31:
132:
1733:
537:
2536:
1487:
433:
2522:
2550:
5229:
3563:
1307:(FATF) Watchdog praised the Islamic Republic's crackdown on money laundering. The 34-member financial watchdog congratulated Tehran on its commitment to seal money laundering loopholes. However, in 2010, FATF, named Ecuador and Iran on a list of states that it says are failing to comply with international regulations against money laundering and financing terrorism. Despite president
818:
reality, however, these dividends have become fixed rates of return—depositors have never lost their savings because of losses made by the banks and almost never received returns larger than the provisional ex-ante profit rates. Interest charged on loans is presented as "fees" or a share of corporate profits. All such transactions are performed through (12) Islamic contracts, such as
3537:
2328:, Iran's deposits with 39 world banks reached $ 15.44 billion at the end of March 2012 while its obligations stood at $ 10.088 billion. In addition it was reported that Iran had between 10–20 billion dollars held in foreign banks in 2011, allegedly because of payment problems by foreign companies to Iran. According to E.U. sources, despite the
3540:[Connecting Iranian and Russian banking systems to bypass SWIFT: The Central Bank of Iran announced the connection of the messaging systems of Iranian and Russian banks. Around 700 Russian banks can conduct financial transactions with Iranian banks. The move is aimed at bypassing the international SWIFT system.].
1440:'s Chamber of Commerce reported that Iran had 907 tons of gold, purchased at an average of $ 600 per ounce and worth $ 54 billion at the current price. The CBI governor however reports only 500 tons (i.e. above ground gold reserves). The discrepancy is unexplained but the 907 tons could (mistakenly) include
1501:
and monetary targets set in the
Iranian Five-Year Development Plans, owing mainly to the monetary impact of government spending out of oil revenue. Although the attainment of the inflation targets has improved somewhat recently, the objective of a gradual disinflation to single-digit levels has not
865:
A contract between the owner of an orchard or garden with another party (the Amel or Agent) for the purpose of gathering the harvest of the orchard or garden and dividing it, in a specified ratio, between the two parties . The harvest can be fruit, leaves, flowers, etc. of the plants in the orchard
650:
with at least 15 years of work experience were to become members of the general assembly according to a new law proposed by the Majlis in 2010, thus moving this body from being state-dominated to one where the private sector has greater say in the decision making process. The tenure of each member
509:
In August 1960, the
Iranian government established the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) and separated all central banking responsibilities from Bank Melli Iran and assigned it to the newly-formed central bank. Scope and responsibilities of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI) have been
817:
In practice, Iran uses what are officially termed "provisional" interest rates, as rates paid to depositors or received from borrowers should reflect the profits or losses of a business. Under these rules, deposit rates, known as "dividends", are in theory related to a bank's profitability. In
3538:"اتصال سامانه‌های بانکی ایران و روسیه برای دور زدن سوئیفت: بانک مرکزی ایران از اتصال سامانه‌های پیام‌رسان بانک‌های ایران و روسیه خبر داد. حدود ۷۰۰ بانک روسی می‌توانند با بانک‌های ایران تراکنش مالی داشته باشند. این اقدام در راستای دور زدن سامانه بین‌المللی سوئیفت صورت گرفته است"
2421:
Under pressure from the US, 12 Chinese banks have reduced ties with
Iranian banks since early September 2007, but five of them resumed commercial ties in mid-January 2008. In mid-February 2008, the US Treasury alleged that Iran's Central Bank helped the blacklisted banks evade
858:
The undertaking by one party (the jael, Bank or employer) to pay a specified money (the joal) to another party in return for rendering a specified service in accordance with the terms of the contract. The party rendering the service shall be called "Amel" (the Agent or
879:
A contract wherein the bank undertakes to provide the cash capital and other party (the Amel or Avent) undertakes to use the capital for commercial purposes and divide the profit at a specified ratio between the two parties at the end of the term of the
1323:, Iran's former foreign secretary and Supreme leader top foreign relationship advisor are two notable people who are against the FATF. These disagreements and lack of FATF being approved by the Iranian parliament has brought FATF enforcement to halt.
1044:, Mohsen Karimi, who is the international deputy governor at the Central Bank of Iran, and his Russian counterpart Vladislav Gridchin, who is a representative of the Central Bank of Russia, announced that both nations developed ways to bypass SWIFT.
948:. In reality all banks are charging their borrowers a fixed pre-set amount at a rate of interest that is approved by the Central Bank at least once a year. No goods or services are exchanged as part of these contracts and banks rarely assume any
872:
A contract where the bank (the Mozare) turns over a specified plot of land for a specified period of time to another party (the Amel or Agent) for the purpose of farming the land and dividing the harvest between the two parties at a specified
964:, bank guarantees and machinery eliminate any risk of loss. In case of defaults or bankruptcies, the principal amount, the expected interest and the late fees are collected through possession and or sale of secured collaterals.
359:, was established under the Iranian Banking and Monetary Act in 1960, it serves as the banker to the Iranian government and has the exclusive right of issuing banknote and coinage. CBI is tasked with maintaining the value of
3855:
1582:– According to Article 14 of the Monetary and Banking Law of Iran, the CBI is authorized to determine reserve requirement ratio within 10 to 30 percent depending on banks’ liabilities’ composition and field of activity.
4189:
4651:
2678:
1016:
In 2011, two new payment systems were launched: Scripless
Securities Settlement System (TABA) as the electronic infrastructure for placement and settlement of various securities, including governmental and CBI
2747:
2445:
4211:
3753:
1687:
in recent years. The
Iranian rial has fallen almost five-fold since the beginning of 2018. In turn, Iran's forex reserves have fallen, as Iran is trying to maintain the value of its currency by injecting
3916:
1569:– the CBI can intervene in and supervise monetary and banking affairs through limiting banks, specifying the mechanisms for use of funds and determining the ceiling of loans and credits in each sector.
513:
The
Central Bank of Iran was renamed to "the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran", and Iran's banking system adhered to the new Islamic rules that prohibit earning or paying interest in 1983.
3130:
1277:
Many
Iranian businesses and individuals also rely on hawala, an informal trust-based money transfer system that exists in the Middle East and other Muslim countries. Since the imposition of recent
3659:
3470:
494:
200,000, while it acted as a commercial bank at the same time. The bank's primary objective was to facilitate government's financial transactions and to print and distribute the
Iranian currency (
1181:' role in Iran's financial sector by allowing them to operate as long as they are not involved in money creation, currency exchange, offering payment tools (like cards) and attracting deposits.
1021:. The launching of the automated clearing house system (PAYA) for processing individual and multiple payment orders, connection of Iran's Interbank Information Transfer Network (Shetab) to other
3886:
5207:
5166:
3689:
2716:
4283:
3719:
1531:
growth has been about 40% annually. The rapid growth of money supply came from high demands for borrowing capital at the rate of 12% the banks offer, imposed by the
Government to make
1154:
3996:
3847:
520:
was described by
Politico as the "worst attack" in Iranian history. The Iranian government was forced to pay ransom to the hackers in order to secure the data of Iranian costumers.
5079:
4155:
1494:
Double digit inflation rates have been a fact of life in Iran for the past 20 years. Between 2002 and 2006, the rate of inflation in Iran has been fluctuating between 12 and 16%.
1653:—was $ 153.6 billion. According to the CBI, the country's liquidity amounted to some $ 174 billion by April 2008, $ 197 billion by October 2009. and over $ 300 billion in 2011.
703:
The objectives of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran as per its charter and according to section 10 of the Monetary and Banking Law of Iran (MBAI) are as follows:
4817:
2770:
1037:
490:
was established in 1927 by the government of Iran. On 30 May 1930, it took the responsibility to function as Iran's central bank, and took the rights of the Imperial Bank for
4677:
4181:
3440:
1063:
6169:
4647:
3598:
1199:
As of January 21, 2010, account holders will no longer be allowed to withdraw more than $ 15,000 from Iranian banks but they can still write checks for larger amounts.
2686:
1029:
switch systems for the acceptance of international bank cards, designing of the electronic card payment system (SHAPARAK) for the centralization and reorganization of
5632:
2739:
4219:
1334:
amounts to 10 trillion tomans a year (1 toman equals 10 rials), some of which has been finding its way into "elections and the securing of votes" to influence the
528:
In December 2023 Central Bank and Minister of Economy ordered merger of private Nour Credit Institution with 400,000 billion rial debt into government Bank Melli.
2444:
The Central Bank possesses limited foreign cash reserves due to the international sanctions and problems in the transfer of funds in and out of country. In 2012,
1357:: $ 125.9 billion (2015), $ 111.6 billion (2014), $ 68.06 billion (2013), $ 74.06 billion (2012), $ 110 billion (2011), $ 80 billion (2010), $ 40 billion (2005) (
319:
Bank Melli Iran had supervisory functions and regulated the activities of all banks in Iran, while being the largest profit-making commercial bank in the country.
