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These prisoners were hung upside down so the blood concentrated in the upper body as they made small cuts on the front of the toes, and from there they began to tear the skin gradually, while the prisoner screamed and was terrified. Another common way for them to intimidate their enemies was to make cups from the skulls of prisoners, from which they drank the blood of the enemy gaining the contemporary nickname of "Vampires of the Andes".
447:(1653), mention a second attack by the Chankas shortly after, also headed by Anccu Huayco against Pachacútec. The imprisoned leader not only managed to escape, but gathered 8,000 Chanka fighters in Challcumarca and in Suramarca and resumed the war, this time to regain the lost territories. Being inferior in force, he chose to escape to the jungle "to a region of large ponds or lakes," following the course of the Urubamba river.
181:. Their initial territory was located between the Ancoyaco (current Mantaro), Pampas, and Pachachaca Rivers, tributaries of the Apurímac River. They expanded to the "Ancoyaco ayllukuna" area with its headquarters in Paucar and used the Urin Chankas of Andahuaylas as a secondary base. They developed an autonomous culture and spoke a language called
615:
leather thongs upside down on the cross. Albadán beat him for hours and burnt his whole body with tallow candles. Uacrau was tortured because he either protested the sexual assault of his daughters, or the wider behaviour of Albadán. The effects of Albadán's reign – a “decade of madness” - would last well into the 18th
Century.
509:, the leader of the Spanish expedition, seeing potential in them, was the only one who trusted the Chankas and convinced his men and the Indian auxiliaries that they only needed “proper leadership” since their fighting skills were superior to the Huancas, Cañaris and Chachapoyas and their cooperation would guarantee their
258:, which means shippers or mule drivers. The title was given to this province during the times of the Incan empire precisely because they were carriers for the royalty, wearing a distinctive white and red on their heads. The third important province of the Chankas was that of the Soras whose ancient language was
475:
for over a hundred years and were already in the verge of extinction, heard stories coming from the north about “mysterious men with pale faces wearing armors and riding beasts (horses)”. Taking advantage of the Civil War, a bunch of
Chankas managed to escape to meet these mysterious men who ended up
321:
They all live between the highest and the lowest points in ground cooler than hot, in high places and valleys caused by the rains, where they enjoy both extremes, of the colder land, to graze the domestic cattle, those that have them, and (those that don't) hunt the wild ones, and of the hotter land,
614:
while amassing a personal fortune. Albadán manipulated the juridical and political systems in his favour so that he could avoid any prosecution for his crimes, which included murder, torture and rape. In one incident, it was reported that an artist, Don Juan Uacrau, was stripped naked and tied with
500:
as interpreter, proposed them a deal to fight together against the Incas who had stolen their lands, killed their people and enslaving the remaining survivors. The
Spaniards seemed interested at first, but after hearing from their Native allies about the savage nature of the Chankas in battle, they
153:
The
Chankas encompassed two ethnic groups with well-marked characteristics: the Hanan Chankas (later called "the Parkos Kingdom"); and the Urin Chankas, who surrendered voluntarily to the Quechuan Cusco, and were not destroyed or subjected to forced land transfers (mitmakuna). The Hanan Chanka did
405:
with the timely arrival of friendly forces. The Indian chronicler, Joan de Santa Cruz
Pachacuti Yampa Salcamaygua (1613). He states that the battle would have been lost if the stone soldiers ("pururaucas") had not been brought miraculously to life—stones that were dressed as soldiers to fool the
270:
According to Inca sources that told of the Chanka culture, the Hanan
Chankas were bloody in battle. When they captured their enemies, they made them prisoners of war. They gave cruel punishments to show the enemy that they should not be messed with, such as scalping, or skinning prisoners alive.
245:
expansion. According to
Sarmiento de Gamboa, the Chanca territory was divided into three groups, known as Hanan Chanca (Parkos, Ayllus del Ancoyaco), Urin Chanka (Uranmarca, Andahuaylas) and villca or Rukanas (Vilcas). The Chanka nation was composed of the Ancoyaco, Andahuayla, Rucana and Sora
212:
culture. Their settlement pattern was the most widespread of small villages (about 100 houses). Other scholars believe, however, that the
Chankas had large populations. There are two types of burials: some in mausoleums, and others simply in the ground. There are also burials in caves or rock
339:
According to various myths, its founders were
Uscovilca (founder of Lurinchanca) and Ancovilca (founder of Hananmarca or Hanan Chanka). The error incurred until now was that the ethnic group of Hanan Chanka was confused with the Urin Chanka and that the latter joined the Pacor Pocoras in a
313:
The land where the Chanka culture was located was a strategic place because they dominated the territory and could easily develop defensive actions. The location was close to nearby water sources, and they could take advantage of the resources offered by the land and the presence of several
232:
deity, they painted their faces and screamed when fighting, and they carried the mummies of their grandparents on their shoulders. The
Chankas remained cohesive and managed to develop a major regional lordship, which reached its height in the 13th century.
