold Acton, I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825), Florence, Giunti, 1997, p. 25

3122:

throughout South America. In 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the

2947:). Charles was responsible for granting the title "Royal University" to the 2225:, in August 1758, and fell into deep mourning for her. He named Charles his 1364: 8045: 7525: 7485: 5095: 4507: 4477: 3754:

Antonieta Francisca Javier Francisca de Paula Serafina of Naples and Sicily

3472:, Spain's current monarch, is a direct male-line descendant of Charles the 3147: 2878: 2797: 2682: 2673:

secure their southern and western frontiers during the war. The capture of

2654: 2404: 2385: 2202: 1789: 1562: 1358: 1296: 620: 616: 592: 137: 90: 5723:

Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789

5412:"Miguel Cayetano Soler en el espíritu del reformismo ilustrado y masónico" 5272:

Genocide and millennialism in Upper Peru: the Great Rebellion of 1780–1782

4662:

Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789

4586:

Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789

2104:

in Spain. Caserta was also much influenced by his wife, the very cultured

2019: 1990:

and more religious than the kingdom had seen for a long time. In 1746 the

1776:

Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to Charles, who gave up Parma and

830:

successfully arranged the swift marriage between Philip and the ambitious

8065: 7948: 7520: 7510: 6358: 3339: 3311:—the most prestigious order of chivalry in the kingdom. He later had the 3245: 2894: 2678: 2572:

in 1775 was ordered by Charles, who was attempting to demonstrate to the

2535: 2463: 2159: 1991: 1983: 1864:, all of whom were against Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was supported by 1795: 1542: 1447: 1306:

The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain

632: 600: 301: 5068:

Franco Valsecchi, Il riformismo borbonico in Italia, Rome, Bonacci, 1990

3468:

was proclaimed (there was also a brief interruption from 1873 to 1875).

3142:. These territories included the economically important silver mines at 2221:

that their father used to suffer from. Ferdinand lost his devoted wife,

2009: 1161:, mother of Elisabeth Farnese and Charles's guardian and regent of Parma 1059: 7928: 7462: 3226: 3155: 3127: 2562: 2504: 1889: 1566: 1546: 179: 7546: 5529: 5363:, Naples, Stabilimento tipografico Luigi Pierro e figlio, 1904, p. 74. 5347:, Napoli, Stabilimento tipografico Luigi Pierro e figlio, 1904, p. 72. 4892:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, pp. 65–66

4880:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, p. 63-64.

2985:

following Neapolitan models. During his reign, the movement to found "

2780:

coin of Carlos III, dated 1778. The Latin inscription reads (obverse)

2510:

In early 1762, Spain entered the war. The major Spanish objectives to

2236:

At that point, Charles was proclaimed King of Spain under the name of

1557:, where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples. 1490: 7943: 7933: 7535: 7054: 6935: 6804: 6512: 5312:

Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice

4871:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 61-62

4835:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 50-53

3159: 3135: 3064: 2922: 2856: 2701: 2662: 2334: 2307: 2108:. The site of the palace was also far away from the large volcano of 1494:

Bernardo Tanucci, who aided Charles in his conflict with the Holy See

1391: 1212:

Gian Gastone staged a fête in honor of the Patron Saint of Florence,

1170: 1100: 812: 771:

retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded the

7332: 5992: 4736:"Full text of "Unruly daughters; a romance of the house of Orléans"" 4499:, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, pp. 673-682 and Issue 11, pp. 760–768. 4495:

Henderson, Nicholas. "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot,"

3143: 2033:

were formally invited to return to Sicily, from where they had been

1998:, though this was not popular and required intervention by Charles. 1940:

The victory at Velletri assured Charles the right to give the title

1295:, and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the 896: 690: 7938: 7186: 4995: 4682:

Nicholas Henderson, "Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot,"

4600:

Architecture and Statecraft: Charles of Bourbon's Naples, 1734–1759

3276: 3265: 3253: 3207: 3158:

to the west. The economic hardship this introduced to parts of the

3041: 2918: 2763: 2639: 2265: 1569:

avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16,000 crowns.

1554: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1021: 641: 550: 5207: 4923:

Liste des décrets sur le site du ministère de la Culture espagnole

4862:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 60

4853:

Vittorio Gleijeses, Don Carlos, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 59

4490:

Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift

674: 627:

to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy.

6557: 6023: 3585: 3292: 3257: 3202: 3163: 3131: 3101:, pinned the blame on the minister, but behind the uprising, the 2906: 2817: 2793: 2650: 2596: 2167: 2163: 2119: 2074: 1918:

for those who rose against the "usurpers", meaning the Bourbons.

1861: 1840:

in 1740. That year, Emperor Charles died leaving his Kingdoms of

1531: 1467: 1451: 1417: 1311: 1292: 1182: 1178: 1174: 846: 808: 624: 604: 443: 8504:

Italian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

8499:

Spanish military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

3182:. Túpac Amaru's uprising was simultaneous with the rebellion of 1076:, that the Infante Charles marry the eight-year-old Archduchess 1039:

later wrote to the regent and his wife regarding their meeting:

8484:

People associated with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales

7885: 7867: 5447:

Masonería e Inquisición en Latinoamérica durante el siglo XVIII

4960:

Giuseppe Coniglio, I Borboni di Napoli, Milan, Corbaccio, 1999.

4686:, Nov 1968, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p673-682 and Issue 11, pp 760–768 3714:; excluded from succession to the throne due to his imbecility 3699:

Antonio Genaro Pasquale Francesco de Paula of Naples and Sicily

3679: 3516: 3501: 3280: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3036: 3032: 2604: 2531: 2527: 2399:

The Flag of Spain from 1785 to 1873 and again from 1875 to 1931

2081: 1900: 1837: 1334: 1315: 1264: 1225:

greeted. On the front of the ducal palace in Parma was written

1032:, who was the fifth surviving daughter of the Duke of Orléans. 970: 647: 581: 8494:

Italian military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession

8489:

Spanish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession

5308: 4699:, vol. 1, pp. 399-401. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2194:

ascended to the throne of Spain and ruled the Spanish Empire.

3649: 3304: 3151: 3045: 2748: 2413: 2041:- which would be repudiated in Spain itself only much later. 1914:, who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border. 1459: 1455: 1327: 1307: 1035:

In 1726 Charles met Philippine Élisabeth for the first time;

1016:

Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with the

760: 5196:, vol. 1, pp. 81-82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2943:. In Madrid, he was nicknamed "el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid" ( 1584:

After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by

883:, giving Charles a claim to the title through that lineage. 3735: 1432: 1194: 3795:. Ferdinand saw the creation of the Two Sicilies in 1816. 3441:

in July 1789. Charles III did not equip his son and heir,

2766:, leaving the government in the hands of his minister the 2740:

Charles named secretary to the Finances and Treasurer the

1165:

After a solemn ceremony in Seville, Charles was given the

759:(1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of 5260:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453-58. 5244:, vol. 3, 286-87. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2665:. Spanish military operations in West Florida and on the 2587:

Continuing territorial disputes with Portugal led to the

2530:, Cuba, a strategic port for all of Spanish America, and 2403:

Under Charles's reign, Spain began to be recognized as a

2030: 1365:

Arrival in Naples and Sicily, recognition as king 1734-35

1201:. Charles made a grand entrance to the Medici capital of 767:

had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the

5081:

vol. 2, p. 81-82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996

3022: 1378:, Cardinal Pignatelli. Charles took up residence at the 1137:. Since he was still a minor, his maternal grandmother, 4664:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003, p. 3. 662:... personal life had won the respect of the people." 6547:

consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante

2607:, but not the western regions of Brazil, and also the 2499:, and they would soon seek to declare war against the 2006:

extraction and exploitation of the natural resources.

