Traditional animation

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animation could do to solve it. Using a two-dimensional still of an animated farmhouse at night, Disney demonstrated that zooming in on the scene, using traditional animation techniques of the time, increased the size of the moon. In real-life experience, the moon would not increase in size as a viewer approached a farmhouse. Multiplane animation solved this problem by separating the moon, farmhouse, and farmland into separate planes, with the moon being farthest away from the camera. To create the zoom effect, the first two planes were moved closer to the camera during filming, while the plane with the moon remained at its original distance. This provided a depth and fullness to the scene that was closer in resemblance to real life, which was a prominent goal for many animation studios at the time.

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is on the table, the plate no longer moves, although the person continues to move as they draw their arm away from the plate. In this example, after the person puts the plate down, the plate can then be drawn on a separate cel from them. Further frames feature new cels of the person, but the plate does not have to be redrawn as it is not moving; the same cel of the plate can be used in each remaining frame that it is still upon the table. The cel paints were actually manufactured in shaded versions of each color to compensate for the extra layer of cel added between the image and the camera; in this example, the still plate would be painted slightly brighter to compensate for being moved one layer down.

583:. An animatic typically consists of pictures of the storyboard timed and cut together with the soundtrack. This allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard meets the users' requirements. Editing the film at the animatic stage prevents the animation of scenes that would be edited out of the film. Creating scenes that will eventually be edited out of the completed cartoon is avoided. 1144:, made to complete the background instead of making the foreground, and was invented to deal with the sketchy appearance of xeroxed drawings. The background was first painted as shapes and figures in flat colors, containing rather few details. Next, a cel with detailed black lines was laid directly over it, each line is drawn to add more information to the underlying shape or figure and give the background the complexity it needed. In this way, the visual style of the background will match that of the xeroxed character cels. As the xerographic process evolved, line overlay was left behind. 1335:

plane. The order in which the planes are placed, and the distance between them, is determined by what element of the scene is on the plane as well as the entire scene's intended depth. A camera, mounted above or in front of the planes, moves its focus toward or away from the planes during the capture of the individual animation frames. In some devices, the individual planes can be moved toward or away from the camera. This gives the viewer the impression that they are moving through the separate layers of art as though in a three-dimensional space.

7125: 4535: 1177:(1914), the entire frame, including the background and all characters and items, were drawn on a single sheet of paper, then photographed. Everything had to be redrawn for each frame containing movements. This led to a "jittery" appearance; imagine seeing a sequence of drawings of a mountain, each one slightly different from the one preceding it. The pre-cel animation was later improved by using techniques like the slash and tear system invented by 7135: 4545: 1153: 2377:"Hanna-Barbera's Superstars 10: The Complete Film Collection Blu-ray (Yogi's Great Escape / Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers / The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones / Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose / Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats / The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound / Rockin' with Judy Jetson / Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School / Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf / Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears" 197: 1583:

then filmed as required for the animated scene by moving the model, the camera, or a combination of both, in real-time or using stop-motion animation. The film frames were then printed on paper, showing a model made up of the painted black lines. After the artists had added details to the object not present in the live-action photography of the model, it was xeroxed onto cels. A notable example is Cruella de Vil's car in Disney's

312: 135: 36: 682:, which on most high-budget productions are done in separate departments. Often, each major character will have an animator or group of animators solely dedicated to drawing that character. The group will be made up of one supervising animator, a small group of key animators, and a larger group of assistant animators. Effects animators animate anything that moves and are not a character, including props, vehicles, 3300: 790: 77: 1587:. The process of transferring 3D objects to cels was greatly improved in the 1980s when computer graphics advanced enough to allow the creation of 3D computer-generated objects that could be manipulated in any way the animators wanted, and then printed as outlines on paper before being copied onto cels using Xerography or the APT process. This technique was used in Disney films such as 592: 1266: 977:

aesthetic appeal of the non-computerized cel for their projects. Many animated television series were still animated in other countries by using the traditionally inked-and-painted cel process as late as 2004, though most of them switched over to the digital process at some point during their run. The last major feature film to use traditional ink and paint was

888:). As the cost of both inking and painting new cels for animated films and TV programs and the repeated usage of older cels for newer animated TV programs and films went up and the cost of doing the same thing digitally went down, eventually, the digital ink-and-paint process became the standard for future animated movies and TV programs. 1045:, which remained stalwart with the technique until September 29, 2013, when it switched to fully digital animation on October 6, 2013. Prior to this, the series adopted digital animation solely for its opening credits in 2009, but retained the use of traditional cels for the main content of each episode. Minor productions, such as 839:, where they are colored and processed using one or more of a variety of software packages. The resulting drawings are composited in the computer over their respective backgrounds, which have also been scanned into the computer (if not digitally painted), and the computer outputs the final film by either exporting a digital 1804:(2007) represented Disney's first project based on the paperless technology available today. Some of the advantages are the possibility and potential of controlling the size of the drawings while working on them, drawing directly on a multiplane background and eliminating the need for photographing line tests and scanning. 1507:, the APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process was a technique for transferring the animators' art onto cels. Basically, the process was a modification of a repro-photographic process; the artists' work was photographed on high-contrast "litho" film, and the image on the resulting negative was then transferred to a 1158: 1154: 2419:

December 1991 Although 3D graphics debuted in earlier Disney animations, Beauty and the Beast is the first in which hand-drawn characters appear in a 3D background. Every frame of the film is scanned, created, or composited within Disney's computer animation production system (CAPS) co-developed with