6501:
3741:
5758:
57:
4910:
3908:
3122:
1299:, the governor of the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) and several other ministers are among the members of the special committee in charge of the campaign against
5656:
2289:(IMF) on December 29, 1945. CBI governors attend IMF's board discussions on Iran on behalf of the government. These meetings are usually held once a year in
2278:
448:) was founded and it was given the exclusive right to issue bank notes in Iran. In 1890 it introduced the first bank notes in Iran, ranging from 1 to 1,000
4115:
6859:
3651:
3462:
3316:
2251:. The private sector's debt to banks in the twelve-month period ending on December 20, 2019 reached 14,400,000 billion rials or more than $ 110 billion.
194:
204:
5828:
5674:
3878:
1566:
1013:
The Central Bank has developed the Real Time Gross Settlement System (SATNA) as the main center for settlement of Iranian banks' transactions in rial.
583:, the CBI presents a detailed monetary and credit policy to the MCC for approval. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated in the
516:
The Central Bank was cyberattacked by IRLeaks in August 2024. The central bank was one of 20 banks out of 29 Iranian banks, attacked by the group. The
2277:
has financed 48 development projects in the country for a total original commitment of US$ 3,413 million. World Bank loans to Iran come only from the
5626:
5437:
3564:"اتصال سیستم بانکی ایران و روسیه در بحبوحه تحریم‌های غرب: معاون بین‌الملل بانک مرکزی گفت که بانک‌های ایرانی دیگر نیازی به استفاده از "سوئیفت" ندارند"
656:
3047:
5752:
5746:
502:). For more than three decades, Bank Melli Iran acted as the central bank of Iran and was charged with the responsibility to maintain the value of
4309:
3185:
1715:) being a uniform hidden taxation on the population (unless compensated by an increase in salaries and productivity) which adversely affects the
557:
4587:
3681:
3097:
935:
6264:
5556:
5482:
4275:
2708:
2448:, which cut off from the US financial system foreign firms that do business with the central bank. Iran is reportedly making increasing use of
2366:(BIS), the balance of Iran's foreign exchange interactions in foreign banks and financial institutes during Q3 2008 stood above $ 24.3 billion.
2235:
As of December 2019, the government debt to banks reached 3,880,000 billion rials (approx. $ 30 billion, which is a 3.5% rise since 2013 when
3711:
2336:" deposited in accounts in Germany, Italy, Malta, Spain, Greece and Switzerland (2012). As at 2013, only $ 30 billion to $ 50 billion of its
565:
5999:
3829:
5477:
3988:
3207:
4873:
2358:: Foreign transactions with Iran amounted to $ 150 billion between 2000 and 2007 worth of major contracts and both private and government
1679:(which shows how much the monetary base could create new money in the economy) had reached an all-time high), thus explaining the rise in
317:
According to article 10(e) of the Monetary and Banking Act of (1972), CBI's capital "is fully paid up and wholly owned by the Government".
5070:
4159:
6619:
3436:
847:
5785:
4633:
4512:
4389:
3239:
267:
6327:
4765:
4608:
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3948:
1169:
provider and Informatics Services Corporation (ISC) is a leading operator of information systems for the banking industry (including
4847:
4825:
4791:
4080:
2777:
1429:" to avoid a possible asset freeze by Western countries. Iran has changed 15% of its foreign exchange reserves into gold (see also:
6353:
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4133:
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2282:
4984:
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3346:
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6815:
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3493:
2615:
2402:
announced separately that they were halting operations in Iran. In September 2006 the Treasury Department banned all dealings by
2301:
386:
in August 2024. The Iranian government was forced to pay ransom to the hackers in order to secure the data of Iranian costumers.
252:
606:. The Iranian Central Bank needs more independence from the government in order to combat inflation, according to the country's
552:
The Money and Credit Council (MCC) is the highest banking policy-making body of Bank Markazi. Its permanent members include the
6636:
6566:
6363:
5929:
5821:
4743:
4717:
1228:
could be used for online sales and in Iranian e-card terminals at shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies for
729:
To achieve the objectives as stated in the MBAI, CBI is endowed with the responsibility of fulfilling the following functions:
681:
proposes a person as the governor of CBI, who must be verified by the general assembly and appointed by a presidential decree.
3590:
1579:
5233:
5196:
2329:
1469:
759:
4699:
4551:
3384:
3268:
2460:
and local currencies of its trading partners to circumvent the international sanctions. The CBI has been blacklisted by the
1502:
been achieved. Moreover, the implicit intermediate target of monetary policy, money growth, has been systematically missed.
6839:
6159:
5618:
672:
584:
52:
4530:
4438:
4412:
4252:
4026:
3779:
3628:
3414:
3156:
6671:
5854:
5523:
5109:
1593:
1585:
1520:
The Central Bank assesses the inflation rate with the use of the prices of 395 goods and services in Iran's urban areas.
3017:
619:
580:
418:, did not take hold in Iran, and paper currency did not return to Iran in any significant manner for several centuries.
6844:
6092:
5549:
2363:
2325:
994:, mostly state owned, to set up all the necessary infrastructures (regulatory, hardware, software) for fully launching
3805:
3566:[Iran and Russia connect banking system amid Western sanctions: Iranian banks no longer need to use 'SWIFT'].
6630:
5814:
1638:—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to $ 71.7 billion. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus
1166:
698:
379:
277:
3294:
2776:(Report). Stanford Iran 2040 Project (Working paper ed.). Stanford University. Table 1, page 14. Archived from
1473:
1160:
6495:
6243:
4900:
1600:
1556:
1296:
1233:
1007:
1003:
973:
638:, Economy and Commerce Ministers, Deputy-President for strategic planning, and a Minister selected by the Cabinet.
607:
5139:
3515:
2899:
2391:
has also stepped up its attempt to restrict financing of foreign investment and trade with Iran. In January 2006,
2314:: $ 22.07 billion in 2010 ($ 10.6 billion of short-term debts and $ 11.4 billion of mid-term and long-term debts).
6760:
6717:
6248:
5874:
5518:
5356:
5058:
517:
383:
2574:
6722:
6624:
5849:
5644:
5361:
2506:. Other publications include booklets, monographs and brochures. Many of those documents are also available in
4932:
4490:
4460:
4367:
3324:
852:
An interest-free, non-profit, loan extended by a bank to a real or legal person for a definite period of time.
6646:
6348:
5542:
5306:
2610:
2569:
2564:
2555:
4958:
1244:, but MasterCard or Visa are no longer available in Iran, and few foreign banks are active there because of
6780:
6285:
6280:
6227:
6113:
2486:
The Central Bank of Iran publishes a variety of periodicals for general and specialist audiences including
2423:
2264:
1599:
Open deposit account (ODA): control liquidity through absorption of banks’ excess resources. The CBI pays "
1094:
981:
940:
Critics believe that the Iranian Interest-Free banking law has simply created the context for legitimizing
1505:
The Central Bank is an extension of the Iranian government and as such it does not operate independently.
1311:
showing interest in FATF, there has been a massive disagreements by hardliners related to supreme leader,
6702:
6594:
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6233:
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5290:
5015:
3039:
2625:
2600:
2286:
1767:
1627:
1509:
is usually set based on political priorities and not monetary targets. There is little alignment between
1452:). In 2014, reports from the Central Bank put its gold stores at 90 tons only, the rest possibly used in
1430:
1304:
372:
262:
116:
1444:
gold reserves (320 metric tons as of 2012) and possibly the gold in Iranian private hands (~100 tons in
1237:
590:
In practice, the ability of the banking system to create money is not much constrained by the amount of
6604:
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1331:
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655:
criticized this proposal and said that it is important for the Central Bank of Iran not to fall under
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6666:
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5914:
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5909:
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5598:
2382:
2270:
1022:
763:
395:
3879:"This ex-Deutsche Bank tech expert quit his job to risk everything on Iran's coming economic boom"
2410:
and its British subsidiary, Bank Sepah International. In October 2007 the US Treasury blacklisted
603:
6790:
6765:
6727:
6536:
6507:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6368:
6338:
6206:
6082:
6046:
6014:
5994:
5989:
5944:
5939:
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3826:
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1712:
1134:
1106:
441:
339:
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3214:
1406:
ordered the replacement of the US dollar by the euro in the country's foreign exchange accounts.
1295:
The Central Bank of Iran is enforcing the Anti-Money Laundering law to curb possible crime. The
6849:
6834:
6750:
6522:
6449:
6378:
6373:
6221:
6174:
6149:
5959:
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1278:
1245:
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1079:
257:
131:
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6036:
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5513:
2635:
2620:
2605:
2305:
1367:
1215:
1170:
991:
977:
720:
615:
367:, as well as foreign exchange and gold reserves of Iran. It is also a founding member of the
6697:
6614:
6216:
6191:
6134:
6009:
5591:
5457:
5366:
1420:
1203:
1090:
985:
953:
506:. In 1955, the bank was given the responsibility to supervise the national banking system.
