25:
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optimized shader is loaded according to its profile. For instance there might be a profile for a graphics card that supports complex pixel shaders, and another profile for one that supports only minimal pixel shaders. By creating a pixel shader for each of these profiles a supporting program enlarges the number of supported hardware platforms without sacrificing picture quality on powerful systems.'
1539:
To avoid exposing the source code of the shader, and still maintain some of the hardware specific optimizations, the concept of profiles was developed. Shaders can be compiled to suit different graphics hardware platforms (according to profiles). When executing the supporting program, the best/most
353:
In the beginning, vertex and pixel shaders were programmed at a very low level with only the assembly language of the graphics processing unit. Although using the assembly language gave the programmer complete control over code and flexibility, it was fairly hard to use. A portable, higher level
1535:
In addition to being able to compile Cg source to assembly code, the Cg runtime also has the ability to compile shaders during execution of the supporting program. This allows the runtime to compile the shader using the latest optimizations available for hardware that the program is currently
495:
that stand for GPUs with different capabilities. These profiles decide, among others, how many instructions can be in each shader, how many registers are available, and what kind of resources a shader can use. Even if a program is correct, it might be too complex to work on a profile.
349:
Due to technical advances in graphics hardware, some areas of 3D graphics programming have become quite complex. To simplify the process, new features were added to graphics cards, including the ability to modify their rendering pipelines using vertex and pixel shaders.
499:
As the number of profile and shader types cropped up, Microsoft has switched to use the term "Shader Model" to group a set of profiles found in a generation of GPUs. Cg supports some of the newer profiles up to Shader Model 5.0 as well as translation to glsl or hlsl.
1536:
executing on. However, this technique requires that the source code for the shader be available in plain text to the compiler, allowing the user of the program to access the source-code for the shader. Some developers view this as a major drawback of this technique.
1507:
As in C, Cg/HLSL features a set of functions for common tasks in GPU programming. Some of the functions have equivalents in C, like the mathematical functions abs and sin, while others are specialized in GPU programming tasks, like the
419:
Cg also features vector and matrix data types that are based on the basic data types, such as float3 and float4x4. Such data types are quite common when dealing with 3D graphics programming. Cg also has struct and
1570:, their GLSL-to-SPIR_V compiler. Support for SPIR-V means that the shaders can be cross-platform, no longer limiting them to a DirectX stack. This task was previously performed by source-level converters like
1589:
The
ReshadeFX shading language is also based on Cg/HLSL. Shaders written in ReshadeFX are compiled to OpenGL, DX, or Vulkan and injected into games to act as post-processing filters.
1551:
Microsoft has released two compilers for HLSL. The original compiler was the closed-source FXC (Effect
Compiler), supported until 2015. It was deprecated in favor of the open-source
1555:-based DXC (DirectXShaderCompiler) with support for newer HLSL features. Both compilers generate bytecode: while the older FXC used DXBC, DXC now uses DXIL. DXC can also emit
432:
Cg supports a wide range of operators, including the common arithmetic operators from C, the equivalent arithmetic operators for vector and matrix data types, and the common
137:
of the statue is achieved purely physically, while the texture of the rectangular frame beside it is based on color intensity. The square in the background has been
1520:
Cg programs are merely vertex and pixel shaders, and they need supporting programs that handle the rest of the rendering process. Cg can be used with two graphics
1725:
3164:
3516:
272:
and although they share the same core syntax, some features of C were modified and new data types were added to make Cg/HLSL more suitable for programming
364:
Cg code is portable to a wide range of hardware and platforms, unlike assembly code, which usually depends on hardware and the platforms it's written for.
46:
39:
1532:. Each has its own set of Cg functions to communicate with the Cg program, like setting the current Cg shader, passing parameters, and such tasks.
2601:
1873:
381:
Cg has six basic data types. Some of them are the same as in C, while others are especially added for GPU programming. These types are:
2514:
89:
61:
2580:
197:
3496:
68:
444:
Cg shares the basic control structures with C, like if/else, while, and for. It also has a similar way of defining functions.
354:
language for programming the GPU was needed, so Cg was created to overcome these problems and make shader development easier.