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is a labor-saving technique for animating repetitive motions, such as a character walking or a breeze blowing through the trees. In the case of walking, the character is animated taking a step with its right foot, then a step with its left foot. The loop is created so that, when the sequence repeats,

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is an important innovation to traditional animation, as it allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from frame to frame, thus saving labor. A simple example would be a scene with two characters on screen, one of which is talking and the other standing silently. Since the latter character is not

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for any characters and props that appear in the film; and these are used to help standardize appearance, poses, and gestures. The model sheets will often include "turnarounds" which show how a character or object looks in three-dimensions along with standardized special poses and expressions so that

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in 1915, in which animation is "traced" over actual film footage of actors and scenery. Traditionally, the live-action will be printed out frame by frame and registered. Another piece of paper is then placed over the live-action printouts and the action is traced frame by frame using a lightbox. The

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In TV and other low-budget productions, cels were often "cycled" (i.e., a sequence of cels was repeated several times), and even archived and reused in other episodes. After the film was completed, the cels were either thrown out or, especially in the early days of animation, washed clean and reused

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For a more complex example, consider a sequence in which a person sets a plate upon a table. The table stays still for the entire sequence, so it can be drawn as part of the background. The plate can be drawn along with the character as the character places it on the table. However, after the plate

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When an entire sequence has been transferred to cels, the photography process begins. Each cel involved in a frame of a sequence is laid on top of each other, with the background at the bottom of the stack. A piece of glass is lowered onto the artwork in order to flatten any irregularities, and the

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or a similar type of paint is used on the reverse sides of the cels to add colors in the appropriate shades. The transparent quality of the cel allows for each character or object in a frame to be animated on different cels, as the cel of one character can be seen underneath the cel of another; and

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A method related to conventional rotoscoping was later invented for the animation of solid inanimate objects, such as cars, boats, or doors. A small live-action model of the required object was built and painted white, while the edges of the model were painted with thin black lines. The object was

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The spread and development of multiplane animation helped animators tackle problems with motion tracking and scene depth, and reduced production times and costs for animated works. In a 1957 recording, Walt Disney explained why motion tracking was an issue for animators, as well as what multiplane

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to two-dimensional animated films. To use this technique in traditional animation, the artwork is painted or placed onto separate layers called planes. These planes, typically constructed of planes of transparent glass or plexiglass, are then aligned and placed with specific distances between each

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of a second. While Plympton uses near-constant three-frame holds, sometimes animation that simply averages eight drawings per second is also termed "on threes" and is usually done to meet budget constraints, along with other cost-cutting measures, like holding the same drawing of a character for a

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of the scene. A pencil test is a much rougher version of the final animated scene (often devoid of many character details and color); the pencil drawings are quickly photographed or scanned and synced with the necessary soundtracks. This allows the animation to be reviewed and improved upon before

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Computers and digital video cameras can also be used as tools in traditional cel animation without affecting the film directly, assisting the animators in their work and making the whole process faster and easier. Doing the layouts on a computer is much more effective than doing it by traditional

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moves into the animation studio, and the outline drawings are usually scanned into the computer and filled with digital paint instead of being transferred to cels and then colored by hand. The drawings are composited in a computer program on many transparent "layers" much the same way as they are

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Similar to the computer animation and traditional animation hybrids described above, occasionally a production will combine both live-action and animated footage. The live-action parts of these productions are usually filmed first, the actors pretending that they are interacting with the animated

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allowed the drawings to be copied directly onto the cels, eliminating much of the "inking" portion of the ink-and-paint process. This saved time and money, and it also made it possible to put in more details and to control the size of the xeroxed objects and characters. At first, it resulted in a

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In lower-budget productions, shortcuts available through the cel technique are used extensively. For example, in a scene in which a person is sitting in a chair and talking, the chair and the body of the person may be the same in every frame; only their head is redrawn, or perhaps even their head

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begins after the designs are completed and approved by the director. It is here that the background layout artists determine the camera angles, camera paths, lighting, and shading of the scene. Character layout artists will determine the major poses for the characters in the scene and will make a

1356:, is a vertical, top-down camera crane that shot scenes painted on multiple, individually adjustable glass planes. The movable planes allowed for changeable depth within individual animated scenes. In later years Disney Studios would adopt this technology for their own uses. Designed in 1937 by 785:

small holes along the top or bottom edge of the cel, which allow the cel to be placed on corresponding peg bars before the camera to ensure that each cel aligns with the one before it; if the cels are not aligned in such a manner, the animation, when played at full speed, will appear "jittery."

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Among the most common types of animation rostrum cameras was the Oxberry. Such cameras were always made of black anodized aluminum, and commonly had 2 peg bars, 1 at the top and 1 at the bottom of the lightbox. The Oxberry Master Series had 4 peg bars, 2 above and 2 below, and sometimes used a

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Over time, many studios switched over to digital ink and paint, though many television projects took longer. Many filmmakers and studios did not want to shift to the digital ink-and-paint process because they felt that the digitally colored animation would look too synthetic and would lose the

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Moving characters are often shot "on twos". One drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a

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In the later years of the animation rostrum camera, stepper motors controlled by computers were attached to the various axes of movement of the camera, thus saving many hours of hand cranking by human operators. Gradually, motion control techniques were adopted throughout the industry.

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Sometimes, frames may need to be photographed more than once, in order to implement superimpositions and other camera effects. Pans are created by either moving the cels or backgrounds 1 step at a time over a succession of frames (the camera does not pan; it only zooms in and out).