368:
364:
4769:
4601:
4331:
3941:
1559:– As of 2010, the interest rate charged between banks (i.e. interbank rate) is set by the
8:
6561:
6393:
6383:
6077:
6031:
5790:
5680:
4053:
1403:
714:
652:
427:
375:(IMF) and internationally concludes payment agreements between Iran and other countries.
272:
5029:
4851:
4795:
4129:
2949:
1746:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1319:, the chairman of the Assembly of Experts and the secretary of the Guardian Council and
1190:
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378:
In November 2023 after 50 years central bank was revamped fully and changed to include
3501:
2344:
has questioned why assets and foreign reserves weren't repatriated (or converted into
2320:: stand at $ 35 billion while its obligations amount to $ 25 billion (2007). In 2007,
6641:
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4019:"Iran's Interior Minister warns of illegal drug profits financing election campaigns"
3233:
3040:"About this Collection - Country Studies - Digital Collections - Library of Congress"
2453:
2435:
2403:
2236:
1676:
1540:
1067:
915:
887:-compliant assets has reached about $ 400 billion throughout the world, according to
678:
635:
453:
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4713:
1416:
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6201:
6041:
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4905:
3776:"Iranians Lose Faith in Cheques: More and more cheques bounce as economy struggles"
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reached $ 95 billion (i.e. 26% and 36.2% increase in one year respectively), while
1617:
1532:
1445:
1300:
1102:
1071:
961:
740:
591:
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330:
2340:(i.e. roughly 50% of total) is accessible because of the international sanctions.
1425:
In October 2010, Iran's gold reserves hit "record high" as the Central Bank took "
749:
Formulation and regulation on transactions and inflow/outflow of Domestic currency
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4874:"Despite sanctions, Iran has billions stashed away in European banks: EU advisor"
3848:"Western Companies See Potential in Reaching Iran's Consumers After Nuclear Deal"
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3264:
2900:"Iran pays millions in ransom to end massive cyberattack on banks, officials say"
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4018:
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3152:
2359:
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1635:
1544:
1539:. This makes the cost of borrowing less than free market cost as determined by
1308:
778:
573:
491:
468:
401:
3374:
Iran Financial Services Forecast, Economist Intelligence Unit, August 18, 2008
3013:
363:
and supervision of banks and credit institutions. It acts as custodian of the
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4054:"Middle East :: Iran — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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version of Islamic commercial laws (as differentiated from a less 'liberal'
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2679:"UPDATE 3-Iran clamps ceiling on dollar holdings in effort to support rial"
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High levels of inflation have also been associated with a growth in Iran's
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Fractional-reserve banking § Criticisms of fractional-reserve banking
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4848:"Fars News Agency :: India Studying Oil Payments to Iran via Russia"
4435:"Iranian Banks Under Sanctions: Government Looking Towards Foreign Banks"
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2527:
2415:
2392:
1704:
1650:
1481:
1399:
1241:
1194:
957:
949:
911:
4792:"Fars News Agency :: Iran's Assets at Foreign Banks Exceed $ 15bln"
4588:"Government Debt, Deficit, Money Supply Soar, Iran Central Bank Reveals"
3591:"Post Bank of Iran Plans to Launch the Country's First Digital Currency"
1002:
are now commonplace and have removed the main obstacle to the growth of
610:. As of 2010, Iran's Central Bank, is not able to conduct a "proactive"
5534:
5447:
5442:
5336:
5131:
3523:
2740:"Iran raising deposit rates to control rial's depreciation, TV reports"
2411:
2407:
2274:
1486:
1260:
1249:
1225:
1075:
999:
838:. Details of these contracts and related practices are outlined in the
811:
2406:
with the US financial system, and in January 2007 it also blacklisted
1255:
In 2016, Iran introduced its own domestic credit card system based on
5412:
3621:"Sanctions Buster? Iran Eyes Cryptocurrency To Blunt U.S. Deterrents"
1708:
1693:
1680:
1498:
1221:
1130:
1114:
998:
by March 2005. While this plan has not yet fully materialized, local
891:’s Ratings Services, and the potential market is $ 4 trillion. Iran,
647:
408:
106:
2191:
Note: 1/ Includes some liabilities in foreign currency to residents.
1964:-Other items net, excluding central bank participation papers (CPPs)
306:
293:
5427:
4486:
4464:
4363:
3972:
3252:
2345:
2248:
1631:
896:
795:
371:, controls gold and capital flows overseas, represents Iran in the
350:
82:
3652:"Central Bank of Iran Working on Cryptocurrency, Press TV Reports"
2656:
6528:
5397:
4962:
2987:
2842:
1535:
accessible to average Iranians and small entrepreneurs. However,
1178:
1174:
990:
In 2005, the government obliged the Central Bank of Iran and the
922:
than conventional banking to the stability of financial systems.
405:
5275:
4527:"Iran's inflation rate 21%, liquidity $ 174b, Central Bank says"
1603:" to these deposits with the CBI on the basis of specific rules.
5228:
4081:
Minister: Iran Facing No Problem in Currency Reserves, Revenues
3123:"Iran's Central Bank Lacks Independence, Parliament Study Says"
3098:"Iran's Central Bank Lacks Independence, Parliament Study Says"
2549:
2324:
had $ 62 billion worth of assets held abroad. According to the
1497:
Monetary policy in Iran has not been successful in meeting the
1437:
1383:
1272:
1053:
884:
783:
198:
1038:
international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2469:
2333:
1689:
1041:
941:
807:
799:
415:
4674:"Iran's Third Development Plan: an Appraisal – Science News"
1263:(and other international payment operators) for a re-entry.
5246:
2321:
1387:
1379:
1110:
945:
803:
776:
law. In 1983 the Islamic Banking law of Iran was passed by
184:
67:
5030:"Iran President Ahmadinejad condemns US banking sanctions"
4933:"U.S. froze $ 2 billion held for Iran in Citibank: report"
4156:"Iran reserves: $ 120b in foreign notes, 907 tons of gold"
4083:. Fars News Agency, April 18, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
2930:
1281:, the use of hawala by Iranians has reportedly increased.
1236:
will reach 10 trillion rials ($ 1 billion) by March 2009.
553:
4405:"A Review and Analysis of Iran's Current Economic Status"
3494:"Information and communications technology (ICT) to Iran"
2802:
2800:
2798:
2395:
1696:
by the general public and companies and pay for imports.
903:
899:
are at the top with the biggest sharia-compliant assets.
5165:
Basseer, P.; Clawson, P.; Floor, W. (15 December 1988).
4245:"Private homes in Iran hold more gold than Central Bank"
3746:] Bank of Iran to Establish Fintech Regulatory Body"
1006:(in the national scale) as well as the full roll out of
510:
defined in the Monetary and Banking Law of Iran (1960).
5102:"Iran's banks to be blocked from global banking system"
4850:. English.farsnews.ir. 15 December 2011. Archived from
4182:"Iran's economy to grow despite sanctions: Ahmadinejad"
2677:
Kasolowsky, Raissa (10 April 2018). King, Larry (ed.).
1659:
reached $ 700 billion in March 2020 (based on the 2017
4571:"Iran's Money Supply Skyrockets Parallel to Inflation"
2795:
2738:
Hafezi, Parisa (15 February 2018). King, Larry (ed.).
2101:-Foreign currency deposits of NFPEs and municipalities
1010:. However, Iran remains largely a cash-based economy.
798:-free Islamic transactions (as interest is considered
725:
Improving the economic growth potential of the country
4332:"Money and Inflation in the Islamic Republic of Iran"
3014:"Iran Today-Iran's Banking System-12-14-2010-(Part1)"
2279:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2224:
452:. The bank did not do much to strengthen the Iranian
411:
of the 13th century CE. The innovation, developed in
344:
4565:
4563:
4276:"How Gold Helped Iran Withstand U.S. Financial Fury"
3909:"CBI Talking to Int'l Payments Technology Companies"
3411:"Iran, biggest Shariah-compliant market: The Banker"
3153:"Iran's Central Banker Threatens To Quit In Protest"
2517:
2295:
5164:
4298:
2806:
1953:-Claims on non financial public enterprises (NFPEs)
1078:technology (with the advantage, in relation to the
467:also opened the Russian Loan and Development Bank.