262:. The Soras were divided into three groups: Hanan soras, Hurin soras and Chalco. They held a snowy mountain called Qarwarasu in great reverence, and were never defeated by the Chankas, but were at constant war with since they were allies with the Incas.
392:
of Ancoyaco" (also called Anco Huayllu or Hancoallo) gathered 40,000 warriors and launched the conquest of Cusco. They advanced victoriously to encircle the city. The Incan Viracocha and many of the nobility fled in the direction of
401:(who later proclaimed himself Pachacutec), bravely led the resistance. While able to gather allies, he offered peace to the besieged, but they rejected the offer. A bloody battle was fought in Yawarpampa ("field of blood"), won by
138:. The Chankas were divided into three groups: the Hanan Chankas, or the Upper Chankas, the Urin Chankas, or the Lower Chankas, and the Villca, or Hancohuallos. The Hanan Chankas had their center in Andahuaylas, the Urin Chankas in
249:
Regarding the geographic relationship of the native peoples, the Rucanas were divided into three groups: Hanan rucana, Hurin rucana and Andamarca rucana. According to anthropologist Víctor Navarro del Águila, rucana comes from
220:
because they submitted peacefully to the Quechua of Cusco, losing their influence to their "older brothers," the Parkos or Hanan Chankas, because the Soras and Rucanas were valiant and warriors who fought the Incas many times.
310:. The decoration was a relief, with the application of buttons or clay figurines, supplemented with incisions or circular stamps. The shapes were open dishes and jugs with narrow necks, that sometimes had rustic faces.
409:
According to the victors, 22,000 Chancas and 8,000 Cusqueños (natives of Cusco) died at Yawarpampa. Anccu Hualloc was injured and captured. The Hanan Chankas were chased as far as Antahualla (Apurímac).
638:
Although there is information about their military history and warlords, the archaeological remains identified as Chankas do not allow for an exact profile of the life and customs of these people.
610:, numerous abuses from Spanish priests went unpunished. These include the crimes of Father Juan Bautista de Albadán, who during a period of ten years (1601–11), sadistically tortured the people of
425:(1551), the fugitive was the old Viracocha and not only him but his successor (and the brother of Cusi Yupanqui), Inca Urco, escaped responsibility, the prince Cusi Yapanqui being their saviour.
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a similar feat one hundred years later. However, the most solidly researched version establishes their defeat and subsequent submission at the hands of the army commanded by the Incan
364:
ran the risk of being captured by the Apurímac people. According to some Incan traditions, the Urin Chankas had been conquered much earlier, around the year 1230, when the Sapan Incan
322:
to sow seeds, at their time. The villages are no bigger than the water and land will allow and in many of them no more than ten more indians could live for lack of water and ground.
326:
The same Damián tells us that among these people there were three major trades: potters, silversmiths or metal workers, and carpenters. These trades endured until colonial times.
241:
Chanka Andahuaylas were close relatives of the other tribes that inhabited the province of Ayacucho, and as a nation were strengthened after the decline of the
760:
348:
The height of the Chanka's expansion occurred between the years 1200 and 1438. After 1430, the Chanka nation attacked the Inca Empire in Cusco. Prince
298:, in herds of appreciable size, which were managed from towns with special provisions to control them and feed them while they provided wool and meat.
154:
not leave major contributions other than villages and remains of Wari pottery and rudimentary tools have been found. This area needs better study.
501:
immediately refused, since those actions (like drinking the blood of their enemies and keeping their heads as trophies) were "against their
635:. In every district there is also a large variety of remains which demonstrate the legacy of the Wari Pacor, Chanka and Inka cultures.
631:
fort, the metalworking centre of Curamba and the Inti Watana in Uranmarca, strategically located in the most beautiful parts of the
368:
and his army crossed the Apurímac River, formerly called Qhapaq Mayu ("main river"), by means of a huge hanging bridge. The Incan
208:
For some archaeologists, the Chanka society is a step backward from the point of view of urban progression, as compared with the
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Their most impressive remains are "Inca Raqay," which have been studied by Martha Anders. The ruins are on the banks of the
421:, and the prince that took up the defence of Cusco was his son, Hatun Topa, afterwards called Viracocha Inca. According to
809:
564:
369:
85:
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Betanzoz speaks of Uscovilca, who for most of the chroniclers was the founder of the nation in its bias Chanca Hanan
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With the Spanish victory, as part of the deal, Chankas recovered their freedom and their lands. Most of them were
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values". The Indian auxiliaries refused to cooperate with the Spaniards if they made a deal with the Chankas. But
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It was in 1438 that the alleged leader Hanan Chanka "Anccu Hualloc" mythified himself so that the people or the "
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814:
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189:'s tent"), on the shore of Lake Anori, 35 km from Andahuaylas, on the banks of the Pampas River.