1957: 1925:, where Neapolitan troops directed by Charles and the 5192:

Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles. "Charles III of Spain" in

5077:

Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles. "Charles III of Spain" in

2229:

on 10 December 1758 before leaving Madrid to stay at

4492:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002. 1836:

The peace between Charles and Austria was signed in

1229:(Parma shall rise again). At the same time the play 5098:, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 176. 4449:

Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Sicily

4435:

Coat of arms as Infante of Spain and King of Naples

977:. In the same year Charles's first sister, Infanta 5725:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003. 5242:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 5194:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 5163:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. 5079:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 4697:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 4588:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003. 4556: 2518:were both failures. Britain and Portugal not only 2197: 2044:The Kingdom of Naples remained neutral during the 8125: 5534:. Collection hommes et cité. Éd. du Monde Nouveau 5288:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 4996:"Goliardia a Pizzofalcone tra il 1841 ed il 1844" 3075: 1825: 1454:(28 July). The last two Austrian fortresses were 969:. In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of 560:following the death of his childless grand-uncle 8395: 5613:Barbadillo, Pedro Fernández (20 February 2017). 5579:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1 January 1974). 5409: 5161:The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands 5158: 4913:before his coronation on 3 July 1735 at Palermo. 4559:King Charles III of Spain: An Enlightened Despot 3345: 3303:, a village on the frontier of the kingdom near 3162:combined with systemic oppression of Indian and 2770:. Not all his reforms were of this formal kind. 2247: 2084:in and around Naples. Charles was in awe of the 1446:on 20 June, Charles also conquered the towns of 1244: 845:On 20 January 1716, Elisabeth gave birth to the 8519:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial 8479:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 5468: 5361:Il regno di Napoli al tempo di Carlo di Borbone 5345:Il regno di Napoli al tempo di Carlo di Borbone 5286:Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru 5240:Kent, Jacquelyn Briggs. "Intendancy System" in 5212:Africana: Eneyhpedia of the African and African 3342:located at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. 3072:) and strengthening centralized crown control. 2337:in which rulers embraced the principles of the 1080:and that her second surviving son, the Infante 3832:; had three children, two of whom died young. 3007: 2871:in 1769. The third code, which was named the " 2696: 2445:from any official use and mandated the use of 1848:(along with many other lands) to his daughter 1187:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 877:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8111: 7562: 7348: 7070: 6820: 6573: 6008: 5615:"Carlos III, un rey que nos vino ya enseñado" 5017: 4602:(Penn State University Press; 2013) 223 pages 4524:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1958. 3473: 2832:, though not abolished, was rendered torpid. 2622:Concerns about the intrusions of British and 2147:constructed in the city. He also founded the 1651:Family of Philip V including Charles in 1743 1485: 1374:, where Charles received a blessing from the 5585:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI de España Editores. 5090:Herr, Richard. "Flow and Ebb, 1700-1833" in 5036: 4502:Herr, Richard. "Flow and Ebb, 1700–1833" in 1860:broke out. France was allied with Spain and 1761:, with whom Charles was in constant conflict 541:and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, 5042: 4204:Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma 3146:, whose economic benefits began to flow to 2615:, and in return Portugal ceded present-day 2213:At the end of 1758, Charles's half brother 2188: 1852:; he had hoped the many signatories to the 925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 719:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8118: 8104: 7569: 7555: 7355: 7341: 7077: 7063: 6827: 6813: 6742:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: 6580: 6566: 6015: 6001: 5673:Masoneria española: páginas de su historia 5612: 5531:La franc-maçonnerie et l'église catholique 5315:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–2. 5283: 4522:The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain 2507:, to Britain as a result of the conflict. 2441:, abolished its Constitutions, banned the 2333:. This was a form of absolute monarchy or 2206:Charles's third surviving son, the future 2102:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso 1903:if they did not stay out of the conflict. 1888:, but they were obliged to retreat when a 669: 509:; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was 163:as Charles VII of Naples and III of Sicily 40: 8534:Spanish people of the American Revolution 6384:Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime 6287:Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal 5743:"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M)" 5695:Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. 5676:(in Spanish). Establecimiento Tipográfico 5527: 5309:Robins, Nicholas A.; Jones, Adam (2009). 4888: 4886: 4762:, Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988, pp. 46–48. 3741:future King Charles IV of Spain; married 3394:Learn how and when to remove this message 2964:Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía 2048:(1756–1763). The British Prime Minister, 1634:Carolus Dei Gratia Rex utriusque Siciliae 1619:. The Sicilian people had not recognized 1412:reinforcements to Naples directed by the 981:was born on 31 March. In reaction to the 945:Learn how and when to remove this message 739:Learn how and when to remove this message 607:from the Spanish Empire and fostered the 334: 6328:Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain 5786: 5784: 5578: 5502: 5443: 4805: 4803: 4754: 4752: 4510:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000. 3201: 3193: 3085: 2951:in Manila, which is the oldest in Asia. 2917:in 1778. During his reign, the areas of 2889: 2877: 2851:. This resulted in the creation of the " 2772: 2700: 2591:, on 1 October 1777, in which Spain got 2394: 2317: 2277: 2201: 2018: 2008: 1994:was introduced in domains bought by the 1961: 1794: 1753: 1489: 1382:, which had been built by his ancestor, 1277: 1153: 1058: 1007: 956: 673: 556:In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became 7576: 5810:"Carlos III, Rey de España (1716-1788)" 5669: 5582:La masonería espãnola en el siglo XVIII 5205: 5149:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992 4993: 3757:Royal Palace of Naples, 2 December 1749 3315:created in Spain on 19 September 1771. 2954:In the capital, he also had the famous 1740:(daughter of the future Duke of Parma). 1084:, marry the seven-year-old Archduchess 513:in the years 1759 to 1788. He was also 14: 8524:Spanish people of the Seven Years' War 8396: 7084: 6834: 6405:Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 6338:Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal 6032:The generations indicate descent from 5701:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes 5503:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1968). 5469:Ferrer Benimeli, José Antonio (1976). 5444:Benimeli, José Antonio Ferrer (1973). 5372: 4883: 4786: 4784: 4695:Kuethe, Allan J. "Bourbon Reforms" in 4551: 4277: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4035: 3925: 3921: 3297:Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony 2911:Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja 2565:and France declined to support Spain. 