5069:
1770:(In billions of rials; unless otherwise indicated)
1161:Communications in Iran § Technology start-ups
651:would be for 10 years and only for one term. Then
4560:
3982:
3980:
2843:"ضمانت استقلال و اقتدار بانک مرکزی با قانون جدید"
2657:"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"
1699:In turn, the cause of this is due to inefficient
1588:– The Central Bank must obtain approval from the
6826:
4402:
4114:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3989:"Financial watchdog worries Iranian hard-liners"
3936:
3934:
3182:"No. 3854 | Domestic Economy | Page 4"
3090:
1463:
914:and stresses that deals should be based on real
772:, the Central Bank was mandated to establish an
4898:
4818:"Seoul, Ankara seeking U.S. waiver on Iran oil"
4714:"Iran and IMF|International Monetary Fund"
4096:. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008
3463:"CBI's Fiqh Council Reopening With New Mandate"
1252:, compared with less than 20% in Egypt (2015).
1173:). As of 2016, Iran had 50 companies active in
782:. This law describes and authorizes an Iranian
760:Banking and insurance in Iran § Islamic banking
614:(e.g. it needs Majlis' approval before issuing
6814:(dependent) territories, former countries, or
4130:"Iran's forex reserve at $ 100b: central bank"
3977:
2872:"Iran's Central Bank Hit by Major Cyberattack"
1671:(nearly $ 12 billion) in September 2020 while
1220:In 2007, Tetra-Tech IT Company announced that
641:
630:The current combination of the Central Bank's
543:, the headquarters of the Central Bank of Iran
5822:
5550:
5291:
4582:
4580:
3931:
3846:Fitch, Asa; Parasie, Nicolas (6 April 2015).
3370:
3368:
3176:
3174:
2281:(IBRD). Iran is a member of the World Bank's
1537:this rate is lower than the rate of inflation
1082:that blockchain transactions do not need any
5836:
5179:
5157:
3845:
3802:"VISA and MasterCard usage possible in Iran"
2974:
2936:
2924:
2440:Central Bank of Iran § Digital currency
2116:End-period change (in percent of base money)
1386:(down from 40% in 2006), the rest mostly in
1284:
736:Supervision of banks and credit institutions
327:Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran
22:Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran
4427:
3827:IRNA: Iran's e-commerce to reach rls10,000b
2768:
1527:. The Central Bank's data suggest that the
684:
547:
523:
6860:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5829:
5815:
5786:Security Printing and Minting Organization
5557:
5543:
5298:
5284:
4985:"Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 04/06/09"
4577:
4239:
4237:
4094:"Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 12/04/08"
3649:
3365:
3347:"Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 04/19/09"
3171:
2988:"جزئیات انتقال موسسه سابق نور به بانک ملی"
2769:Zahedi, Razieh; Azadi, Pooya (June 2018).
2676:
1378:In 2007, 10% of the reserves were held in
518:cyber attack on the Iranian banking sector
268:Security Printing and Minting Organization
130:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
479:, and later passed into the hands of the
346:Bank Markazi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān
5564:
5189:Eternal Iran : continuity and chaos
3385:"Iran Daily – Economic Focus – 06/06/07"
2664:Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
2446:The U.S. unilaterally expanded sanctions
2283:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
2247:and then it borrows from these banks at
1490:Ferdowsi building of Iran's Central Bank
1485:
1474:Public finance and fiscal policy in Iran
535:
431:
136:Standard tableau of Central Bank of Iran
5781:Monetary and Banking Research Institute
5205:
4901:"Sanctions Biting but Iran Not Budging"
4234:
3986:
2830:
2709:"Effective Reserve Requirement at 2.1%"
2654:
2616:Monetary and Banking Research Institute
2426:, by conducting transactions for them.
1692:into the market to meet the demand for
1573:
1279:U.S. and UN financial sanctions on Iran
253:Monetary and Banking Research Institute
6827:
5124:
5071:"What's Iran doing with Turkish gold?"
4632:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4511:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4388:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4255:from the original on 17 September 2014
4076:
4074:
4048:
4046:
4044:
3973:newly-passed Anti-Money Laundering law
3682:"Iran's 1st Open Banking API Launched"
3588:
3491:
3238:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3032:
2942:
2811:
2737:
2648:
1717:lower strata of the Iranian population
5810:
5538:
5279:
4913:from the original on 1 September 2013
4766:"Iran's foreign assets surpass $ 62b"
4680:from the original on 29 November 2011
4614:from the original on 21 December 2011
4533:from the original on 25 February 2012
4493:from the original on 12 November 2010
4441:from the original on 29 December 2011
4344:from the original on 29 February 2008
4029:from the original on 24 February 2015
3919:from the original on 19 November 2016
3876:
3756:from the original on 21 December 2016
2894:
2892:
2464:due to the bank's involvement in the
2439:
1550:
1470:Islamic banking and insurance in Iran
1363:
1354:Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
1209:
995:
436:Imperial Bank of Persia, Tehran, 1902
5216:. Vol. III/7. pp. 696–698.
5175:. Vol. III/7. pp. 698–709.
5142:from the original on 26 January 2019
5040:from the original on 26 January 2019
4720:from the original on 10 October 2007
4415:from the original on 3 November 2008
4312:from the original on 11 October 2010
4192:from the original on 5 February 2012
3987:Sadeghi, Saheb (28 September 2016).
3858:from the original on 14 January 2016
3473:from the original on 26 January 2019
3437:"Iran 2nd in Islamic Banking Assets"
3297:from the original on 3 February 2007
3020:from the original on 19 October 2013
2866:
2864:
2254:
1726:
673:Governor of the Central Bank of Iran
486:The first state-owned Iranian bank,
5524:Islamic Cooperation Investment Bank
4951:
4892:
4594:
4286:from the original on 2 January 2017
4071:
4041:
3722:from the original on 4 January 2017
3712:"Banking Reform Blueprint Unveiled"
3692:from the original on 8 January 2017
3443:from the original on 5 January 2013
3271:from the original on 6 January 2012
2472:since March 2012 as a consequence.
2468:and it has been blocked from using
2245:to banks the state controls in Iran
2231:Politics of Iran § Public debt
2062:Deposits of NFPE and municipalities
1346:
1047:
713:Maintaining the equilibrium in the
625:
585:five-year economic development plan
334:
13:
5112:from the original on 29 April 2018
4899:Marjorie Olster (23 August 2013).
4700:"Iran's Financial Position at IMF"
4273:
3808:from the original on 14 March 2018
3631:from the original on 8 August 2018
3589:Jafari, Hamed (25 February 2018).
3291:"Iran's interest-free banking law"
2889:
2750:from the original on 7 August 2018
2719:from the original on 7 August 2018
2364:Bank for International Settlements
2332:, Iran has still "several billion
2326:Bank for International Settlements
2225:Government and private sector debt
1543:, based on the inflation rate and
1390:and other major currencies (i.e.,
967:
842:and its guidelines. Examples are:
753:
659:"because it would not benefit the
463:To compete with the British bank,
456:or support then-currency of Iran,
14:
6871:
5305:
5222:
5082:from the original on 12 July 2012
4961:. AEI. 9 May 2007. Archived from
4746:from the original on 25 July 2011
4740:"Iran's foreign debt reach $ 22m"
4654:from the original on 12 June 2011
4370:from the original on 17 July 2011
4136:from the original on 14 June 2011
4132:. tehran times. 22 October 2010.
3954:from the original on 27 June 2017
3782:from the original on 14 June 2012
3662:from the original on 27 July 2018
3601:from the original on 12 June 2018
3516:"Annual Review for 1389(2010/11)"
3188:from the original on 1 April 2012
3159:from the original on 29 June 2011
3133:from the original on 4 March 2016
2956:from the original on 4 April 2012
2861:
2807:Basseer, Clawson & Floor 1988
2296:Foreign exposure and transactions
2240:
1417:Iran's below ground gold reserves
840:Iranian Interest-Free banking law
699:Foreign direct investment in Iran
579:Each year, after approval of the
400:The first attempt at introducing
380:Islamic Republic Development Bank
278:Islamic Republic Development Bank
117:Interest paid on excess reserves?
5227:
5206:Yeganeh, M. (15 December 1988).
3999:from the original on 18 May 2017
3417:from the original on 9 June 2012
3253:Monetary and Banking Law of Iran
3050:from the original on 27 May 2019
2548:
2534:
2520:
2318:Iran's deposits in foreign banks
1731:
1722:
1410:
1155:National Informatics Corporation
1040:which blocked Russia from using
587:. MCC meets every three months.
29:
6816:states with limited recognition
5519:Iran-Venezuela Bi-National Bank
5357:Export Development Bank of Iran
5094:
5062:
5052:
5022:
5003:
4977:
4925:
4866:
4840:
4810:
4784:
4758:
4742:. tehran times. 27 April 2011.