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led the Hanna-Barbera Animation Laboratory from 1980 to 1983, developing an ink-and-paint system that was used in roughly a third of Hanna-Barbera's domestic production, starting in 1984 and continuing until replaced with third-party software in 1996. It was first tested in the

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As the scenes come out of final photography, they are spliced into the animatic or leica reel, taking the place of the pencil animation. Once every sequence in the production has been photographed, the final film is sent for development and processing, while the final music and

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characters, props, or scenery; animation will then be added into the footage later to make it appear as if it has always been there. Like rotoscoping, this method is rarely used, but when it is, it can be done to terrific effect, immersing the audience in a fantasy world where

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to the soundtrack. Given the slow manner in which traditional animation is produced, it is almost always easier to synchronize animation to a preexisting soundtrack than it is to synchronize a soundtrack to pre-existing animation. A completed cartoon soundtrack will feature

2019:, an illustration of Gusteau (in his cookbook), speaks to Remy (who, in that scene, was lost in the sewers of Paris) as a figment of Remy's imagination; this scene is also considered an example of cel-shading in an animated feature. More recently, animated shorts such as 652:. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, making sure to include all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that the film maintains a cohesiveness and consistency in art style. The 1127:

for the next film. In some cases, some of the cels were put into the "archive" to be used again and again for future purposes in order to save money. Some studios saved a portion of the cels and either sold them in studio stores or presented them as gifts to visitors.

951:. The CAPS system allowed the Disney artists to make use of colored ink-line techniques mostly lost during the xerography era, as well as multiplane effects, blended shading, and easier integration with 3D CGI backgrounds (as in the ballroom sequence in the 1991 film 2046:"floating peg bar" as well. The height of the column on which the camera was mounted determined the amount of zoom achievable on a piece of artwork. Such cameras were massive mechanical affairs that might weigh close to a ton and take hours to break down or set up. 2057:

methods. Additionally, video cameras give the opportunity to see a "preview" of the scenes and how they will look when finished, enabling the animators to correct and improve upon them without having to complete them first. This can be considered a digital form of

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drawing to indicate each pose. For short films, character layouts are often the responsibility of the director. The layout drawings and storyboards are then spliced, along with the audio and an animatic is formed (not to be confused with its predecessor, the

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character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production costs.

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is derived. A storyboard has an appearance somewhat similar to comic book panels, and is a shot by shot breakdown of the staging, acting and any camera moves that will be present in the film. The images allow the animation team to plan the flow of the

563:. Background artists follow very closely the work of the background layout artists and color stylists (which is usually compiled into a workbook for their use) so that the resulting backgrounds are harmonious in tone with the character designs. 1727:

Besides traditionally animated characters, objects, and backgrounds, many other techniques are used to create special elements such as smoke, lightning and "magic", and to give the animation, in general, a distinct visual appearance. Today

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using a high-resolution output device. Use of computers allows for easier exchange of artwork between departments, studios, and even countries and continents (in most low-budget American animated productions, the bulk of the animation is

1181:; the background and the animated objects were drawn on separate papers. A frame was made by removing all the blank parts of the papers where the objects were drawn before being placed on top of the backgrounds and finally photographed. 2070:, though the work was outsourced as Disney's equipment was inoperative at the time. Usage of the multiplane camera or similar devices declined due to production costs and the rise of digital animation. Beginning largely with the use of 1139:

is a cel with inanimate objects used to give the impression of a foreground when laid on top of a ready frame. This creates the illusion of depth, but not as much as a multiplane camera would. A special version of cel overlay is called

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covered with a layer of light-sensitive dye. The cel was exposed through the negative. Chemicals were then used to remove the unexposed portion. Small and delicate details were still inked by hand if needed. Spencer received an

1253:, where fluidity is sacrificed in lieu of a shift towards complexity in the designs and shading (in contrast with the more functional and optimized designs in the Western tradition); even high-budget theatrical features such as 631:, who will add details and some of the missing frames in the scene. The work of the assistant animators is reviewed, pencil-tested, and corrected until the lead animator is ready to meet with the director and have their scene 804:

are created by the animators and used by the camera operator to transfer each animation drawing into the number of film frames specified by the animators, typically 1 (1s, ones) or 2 (2s, twos) and sometimes 3 (3s, threes).

1477:(1961). The graphic style of this film was strongly influenced by the process. Some hand inking was still used together with xerography in this and subsequent films when distinct colored lines were needed. Later, colored 1455:

had patented a forerunner of the Xerox process in 1944, where drawings made with a special pencil would be transferred to a cel by pressure, and then fixing it. It is not known if the process was ever used in animation.

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The current process, termed "digital ink and paint", is the same as traditional ink and paint until after the animation drawings are completed; instead of being transferred to cels, the animators' drawings are either

698:. Sometimes, instead of drawings, a number of special processes are used to produce special effects in animated films; rain, for example, has been created in Disney animated films since the late 1930s by filming 424:. The scratch track used during animation typically contains only the voices, any songs to which characters must sing-along, and temporary musical score tracks; the final score and sound effects are added during 1322:, in which Fred and Barney (along with various Hanna-Barbera characters that aired on Cartoon Network), supposedly walking in a house, wonder why they keep passing the same table and vase over and over again. 2965: 1418:

placed at various positions within the set. This placement gave the appearance of objects moving in front of and behind the animated characters, and was often referred to as the Tabletop Method.

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one of Reiniger's most well-known works. Future multiplane animation devices would generally use the same vertical design as Reiniger's device. One notable exception to this trend was the

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Malczyk, K. (2008-09-01). "Practicing Modernity: Female Creativity in the Weimar Republic. Edited by Christiane Schonfeld. Würzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann, 2006. 353 pages. 48,00".