2493:British success in the Seven Years War 2411:had abolished the special privileges ( 2282:Departure of Charles from Naples, 1759 2153:National Archaeological Museum, Naples 2131:—constructed in just 270 days—and the 1803:, whom he married in 1738, dressed in 1609:Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem 1028:. Charles himself would be engaged to 961:Elisabeth with her eldest son Charles. 611:. Charles launched enquiries into the 537:(1735–1759). He was the fourth son of 8559:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 8264:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 8243: 8137: 8099: 7550: 7362: 7336: 7058: 6808: 6561: 6022: 5996: 5781: 5721:Stein, Stanley and Barbara H. Stein. 5694: 5405: 5403: 5329:from the original on 15 October 2015. 5147:The Spanish Frontier in North America 5127:Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy 4800: 4797:, Napoli, Edizioni Agea, 1988, p. 48. 4749: 4532: 4476: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4321: 4311: 4295: 4285: 4281: 4265: 4259: 4249: 4233: 4223: 4219: 4207: 4201: 4191: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4137: 4127: 4111: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4053: 4043: 4039: 4023: 4017: 4007: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3959: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3785:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 3367:Manual of Style#First-person pronouns 3334:. His slave ownership influenced the 3023:Centralizing rule and raising revenue 2479: 2252:Charles was later given the title of 1749: 1282:Charles of Bourbon near Naples (1734) 639:, excluding American-born Spaniards ( 595:. As king of Spain, Charles III made 507:Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio 433:Carlo Sebastiano di Borbone e Farnese 425:Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio 387:Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies 256:Dorothea Sophie of Palatinate-Neuburg 6308:Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier 5816:(in Spanish). Royal Library of Spain 5641:"LA MASONERÍA EN ESPAÑA (1728-1979)" 5475:. Fundación Universitaria Española. 3706:Palace of Portici, 19 September 1777 3349: 2609:Treaty of El Pardo, on 11 March 1778 2217:was displaying the same symptoms of 2158:During his rule the Roman cities of 1673:The Family of Philip V of Spain 1743 1526:, after having traveled overland to 923:adding citations to reliable sources 890: 717:adding citations to reliable sources 684: 8330:Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias 6313:Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin 6132:Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias 6127:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias 5850:"Charles III., king of Spain" 4856: 4781: 4356:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 4056:Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria 3826:Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal 3728:Palace of Portici, 11 November 1748 3672:Palace of Portici, 24 November 1745 3632:Palace of Capodimonte, 5 March 1749 3553:Descendants of Charles III of Spain 2843:(particularly the French colony of 2747:Charles also eliminated the tax on 2657:in several military campaigns, but 2626:merchants into Spain's colonies in 2233:, where he died on 10 August 1759. 2143:renovated. He and his wife had the 1958:Impact of rule in Naples and Sicily 1715:Princess Louise Élisabeth of France 1629: 1400: 1149: 330: 24: 8310:Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia 6597: 6587: 5979:10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788 5410:Pérez-Bustamante, Rogelio (2017). 5400: 4826:Naples, Edizioni Agea, 1988. p. 49 4470: 4178:Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma 3847:Palace of Capodimonte, 11 May 1755 3606:Palace of Portici, 20 January 1742 3124:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 3113: 25: 8575: 8549:Generals of former Italian states 8514:Spanish people of Italian descent 8509:Italian people of Spanish descent 8345:Prince Leopold, Prince of Salerno 8325:Maria Amalia, Queen of the French 6466:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 6415:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera 6374:Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera 6364:Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti 5832: 5506:La masonería después del Concilio 5231:Kuethe, "Bourbon Reforms", p. 400 5206:Obregón, Liliana (January 1999). 5107:Kuethe, "Bourbon Reforms", p 400. 4482:The Bourbons of Naples, 1734–1825 3911:Ancestors of Charles III of Spain 2930:and encouraged commerce with the 2915:Real Fábrica de Platería Martínez 2313: 2185:reached 16, the age of majority. 1784:, as compensation for ceding the 1591: 8285:Maria Teresa, Holy Roman Empress 8244: 8230: 7414: 6497:Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria 6471:Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera 6456:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 6420:Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans 6333:Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville 6226:Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria 5019:Quei Lumi accesi nel Mezzogiorno 4778:, Florence, Giunti, 1997, p. 18. 4456: 4442: 4428: 4414: 4410:Heraldry of Charles III of Spain 4298:Philip William, Elector Palatine 3887:Caserta Palace, 15 February 1757 3783:married twice; first married to 3588:, Modern Italy, 6 September 1740 3524: 3508: 3493: 3486:Charles III University of Madrid 3354: 3189: 3134:) and the territory that is now 2826:Jesuits were expelled from Spain 2292:Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria 1978:. His chief minister in Naples, 1878:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 1659: 1237:. It was later performed at the 1185:on 27 December 1731. His cousin 1144: 895: 836:Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma 689: 488: 377:Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria 8434:18th-century Navarrese monarchs 8429:18th-century monarchs of Naples 8290:Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 8199:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 8189:Prince Felipe, Duke of Calabria 8184:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress 8158:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 8138: 6318:Infante Juan, Count of Montizón 6277:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina 6210:Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón 5802: 5761: 5735: 5715: 5688: 5663: 5633: 5606: 5572: 5546: 5521: 5496: 5462: 5437: 5373:Kassam, Ashifa (2 April 2024). 5366: 5350: 5333: 5302: 5277: 5263: 5247: 5234: 5225: 5199: 5186: 5177: 5152: 5139: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5084: 5071: 5062: 5027: 5006: 5000:L'Ago e Il Filo Edizione Online 4985: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4941: 4936:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825) 4928: 4916: 4904: 4895: 4874: 4865: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4816: 4811:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825) 4776:I Borboni di Napoli (1734–1825) 4765: 3703:Palace of Portici, 13 June 1747 3603:Antonietta of Naples and Sicily 2966:built, as well as the renowned 2720:, who supported reforms by the 2685:during peace negotiations. The 2208:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 2198:Accession to the Spanish throne 2080:He constructed a collection of 1946:to his younger brother Infante 1929:, and Spanish troops under the 1801:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 1738:Infanta Isabella Maria of Spain 1326:and forced them to withdraw to 372:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress 326: 27:King of Spain from 1759 to 1788 8383:Princesses of the Two Sicilies 6451:Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia 6379:Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid 6236:Fernando I of the Two Sicilies 5921:22 July 1731 – 3 October 1735 5208:"Black Codes in Latin America" 5129:, p. 5. Peter Lang, New York. 4728: 4715: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4647: 4613: 4082:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 3844:Palace of Portici, 3 July 1754 3809:Palace of Portici, 11 May 1752 3687:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 3676:Imperial Palace of the Hofburg 3534:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid 3363:This section needs editing to 3295:in May 1738, with her brother 3076:Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1767 2974:he added wings to the palace. 