4732:
4706:
4692:
4666:
4640:
4545:
4519:
4479:
4453:
4396:
4356:
4324:
4267:
4204:
4174:
4148:
4122:
4086:
4011:
3966:
3901:
3889:from the original on 2 May 2019
3870:
3839:
3820:
3794:
3768:
3734:
3704:
3674:
3643:
3613:
3582:
3556:
3530:
3508:
3485:
3455:
3429:
3403:
3377:
3339:
3309:
3283:
3257:
3246:
3200:
3145:
3115:
3062:
3006:
2980:
2968:
2918:
2475:
2429:
2370:
2147:-NDA (net of other liabilities)
1607:
1248:. Around 94% of Iranians had a
1165:Finnotech.ir is Iran's premier
746:Regulation on gold transactions
531:
294:Banking and Monetary Act (1960)
5362:Qarz Al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank
3492:Commission, Australian Trade.
2835:
2762:
2731:
2701:
2670:
2239:took office). This means that
1330:in 2015 that dirty money from
739:Formulation and regulation of
620:the government's fiscal policy
560:, two Ministers chosen by the
428:Banking in Iran § History
335:بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران
24:بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران
1:
4768:. Mehrnews.ir. Archived from
3267:. Cbi.ir. 19 September 2011.
2611:Ministry of Petroleum of Iran
2570:Construction industry of Iran
2565:Banking and Insurance in Iran
2556:Business and economics portal
1683:(40%) and of the fall of the
1464:Inflation and monetary policy
1436:In January 2012, the head of
1402:). In 2009, Iran's President
1326:It has been estimated by the
1230:Iranians and foreign tourists
653:President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
421:
4947:– via www.reuters.com.
4676:. redOrbit. 3 October 2005.
2950:"History of Banking in Iran"
2642:
2352:were being discussed abroad.
1661:pre-devalation exchange rate
1630:(IMF) reports that in 2001,
1091:Iran's large reserves of oil
982:Iranian Economic Reform Plan
925:
666:
558:Finance and Economy Minister
477:Tzarist government of Russia
404:in Iran occurred during the
35:Seal of Central Bank of Iran
7:
6840:1960 establishments in Iran
5796:Treasury of National Jewels
5016:Economist Intelligence Unit
4959:"Global Investment in Iran"
4648:"World bank report on Iran"
3650:Todd White (26 July 2018).
3439:. Zawya. 11 December 2009.
2626:Supreme Audit Court of Iran
2601:Islamic banking and finance
2513:
2287:International Monetary Fund
2241:the government prints money
1855:In millions of U.S. dollars
1827:In millions of U.S. dollars
1799:In millions of U.S. dollars
1768:International Monetary Fund
1677:the money multiplier effect
1628:International Monetary Fund
1431:U.S. sanctions against Iran
1341:
1305:Financial Action Task Force
1303:. In 2008, the Paris-based
974:Electronic commerce in Iran
733:Issuance of notes and coins
719:Facilitating trade-related
440:In 1889, the British-owned
373:International Monetary Fund
353:: BMJIIRTH), also known as
345:
263:Treasury of National Jewels
10:
6876:
4212:"NameBright - Coming Soon"
3836:Retrieved December 3, 2008
2479:
2433:
2380:
2374:
2299:
2258:
2243:, which is made available
2228:
1667:reached 3,721.46 trillion
1622:Fractional-reserve banking
1611:
1467:
1414:
1288:
1270:
1234:Iran's electronic commerce
1213:
1188:
1184:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1121:(e.g. parity of 1,000,000
1051:
971:
929:
790:). According to this law,
757:
688:
670:
618:) and has no control over
608:Parliament Research Center
596:fractional reserve banking
581:government's annual budget
475:was bought in 1898 by the
425:
393:
389:
6845:Banks established in 1960
6804:
6736:
6685:
6580:
6314:
6070:
5842:
5768:
5617:
5572:
5499:Persia International Bank
5491:
5375:
5352:Bank of Industry and Mine
5322:
5313:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5241:
5158:General and cited sources
3317:"Guide to Iranian Market"
2338:foreign exchange reserves
2273:. As of August 2006, the
2261:Foreign relations of Iran
1872:Net domestic assets (NDA)
1740:This section needs to be
1580:Reserve requirement ratio
1285:Anti-money laundering law
1266:
918:and therefore poses less
743:policies and transactions
707:Maintaining the value of
316:
312:
302:
286:
245:
235:
190:
180:
164:
146:
141:
129:
125:
115:
105:
97:
89:
73:
64:Central bank of
63:
51:
40:
28:
6620:Curaçao and Sint Maarten
5837:Central banks by country
5599:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
3832:August 15, 2009, at the
3293:. Central Bank of Iran.
2975:Clawson & Rubin 2005
2937:Clawson & Rubin 2005
2925:Clawson & Rubin 2005
2383:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2271:Islamic Development Bank
2007:-Currency in circulation
1905:-Central government, net
1782:Net foreign assets (NFA)
1703:and tax collection (and
1586:CBI Participation Papers
1332:drug trafficking in Iran
1297:minister of intelligence
1259:and reported talks with
1070:will issue Iran's first
1008:e-government initiatives
764:Islamic Development Bank
685:Objectives and functions
602:first extend credit and
548:Money and Credit Council
524:Supreme Economic Council
396:Economic history of Iran
384:cyberattacked by IRLeaks
185:Islamic Republic of Iran
5580:Imperial Bank of Persia
5208:"Bānk-e Markazī-e ĪRāN"
3852:The Wall Street Journal
2771:Central Banking in Iran
2585:Imperial Bank of Persia
2466:Iranian nuclear program
1246:international sanctions
604:look for reserves later
483:by a contract in 1920.
442:Imperial Bank of Persia
382:. The Central Bank was
220:35.758110°N 51.435209°E
6364:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5850:Central African States
5776:Iran Banking Institute
5607:Certain Iranian Assets
5468:Mellat Investment Bank
5463:Kardan Investment Bank
5191:. Palgrave Macmillan.
5012:Investment regulations
4461:"Central Bank of Iran"
4403:Amir Naghshineh-Pour.
4282:. Great Speculations.
3568:independentpersian.com
2389:US Treasury Department
2377:Sanctions against Iran
2269:Iran is member of the
1491:
1080:sanctions against Iran
910:forbids pure monetary
806:" and is forbidden by
721:financial transactions
544:
437:
258:Iran Banking Institute
165:Preceding organization
152:; 64 years ago
6000:São Tomé and Príncipe
5514:Iranian-European Bank
5262:Central Bank of Iran
5236:at Wikimedia Commons
4650:. Web.worldbank.org.
4306:"Iran Inflation Rate"
3265:"General Information"
2655:Weidner, Jan (2017).
2636:Tehran Stock Exchange
2621:Shetab Banking System
2606:List of central banks
2306:Iranian frozen assets
2265:Foreign banks in Iran
1843:-Foreign liabilities
1489:
1364:Iran's forex reserves
1238:Some wealthier people
1216:Shetab Banking System
978:Shetab Banking System
810:and the holy book of
663:" over the long run.
539:
435:
426:Further information:
142:Organization overview
5592:Asian Clearing Union
5566:Central Bank of Iran
5458:Amin Investment Bank
5367:Bank Keshavarzi Iran
5316:Central Bank of Iran
5234:Central Bank of Iran
5213:Encyclopædia Iranica
5172:Encyclopædia Iranica
4186:www.dailystar.com.lb
3915:. 18 November 2016.
3752:. 19 December 2016.
2783:on 11 September 2018
1657:Money in circulation
1594:participation papers
1574:Indirect instruments
1557:Banking profit rates
1421:Iranian Crown Jewels
1109:is established with
1019:participation papers
986:Asian Clearing Union
369:Asian Clearing Union
225:35.758110; 51.435209
98:Reserve requirements
93:$ 130 billion (2017)
58:Mohammad-Reza Farzin
16:Iranian central bank
6672:Trinidad and Tobago
5855:West African States
5791:Security Paper Mill
4798:on 14 November 2012
4772:on 12 December 2007
4590:. 14 February 2020.
4222:on 15 February 2012
3742:"Centeral [
3498:www.austrade.gov.au
3044:Library of Congress
2362:. According to the
2312:Iran's foreign debt
2302:Outward FDI in Iran
1892:Net domestic credit
1427:preventive measures
1404:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
1089:Furthermore, given
1064:the Ministry of ICT
889:Standard & Poor
794:can only engage in
715:balance of payments
616:participation bonds
572:and two lawmakers (
566:Chamber of Commerce
273:Security Paper Mill
236:Parent organization
216: /
25:
6637:Dominican Republic
5036:. 1 January 2012.
4939:. 12 December 2009
4880:on 7 February 2012
4467:on 30 October 2010
4162:on 2 February 2012
3718:. 2 January 2017.
3688:. 6 January 2017.
3526:on 16 August 2012.