1277:'s 19th-century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings which are "looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on twos", i.e. shown at 12 drawings per second. 899:

was the first American animation studio to implement a computer animation system for digital ink-and-paint usage. Following a commitment to the technology in 1979, computer scientist

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In the traditional animation process, animators will begin by drawing sequences of animation on sheets of transparent paper perforated to fit the peg bars in their desks, often using

1968:" animation filters or lighting systems to make their full 3D animation appear as though it were drawn in a traditional cel-style. This technique was also used in the animated movie 1257:'s employ the full range: from smooth animation "on ones" in selected shots (usually quick action accents) to common animation "on threes" for regular dialogue and slow-paced shots. 1099: 2414: 439:; the soundtrack was recorded after the film elements were finished by watching the film and performing the dialogue, music, and sound effects required. Some studios, most notably 2614: 515:) is created; this is a printed table that breaks down the action, dialogue, and sound frame-by-frame as a guide for the animators. If a film is based more strongly in music, a 619:

or key drawings in a scene, using the character layouts as a guide. The key animator draws enough of the frames to get across the major poses within a character performance.

1905:

coined the term "tradigital animation" to describe animated films produced by his studio which incorporated elements of traditional and computer animation equally, such as

1039:, all of which switched to digital paint between 2000 and 2004, while the last major animated production overall to abandon cel animation was the television adaptation of 910:

episodes "Nighty Nightmares" and "The Pac-Mummy". In addition to a cost savings compared to traditional cel painting of 5 to 1, the Hanna-Barbera system also allowed for

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The methods mentioned above describe the techniques of an animation process that originally depended on cels in its final stages, but painted cels are rare today as the

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This image shows how two transparent cels, each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background are photographed together to form the composite image.

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DECEMBER 1991: Beauty and the Beast is the first Disney film with hand-drawn characters in a 3D background. Every frame is scanned, created, or composited within CAPS.

2445: 1055:, have used traditional cels long after the introduction of digital techniques. Most studios today use one of a number of other high-end software packages, such as 1119:

moving, it can be displayed in this scene using only one drawing, on one cel, while multiple drawings on multiple cels are used to animate the speaking character.

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is noted for his style of animation that uses very few in-betweens and sequences that are done "on threes" or "on fours", holding each drawing on the screen from

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Predecessors of this technique and the equipment used to implement it began appearing in the late 19th century. Painted glass panes were often used in

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may be prepared in addition to or instead of an X-sheet. Bar sheets show the relationship between the on-screen action, the dialogue, and the actual

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are mostly done with computers, but earlier they had to be done by hand. To produce these effects, the animators used different techniques, such as

3750: 1209:. The end result does not look very lifelike, but is inexpensive to produce, and therefore allows cartoons to be made on small television budgets. 4501: 2514: 98: 3273:

The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles, and Formulas for Classical, Computer, Games, Stop Motion, and Internet Animators

443:, continued to post-synch their cartoons through most of the 1930s, which allowed for the presence of the "muttered ad-libs" present in many 6943: 4474: 2376: 3755: 2402: 1562: 1362: 781:. The cels are removed, and the process repeats for the next frame until each frame in the sequence has been photographed. Each cel has 7159: 2998: 2606: 2685: 5691: 4516: 3703: 3647: 357:

by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation, until the final few years of the 20th century, when there was a shift to

261: 6479: 3765: 3745: 233: 3802: 3760: 3659: 1513: 5878: 3304: 3248: 2462: 2234: 214: 49: 752:. When peacetime resumed, much of the original equipment went to waste as more economic solutions were sought, leading to the 4586: 4511: 4496: 3566: 3229: 3180: 2290: 2119: 1975:

and cel-shaded 3D animation is typically integrated with cel animation in Disney films and in many television shows, such as

1297: 240: 5339: 5128: 4464: 3733: 3728: 3652: 2071: 1709:(2007), among many others. The technique has also seen significant use in television commercials, especially for breakfast 944: 920:(1988). The computer files for these projects were not archived and the shows themselves were printed to videotape, making 579:

is created after the soundtrack is recorded and before full animation begins. The term "animatic" was originally coined by

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have used a more distinctive style of cel-shaded 3D animation, capturing a look and feel similar to a 'moving painting'.

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prolonged time or panning over a still image, techniques often used in low-budget TV productions. It is also common in

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The Animation Book : A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking—From Flip-Books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation

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Once the clean-ups and in-between drawings for a sequence are completed, they are prepared for a process known as

547:

the sets over which the action of each animated sequence will take place. These backgrounds are generally done in

229: 6043: 5123: 3693: 2539: 1699: 1401: 943:, which was also the first major feature film to entirely use digital ink and paint), using Disney's proprietary 1560:". In most cases, rotoscoping is mainly used to aid the animation of realistically rendered human beings, as in 1487:

the characters' outlines are gray. White and blue toners were used for special effects, such as snow and water.

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the motion is seamless. In general, they are used only sparingly by productions with moderate or high budgets.

957:), props, and characters. Rival studios in the 1990s also adapted to digipaint processes, using softwares like 933: 320: 218: 145: 2074:, digital multiplane cameras would help streamline the process of adding layers and depth to animated scenes. 2053:

Digital ink and paint processes gradually made these traditional animation techniques and equipment obsolete.

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or a similar device, where the outline drawings are done in a similar manner as they would be on paper. The

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Animation production usually begins after a story is converted into an animation film script, from which a

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utilized artwork painted on up to seven separate, movable planes, as well as a vertical, top-down camera.