2960:Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid 2808:adorned with PLVS VLTRA motto. 2681:enabled Spain to also recover 2437:, Philip V also disbanded the 2155:, which still operates today. 1966:King Charles VII of Naples by 1858:War of the Austrian Succession 1832:War of the Austrian Succession 1826:War of the Austrian Succession 1759:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 1231:La Venuta di Ascanio in Italia 1074:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 1030:Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans 973:, which was also ruled by the 886: 824:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 246:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 13: 1: 8564:Children of Philip V of Spain 8419:18th-century Spanish monarchs 8305:Francis I of the Two Sicilies 8127:Bourbons of Naples and Sicily 6542:title granted by Royal Decree 6425:Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid 5952:3 July 1735 – 10 August 1759 4710:History of Spain and Portugal 4640: 4463:Coat of arms as King of Spain 3760:Palace of Portici, 2 May 1750 3743:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 3346:Relationship with Freemasonry 3279:as a bride, so she looked to 2589:First Treaty of San Ildefonso 2322:Royal monogram of Charles III 2248:Continued connection to Italy 2145:Capodimonte porcelain Factory 1950:. This was recognized in the 1933:, defeated the Austrians of 1245:Conquest of Naples and Sicily 1197:, Charles was taken ill with 1005:, was born on 15 March 1720. 989:then joined the Alliance and 757:War of the Spanish Succession 51: 8424:18th-century kings of Sicily 8269:Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia 6410:Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria 6070:Fernando, Prince of Asturias 5697:"Vida de Carlos III. Tomo I" 4813:Florence, Giunti, 1997 p. 20 3793:Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia 3645:Carmela of Naples and Sicily 3186:in colonial-era Upper Peru. 2903:Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro 2661:in their attempt to capture 2425:, subordinating them to the 1771:War of the Polish Succession 1719:Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela 1251:War of the Polish Succession 1218:Hereditary Prince of Tuscany 834:, niece and stepdaughter of 7: 8439:18th-century dukes of Parma 6446:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias 5509:(in Spanish). Editorial AHR 5284:Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). 4994:Buonomo, Giampiero (2013). 4537:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 4404: 4114:Henriette Adelaide of Savoy 3902: 3248:(remaining an enthusiastic 3206:Tomb of Charles III in the 3008:Ruler of the Spanish Empire 2859:and 13th-century Castilian 2786:HISPAN ET IND REX M 8 R F M 2782:1778 CAROLUS III DEI GRATIA 2697:Domestic political policies 2520:repulsed the Spanish attack 2368:along with the help of the 2290:The eldest son of Charles, 2273:Fourth Treaty of Versailles 1788:to the deposed Polish King 1607:In Sicily, he was known as 1530:, and by sea from Palmi to 1425:achieved a decisive victory 995:Treaty of The Hague of 1720 869:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 859:before dying in 1724); the 10: 8580: 6282:Infante Francisco de Paula 6065:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 5917:Duke of Parma and Piacenza 5619:Libertad Digital - Cultura 5528:Berteloot, Joseph (1947). 4324:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 4271: 4155: 4029: 3923: 3819:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 3550: 3091:Francisco Javier Clavijero 3079: 3011: 2630:prompted the extension of 2584:or Moroccan encroachment. 2388:and the Genoan aristocrat 2069:relations were stretched: 1876:, which was then ruled by 1829: 1729:Queen of Naples and Sicily 1486:Conflict with the Holy See 1357:on 4 May, and finally the 1248: 1159:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 1139:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 1026:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 983:Quadruple Alliance of 1718 558:Duke of Parma and Piacenza 515:Duke of Parma and Piacenza 351: 213:Duke of Parma and Piacenza 146:The Count of Floridablanca 8371: 8340:Princess Maria Enrichetta 8277: 8256: 8252: 8239: 8228: 8174:Princess Maria Isabel Ana 8166: 8150: 8146: 8133: 8074: 8025: 7986: 7962: 7908: 7884: 7866: 7843: 7806: 7773: 7730: 7697: 7614: 7588: 7461: 7423: 7412: 7383: 7370: 7121: 7092: 7042: 6842: 6795: 6740: 6595: 6537: 6521: 6505: 6479: 6438: 6397: 6389:Carlos III, Duke of Parma 6351: 6300: 6264: 6256:Fernando I, Duke of Parma 6218: 6177: 6161: 6145: 6119: 6088: 6075:Diego, Prince of Asturias 6057: 6041: 6030: 5981: 5972: 5964: 5954: 5941: 5933: 5923: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5866: 5159:Moorhead, Max L. (1991). 4341: 4333: 4305: 4283: 4279: 4243: 4221: 4213: 4185: 4163: 4159: 4121: 4099: 4091: 4063: 4041: 4037: 4001: 3979: 3971: 3943: 3927: 3821:, Spain, 23 November 1788 3541: 3515:Statue of Charles III in 3500:Statue of Charles III in 3431: 3332:Spain's American colonies 2949:University of Santo Tomás 2941:Archivo General de Indias 2822:Pragmatic Penalty of 1767 2578:North African territories 2485:alliance was marked by a 2258:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2035:brutally expelled in 1492 1952:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1734:King of Naples and Sicily 484: 474: 464: 454: 442: 419: 414: 410: 382:Charles IV, King of Spain 362:Princess Maria Isabel Ana 344: 308: 296: 279: 266: 262: 251: 241: 231: 220: 211: 201: 191: 178: 167: 154: 119: 106: 96: 86: 75: 61: 39: 34: 8474:House of Bourbon (Spain) 8449:Grand princes of Tuscany 8335:Princess Maria Clothilde 6430:Roberto I, Duke of Parma 6343:Carlos II, Duke of Parma 6251:Infante Francisco Javier 5670:Morayta, Miguel (1915). 5125:Fegley, Randall (1989). 4938:, Florence, Giunti, 1997 4723:Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808 4606: 4535:Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808 3994:Maria Theresa of Austria 3962:Louis, Dauphin of France 3891:Royal Palace of Aranjuez 3546: 3480:Maria Theresa of Austria 3464:lost the crown, and the 3365:comply with Knowledge's 3330:and a further 18,500 in 3309:Order of Saint Januarius 3289:Maria Josepha of Austria 3264:, a British diplomat in 3219:Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo 3215:Giovanni Antonio Medrano 3150:in the east, instead of 2945:the Best Mayor of Madrid 2936:Imperial Canal of Aragon 2853:Códigos Negros Españoles 2555:Falklands Crisis of 1770 2439:Generalitat de Catalunya 2254:Lord of the Two Sicilies 2189:King of Spain, 1759–1788 2125:Giovanni Antonio Medrano 1437:Giovanni Antonio Medrano 1116:Kingdom of Great Britain 863:(who died in 1719); and 849:Charles of Spain at the 826:, the Piacenza Cardinal 805:Kingdom of Great Britain 545:. He was a proponent of 402:Infante Francisco Javier 8355:Princess Maria Isabella 8295:Carlo, Duke of Calabria 8214:Prince Francisco Javier 6246:Infante Antonio Pascual 6205:Felipe I, Duke of Parma 5856:Encyclopædia Britannica 5343:. Michelangelo Schipa, 4725:. Blackwell 1989, p. 2. 4631: 3777:Naples, 12 January 1751 3689:in 1765 and had issue. 