2906:. 4 September 2024
2590:Iranian oil bourse
2580:History of banking
2330:European sanctions
2285:. Iran joined the
2040:-Required reserves
1592:in order to issue
1561:government of Iran
1551:Direct instruments
1492:
1336:country's politics
1328:government of Iran
1321:Ali Akbar Velayati
1210:Debit/credit cards
1202:In 2009, 10.7% of
770:Islamic Revolution
632:board of directors
570:General Prosecutor
564:, The Head of the
545:
541:Bank Markazi Tower
481:Iranian government
438:
150:9 August 1960
21:
6822:
6821:
6625:Eastern Caribbean
5804:
5803:
5532:
5531:
5509:Mir Business Bank
5393:Bank Saderat Iran
5342:Post Bank of Iran
5274:
5273:
5232:Media related to
5198:978-1-4039-7710-6
5108:. 15 March 2012.
4274:Wiggin, Addison.
3913:Financial Tribune
3750:Financial Tribune
3716:Financial Tribune
3686:Financial Tribune
3656:www.bloomberg.com
3504:on 19 April 2008.
3467:Financial Tribune
2952:. Parstimes.com.
2713:Financial Tribune
2597:(Iran's currency)
2436:Smuggling in Iran
2404:Bank Saderat Iran
2255:Foreign relations
2237:President Rouhani
2192:
2159:
2158:
2113:Memorandum items:
2074:Other liabilities
1761:
1760:
1541:supply and demand
1371:
1177:. The CBI limits
1113:, as was between
1068:Post Bank of Iran
916:economic activity
902:According to the
709:national currency
679:President of Iran
642:"Reform" proposal
454:capital formation
343:
323:
322:
6867:
6708:Papua New Guinea
5831:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5492:Foreign/overseas
5473:Middle East Bank
5300:
5293:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5253:Preceded by
5239:
5238:
5231:
5217:
5202:
5181:Clawson, Patrick
5176:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5018:. 19 March 2008.
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4987:. Archived from
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4876:. Archived from
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4824:. Archived from
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4794:. Archived from
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4463:. Archived from
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4218:. Archived from
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4158:. Archived from
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4050:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3984:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3942:"Iran's Economy"
3938:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3883:Business Insider
3877:Moshinsky, Ben.
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3843:
3837:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3522:. Archived from
3512:
3506:
3505:
3500:. Archived from
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3387:. Archived from
3381:
3375:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3353:on 21 April 2009
3349:. Archived from
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3323:. Archived from
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3220:on 9 August 2011
3219:
3213:. Archived from
3212:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2809:
2804:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2715:. 24 July 2017.
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:on 7 August 2018
2685:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2631:Taxation in Iran
2558:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2291:Washington, D.C.
2190:
2155:
2051:-Excess reserves
1974:
1969:
1942:-Claims on banks
1915:
1910:
1897:
1887:
1880:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1713:purchasing power
1707:in particular).
1701:taxation in Iran
1640:savings deposits
1618:Taxation in Iran
1358:
1347:Foreign reserves
1301:money laundering
1257:Sukuk principles
1129:), such as with
1119:gold in the past
1103:reserve currency
1072:digital currency
1048:Digital currency
962:commercial paper
741:foreign exchange
626:General Assembly
592:scriptural money
348:
338:
336:
231:
230:
228:
227:
226:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
160:
158:
153:
134:
33:
26:
20:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6855:Economy of Iran
6825:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6800:
6738:
6732:
6718:Solomon Islands
6681:
6582:
6576:
6502:Northern Cyprus
6496:North Macedonia
6310:
6066:
5838:
5835:
5805:
5800:
5764:
5613:
5586:Bank Melli Iran
5568:
5563:
5533:
5528:
5487:
5438:Iran Zamin Bank
5376:Non-state-owned
5371:
5332:Bank Melli Iran
5318:
5309:
5304:
5264:
5258:
5256:Bank Melli Iran
5225:
5220:
5199:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5076:Financial Times
5068:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4991:on 8 April 2009
4983:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4965:on 10 June 2011
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4854:on 3 March 2013
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4828:on 14 June 2013
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4602:"Archived copy"
4600:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4573:. 15 June 2020.
4569:
4568:
4561:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4529:. Payvand.com.
4525:
4524:
4520:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4487:"Archived copy"
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4437:. Payvand.com.
4433:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4409:www.payvand.com
4401:
4397:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4371:
4364:"Archived copy"
4362:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4308:. index Mondi.
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4249:www.payvand.com
4243:
4242:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4216:www.iranwpd.com
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4023:www.payvand.com
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3840:
3834:Wayback Machine
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3804:. Payvand.com.
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3778:. Payvand.com.
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3625:www.payvand.com
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3469:. 6 July 2015.
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3413:. Payvand.com.
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3391:on 10 July 2007
3383:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:"Archived copy"
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3155:. Payvand.com.
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3129:. 2 July 2010.
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2575:Economy of Iran
2554:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2500:Economic Report
2488:Economic Trends
2484:
2478:
2462:U.S. government
2442:
2432:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2360:lines of credit
2308:
2298:
2267:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2153:
2115:
2018:-Cash in vaults
1972:
1967:
1913:
1908:
1895:
1883:
1876:
1815:-Foreign assets
1757:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1636:demand deposits
1624:
1610:
1576:
1553:
1545:investment risk
1515:monetary policy
1484:
1466:
1423:
1413:
1349:
1344:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1218:
1212:
1204:cheques bounced
1197:
1191:Cheques in Iran
1187:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1143:crypto-currency
1101:could become a
1060:
1050:
996:e-money in Iran
988:
970:
968:Payment systems
950:commercial risk
938:
932:Islamic banking
928:
908:Islamic banking
824:Foroush Aghsati
774:Islamic banking
766:
756:
754:Islamic banking
701:
691:Economy of Iran
687:
675:
669:
657:private control
644:
628:
612:monetary policy
550:
534:
526:
488:Bank Melli Iran
465:Imperial Russia
430:
424:
398:
392:
365:National Jewels
318:
298:
282:
224:
222:
218:
215:
210:
207:
205:
203:
202:
201:
176:
172:Bank Melli Iran
156:
154:
151:
137:
80:
46:state ownership
36:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6820:
6819:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6631:Cayman Islands
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6125:Bank Indonesia
6122:
6117:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5645:Farmanfarmaian
5642:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5614:
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5403:Karafarin Bank
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5395:
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5224:
5223:External links
5221:
5219:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5185:Rubin, Michael
5177:
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5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5132:"Publications"
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3327:on 30 May 2009
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2515:
2512:
2477:
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2454:cash smuggling
2431:
2428:
2375:Main article:
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2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
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1997:
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1965:
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1776:Proj. 2009/10
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1567:Credit ceiling
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1407:
1373:
1348:
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1309:Hassan Rouhani
1286:
1283:
1271:Main article:
1268:
1265:
1211:
1208:
1186:
1183:
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1049:
1046:
969:
966:
956:items such as
927:
924:
882:
881:
874:
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860:
853:
848:Gharzolhasaneh
836:Gharzolhasaneh
755:
752:
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671:Main article:
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661:Iranian people
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473:Bank Esteqrazi
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402:paper currency
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246:Child agencies
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38:
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34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6858:
6856:
6853:
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6850:Central banks
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6835:Banks of Iran
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6812:non-sovereign
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6677:United States
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5851:
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5812:
5809:
5797:
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5779:
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5757:
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5724:
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5712:
5709:
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5703:
5700:
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5691:
5688:
5685:
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5643:
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5637:
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5631:
5628:
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5622:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5608:
5604:
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5600:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:Sarmayeh Bank
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Ghavamin Bank
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:Bank Pasargad
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5307:Banks of Iran
5301:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5270:
5265:1960–present
5263:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5243:Bank of issue
5240:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4514:
4508:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3184:. Irandaily.
3183:
3177:
3175:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2939:, p. 41.