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footage of water in front of a black background, with the resulting film superimposed over the animation.

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with cels, and made into a sequence of images which may then be transferred onto film or converted to a

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became available, and several distinct line colors could be used, even simultaneously. For instance, in

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and her animation team constructed one of the first multiplane animation structures, a device called a

55: 937:. All subsequent traditional Disney animated features were digitally inked-and-painted (starting with 6827: 6384: 6339: 6247: 5625: 5068: 5028: 4579: 4010: 3723: 3620: 3478: 3385: 2134: 1864: 1825: 1663: 1625: 1503: 678: 6329: 5349: 5344: 5212: 5053: 4676: 4289: 4269: 3669: 2109: 1976: 1393:

Its top-down, vertical design allowed for overhead adjusting of individual, stationary planes. The

1029:, the latter of which is also the last cartoon to switch to Digital Ink and Paint in the west, and 998: 853: 254: 6394: 2958:"How Did the Multiplane Camera Invented for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" Redefine Animation?" 91:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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and analyze exactly what poses, drawings, and lip movements will be needed on what frames. An

6334: 5976: 5866: 5523: 4410: 4379: 4369: 4294: 4254: 4025: 3360: 3005: 2114: 2009: 1970: 1907: 1705: 1568: 993: 987:(2001); the last major animation productions in the west to use the traditional process were 482:

may be produced so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions.

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are full-length rotoscoped films. Rotoscoped animation also appears in the music videos for

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Sketch of an animation peg bar, and measurements of three types, Acme being the most common

664:. The resulting drawings are again pencil-tested and sweatboxed until they meet approval. 8: 6631: 6504: 6489: 6354: 6257: 6192: 5888: 5849: 5721: 5706: 5533: 5292: 5098: 5073: 5038: 4991: 4432: 4274: 4212: 3440: 3395: 3365: 1898: 1831: 1669: 1173: 1019: 906: 672: 556: 2487: 1532:

end result still looks hand-drawn but the motion will be remarkably lifelike. The films

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At each stage during pencil animation, approved artwork is spliced into the leica reel.

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The final animated film by Disney that featured the use of their multiplane camera was

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will do similar work for any settings and locations present in the storyboard, and the

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Though traditional animation is now commonly done with computers, it is distinct from

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is an animation tool used in traditional animation to keep the drawings in place. A

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Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the

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and may redraw or "re-board" a sequence many times before it meets final approval.

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Each drawing is transferred from paper to a thin, clear sheet of plastic called a

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The multiplane process is a technique primarily used to give a sense of depth or

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It is now also possible for animators to draw directly into a computer using a

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Traditional animation and 3D computer animation can be used together, as in

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makes creative use of loops. In addition, a promotional music video from

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live-action footage, in order to achieve a very graphical look, like in

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song "Circles" poked fun at animation loops as they are often seen in

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The xerographic method was first tested by Disney in a few scenes of

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Meta Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick-change

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Disney experienced a setback to its ink-and-paint department due to

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more sketchy look, but the technique was improved upon over time.

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While working on a scene, a key animator will usually prepare a

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In very early cartoons made before the use of the cel, such as

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stays the same while only their mouth moves. This is known as

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The most famous device used for multiplane animation was the

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Thinking animation : bridging the gap between 2D and CG

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since 1989, where it was used for the final rainbow shot in

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the opaque background will be seen beneath all of the cels.

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A camera used for shooting traditional animation. See also

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will determine the art style and color schemes to be used.

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons

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and cartoons co-exist. Early examples include the silent

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and most pre-1930 sound animated cartoons, the sound was

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the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called

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is recorded so that the animation may be more precisely

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marketed to children to interest them and boost sales.

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The process was popularized in theatrical cartoons by

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at the Walt Disney studio during the late 1950s, the

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actually done by animators working in other countries

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When storyboards are sent to the design departments,

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in the industry, specifically 3D computer animation.

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List of animated television series by episode count