3655:Madrid, 8 December 1801 3591:Naples, 2 November 1742 3531:Charles III, statue du 3466:Second Spanish Republic 3449:and then imprisoned by 3168:indigenous insurrection 2913:and then there was the 2897:where Charles is buried 2094:Royal Palace of Caserta 1818:. He took with him the 1767:Treaty of Vienna (1738) 1235:Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni 1128:Second Treaty of Vienna 1063:Charles at 11 years old 852:Royal Alcázar of Madrid 670:Spanish imperial legacy 397:Infante Antonio Pascual 273:Royal Alcazar of Madrid 8469:Monarchs who abdicated 8209:Prince Antonio Pascual 6797:* denotes titular Duke 6602: 5958:Ferdinand IV & III 5859:(11th ed.). 1911. 5018: 4623: 3893:, Spain, 10 April 1771 3780:Naples, 4 January 1825 3474: 3447:Ferdinand VII of Spain 3429: 3285:Maria Amalia of Saxony 3277:Archduchess of Austria 3210: 3199: 3094: 3059:as inspector general ( 2998:Royal Palace of Madrid 2898: 2887: 2884:Royal Palace of Madrid 2809: 2742:Marquis of Esquillache 2726:Count of Floridablanca 2714:Marquess of Esquilache 2709: 2593:Colonia del Sacramento 2400: 2382:Count of Floridablanca 2330:Enlightened absolutism 2323: 2283: 2242:third Treaty of Vienna 2210: 2141:Royal Palace of Naples 2106:Maria Amalia of Saxony 2090:Royal Palace of Madrid 2063: 2026: 2024:Royal Palace of Naples 2016: 1971: 1899:threatened to bombard 1811: 1762: 1495: 1380:Royal Palace of Naples 1353:fell on 27 April; the 1283: 1255:In 1733, the death of 1162: 1064: 1057: 1045: 1013: 1012:Charles at 9 years old 962: 873:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 682: 609:Enlightenment in Spain 578:Augustus III of Poland 574:Maria Amalia of Saxony 547:enlightened absolutism 506: 432: 424: 315:Maria Amalia of Saxony 290:Royal Palace of Madrid 206:Ferdinand IV & III 8179:Princess María Josefa 7377:Monarchs' family tree 7005:Parthenopean Republic 6601: 6369:Infante Luis Fernando 5868:Charles III of Spain 5841:Carlos III; (Spanish) 5621:(in European Spanish) 5359:Michelangelo Schipa, 5270:Robins, Nicholas A.: 4822:Gleijeses, Vittorio. 4563:. London: Constable. 3627:Palace of Capodimonte 3455:invaded Spain in 1808 3425: 3340:Pantheon of the Kings 3205: 3197: 3089: 2893: 2881: 2873:Código Negro Carolino 2776: 2704: 2613:Treaty of Tordesillas 2417:) of the Kingdoms of 2398: 2370:Marquis of Esquilache 2321: 2281: 2262:Philip, Duke of Parma 2205: 2137:Reggia di Capodimonte 2133:Palace of Capodimonte 2059: 2022: 2012: 1965: 1927:Duke of Castropignano 1886:Duke of Castropignano 1798: 1757: 1723:Infanta Maria Antonia 1493: 1472:was held by von Traun 1345:The Spanish took the 1318:, two islands in the 1281: 1249:Further information: 1157: 1062: 1053: 1041: 1011: 960: 881:Margherita de' Medici 807:gained the island of 677: 18:Charles VII of Naples 8529:Spanish slave owners 8444:Nobility from Madrid 8404:Charles III of Spain 6190:Infante Felipe Pedro 5878:Cadet branch of the 5049:Smithsonian Magazine 5043:Jo Marchant (2018). 4793:Vittorio Gleijeses, 4533:Lynch, John (1989). 4140:Charles III of Spain 3841:of Naples and Sicily 3668:of Naples and Sicily 3622:of Naples and Sicily 3609:Naples, 1 April 1742 3519:(Juan Adsuara), 1966 3313:Order of Charles III 3283:, choosing Princess 3198:Charles III of Spain 2989:" (an early form of 2962:. He had the future 2732:, who dominated the 2540:1763 Treaty of Paris 2435:Nueva Planta decrees 2353:of Austria, her son 2238:Charles III of Spain 2231:Villaviciosa de Odón 2149:Accademia Ercolanese 2086:Palace of Versailles 1688:Princess of Asturias 1611:, using the ordinal 1214:St. John the Baptist 1177:; he then sailed to 1141:, was named regent. 919:improve this section 811:and the fortress at 713:improve this section 597:far-reaching reforms 367:Infanta Maria Josefa 333:; died 142:The Duke of Grimaldi 8554:Knights of Santiago 8300:Princess Maria Anna 8194:Charles IV of Spain 8086:King/Queen of Spain 7964:House of Trastámara 7808:House of Trastámara 5937:Charles VI & IV 4553:Petrie, Sir Charles 3936:Louis XIV of France 3850:died in childhood. 3830:Maria I of Portugal 3789:Morganatic marriage 3763:died in childhood. 3685:married the future 3652:, Italy 6 July 1744 3635:died in childhood. 3612:died in childhood. 3594:died in childhood. 3376:improve the content 3140:Viceroyalty of Peru 2991:Chamber of Commerce 2830:Spanish Inquisition 2814:Count of Campomanes 2806:Pillars of Hercules 2804:, supported by the 2796:in the base and an 2759:Motín de Esquilache 2722:Count of Campomanes 2647:war of independence 2632:Franciscan missions 2601:Misiones Orientales 2570:invasion of Algiers 2378:Count of Campomanes 2359:Catherine the Great 2310:on 7 October 1759. 2223:Barbara of Portugal 2176:Villa of the Papyri 2139:); he also had the 2129:Teatro di San Carlo 2055:Domenico Caraccioli 1874:Kingdom of Sardinia 1621:Charles I of Naples 1416:, which arrived at 1384:Philip III of Spain 773:Spanish Netherlands 224:26 February 1731 – 196:Charles VI & IV 48:Anton Raphael Mengs 7699:House of Champagne 7654:García Sánchez III 7086:Monarchs of Sicily 6836:Monarchs of Naples 6603: 5814:Ex-Libris Database 5749:. 13 December 2012 5183:Lynch, pp. 319–321 4708:Stanley G. Payne, 4488:Chávez, Thomas E. 4484:. London: Methuen. 3896:died 14 years old 3867:, 31 December 1755 3814:Casita del Infante 3470:Felipe VI of Spain 3451:Napoleon Bonaparte 3320:Buen Retiro Palace 3211: 3200: 3095: 2987:Economic Societies 2899: 2888: 2886:where Charles died 2810: 2734:Council of Castile 2710: 2480:Military conflicts 2431:Council of Castile 2401: 2324: 2296:Prince of Asturias 2284: 2211: 2027: 2017: 1972: 1923:Battle of Velletri 1854:Pragmatic Sanction 1812: 1763: 1750:Peace with Austria 1695:Prince of Asturias 1681:Princess of Brazil 1679:Mariana Victoria, 1575:Cardinal Acquaviva 1565:was sacked, while 1496: 1480:Farnese Collection 1442:After the fall of 1414:Prince of Belmonte 1284: 1222:Emperor Charles VI 1163: 1093:Pragmatic Sanction 1072:. She proposed to 1065: 1049:duchesse d'Orléans 1014: 963: 842:of Spain in 1715. 775:, the kingdoms of 683: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8093: 8092: 7988:House of Habsburg 7644:García Sánchez II 7544: 7543: 7364:Monarchs of Spain 7330: 7329: 7123:Kingdom of Sicily 7052: 7051: 7046:Monarch of Sicily 7035: 7016: 7000: 6896: 6883: 6867: 6802: 6801: 6733: (1854–1859) 6709: (1808-1814) 6708: 6695: (1808-1814) 6694: 6681: (1765–1802) 6645: (1694–1727) 6627: (1592–1622) 6555: 6554: 6292:Luis I of Etruria 6024:Infantes of Spain 5991: 5990: 5982:Succeeded by 5955:Succeeded by 5924:Succeeded by 5839:Historiaantiqua. 5558:es.wikisource.org 5322:978-0-253-22077-6 5170:978-0-8061-2317-2 4978:Stein and Stein, 4947:Luigi del Pozzo, 4654:Stein, Stanley J. 4598:Thomas, Robin L. 4578:Stein, Stanley J. 4516:978-0-19-280236-1 4478:Acton, Sir Harold 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4262:Elisabeth Farnese 4020:Philip V of Spain 3900: 3899: 3738:, 19 January 1819 3732:Palazzo Barberini 3582:Palace of Portici 3439:French Revolution 3413:Pope Benedict XIV 3404: 3403: 3396: 3328:Iberian Peninsula 2847:) and Portuguese 2671:Thirteen Colonies 2667:Mississippi River 2617:Equatorial Guinea 2603:, in present-day 2595:, in present-day 2522:on Portugal, but 2453:, in effect, the 2451:Cortes of Castile 2447:Castilian Spanish 2429:and ruled by the 2390:Jerónimo Grimaldi 2343:freedom of speech 2114:Palace of Portici 2098:Reggia di Caserta 2067:Republic of Genoa 2014:Palace of Caserta 1996:Cardinal Spinelli 1786:Duchy of Lorraine 1747: 1746: 1707:Elisabeth Farnese 1702:Count of Chinchón 1698:; King Philip V; 1646: 1645: 1586:Pope Benedict XIV 1579:Giuseppe Spinelli 1577:, the archbishop 1524:Palermo Cathedral 1431:after he fled to 1409: 1408: 1390:is as the one of 1273:Treaty of Utrecht 1124:Enrichetta d'Este 1109:Treaty of Seville 1105:Anglo-Spanish War 1070:Italian Peninsula 1037:Elisabeth Farnese 955: 954: 947: 832:Elisabeth Farnese 801:Kingdom of Sicily 753:Treaty of Utrecht 749: 748: 741: 680:Elisabeth Farnese 613:Iberian Peninsula 570:Kingdom of Sicily 566:Kingdom of Naples 543:Elisabeth Farnese 539:Philip V of Spain 496: 495: 469:Elisabeth Farnese 459:Philip V of Spain 438: 437: 186:Palermo Cathedral 112:Elisabeth Farnese 79:10 August 1759 – 16:(Redirected from 8571: 8544:Spanish