2938:
2933:
2927:, p. 168
2926:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:Balance Sheet
2501:
2497:
2496:Annual Review
2493:
2489:
2483:
2482:Media of Iran
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Credit Suisse
2397:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:new sanctions
2347:
2343:
2342:Iranian media
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:Prel. 2008/09
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1752:December 2018
1743:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1723:Balance sheet
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:monetary base
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:time deposits
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Interest rate
1503:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1411:Gold reserves
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:British pound
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1368:frozen abroad
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:Ahmad Jannati
1315:. Among them
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1291:Crime in Iran
1282:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:barrel of oil
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:clearing bank
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:According to
1059:
1058:Petrocurrency
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Iranian banks
987:
983:
979:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
952:. High value
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Iranian banks
789:
788:Sunni version
785:
781:
780:
775:
771:
765:
761:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
732:
731:
730:
724:
722:
718:
716:
712:
710:
706:
705:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
680:
674:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
639:
637:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
542:
538:
529:
521:
519:
514:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
429:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
397:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
347:
341:
332:
328:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
295:
292:
291:
289:
285:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
229:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
149:
145:
140:
133:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
19:
6807:
6629:
6529:Soviet Union
6527:
6500:
6448:
6326:
6286:Turkmenistan
6263:
6244:Saudi Arabia
6226:
6184:
6129:
6112:
6027:South Africa
6019:
6010:Sierra Leone
5769:Subsidiaries
5633:Pourhomayoun
5605:
5597:
5565:
5483:Tourism Bank
5423:Ayandeh Bank
5418:Tejarat Bank
5408:Parsian Bank
5315:
5268:
5261:
5226:
5211:
5188:
5170:
5144:. Retrieved
5135:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5105:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5075:
5064:
5054:
5042:. Retrieved
5033:
5024:
5011:
5005:
4993:. Retrieved
4989:the original
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4963:the original
4953:
4941:. Retrieved
4936:
4927:
4915:. Retrieved
4904:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:the original
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4826:the original
4822:Tehran Times
4821:
4812:
4802:30 September
4800:. Retrieved
4796:the original
4786:
4774:. Retrieved
4770:the original
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4708:
4694:
4682:. Retrieved
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4642:
4616:. Retrieved
4596:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4521:
4495:. Retrieved
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:the original
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4429:
4417:. Retrieved
4408:
4398:
4372:. Retrieved
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4326:
4314:. Retrieved
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4279:
4269:
4259:15 September
4257:. Retrieved
4248:
4224:. Retrieved
4220:the original
4215:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4185:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4160:the original
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4124:
4098:. Retrieved
4088:
4061:. Retrieved
4057:
4031:. Retrieved
4022:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3992:
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3921:. Retrieved
3912:
3903:
3891:. Retrieved
3882:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3851:
3841:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3749:
3743:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3685:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3655:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3595:techrasa.com
3594:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3570:(in Persian)
3567:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3544:(in Persian)
3541:
3532:
3524:the original
3519:
3510:
3502:the original
3497:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3389:the original
3379:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3321:www.irtp.com
3320:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3259:
3248:
3222:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3161:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3102:Businessweek
3101:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3077:firouzeh.com
3076:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2994:(in Persian)
2991:
2982:
2977:, p. 55
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2903:
2879:. Retrieved
2876:OilPrice.com
2875:
2851:. Retrieved
2849:(in Persian)
2846:
2837:
2831:Yeganeh 1988
2785:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2682:
2672:
2663:
2650:
2595:Iranian rial
2542:Banks portal
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2476:Publications
2450:barter trade
2443:
2430:Barter trade
2424:US sanctions
2420:
2386:
2371:US sanctions
2356:Transactions
2355:
2317:
2311:
2268:
2234:
2112:
2083:
2078:
2073:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1749:
1741:
1711:(or loss of
1698:
1685:Iranian rial
1655:
1651:mutual funds
1648:money market
1625:
1614:Iranian rial
1608:Money supply
1536:
1529:money supply
1525:money supply
1522:
1519:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1478:Iranian rial
1454:barter trade
1442:below-ground
1441:
1435:
1424:
1392:Japanese yen
1382:, 20% in US
1376:Composition:
1375:
1359:
1352:
1325:
1313:Ali Khamenei
1294:
1276:
1254:
1219:
1201:
1198:
1164:
1099:Iranian rial
1088:
1061:
1035:
1015:
1012:
989:
939:
901:
893:Saudi Arabia
883:
876:
869:
862:
859:Contractor).
855:
846:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
777:
767:
728:
702:
695:Iranian rial
676:
645:
629:
589:
578:
554:CBI Governor
551:
532:Organization
527:
515:
512:
508:
504:Iranian rial
485:
472:
462:
445:
439:
413:Song Dynasty
399:
377:
361:Iranian rial
356:Bank Markazi
355:
354:
326:
324:
287:Key document
239:
191:Headquarters
181:Jurisdiction
78:Iranian rial
18:
6703:New Zealand
6595:The Bahamas
6562:Switzerland
6486:Netherlands
6281:Timor-Leste
6234:Philippines
6170:North Korea
6165:South Korea
6078:Afghanistan
6032:South Sudan
5588:(1929–1960)
5582:(1889–1929)
5504:Future Bank
5388:Bank Mellat
5347:Bank Maskan
5324:State-owned
4471:25 February
4100:19 February
4058:www.cia.gov
4033:24 February
3923:19 November
3760:20 December
3082:25 February
3016:. YouTube.
2960:11 November
2910:9 September
2881:9 September
2853:25 February
2528:Iran portal
2416:Bank Mellat
2393:Swiss banks
2125:-Base money
1705:tax evasion
1663:). (Iran’s
1482:Seigniorage
1400:Swiss franc
1242:debit cards
1195:Audit trail
1167:banking API
1111:oil and gas
1000:debit cards
958:real estate
912:speculation
866:or garden .
446:Bānk-e Šāhī
223: /
6829:Categories
6481:Montenegro
6466:Luxembourg
6344:Azerbaijan
6322:Eurosystem
6296:Uzbekistan
6271:Tajikistan
6160:Kyrgyzstan
6155:Kazakhstan
6088:Bangladesh
6021:Somaliland
6005:Seychelles
5980:Mozambique
5965:Mauritania
5955:Madagascar
5880:Cape Verde
5753:Salehabadi
5711:Nourbakhsh
5693:Nourbakhsh
5657:Jahanshahi
5478:Shahr Bank
5448:Saman Bank
5443:Refah Bank
5337:Bank Sepah
5146:25 January
5136:www.cbi.ir
4943:20 October
4884:5 February
4724:10 October
4618:15 October
4445:8 February
4419:30 October
4348:29 October
4316:29 October
4226:20 October
4196:5 February
4166:5 February
3993:Al-Monitor
3893:25 January
3574:24 October
3548:24 October
3520:www.cbi.ir
3477:25 January
3331:11 January
3224:1 February
3054:25 January
2998:1 December
2480:See also:
2434:See also:
2412:Bank Melli
2408:Bank Sepah
2381:See also:
2300:See also:
2275:World Bank
2259:See also:
2229:See also:
1980:Base money
1719:the most.
1694:US dollars
1612:See also:
1468:See also:
1456:following
1415:See also:
1289:See also:
1261:MasterCard
1250:debit card
1226:MasterCard
1214:See also:
1189:See also:
1159:See also:
1076:blockchain
1052:See also:
1036:Following
1004:e-commerce
972:See also:
954:collateral
930:See also:
768:After the
758:See also:
689:See also:
648:economists
600:most banks
598:. Indeed,
422:Modern era
394:See also:
351:SWIFT Code
307:www.cbi.ir
211:51°26′07″E
208:35°45′29″N
157:1960-08-09
101:10% to 13%
81:IRR (
6810:indicate
6806:Names in
6796:Venezuela
6746:Argentina
6693:Australia
6667:Nicaragua
6642:Guatemala
6461:Lithuania
6254:Sri Lanka
6249:Singapore
6228:Palestine
6114:Hong Kong
5970:Mauritius
5755:(2021–22)
5743:(2018–21)
5737:(2013–18)
5731:(2008–13)
5725:(2007–08)
5719:(2003–07)
5713:(1994–03)
5707:(1989–94)
5701:(1986–89)
5695:(1981–86)
5689:(1979–81)
5677:(1978–79)
5675:Khoshkish
5671:(1975–78)
5665:(1973–75)
5659:(1971–73)
5653:(1970–71)
5647:(1969–70)
5641:(1964–69)
5635:(1961–64)
5629:(1960–61)
5619:Governors
5413:Sina Bank
5269:Incumbent
5167:"Banking"
4969:9 January
4917:24 August
4858:9 January
4832:9 January
4776:9 January
4750:9 January
4684:9 January
4658:9 January
4537:9 January
4497:19 August
4290:25 August
4140:9 January
3958:8 January
3812:8 January
3786:8 January
3696:7 January
3635:29 August
3447:8 January
3421:8 January
3275:8 January
3192:8 January
3163:8 January
3127:Bloomberg
3107:8 January
3024:8 January
2787:14 August
2643:Citations
1709:Inflation
1681:inflation
1499:inflation
1458:sanctions
1133:'s newly
1131:Venezuela
1074:over the
1066:in 2018,
926:Criticism
880:contract.
877:Mozarebe:
870:Mozaraah:
667:Governors
636:President
409:Ilkhanate
340:romanized
195:CBI Tower
107:Bank rate
41:Ownership
6786:Suriname
6776:Paraguay
6761:Colombia
6652:Honduras
6605:Bermuda
6600:Barbados
6547:Slovenia
6542:Slovakia
6513:Portugal
6429:Hungaria
6369:Bulgaria
6349:Austrian
6328:Abkhazia
6276:Thailand
6222:Pakistan
6202:Mongolia
6197:Maldives
6192:Malaysia
6103:Cambodia
6062:Zimbabwe
6042:Tanzania
5915:Ethiopia
5910:Eswatini
5895:Djibouti
5870:Botswana
5761:(2022– )
5747:Komijani
5723:Mazaheri
5717:Sheibani
5699:Ghassemi
5428:Bank Day
5187:(2005).