221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3194: 1501:Invented by Dave Spencer for the 1985 Disney film 1167:(1919), showing characters made from cut-out paper 27:Animation technique in which frames are hand-drawn 2566:"The last one standing in Japanese cel animation" 1527:is a method of traditional animation invented by 7151: 924:difficult due to their lack of high resolution. 4502:List of animated films by box office admissions 3132:. Laguana Hills, CA: Walter Foster Publishing. 3087:Musker, John; Clements, Ron (2010). "Aladdin". 1723:Special effect § Special effects animation 1212: 656:will draw in whatever frames are still missing 3238: 3086: 2933: 2639: 2209: 1378:shots and glass shots, as seen in the work of 1067:, or even consumer-level applications such as 835:or drawn directly onto a computer monitor via 4580: 3326: 2278: 1342:. This device, originally designed by former 458: 2756:"Multi-Plane Animation Basics | Stop Motion" 1766:cels are used, creating a soft pastel look. 1716: 472:the artists have a guide to refer to. Small 369: 2316:"1976 Charles Goodwin Sands Memorial Medal" 1465:and was first fully used in the short film 914:effects evident in H-B productions such as 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4587: 4573: 3333: 3319: 2431: 1897:, have applied both animation techniques. 1602:Related to rotoscoping are the methods of 1360:, the multiplane camera used for the film 1106:The cel animation process was invented by 732:.) The outline of the drawing is inked or 3189: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 2985: 2729: 2663: 2627: 2400: 2285:. Boston, MA: Thomson Course Technology. 2263: 2221: 2197: 2185: 2173: 927:Digital ink and paint has been in use at 299:Learn how and when to remove this message 281:Learn how and when to remove this message 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 3266: 2906: 2320:Computer Graphics at Stanford University 1744:, backlit animation, diffusing screens, 1264: 1151: 1097: 821: 788: 769:composite image is then photographed in 728:was later replaced with the more stable 590: 310: 3168: 3146: 2863: 2845:Harry Ransom Center Digital Collections 2753: 2698: 2651: 2375:III, Randy Miller (February 20, 2024). 2013:. In one scene of the 2007 Pixar movie 1514:Academy Award for Technical Achievement 537:While the animation is being done, the 399:Before animation begins, a preliminary 327:, here placed over the original drawing 14: 7152: 3249:Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life 3215: 2710: 2675: 2338: 2158: 1619: 603:, one picture or "frame" at a time. A 4568: 3314: 3124: 2809: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2512: 2235:"Peg bars, Animation Disk & Desk" 2120:List of animated feature-length films 1879:and western animated series, such as 1325: 720:, a contraction of the material name 4475:Films with live action and animation 3340: 2532: 2506: 2480: 2455: 2368: 2341:"Behind the Screen at Hanna-Barbera" 1769: 1184: 1147: 387:will have regular meetings with the 383:and the composition of the imagery. 219:adding citations to reliable sources 190: 128: 70: 29: 2604: 2448:from the original on Sep 29, 2022. 2417:from the original on Mar 27, 2023. 2374: 2041:Computers and digital video cameras 1939:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker 24: 6927:List of American independent films 3154:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2946:from the original on May 23, 2015. 2716: 2540:"Gallic cartoon software pro-Euro" 2432:Moltenbrey, Karen (Oct–Nov 2012). 2130:List of animated television series 1490: 1260: 1093: 670:This process is the same for both 394: 319:on the reverse side of an already 25: 7176: 7160:Audiovisual introductions in 1915 3567:Modern TV cable and streaming era 3292: 2968:from the original on Sep 27, 2020 2822:from the original on Nov 17, 2019 2688:from the original on Apr 7, 2023. 2617:from the original on Feb 5, 2024. 2313: 891: 816: 353:technique in which each frame is 45:This article has multiple issues. 7133: 7124: 7123: 4543: 4534: 4533: 3298: 3252:. Los Angeles: Disney Editions. 3201:. New York: Three Rivers Press. 2401:Robertson, Barbara (July 2002). 1920:Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas 1914:Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron 1801:How To Hook Up Your Home Theater 705: 195: 133: 75: 34: 4594: 3152:Animation from Script to Screen 3080: 3004:. July 26, 2008. Archived from 2991: 2950: 2934:freedogshampoo (Jun 29, 2007). 2927: 2907:Sobchack, Vivian Carol (2000). 2900: 2857: 2833: 2803: 2771: 2747: 2669: 2598: 2558: 2425: 2394: 2332: 2307: 1700:The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 1563:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1402:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 1363:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 753: 206:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 2513:Amidi, Amid (March 19, 2016). 2227: 2159:Sfetcu, Nicolae (7 May 2014). 2152: 1585:One Hundred and One Dalmatians 1519: 1474:One Hundred and One Dalmatians 1205:animation, especially that of 1165:How Animated Cartoons Are Made 1130: 13: 1: 4497:Most expensive animated films 4152:Direct manipulation animation 3803:Barrier-grid and stereography 3276:. London: Faber & Faber. 2810:Maher, Michael (2015-09-30). 2403:"Part 7: Movie Retrospective" 2339:Lewell, John (Mar–Apr 1985). 2241:. 14 May 2011. Archived from 2140: 2125:List of animated short series 1516:for developing this process. 1451:Disney animator and engineer 1430: 1302:National Film Board of Canada 1199:United Productions of America 1082: 929:Walt Disney Animation Studios 813:are added to the soundtrack. 627:passing the work on to their 581:Walt Disney Animation Studios 4043:Non-photorealistic rendering 2145: 1694:Looney Tunes: Back in Action 1641:(begun in 1919) cartoons by 586: 420:, and dialogue performed by 7: 3675:International Animation Day 2684:. Vol. 1, no. 3. 2239:ANIMATO Animation Equipment 2077: 1762:has a fairy sequence where 1399:was used in the filming of 566: 159:the claims made and adding 10: 7181: 6818:Classical Hollywood cinema 6007:Commedia sexy all'italiana 4915:Exploitation film template 4859:Commedia sexy all'italiana 4145:Linear Animation Generator 4048:Physically based animation 3117: 3097:10.5040/9781838710514.0007 3089:100 Animated Feature Films 2730:Ohio Rick (Feb 16, 2010), 2678:"Plympton's Metamorphoses" 2676:Segall, Mark (June 1996). 