generals 8464:House of Farnese 8459:Spanish infantes 8373: 8254: 8253: 8241: 8240: 8234: 8148: 8147: 8135: 8134: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8097: 8096: 8027:House of Bourbon 7910:House of Bourbon 7634:García Sánchez I 7616:House of Jiménez 7589:House of Íñiguez 7571: 7564: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7418: 7373:List of monarchs 7357: 7350: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7094:County of Sicily 7079: 7072: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7033: 7014: 6998: 6894: 6881: 6865: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6806: 6805: 6789:* (2010–present) 6702: 6688: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6323:Infante Fernando 6106:Infante Fernando 6017: 6010: 6003: 5994: 5993: 5965:Preceded by 5934:Preceded by 5907:Preceded by 5897: 5896:14 December 1788 5890: 5881:Capetian dynasty 5873:House of Bourbon 5864: 5863: 5860: 5852: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5806: 5800: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5747:Top Universities 5739: 5733: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5651:on 23 March 2023 5647:. Archived from 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5281: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5156: 5150: 5145:Weber, David J. 5143: 5137: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5092:Spain: A History 5088: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4989: 4983: 4980:Apogee of Empire 4976: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4658:Barbara H. Stein 4651: 4634: 4624:Carlo Sebastiano 4617: 4582:Barbara H. Stein 4574: 4562: 4548: 4504:Spain: A History 4485: 4460: 4446: 4432: 4418: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3881:Francisco Javier 3711:Duke of Calabria 3620:María Isabel Ana 3557: 3556: 3528: 3512: 3497: 3477: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3336:Spanish nobility 3262:Sir Horatio Mann 3103:Society of Jesus 3099:Esquilache Riots 3029:Seven Years' War 2956:Puerta de Alcalá 2909:followed by the 2790:Castile and León 2718:Duke of Grimaldi 2559:Falkland Islands 2548:French Louisiana 2497:balance of power 2495:would upset the 2443:Catalan language 2427:Crown of Castile 2227:heir presumptive 2178:in Herculaneum. 2046:Seven Years' War 1980:Bernardo Tanucci 1816:House of Farnese 1663: 1648: 1647: 1630: 1598:Carlo di Borbone 1551:Piazza di Spagna 1509:Bernardo Tanucci 1505:apostolic nuncio 1501:Pope Clement XII 1401: 1376:local archbishop 1372:Naples Cathedral 1351:Castel Sant'Elmo 1289:Duke of Montemar 1150:Arrival in Italy 979:Mariana Victoria 950: 943: 939: 936: 930: 899: 891: 857:Louis I of Spain 793:Habsburg Austria 789:State of Presidi 765:House of Bourbon 744: 737: 733: 730: 724: 693: 685: 661: 492: 412: 411: 355: 338: 336: 332: 328: 286: 283:14 December 1788 227: 174: 124: 115: 82: 81:14 December 1788 56: 53: 44: 32: 31: 21: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8454:Crown of Aragon 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8359: 8320:Prince Giuseppe 8273: 8248: 8235: 8218: 8162: 8142: 8129: 8124: 8094: 8089: 8070: 8029:- Upper Navarre 8021: 7990:- Upper Navarre 7982: 7966:- Upper Navarre 7958: 7912:- Lower Navarre 7904: 7888:- Lower Navarre 7886:House of Albret 7880: 7868:House of Albret 7862: 7853:Francis Phoebus 7839: 7802: 7775:House of Évreux 7769: 7726: 7693: 7610: 7584: 7575: 7545: 7540: 7457: 7419: 7410: 7379: 7366: 7361: 7331: 7326: 7117: 7088: 7083: 7053: 7048: 7038: 6838: 6833: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6736: 6727: (1849–54) 6721: (1847–49) 6715: (1814–47) 6675: (1748–65) 6669: (1740–48) 6663: (1735–40) 6657: (1731–35) 6651: (1727–31) 6639: (1646–94) 6633: (1622–46) 6621: (1586–92) 6615: (1556–86) 6609: (1545–47) 6591: 6586: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6533: 6522:16th generation 6517: 6506:15th generation 6501: 6492:Infante Alfonso 6480:14th generation 6475: 6461:Infante Gonzalo 6439:13th generation 6434: 6398:12th generation 6393: 6352:11th generation 6347: 6301:10th generation 6296: 6260: 6241:Infante Gabriel 6214: 6173: 6157: 6141: 6115: 6084: 6053: 6037: 6026: 6021: 5987: 5978: 5970: 5960: 5951: 5939: 5929: 5920: 5912: 5891: 5889:20 January 1716 5885: 5884: 5876: 5869: 5847: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5789: 5782: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5418:(27): 145–169. 5408: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5371: 5367: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5338: 5334: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5089: 5085: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4946: 4942: 4934:Acton, Harold. 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4809:Acton, Harold. 4808: 4801: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4571: 4545: 4520:Herr, Richard. 4473: 4471:Further reading 4466: 4464: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4407: 4402: 4236:Isabella d'Este 3905: 3858:Antonio Pascual 3745:and had issue. 3629:, 30 April 1743 3555: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3434: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3373: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3192: 3120:Bourbon Reforms 3116: 3114:Bourbon Reforms 3084: 3078: 3025: 3020: 3014:Bourbon Reforms 3012:Main articles: 3010: 3002:Comedor de gala 2983:Christmas cribs 2981:and introduced 2979:Spanish Lottery 2977:He created the 2968:Museo del Prado 2841:French Antilles 2768:Count of Aranda 2730:Count of Aranda 2699: 2691:Central America 2687:Treaty of Paris 2636:Alta California 2512:invade Portugal 2482: 2459:national anthem 2455:Cortes of Spain 2374:Count of Aranda 2316: 2250: 2200: 2191: 2172:Camillo Paderni 2039:Alhambra Decree 1968:Camillo Paderni 1960: 1892:squadron under 1834: 1828: 1809:Louis Silvestre 1799:Charles's wife 1782:Francis Stephen 1752: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1669: 1664: 1625:Charles d'Anjou 1594: 1539:Palazzo Farnese 1488: 1444:Reggio Calabria 1427:. Belmonte was 1367: 1355:Castel dell'Ovo 1269:Bourbon Compact 1253: 1247: 1233:was created by 1152: 1147: 1120:Antonio Farnese 1018:Duke of Orléans 1003:Philip of Spain 951: 940: 934: 931: 916: 900: 889: 828:Giulio Alberoni 745: 734: 728: 725: 710: 694: 672: 659: 562:Antonio Farnese 479:Catholic Church 427: 406: 392:Infante Gabriel 349: 348: 340: 324: 320: 317: 304: 288: 284: 271: 270:20 January 1716 236:Antonio Farnese 225: 215: 172: 162: 150: 144: 140: 134: 133: 122:Chief Ministers 120: 110: 80: 71: 57: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8577: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8539:Sons of counts 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8389: 8388: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8350:Prince Alberto 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8315:Prince Gennaro 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8250: 8249: 8237: 8236: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8204:Prince Gabriel 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8144: 8143: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8082:King of France 8078:King of Aragon 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7732:House of Capet 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7679:García Ramírez 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7601:García Íñiguez 7598: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7574: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7425:Personal union 7421: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7385:Dynastic union 7381: 7380: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:Victor Amadeus 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7090: 7089: 7082: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7059: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7008: 7001: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6876: 6871: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6696: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589:Dukes