1967:
391:
367:
The Cg compiler can optimize code and do lower level tasks automatically, which are hard to do and error prone in assembly.
2281:"microsoft/DirectXShaderCompiler: This repo hosts the source for the DirectX Shader Compiler which is based on LLVM/Clang"
75:
2030:
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2426:
2262:
108:
57:
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2295:"glslang: Khronos-reference front end for GLSL/ESSL, partial front end for HLSL, and a SPIR-V generator"
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403:
337:
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2012:
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1156:
1142:
138:
279:
Two main branches of the Cg/HLSL language exist: the Nvidia Cg compiler (cgc) which outputs
2710:
2546:
1818:
262:
287:
and the
Microsoft HLSL which outputs DirectX shaders in bytecode format. Nvidia's cgc was
8:
2931:
2777:
1797:
1704:
1438:
385:
330:
153:
of the water in the foreground are added by a shader applied finally to the entire scene.
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2681:
2659:
2654:
2465:
1548:
The Cg dialect has only ever had one compiler, in the form of Nvidia's Cg toolkit.
433:
361:
High level code is easier to learn, program, read, and maintain than assembly code.
250:
162:
3243:
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2362:
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1990:
1843:
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has also written a LLVM-based HLSL compiler, in the form of a frontend for
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1046:
307:
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1953:
183:
3258:
3138:
2649:
2481:
2449:
2436:
GPU Gems: Programming
Techniques, Tips, and Tricks for Real-Time Graphics
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1146:
1132:
1090:
288:
3388:
3177:
3001:
2925:
1080:
134:
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1927:
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2140:
Shader Model 3.0, Ashu Rege, NVIDIA Developer
Technology Group, 2004.
1776:
1731:
1697:
1571:
1118:
1104:
1026:
258:
24:
2629:
2624:
2461:
2458:
Cg: A System for
Programming Graphics Hardware in a C-like Language
2230:
2124:
2109:
1994:
1783:
1600:
142:
2152:
The Direct3D 10 System, David Blythe, Microsoft
Corporation, 2006.
128:
3438:
3321:
3277:
2575:
2487:
Some essential materials (e.g. the design paper) are gathered in
1853:
1759:
1752:
1690:
1676:
1529:
340:
shaders (ray generation, intersection, bit / closest hit / miss).
280:
1203:
means "32 texture instructions and 64 arithmetic instructions."
310:, but other types of shaders were introduced gradually as well:
3147:
2989:
2562:
1848:
1790:
1556:
1525:
1036:
284:
265:
254:
1195:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, Skylake+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.7.
1189:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, Skylake+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.6.
291:
in 2012, with no additional development or support available.
3443:
3418:
3292:
2936:
2911:
2905:
1765:
1592:
326:
302:. The Cg/HLSL language originally only included support for
3413:
2895:
2125:"ATI Radeon X800 Pro and XT Platinum Edition: R420 Arrives"
1838:
1833:
1745:
1552:
1016:
230:
2520:
Documentation for the Cg Shader standard used by emulators
2615:
2610:
2531:
2431:
2419:: The Definitive Guide to Programmable Real-Time Graphics
2407:
1521:
461:
directives and its macro expansion system. It implements
424:, which work in a similar way to their C equivalents.
133:
A scene containing several different 2D HLSL shaders.
2088:"Microsoft DirectX High Level Shader Language (HLSL)"
1183:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.5.
1177:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.4.
1171:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.3.
1165:— GCN 1+, Kepler+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.1.
357:
Some of the benefits of using Cg over assembly are:
1874:"Fusion Industries :: Cg and HLSL FAQ ::"
439:
333:(hull and domain). The latter is present in Cg 3.1.
314:DirectX 10 (Shader Model 4) and Cg 2.0 introduced
3488:
2484:- Mirror for nvidia's open source compiler, 2002
2031:"Shader Models vs Shader Profiles - Win32 apps"
1910:"Writing HLSL Shaders in Direct3D 9 (Windows)"
2843:
2547:
3517:Microsoft application programming interfaces
249:(HLSL) are two names given to a high-level
1892:"The Cg Tutorial - Chapter 1. Introduction"
1574:, but the resulting code is often bloated.