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They grew various Andean cultivated plants, in different ecological zones, and raised and shepherded
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for their help in the Conquest of Peru. Furthermore, while the Chankas were nominally protected by
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The leader who defended Cusco took up sovereign power and founded a new dynasty. According to the
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children. However, despite playing a crucial part in the fight against the Incas, only the
590:. As part of the bond between both cultures, they mixed with Spanish men and women having
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352:, who had previously been sent to a llama ranch, defeated the Chanka. After the war, the
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Generally the ceramics were flat with a rough surface, and sometimes with a red diluted
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The economy of the Uran Chancas was based primarily on agricultural crops and animals.
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ecological zones in which they were able to use to cultivate plants and rear animals.
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135:
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and the prince who assumed the defense of Cuzco was his son Topa Hatun, named after
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Many Chanka ceramics and instruments are part of expositions in museums located in
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The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru, page 59
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were tearing down the Inca Empire, the Chankas, who had been enslaved under the
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The leader who began the expansion of the Chankas was called Uscovilca, and his
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436:. This is the most accepted version, which coincides with the chronicle of
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River, north of Huanta where the Urin Chankas built the outstanding
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The Hanan Chankas were an ethnic group that inhabited the region of
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was preserved with veneration in Waman Karpa until the time of the
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480:. During the meeting, the Spanish were already joined by many
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non-existent entity called the "pocra-chancas confederation."
729:"Discovering the Chanka | University of St Andrews news"
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Purizaga Vega, Medardo (1967). "EL curacazgo chapter Pocra".
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According to the victors, the Incan was the fugitive elder
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and united the colonial "Choclopus" (or "chocorvos") and
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by Garcilaso de la Vega, the Incan fugitive was the old
488:(who have fought on Huáscar's side against Atahualpa),
169:. They are said to have originated from the lake named
794:
Discovering the Chanka | University of St Andrews news
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450:
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645:), as well as Carahuasi and Rumihuasi (near
664:, where the Chanka descendants also live.
545:. Please do not remove this message until
440:(1583) and the most refined chronologies.
66:. Please do not remove this message until
683:
565:Learn how and when to remove this message
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:), still require further investigation.
541:Relevant discussion may be found on the
360:after the tough battle, and the city of
62:Relevant discussion may be found on the
790:Province de Andahuaylas, Perú (Spanish)
301:
14:
802:
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397:, and were in despair until a prince,
317:Damián de la Bandera said about them:
134:, located in the modern-day region of
130:, and they were centered primarily in
110:ethnic group living in the regions of
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36:
451:Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
161:, Huancavelica, Junín, and part of
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185:. Their capital was Waman Karpa ("
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443:Other chroniclers, among them
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598:were recognized by the King
216:They were not rivals of the
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547:conditions to do so are met
224:They were characterized as
126:. They were enemies of the
68:conditions to do so are met
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810:Indigenous peoples in Peru
693:The Inca Empire and Pocras
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27:Indigenous people of Peru
743:"Inka Rakay, Cochabamba"
438:Miguel Cabello de Balboa
179:Huancavelica Department
32:Chanka (disambiguation)
796:Discovering the Chanka
718:(retrieved 2 May 2011)
324:
747:boliviatravelsite.com
713:"Peruvian Americans."
586:and started learning
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815:Andean civilizations
633:Andahuaylas Province
370:Garcilaso de la Vega
302:Culture and ceramics
142:, and the Villca in
30:For other uses, see
608:Leyes de las Indias
578:Viceroyalty of Peru
534:of this section is
55:of this article is
761:"Martha B. Anders"
641:Waman Karpa (near
482:Indian auxiliaries
228:. Their god was a
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507:Francisco Pizarro
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419:Yawar Waqaq
366:Mayta Cápac
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804:Categories
771:2010-10-30
668:References
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532:neutrality
465:Atahuallpa
406:Chankas.
213:shelters.
53:neutrality
600:Philip II
555:June 2021
543:talk page
503:Christian
498:Felipillo
395:Qullasuyu
378:Pachacuti
358:Pachacuti
354:Sapa Inca
175:Urququcha
140:Uranmarca
76:June 2021
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658:Ayacucho
654:Apurímac
584:baptized
536:disputed
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350:Yupanqui
296:guanacos
246:tribes.
163:Apurímac
159:Ayacucho
148:Ayacucho
136:Apurímac
116:Ayacucho
112:Apurímac
106:) are a
57:disputed
689:quoted
647:Abancay
625:Mantaro
619:Remains
606:by the
596:Huancas
592:mestizo
588:Spanish
511:victory
490:Huancas
486:Cañaris
461:Huáscar
455:As the
330:History
292:alpacas
275:Economy
266:Warfare
226:farmers
204:Society
183:puquina
18:Chancas
629:Suntur
484:: the
390:ayllus
344:Apogee
335:Origin
288:vicuna
284:llamas
260:Aymara
187:falcon
104:Chanca
662:Lamas
473:mitma
403:Cusco
362:Cusco
256:lukak
252:rukak
218:Incas
198:Incas
194:mummy
128:Incas
120:Lamas
660:and
529:The
492:and
463:and
308:slip
294:and
243:Wari
230:puma
210:Wari
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