5140:Archived
5110:Archived
5106:BBC News
5080:Archived
5038:Archived
5034:BBC News
5010:"Iran".
4911:Archived
4744:Archived
4718:Archived
4678:Archived
4652:Archived
4628:cite web
4609:Archived
4531:Archived
4507:cite web
4491:Archived
4439:Archived
4413:Archived
4384:cite web
4368:Archived
4339:Archived
4310:Archived
4284:Archived
4253:Archived
4190:Archived
4134:Archived
4110:cite web
4027:Archived
3997:Archived
3949:Archived
3917:Archived
3887:Archived
3856:Archived
3830:Archived
3806:Archived
3780:Archived
3754:Archived
3720:Archived
3690:Archived
3660:Archived
3629:Archived
3599:Archived
3471:Archived
3441:Archived
3415:Archived
3395:9 August
3357:8 August
3301:11 March
3295:Archived
3269:Archived
3234:cite web
3186:Archived
3157:Archived
3131:Archived
3070:"فیروزه"
3048:Archived
3018:Archived
2992:dolat.ir
2954:Archived
2904:POLITICO
2847:dolat.ir
2754:6 August
2748:Archived
2723:6 August
2717:Archived
2693:6 August
2514:See also
2492:Bulletin
2348:) while
2249:interest
2046:307,757
2035:338,445
2029:Reserves
2013:153,478
2002:200,745
1996:Currency
1973:-246,737
1968:-134,701
1948:206,409
1937:302,824
1931:Deposits
1914:-228,046
1909:-283,735
1885:-225,654
1878:-139,843
1821:863,336
1766:Source:
1642:, small
1632:currency
1398:and the
1362:most of
1342:Reserves
1179:fintechs
897:Malaysia
863:Mosaqat:
820:Mozarebe
796:interest
634:are the
594:through
469:Polyakov
90:Reserves
83:ISO 4217
74:Currency
53:Governor
6808:italics
6791:Uruguay
6766:Ecuador
6739:America
6728:Vanuatu
6686:Oceania
6657:Jamaica
6583:America
6572:Ukraine
6518:Romania
6476:Moldova
6439:Ireland
6434:Iceland
6419:Georgia
6409:Finland
6404:Estonia
6399:England
6394:Germany
6389:Denmark
6374:Croatia
6359:Belgium
6354:Belarus
6339:Armenia
6334:Albania
6301:Vietnam
6207:Myanmar
6180:Lebanon
6083:Bahrain
6047:Tunisia
6015:Somalia
5990:Nigeria
5985:Namibia
5975:Morocco
5945:Liberia
5940:Lesotho
5905:Eritrea
5885:Comoros
5875:Burundi
5860:Algeria
5741:Hemmati
5729:Bahmani
5663:Yeganeh
5627:Kashani
5573:History
5398:EN Bank
5116:20 June
5086:11 July
5044:20 June
4995:8 April
4937:Reuters
4556:YouTube
4337:. IMF.
4063:6 April
3862:6 March
3666:27 July
3137:6 March
2744:Reuters
2683:Reuters
2508:English
2068:17,734
2057:30,688
2054:109,267
2043:225,228
2032:334,495
2024:47,268
2010:157,764
1999:206,352
1990:556,925
1985:556,925
1959:42,719
1945:239,758
1934:358,514
1926:74,779
1900:21,083
1849:73,839
1818:773,352
1792:789,498
1787:703,329
1742:updated
1450:bullion
1384:dollars
1185:Cheques
1175:fintech
1149:Fintech
856:Joalah:
562:Cabinet
390:History
342::
331:Persian
303:Website
155: (
6771:Guyana
6751:Brazil
6662:Mexico
6610:Canada
6567:Turkey
6557:Sweden
6537:Serbia
6523:Russia
6508:Poland
6491:Norway
6456:Latvia
6450:Kosovo
6424:Greece
6414:France
6379:Cyprus
6315:Europe
6265:Taiwan
6175:Kuwait
6150:Jordan
6140:Israel
6098:Brunei
6093:Bhutan
6057:Zambia
6052:Uganda
5995:Rwanda
5960:Malawi
5930:Guinea
5920:Gambia
5865:Angola
5843:Africa
5759:Farzin
5749:(2021)
5687:Nobari
5683:(1979)
5681:Molavi
5669:Mehran
5610:(2016)
5602:(2016)
5594:(1974)
5195:
4702:. IMF.
4374:6 July
4280:Forbes
4003:26 May
3726:6 July
3605:6 July
3542:dw.com
2107:6,919
2065:16,078
2021:48,588
1956:38,836
1923:74,779
1920:Claims
1896:-5,141
1846:70,023
1837:84,257
1832:79,587
1809:77,050
1804:72,381
1646:, and
1620:, and
1601:profit
1590:Majlis
1533:credit
1511:fiscal
1480:, and
1438:Tehran
1370:(2014)
1273:Hawala
1267:Hawala
1171:Shetab
1135:minted
1125:for a
1123:tomans
1107:parity
1097:, the
1054:INSTEX
984:, and
885:Sharia
873:ratio.
834:, and
828:Joalah
812:Qur’an
784:Shiite
779:Majlis
762:, and
697:, and
646:Seven
568:, the
556:, the
450:tomans
406:Mongol
329:(CBI;
199:Tehran
147:Formed
6756:Chile
6737:South
6723:Tonga
6713:Samoa
6647:Haiti
6590:Aruba
6581:North
6552:Spain
6471:Malta
6444:Italy
6384:Czech
6306:Yemen
6259:Syria
6239:Qatar
6212:Nepal
6186:Macao
6145:Japan
6120:India
6108:China
6037:Sudan
5950:Libya
5935:Kenya
5925:Ghana
5900:Egypt
5890:Congo
5705:Adeli
5651:Samii
5639:Samii
4612:(PDF)
4605:(PDF)
4552:Video
4342:(PDF)
4335:(PDF)
3952:(PDF)
3945:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3073:(PDF)
2781:(PDF)
2774:(PDF)
2660:(PDF)
2470:SWIFT
2334:euros
2154:-15.5
2142:15.5
2104:6,561
2090:-CPPs
2084:6,919
2079:6,561
1865:7,206
1860:7,206
1690:forex
1669:rials
1446:coins
1360:note:
1240:have
1139:Petro
1042:SWIFT
942:usury
832:Salaf
808:Islam
800:usury
500:toman
458:qiran
416:China
44:100%
6781:Peru
6698:Fiji
6615:Cuba
6217:Oman
6135:Iraq
6130:Iran
6071:Asia
5735:Seif
5247:Iran
5193:ISBN
5148:2019
5118:2018
5088:2012
5046:2018
4997:2009
4971:2012
4945:2022
4919:2013
4886:2012
4860:2012
4834:2012
4804:2012
4778:2012
4752:2012
4726:2007
4686:2012
4660:2012
4634:link
4620:2010
4539:2012
4513:link
4499:2010
4473:2024
4447:2012
4421:2008
4390:link
4376:2010
4350:2007
4318:2007
4292:2017
4261:2014
4228:2022
4198:2012
4168:2012
4142:2012
4116:link
4102:2016
4065:2009
4035:2015
4005:2017
3960:2012
3925:2016
3895:2019
3864:2017
3814:2012
3788:2012
3762:2016
3728:2018
3698:2017
3668:2018
3637:2018
3607:2018
3576:2023
3550:2023
3479:2019
3449:2012
3423:2012
3397:2010
3359:2010
3333:2022
3303:2007
3277:2012
3240:link
3226:2011
3194:2012
3165:2012
3139:2017
3109:2012
3084:2024
3056:2019
3026:2012
3000:2023
2962:2012
2912:2024
2883:2024
2855:2024
2789:2018
2756:2018
2725:2018
2695:2018
2502:and
2458:gold
2438:and
2414:and
2398:and
2387:The
2346:gold
2322:Iran
2304:and
2263:and
2150:32.0
2139:13.4
2136:-NFA
2131:0.0
2128:45.4
1634:and
1626:The
1513:and
1419:and
1388:Euro
1380:gold
1366:are
1224:and
1222:Visa
1193:and
1117:and
1093:and
1056:and
1031:POSs
1025:and
946:riba
934:and
920:risk
895:and
804:riba
802:or "
677:The
498:and
496:rial
325:The
240:None
68:Iran
6291:UAE
5245:of
4554:on
3744:sic
2396:UBS
1448:or
1433:.)
1115:USD
1105:if
1095:gas
1086:).
1027:POS
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