1159:, Fermi+, DirectX 12 (11_0+) with WDDM 2.0.
2600:
2574:
2554:
2540:
1593:Applications and games that use Cg or HLSL
2224:
2222:
1543:
1515:
336:DirectX 12 (Shader Model 6.3) introduced
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2148:
2146:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
1502:
321:DirectX 11 (Shader Model 5) introduced
3489:
2448:William R. Mark, R. Steven Glanville,
2327:"PlayStation Shading Language for PS4"
2219:
2178:
2176:
2136:
2134:
2116:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
486:
415:sampler* - represents a texture object
204:Cg, HLSL, Playstation Shading Language
45:Please improve this article by adding
3350:
3125:
2842:
2573:
2535:
2489:these course notes from Siggraph 2005
2324:
2297:. The Khronos Group. 21 October 2020.
2231:"NVIDIA Introduces GeForce FX (NV30)"
2194:
2155:
2143:
2110:"NVIDIA Introduces GeForce FX (NV30)"
2041:
2007:
2005:
2508:Language Reference and Documentation
2377:"LightWave - 11.6 Features Overview"
1986:
1984:
1954:"Cg Toolkit | NVIDIA Developer"
1577:
491:Cg programs are built for different
18:
2173:
2131:
2070:
13:
3126:
2401:
2228:
2122:
2107:
2002:
1207:Comparison of HLSL Vertex shaders
14:
3528:
2475:
2391:"Unity - Manual: Writing Shaders"
1981:
906:Face register (2-sided lighting)
504:Comparison of HLSL pixel shaders
1876:. 24 August 2012. Archived from
1426:
1423:
1420:
1383:
1380:
468:
440:Functions and control structures
127:
23:
2438:, Addison-Wesley Professional,
2421:, Addison-Wesley Professional,
2383:
2369:
2363:"Maya Cg Plug-in | NVIDIA"
2355:
2337:
2318:
2301:
2287:
2273:
2255:
2237:
2101:
1256:Max # of instructions executed
1083:-optimized model, DirectX 9.0a.
462:
452:
394:- a 16bit floating point number
388:- a 32bit floating point number
3004:(framebuffer in system memory)
2526:Cross Platform Shaders in 2014
2515:NeHe Cg vertex shader tutorial
2245:"Registers - vs_4_1 (Windows)"
2184:"Registers - ps_5_0 (Windows)"
2163:"Registers - ps_4_1 (Windows)"
2023:
1960:
1946:
1920:
1902:
1884:
1866:
481:
58:"Cg" programming language
1:
3497:C programming language family
2345:"ReShade FX shading language"
2325:Stenson, Richard; Ho, Chris.
2283:. Microsoft. 21 October 2020.
1859:
376:
344:
294:HLSL shaders can enable many
47:secondary or tertiary sources
2086:Peeper, Craig (2004-03-15).
1896:developer.download.nvidia.cn
1684:Garshasp: The Monster Slayer
1586:(PSSL) is based on Cg/HLSL.
447:
427:
406:- a 12bit fixed point number
7:
3351:
2209:"Vertex Shader Differences"
1812:
1647:Enemy Territory: Quake Wars
1584:PlayStation Shader Language
1512:functions tex1D and tex2D.
1378:Dynamic flow control depth
1093:shader model, DirectX 9.0b.
371:
10:
3533:
2561:
2060:"Pixel Shader Differences"
2013:"Cg Profile Documentation"
1834:High level shader language
1071:Radeon 9500-9800/X300-X600
565:Texture instruction limit
268:. Cg/HLSL is based on the
247:High-Level Shader Language
219:RenderMan Shading Language
3406:
3361:
3357:
3346:
3319:
3301:
3267:
3236:
3209:RSX 'Reality Synthesizer'
3186:
3163:
3136:
3132:
3121:
3017:
2946:
2882:
2853:
2849:
2844:Software and technologies
2838:
2801:
2757:
2709:
2668:
2593:
2589:
2569:
2493:Nvidia-hosted materials:
2263:"Porting from FXC to DXC"
1039:Wildcat VP, DirectX 8.0a.