of Parma 6585: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6265:9th generation 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6219:8th generation 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6178:7th generation 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6162:6th generation 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6146:5th generation 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6120:4th generation 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6111:Infante Alonso 6108: 6103: 6101:Infante Carlos 6098: 6092: 6090: 6089:3rd generation 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6058:2nd generation 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6042:1st generation 6039: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5980: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5944:King of Naples 5940: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5902:Regnal titles 5899: 5898: 5877: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5845: 5834: 5833:External links 5831: 5828: 5827: 5801: 5780: 5760: 5734: 5731:978-0801873393 5714: 5687: 5662: 5632: 5605: 5591: 5571: 5545: 5520: 5495: 5481: 5461: 5436: 5399: 5365: 5349: 5332: 5321: 5301: 5294: 5276: 5262: 5246: 5233: 5224: 5198: 5185: 5176: 5169: 5151: 5138: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5083: 5070: 5061: 5035: 5026: 5005: 4984: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4940: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4894: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4815: 4799: 4780: 4774:Harold Acton, 4764: 4748: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4666: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4632:Carlu Bastianu 4611: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4594:978-0801873393 4575: 4569: 4549: 4543: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865:Caserta Palace 3862: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3828:, daughter of 3822: 3810: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3739: 3729: 3726: 3716: 3715: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3673: 3670: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3433: 3430: 3417:Napoleonic Era 3402: 3401: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3223:Doge of Venice 3191: 3188: 3180:Túpac Amaru II 3126:by separating 3115: 3112: 3080:Main article: 3077: 3074: 3057:José de Gálvez 3050:comercio libre 3024: 3021: 3018:Spanish Empire 3009: 3006: 2861:Siete Partidas 2845:Saint-Domingue 2707:Francisco Goya 2698: 2695: 2574:Barbary States 2542:, Spain ceded 2526:the cities of 2501:Spanish Empire 2488:Family Compact 2481: 2478: 2315: 2314:Ruler of Spain 2312: 2249: 2246: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2110:Mount Vesuvius 2071:Pasquale Paoli 1976:Spanish Empire 1959: 1956: 1931:Count of Gages 1897:William Martin 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1727:Maria Amalia, 1711:Infante Philip 1666: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1593: 1592:Choice of name 1590: 1487: 1484: 1464:Siege of Gaeta 1450:(27 June) and 1407: 1406: 1404: 1366: 1363: 1347:Carmine Castle 1339:privilege book 1299:then ruled by 1246: 1243: 1239:Teatro Farnese 1227:Parma Resurget 1181:, arriving at 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1103:. The ensuing 975:House of Savoy 953: 952: 903: 901: 894: 888: 885: 861:Infante Felipe 840:prime minister 797:House of Savoy 785:Duchy of Milan 769:Spanish Empire 755:concluded the 747: 746: 697: 695: 688: 671: 668: 586:Spanish Empire 576:, daughter of 531:King of Sicily 523:King of Naples 494: 493: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 471: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 451: 446: 440: 439: 436: 435: 417: 416: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 356: 342: 341: 322: 318: 313: 312: 310: 306: 305: 300: 298: 294: 293: 287:(aged 72) 281: 277: 276: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 226:3 October 1735 222: 218: 217: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 182: 176: 175: 173:6 October 1759 171:3 July 1735 – 169: 165: 164: 156:King of Naples 152: 151: 149: 148: 129: 128: 127: 125: 117: 116: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 77: 73: 72: 65: 59: 58: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8576: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8370: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8061:Ferdinand III 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7845:House of Foix 7842: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Jimeno Garcés 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7606:Fortún Garcés 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531:Juan Carlos I 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506:Ferdinand VII 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7323: 7322:Ferdinand III 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232:Frederick III 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7047: 7041: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6941:Ferdinand III 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783:* (1977–2010) 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6747:* (1859–1907) 6746: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6719:Charles Louis 6717: 6714: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6667:Maria Theresa 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6487:Juan Carlos I 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5975:King of Spain 5969: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5874: 5865: 5858: 5857: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5797:84-259-1074-9 5794: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5594: 5592:9788432301407 5588: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5484: 5482:9788473920872 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5295:9780822354833 5291: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5116:Lynch, p. 319 5113: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5030: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5009: 5002:(in Italian). 5001: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4721:Lynch, John. 4718: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4684:History Today 4679: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4601: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4570:0-09-457270-4 4566: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4544:0-631-14576-1 4540: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497:History Today 4494: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4459: 4454: 4445: 4440: 4431: 4426: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3931: 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2023 3377: 3370: 3368: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3196: 3190:Personal life 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3055:Charles sent 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2932:United States 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Santo Domingo 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Silver 8 real 2775: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2737: 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2121: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2073:, general of 2072: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2057:, who wrote: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2003:Enlightenment 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1943:Duke of Parma 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:Great Britain 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:Maria Theresa 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1807:, painted by 1806: 1805:Polish attire 1802: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1769:, ending the 1768: 1760: 1756: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 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913: 909: 904:This section 902: 898: 893: 892: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 820:King of Spain 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751:In 1713, the 743: 740: 732: 722: 718: 714: 708: 707: 703: 698:This section 696: 692: 687: 686: 681: 676: 667: 665: 657: 656:Stanley Payne 652: 651:) of clergy. 