2640:Thomas & Johnston 1995 2210:Thomas & Johnston 1995 2094:Computer generated imagery 1720: 1623: 1494: 1369: 1312:'s Groovies featuring the 1091: 724:. (The original flammable 459:Design, timing, and layout 364: 7119: 6722: 6640: 6385:German underground horror 6340:Documentary Film Movement 6248:American eccentric cinema 6233: 5479: 4605: 4529: 4398: 4327: 4200: 4125: 4075: 3981: 3933: 3914: 3836: 3793: 3786: 3734:Children's animated films 3683: 3581: 3464: 3356: 3349: 2779:"Cinema: Mouse & Man" 2590:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2420:Pixar. (Premiere: (11/91) 2135:List of animation studios 1865:Atlantis: The Lost Empire 1826:Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius 1717:Special effects animation 1664:The Incredible Mr. Limpet 1626:Live-action animated film 1443:copying technique called 1421: 763: 679:special effects animation 370:Writing and storyboarding 3643:Animation film festivals 3216:Maltin, Leonard (1987). 3175:. U of Minnesota Press. 3169:LaMarre, Thomas (2009). 2913:. U of Minnesota Press. 2754:Howcast (Jan 14, 2014), 2682:Animation World Magazine 2605:Loo, Egan (2024-05-12). 2163:. MultiMedia Publishing. 2161:Animation & Cartoons 2110:Paint-on-glass animation 1435:Applied to animation by 1063:(OpenToonz), Animo, and 431:In the case of Japanese 6320:Cinema of Transgression 5454:Cinema of Transgression 4465:Twelve basic principles 4385:Instructional animation 2936:"The MultiPlane Camera" 2492:Animation World Network 2488:"USAnimation in Action" 2467:Computer Graphics World 2438:Computer Graphics World 2407:Computer Graphics World 1888:Neon Genesis Evangelion 1676:Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1087: 949:Pixar Animation Studios 940:The Rescuers Down Under 845:video cassette recorder 230:"Traditional animation" 6405:Hollywood on the Tiber 4063:Virtual cinematography 3660:Highest-grossing films 3562:Early TV broadcast era 2279:Jones, Angie. (2007). 1410:developed and used by 1278: 1168: 1103: 1073:Toon Boom Technologies 917:A Pup Named Scooby-Doo 798: 686:and phenomena such as 596: 328: 97:by rewriting it in an 6395:Grupo Cine Liberación 6335:Czechoslovak New Wave 6330:Commedia all'italiana 4677:Commedia all'italiana 4380:Independent animation 4370:Educational animation 3305:Traditional animation 2115:Rubber hose animation 2010:The Fairly OddParents 1908:The Road to El Dorado 1809:3D computer animation 1268: 1163: 1101: 994:SpongeBob SquarePants 822:Digital ink and paint 792: 756:process pioneered by 594: 332:Traditional animation 314: 7165:Animation techniques 6922:Guerrilla filmmaking 6585:Kitchen sink realism 6540:Praška filmska škola 6470:New French Extremity 6380:German Expressionist 6288:Kitchen sink realism 6153:Contemporary Western 5933:Environmental issues 5464:New French Extremity 5422:New French Extremity 5247:Softcore pornography 5242:Hardcore pornography 5109:New French Extremity 4360:Animated documentary 4192:Whiteboard animation 4085:Traditional puppetry 3729:Adult animated films 3638:Biologist simulators 3601:Animation department 3307:at Wikimedia Commons 3065:, pp. 354, 368. 2084:History of animation 1752:. For instance, the 1269:A horse animated by 1224:–nominated animator 1094:§ Ink and paint 954:Beauty and the Beast 347:hand-drawn animation 215:improve this article 6658:Children and family 6632:Yugoslav Black Wave 6505:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 6390:Nigerian Golden Age 6355:European art cinema 6258:Australian New Wave 4433:Character animation 4213:Character animation 3751:Children's animated 2999:"Nice Try, Bill..." 2224:, pp. 302–313. 2212:, pp. 280–281. 2200:, pp. 105–107. 2176:, pp. 202–203. 1620:Live-action hybrids 1344:Walt Disney Studios 1174:Gertie the Dinosaur 1020:The Powerpuff Girls 783:registration holes, 673:character animation 642:clean-up department 629:assistant animators 523:used in the score. 484:Background stylists 465:character designers 336:classical animation 6956:Major film studios 6550:Pure Film Movement 6530:Polish Film School 6430:Italian neorealist 6410:Hong Kong New Wave 6012:Mexican sex comedy 5069:German underground 4460:Creature animation 4390:Virtual newscaster 4335:Abstract animation 4167:Ink-wash animation 4157:Humanoid animation 4140:Audio-Animatronics 3704:Lost or unfinished 3628:Animation database 3606:Animation director 3041:, pp. 30, 67. 2878:10.1353/mon.0.0033 2611:Anime News Network 2100:Computer animation 2067:The Little Mermaid 1903:Jeffrey Katzenberg 1882:Ghost in the Shell 1638:Out of the Inkwell 1596:The Little Mermaid 1590:Oliver and Company 1504:The Black Cauldron 1326:Multiplane process 1279: 1275:Eadweard Muybridge 1213:"Shooting on twos" 1169: 1104: 984:Millennium Actress 934:The Little Mermaid 799: 736:onto the cel, and 646:clean-up animators 597: 540:background artists 385:Storyboard artists 359:computer animation 329: 144:possibly contains 99:encyclopedic style 86:is written like a 7147: 7146: 7086:Socialist realist 6798:Behind-the-scenes 6575:Socialist realist 6570:Spaghetti Western 6560:Romanian New Wave 6435:Japanese New Wave 6101:Sword and sorcery 6017:Nazi exploitation 5599:Mumbai underworld 5355:Planetary romance 4562: 4561: 4323: 4322: 4250:Erasure animation 4071: 4070: 3813:Limited animation 3756:Computer-animated 3694:Computer-animated 3616:Animation studios 3577: 3576: 3303:Media related to 3268:Williams, Richard 3231:978-0-4522-5993-5 3182:978-0-8166-5154-2 3172:The Anime Machine 3130:Cartoon Animation 2348:Computer Pictures 2292:978-1-59863-260-6 1770:Modern techniques 1658:Song of the South 1608:Richard Linklater 1412:Fleischer Studios 1340:multiplane camera 1201:and used in most 1193:limited animation 1185:Limited animation 1161: 1148:Pre-cel animation 1057:Toon Boom Harmony 912:multiplane camera 750:World War II 730:cellulose acetate 726:cellulose nitrate 644:, made up of the 446:Popeye the Sailor 441:Fleischer Studios 309: 308: 301: 291: 290: 283: 265: 189: 188: 181: 146:original research 127: 126: 119: 68: 16:(Redirected from 7172: 7137: 7127: 7126: 7106:Vulgar auteurism 6934:Interstitial art 6912:Hyperlink cinema 6627:Vulgar auteurism 6622:Toronto New Wave 6612:Telefoni Bianchi 6607:Sword-and-sandal 