274:graphics processing units
229:
224:
213:
208:
203:
196:
178:
168:
158:
126:
1829:Vertex and pixel shaders
1660:EON Professional™/Ultra™
721:Instruction predication
539:Dependent texture limit
2996:Scalable Link Interface
2962:(variable refresh rate)
2854:Multimedia acceleration
1839:OpenGL shading language
1277:Instruction predication
1236:# of instruction slots
695:Interpolated registers
3018:GPU microarchitectures
3010:(live video upscaling)
3008:Video Super Resolution
2928:(ray tracing platform)
2758:Unified shaders &
2470:10.1145/1201775.882362
2097:. pp. 5–8, 24–25.
1968:"Cg 2.0 Release Notes"
1726:Lightfeather 3D Engine
1639:Earth's Special Forces
1544:Compilers and dialects
1516:The Cg runtime library
1418:# of texture samplers
1212:Vertex shader version
854:Gradient instructions
747:Index input registers
643:Executed instructions
270:C programming language
34:relies excessively on
3449:Mellanox Technologies
1398:Vertex texture fetch
1358:Dynamic flow control
1318:# constant registers
1201:Executed Instructions
932:Dynamic flow control
669:Texture indirections
509:Pixel shader version
2594:Fixed pixel pipeline
2524:Aras PranckeviÄŤius,
1819:Computer programming
1503:The standard library
1338:Static flow control
880:Loop count register
412:- a Boolean variable
331:tessellation shaders
2932:Nvidia System Tools
2351:. 15 February 2022.
2229:Shimpi, Anand Lal.
2108:Shimpi, Anand Lal.
1705:Hitman: Blood Money
1439:Geometry instancing
1208:
1019:Rampage, DirectX 8.
799:Constant registers
505:
487:Compilation targets
457:Cg implements many
123:
2939:(video decode API)
2892:(shading language)
2805:& tensor cores
2249:msdn.microsoft.com
2213:msdn.microsoft.com
2188:msdn.microsoft.com
2167:msdn.microsoft.com
2064:msdn.microsoft.com
2035:docs.microsoft.com
1932:NVIDIA DesignWorks
1914:msdn.microsoft.com
1880:on 24 August 2012.
1654:Doom 3 BFG Edition
1461:Bitwise operators
1206:
958:Bitwise Operators
617:Instruction slots
591:Position register
503:
298:in both 2D and 3D
121:
3507:Shading languages
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3374:Chris Malachowsky
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3254:Shield Android TV
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
2908:(ray tracing API)
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2644:
2643:
2584:
2460:, Proceedings of
2251:. 23 August 2019.
2190:. 23 August 2019.
2169:. 23 August 2019.
1824:Computer graphics
1798:Unity game engine
1719:League of Legends
1642:- A Half-Life Mod
1578:Derived languages
1500:
1499:
1087:Shader Model 2.0b
1077:Shader Model 2.0a
1009:
1008:
434:logical operators
400:- a 32bit integer
300:computer graphics
236:
235:
174:nVIDIA, Microsoft
119:
118:
111:
93:
3524:
3434:Cumulus Networks
3429:Bright Computing
3414:3dfx Interactive
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3122:
2954:Nvidia 3D Vision
2920:Nvidia Omniverse
2901:Nvidia GameWorks
2875:(video decoding)
2869:(video decoding)
2863:(video encoding)
2851:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2432:Randima Fernando
2408:Randima Fernando
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2039:
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2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:Nvidia developer
2009:
2000:
1988:
1979:
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1964:
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1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1632:Dolphinity Racer
1481:Native integers
1209:
1205:
1193:Shader Model 6.5
1187:Shader Model 6.4
1181:Shader Model 6.3
1175:Shader Model 6.2
1169:Shader Model 6.1
1163:Shader Model 6.0
1153:Shader Model 5.1
1139:Shader Model 5.0
1125:Shader Model 4.1
1111:Shader Model 4.0
1097:Shader Model 3.0
1091:Radeon X700-X850
1067:Shader Model 2.0
1057:Radeon 8500-9250
984:Native Integers
506:
502:
464:
422:array data types
316:geometry shaders
251:shading language
192:
189:
187:
185:
163:shading language
131:
124:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
16:Shading language
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3502:Nvidia software
3487:
3486:
3485:
3472:
3402:
3396:Ranga Jayaraman
3393:Debora Shoquist
3353:
3334:
3315:
3297:
3263:
3244:Shield Portable
3232:
3226:Nintendo Switch
3223:
3211:
3199:
3182:
3159:
3128:
3109:
3013:
2986:(module/socket)
2980:(module/socket)
2974:(multi-monitor)
2972:Nvidia Surround
2968:(GPU switching)
2942:
2878:
2845:
2826:
2797:
2753:
2711:Unified shaders
2705:
2664:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2585:
2565:
2560:
2478:
2454:Mark J. Kilgard
2417:The Cg Tutorial
2412:Mark J. Kilgard
2404:
2402:Further reading
2399:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2331:GDC Europe 2013
2323:
2319:
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2144:
2139:
2132:
2123:Wilson, Derek.