650: 649: 644: 643: 638: 637:silver mining 634: 633:viceroyalties 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521:(1731–1735); 520: 516: 512: 511:King of Spain 508: 504: 500: 491: 487: 483: 480: 477: 473: 470: 467: 463: 460: 457: 453: 450: 447: 445: 441: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 409: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 357: 354: 353: 347: 343: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 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Retrieved 4730: 4722: 4717: 4712:(1973) 2:371 4709: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4669: 4661: 4649: 4615: 4599: 4585: 4558: 4534: 4521: 4508:Raymond Carr 4503: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4139: 3880: 3857: 3838: 3812: 3802: 3770: 3752:Maria Teresa 3751: 3721: 3709: 3696: 3665: 3643:María Josefa 3642: 3619: 3601:Maria Josefa 3600: 3576:Maria Isabel 3575: 3532: 3484: 3459: 3435: 3426: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3390: 3381: 3374:Please help 3364: 3325: 3317: 3274: 3270: 3243: 3238: 3212: 3184:Túpac Katari 3148:Buenos Aires 3117: 3107: 3096: 3070:intendancies 3069: 3060: 3054: 3049: 3026: 3001: 2995: 2993:) was born. 2976: 2953: 2944: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2872: 2852: 2838: 2834: 2821: 2811: 2798:inescutcheon 2785: 2784:, (reverse) 2781: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2711: 2683:East Florida 2655:West Florida 2644: 2621: 2586: 2580:against any 2567: 2552: 2514:and capture 2509: 2486: 2483: 2462: 2412: 2405:nation state 2402: 2386:Ricardo Wall 2363: 2328: 2325: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2253: 2251: 2237: 2235: 2215:Ferdinand VI 2212: 2192: 2180: 2157: 2136: 2117: 2097: 2079: 2064: 2060: 2050:William Pitt 2043: 2028: 2000: 1988: 1973: 1941: 1939: 1920: 1916: 1905: 1882: 1835: 1813: 1790:Stanislaus I 1775: 1764: 1733: 1728: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1680: 1670: 1636: 1633: 1624: 1616: 1615:rather than 1612: 1608: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1536: 1521: 1513: 1497: 1476: 1441: 1422: 1410: 1397: 1388: 1368: 1359:Castel Nuovo 1344: 1338: 1332: 1305: 1297:Papal States 1285: 1254: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1211: 1166: 1164: 1134: 1132: 1113: 1090: 1066: 1054: 1051:she writes: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1015: 999: 964: 941: 932: 917:Please help 905: 850: 844: 817: 763:, which the 750: 735: 726: 711:Please help 699: 678:Portrait of 653: 646: 640: 629: 621:Spanish Navy 617:Spanish Army 593:Ferdinand VI 590: 555: 534: 526: 518: 498: 497: 350: 285:(1788-12-14) 216:as Charles I 138:Ricardo Wall 130: 91:Ferdinand VI 46:Portrait by 29: 8414:1788 deaths 8409:1716 births 8140:Charles VII 8056:Charles VII 7973:Ferdinand I 7793:Charles III 7712:Theobald II 7521:Alfonso XII 7511:Isabella II 7491:Charles III 7397:Ferdinand V 7297:Charles III 7252:Ferdinand I 7172:Frederick I 7162:Constance I 7157:William III 7125:(1130–1816) 7096:(1071–1130) 7034:(3rd reign) 7015:(2nd reign) 6999:(1st reign) 6989:Charles VII 6916:Ferdinand I 6895:(2nd reign) 6882:(1st reign) 6874:Charles III 6781:Carlos Hugo 6777:* (1974–77) 6771:* (1959–74) 6765:* (1950–59) 6759:* (1939–50) 6753:* (1907–39) 6725:Charles III 6637:Ranuccio II 6359:Alfonso XII 6195:Fernando VI 4758:Gleijeses, 4465:(1761–1788) 4451:(1736–1759) 4437:(1736–1759) 4423:(1731–1735) 3666:Maria Luisa 3475:rey alcalde 3246:printmaking 2928:Philippines 2895:El Escorial 2679:the Bahamas 2669:helped the 2536:Philippines 2464:Marcha Real 2361:of Russia. 2160:Herculaneum 2127:design the 1992:Inquisition 1984:tax farming 1868:, ruled by 1732:; Charles, 1693:Ferdinand, 1482:to Naples. 1392:San Gennaro 1301:Clement XII 1257:Augustus II 1047:And to the 991:went to war 887:Early years 799:gained the 601:land tenure 535:Charles III 527:Charles VII 499:Charles III 302:El Escorial 258:(1731-1735) 232:Predecessor 192:Predecessor 114:(1759–1760) 87:Predecessor 55: 1761 35:Charles III 8398:Categories 8374:See also: 8066:Isabella I 8051:Charles VI 8036:Philip VII 7997:Charles IV 7829:Blanche II 7822:Charles IV 7788:Charles II 7783:Philip III 7707:Theobald I 7689:Sancho VII 7649:Sancho III 7496:Charles IV 7463:Real union 7453:Charles II 7443:Philip III 7393:Isabella I 7312:Charles IV 7292:Philip III 7277:Charles II 7142:William II 6983:Charles VI 6971:Philip III 6953:Charles IV 6947:Joanna III 6921:Alfonso II 6853:Charles II 6685:Cambacérès 6661:Charles II 6625:Ranuccio I 6607:Pier Luigi 6200:Carlos III 6080:Felipe III 5985:Charles IV 5927:Charles II 5135:0820409774 5054:19 January 4982:, pp. 4-5. 4824:Don Carlos 4795:Don Carlos 4760:Don Carlos 4641:References 3771:Ferdinando 3658:unmarried 3551:See also: 3443:Charles IV 3227:Ambassador 3170:of mostly 3128:Upper Peru 2754:madrileños 2628:California 2619:to Spain. 2599:, and the 2563:Royal Navy 2505:New France 2366:his reform 2219:depression 2123:), he had 2118:Reggia di 1890:Royal Navy 1872:, and the 1820:collection 1602:Charles VI 1567:Palestrina 1547:Trastevere 1259:, King of 1086:Maria Anna 875:, because 803:, and the 787:, and the 729:April 2024 664:John Lynch 654:Historian 180:Coronation 101:Charles IV 8257:Spouse(s) 8151:Spouse(s) 8017:Charles V 8012:Philip VI 8002:Philip IV 7954:Charles V 7934:Louis III 7924:Henry III 7858:Catherine 7798:Blanche I 7760:Charles I 7755:Philip II 7684:Sancho VI 7674:Alfonso I 7659:Sancho IV 7639:Sancho II 7536:Felipe VI 7448:Philip IV 7438:Philip II 7433:Charles I 7317:Charles V 7302:Philip IV 7287:Philip II 7257:Alfonso I 7247:Martin II 7197:Charles I 7187:Conrad II 7152:Roger III 7137:William I 7025:Joachim I 6977:Charles V 6965:Philip II 6936:Louis III 6931:Frederick 6910:Alfonso I 6900:Joanna II 6892:Ladislaus 6879:Ladislaus 6847:Charles I 6769:Robert II 6679:Ferdinand 6655:Charles I 6643:Francesco 6619:Alexander 6513:Felipe VI 6231:Carlos IV 6137:Carlos II 6096:Felipe IV 6049:Felipe II 5424:1885-8600 5387:0261-3077 5217:10 August 3839:Maria Ana 3837:Princess 3750:Princess 3663:Princess 3641:Princess 3618:Princess 3599:Princess 3574:Princess 3160:Altiplano 3138:from the 3136:Argentina 3065:New Spain 2923:Catalonia 2905:in 1760; 2869:Louisiana 2857:Code Noir 2663:Gibraltar 2640:presidios 2534:, in the 2433:. In the 2347:the press 2335:despotism 2308:Barcelona 2304:Ferdinand 2183:Ferdinand 2065:With the 1970:, c. 1757 1935:Lobkowitz 1912:Lobkowitz 1894:Commodore 1870:George II 1686:Barbara, 1171:Louis XIV 1167:épée d'or 1101:Gibraltar 1097:Habsburgs 906:does not 865:Ferdinand 813:Gibraltar 700:does not 519:Charles I 485:Signature 242:Successor 202:Successor 97:Successor 8278:Children 8167:Children 8041:Louis II 8007:Philip V 7978:Joan III 7949:Louis VI 7939:Louis IV 7929:Louis II 7900:Joan III 7895:Henry II 7876:John III 7740:Philip I 7664:Sancho V 7624:Sancho I 7578:Monarchs 7481:Philip V 7471:Philip V 7406:Philip I 7282:Philip I 7242:Martin I 7222:Peter II 7182:Conrad I 7177:Henry II 7132:Roger II 7113:Roger II 7020:Joseph I 6959:Philip I 6887:Louis II 6863:Joanna I 6731:Robert I 6705:Piacenza 6034:Carlos I 5820:18 March 5753:23 April 5327:Archived 4741:1 August 4628:Sicilian 4555:(1971). 4480:(1956). 4405:Heraldry 3903:Ancestry 3824:married 3372:source.. 3301:Portella 3266:Florence 3254:painting 3208:Escorial 3130:(modern 3108:colleges 3042:alcabala 2972:Aranjuez 2919:Asturias 2764:Aranjuez 2524:captured 2423:Valencia 2409:Philip V 2266:Piacenza 2162:(1738), 2151:and the 2088:and the 2075:Corsican 1677:; (L-R) 1555:Velletri 1448:L'Aquila 1429:captured 1203:Florence 1199:smallpox 1191:Florence 1022:Louis XV 967:Sardinia 781:Sardinia 642:criollos 619:and the 551:regalism 475:Religion 131:See list 8377:Princes 8084:. 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