2121:
2117:
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2102:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2042:
2037:. 30 June 2021.
2029:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:Cg in Two Pages
1991:Mark J. Kilgard
1989:
1982:
1977:. January 2008.
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1956:. 8 March 2011.
1952:
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1903:
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1889:
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1871:
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1862:
1815:
1810:
1712:Irrlicht Engine
1607:Adobe Photoshop
1595:
1580:
1546:
1518:
1510:texture mapping
1505:
1298:Temp registers
1230:
1228:
1135:, DirectX 10.1.
1107:, DirectX 9.0c.
1061:Matrox Parhelia
1049:, DirectX 8.0a.
773:Temp registers
533:
531:
493:shader profiles
489:
484:
471:
455:
450:
442:
430:
379:
374:
347:
323:compute shaders
296:special effects
182:
154:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
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3399:Jonah M. Alben
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3369:Jen-Hsun Huang
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3127:Other products
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2476:External links
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1934:. 8 March 2011
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1916:. 24 May 2021.
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1601:3DVIA Virtools
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1199:"32 + 64" for
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1143:Radeon HD 5000
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1129:Radeon HD 3000
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1115:Radeon HD 2000
1108:
1094:
1084:
1081:GeForce FX/PCX
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1063:, DirectX 8.1.
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459:C preprocessor
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304:vertex shaders
243:C for Graphics
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145:. The partial
132:
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3454:Mental Images
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3249:Shield Tablet
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3237:Nvidia Shield
3235:
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3214:PlayStation 3
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3148:Nvidia Quadro
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2960:Nvidia G-Sync
2958:
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2924:
2922:(3D graphics)
2921:
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2914:(physics SDK)
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2444:0-321-22832-4
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2427:0-321-19496-9
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2314:
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2307:Matt Turner.
2304:
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2215:. 2011-02-08.
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2095:microsoft.com
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2066:. 2011-02-08.
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1805:Unreal Engine
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1625:Crystal Space
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1618:Battlefield 2
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1564:Khronos Group
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1149:, DirectX 11.
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1015:— Unreleased
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383:
382:
366:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
351:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
312:
311:
309:
308:pixel shaders
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:developed by
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
228:
223:
220:
216:
212:
209:Influenced by
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3459:PortalPlayer
3407:Acquisitions
3379:Curtis Priem
3271:and embedded
3221:Tegra NX-SoC
3173:Nvidia Tesla
3095:Ada Lovelace
2947:Technologies
2889:
2581:List of GPUs
2457:
2435:
2415:
2385:
2371:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2320:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2212:
2187:
2166:
2157:
2118:
2103:
2094:
2063:
2034:
2025:
2016:
1995:
1974:
1962:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1878:the original
1868:
1844:Shader Model
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1739:muvee Reveal
1737:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1670:eyeon Fusion
1668:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1599:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1519:
1506:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1138:
1124:
1110:
1101:Radeon X1000
1096:
1086:
1076:
1073:, DirectX 9.
1066:
1052:
1047:GeForce 4 Ti
1042:
1032:
1029:, DirectX 8.
1022:
1012:
498:
492:
490:
456:
453:Preprocessor
443:
431:
418:
380:
356:
352:
348:
293:
278:
242:
238:
237:
147:transparency
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
3259:GeForce Now
3153:Quadro Plex
3139:Workstation
2998:(multi-GPU)
2956:(stereo 3D)
2803:Ray tracing
2768:GeForce 600
2650:GeForce 256
2602:Pre-GeForce
2482:cgc-opensrc
2450:Kurt Akeley
1664:EON Reality
1147:GeForce 400
1133:GeForce 200
512:1.0 to 1.3
482:Environment
338:ray tracing
263:programming
241:(short for
190:/cg-toolkit
139:transformed
3491:Categories
3389:Bill Dally
3384:David Kirk
3362:Key people
3190:components
3025:Fahrenheit
3002:TurboCache
2992:(protocol)
2926:Nvidia RTX
2812:GeForce 20
2502:Cg Toolkit
1975:nvidia.com
1860:References
1559:bytecode.
1271:Unlimited
825:Arbitrary
690:Unlimited
664:Unlimited
586:Unlimited
560:Unlimited
477:Annotation
377:Data types
345:Background
289:deprecated
225:Influenced
151:reflection
135:Distortion
69:newspapers
36:references
3320:Computer
3137:Graphics
3100:Blackwell
2873:PureVideo
2719:GeForce 8
2682:GeForce 3
1777:RetroArch
1732:LightWave
1698:Gun Metal
1572:HLSL2GLSL
1119:GeForce 8
1105:GeForce 6
1027:GeForce 3
953:Yes (64)
827:swizzling
687:Unlimited
681:Unlimited
583:Unlimited
580:Unlimited
577:Unlimited
557:Unlimited
551:Unlimited
532:4.1
530:4.0
474:Namespace
448:Semantics
428:Operators
259:Microsoft
184:developer
170:Developer
3322:chipsets
2883:Software
2630:RIVA TNT
2625:RIVA 128
2462:SIGGRAPH
1928:"Cg FAQ"
1813:See also
1784:R.U.S.E.
1441:support
1333:16Ă—4096
1251:≥ 65536
950:Yes (24)
820:16Ă—4096
782:12 to 32
638:≥ 65536
463:#include
372:Language
198:Dialects
99:May 2024
3512:DirectX
3439:DeepMap
3352:Company
3278:GoForce
3188:Console
3065:Maxwell
3040:Rankine
3030:Celsius
2676:shaders
2576:GeForce
2313:YouTube
1999:, 2003.
1854:DirectX
1760:Panda3D
1753:OpenEmu
1691:GLScene
1677:Far Cry
1568:glslang
1530:DirectX
1231:VS 5.0
1229:VS 4.1
1227:VS 4.0
1221:VS 2.0a
1215:VS 1.1
652:32 + 64
649:6*2+8*2
626:32 + 64
281:DirectX
266:shaders
186:.nvidia
179:Website
143:rotated
122:Cg/HLSL
83:scholar
3469:Stexar
3466:MediaQ
3463:Exluna
3330:nForce
3288:Jetson
3090:Hopper
3085:Ampere
3080:Turing
3070:Pascal
3060:Kepler
3035:Kelvin
2990:NVLink
2670:Vertex
2648:
2563:Nvidia
2497:Cg FAQ
2464:2003,
2442:
2425:
2349:GitHub
2267:GitHub
1938:25 May
1849:OpenGL
1791:Snes9x
1557:SPIR-V
1526:OpenGL
1224:VS 3.0
1218:VS 2.0
1157:GCN 1+
1053:PS 1.4
1043:PS 1.3
1037:3Dlabs
1033:PS 1.2
1023:PS 1.1
1013:PS 1.0
329:) and
285:OpenGL
255:Nvidia
245:) and
159:Family
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3444:Icera
3419:Ageia
3293:Tegra
3283:Drive
3165:GPGPU
3141:cards
3105:Rubin
3075:Volta
3055:Fermi
3050:Tesla
3045:Curie
2937:VDPAU
2912:PhysX
2906:OptiX
2867:NVDEC
2861:NVENC
2674:pixel
2309:Video
2091:(PPT)
1971:(PDF)
1766:PCSX2
1330:≥ 256
1324:≥ 256
1313:4096
1268:65536
1265:65536
1248:≥ 512
794:4096
710:2 + 8
707:2 + 8
704:2 + 8
701:2 + 6
698:2 + 4
661:65536
635:≥ 512
404:fixed
386:float
327:GPGPU
90:JSTOR
76:books
3303:CPUs
3269:SoCs
3202:Xbox
3197:NV2A
2896:CUDA
2778:800M
2760:NUMA
2687:4 Ti
2672:and
2660:4 MX
2635:TNT2
2440:ISBN
2423:ISBN
1940:2017
1746:OGRE
1734:11.6
1612:Maya
1582:The
1562:The
1553:LLVM
1522:APIs
1496:Yes
1476:Yes
1456:Yes
1433:128
1413:Yes
1373:Yes
1353:Yes
1321:≥ 96
1293:Yes
1262:1024
1145:and
1131:and
1117:and
1103:and
1017:3dfx
1005:Yes
979:Yes
927:Yes
901:Yes
875:Yes
849:Yes
768:Yes
612:Yes
534:5.0
524:2.0b
521:2.0a
410:bool
392:half
306:and
261:for
257:and
231:GLSL
188:.com
149:and
141:and
62:news
3424:ULi
3178:DGX
2984:SXM
2978:MXM
2783:900
2773:700
2749:500
2744:400
2739:300
2734:200
2729:100
2616:NV2
2611:NV1
2506:Cg
2466:doi
2311:on
1662:of
1528:or
1453:Yes
1410:Yes
1393:64
1370:Yes
1367:Yes
1350:Yes
1347:Yes
1344:Yes
1327:256
1290:Yes
1287:Yes
1259:128
1245:256
1242:256
1239:128
924:Yes
921:Yes
898:Yes
872:Yes
866:Yes
846:Yes
840:Yes
817:224
765:Yes
742:No
739:Yes
733:Yes
716:32
658:512
655:512
646:8+4
632:512
629:512
623:8+4
620:8+4
609:Yes
571:6*2
527:3.0
518:2.0
515:1.4
398:int
283:or
38:to
3493::
2890:Cg
2822:40
2817:30
2793:16
2788:10
2692:FX
2456:,
2452:,
2434:,
2414:,
2410:,
2347:.
2329:.
2265:.
2247:.
2221:^
2211:.
2196:^
2186:.
2175:^
2165:.
2145:^
2133:^
2093:.
2072:^
2062:.
2043:^
2033:.
2015:.
2004:^
1993:,
1983:^
1973:.
1930:.
1912:.
1894:.
1524::
1493:No
1490:No
1487:No
1484:No
1473:No
1470:No
1467:No
1464:No
1450:No
1447:No
1444:No
1407:No
1404:No
1401:No
1390:24
1387:24
1364:No
1361:No
1341:No
1310:32
1307:16
1304:12
1301:12
1284:No
1281:No
1155:—
1141:—
1127:—
1113:—
1099:—
1089:—
1079:—
1069:—
1059:,
1055:—
1045:—
1035:—
1025:—
1002:No
999:No
996:No
993:No
990:No
987:No
976:No
973:No
970:No
967:No
964:No
961:No
947:No
944:No
941:No
938:No
935:No
918:No
915:No
912:No
909:No
895:No
892:No
889:No
886:No
883:No
869:No
863:No
860:No
857:No
843:No
837:No
834:No
831:No
814:32
811:32
808:32
791:32
788:32
785:22
762:No
759:No
756:No
753:No
750:No
736:No
730:No
727:No
724:No
713:10
606:No
603:No
600:No
597:No
594:No
574:32
465:.
436:.
276:.
239:Cg
217:,
49:.
3228:)
3224:(
3216:)
3212:(
3204:)
3200:(
2724:9
2702:7
2697:6
2655:2
2583:)
2579:(
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2528:.
2468::
2393:.
2379:.
2365:.
2333:.
2315:.
2269:.
2233:.
2127:.
2112:.
2019:.
1942:.
1898:.
1430:4
1427:—
1424:—
1421:—
1384:—
1381:—
805:8
802:8
779:6
776:2
684:4
678:4
675:4
672:4
568:4
554:8
548:8
545:6
542:4
325:(
318:.
215:C
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
43:.
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