6425:Italian futurist 6420:Iranian New Wave 6283:British New Wave 6096:Sword-and-sandal 5977:Rape and revenge 5918:Mouth of Garbage 5764:Tentacle erotica 5712:Goona-goona epic 5692:Extraterrestrial 5579:Heroic bloodshed 5213:Occult detective 5044:Christmas horror 4896:Sword-and-sandal 4628:Hong Kong action 4623:Heroic bloodshed 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4517:anime franchises 4492:Cartoon violence 4480:highest grossing 4375:Erotic animation 4350:Animated cartoon 4117:Supermarionation 4090:Digital puppetry 4011:Facial animation 3931: 3930: 3791: 3790: 3664:Opening weekends 3354: 3353: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3302: 3287: 3263: 3235: 3212: 3200: 3186: 3165: 3143: 3111: 3110: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2841:"Norman O. Dawn" 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2727: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2546:. April 25, 1994 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2350:. Archived from 2345: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2089:Animated cartoon 2001:animated series 1755:Nutcracker Suite 1673:(both in 1964), 1613:A Scanner Darkly 1287:animation cycles 1247: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1162: 1010:King of the Hill 837:graphics tablets 775:animation camera 521:musical notation 304: 297: 286: 279: 275: 272: 266: 264: 223: 199: 191: 184: 177: 173: 170: 164: 161:inline citations 137: 136: 129: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7115: 7056:Semidocumentary 6981:Minimalist film 6971:Message picture 6966:Maximalist film 6860:Database cinema 6843:Computer screen 6803:Black-and-white 6728: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6636: 6592:Soviet parallel 6515:Parallel cinema 6510:Pan-Indian film 6440:Kammerspielfilm 6375:French New Wave 6295:Budapest school 6278:Brighton School 6253:New Objectivity 6235: 6229: 6198:Science fiction 5830:Bruceploitation 5739:Girls with guns 5685:Turksploitation 5559:Gentleman thief 5475: 5310:Science fiction 5156:Minimalist film 5151:Maximalist film 5129:Science fiction 5089:Japanese horror 4886:Social guidance 4601: 4593: 4563: 4558: 4525: 4487:Cartoon physics 4406:Animation music 4394: 4355:Animated sitcom 4345:Adult animation 4319: 4300:Special effects 4196: 4121: 4067: 3977: 3918: 3910: 3832: 3782: 3761:Direct-to-video 3679: 3573: 3460: 3345: 3339: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3260: 3244:Johnston, Ollie 3232: 3209: 3183: 3162: 3148:Culhane, Shamus 3140: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3008:on Oct 16, 2015 2997: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2603: 2599: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2494:. March 6, 2001 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2430: 2426: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2293: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2080: 2043: 1871:Treasure Planet 1788:graphics tablet 1772: 1730:special effects 1725: 1719: 1628: 1622: 1576:Sleeping Beauty 1522: 1499: 1493: 1491:The APT process 1462:Sleeping Beauty 1433: 1424: 1408:Setback Camera, 1372: 1328: 1319:The Flintstones 1310:Cartoon Network 1283:animation loops 1263: 1261:Animation loops 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1215: 1187: 1152: 1150: 1133: 1096: 1090: 1085: 1015:Cartoon Network 894: 847:or printing to 824: 819: 766: 708: 601:colored pencils 589: 569: 499:timing director 461: 426:post-production 397: 395:Voice recording 372: 367: 305: 294: 293: 292: 287: 276: 270: 267: 224: 222: 212: 200: 185: 174: 168: 165: 150: 138: 134: 123: 112: 106: 103: 95:help improve it 92: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7041:Reverse motion 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991:Modernist film 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6853:midnight movie 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6641:By demographic 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6580:Social realist 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6535:Poliziotteschi 6532: 6527: 6525:Poetic realist 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6480:New generation 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Modernist film 6452: 6447: 6445:L.A. Rebellion 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6310:Cinéma du look 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6223:Zapata Western 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6203:Singing cowboy 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:Dacoit Western 6155: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6039:Shoshimin-eiga 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6027:Nunsploitation 6024: 6022:Pornochanchada 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5697:Food and drink 5694: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5675:Blaxploitation 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5604:Poliziotteschi 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5459:Extreme cinema 5456: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5039:Chinese horror 5036: 5031: 5026: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4416:Mickey Mousing 4413: 4402: 4400: 4399:Related topics 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4290:Straight ahead 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Paint-on-glass 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4187:Squigglevision 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4162:Idle animation 4159: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4021:Motion capture 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3973:Onion skinning 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3828:Exposure sheet 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3746:Adult animated 3738: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3699:Feature-length 3696: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3552:The Golden Age 3549: 3543:United States 3541: 3539:United Kingdom 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3294: 3293:External links 3291: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3264: 3258: 3236: 3230: 3213: 3207: 3191:Laybourne, Kit 3187: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3138: 3126:Blair, Preston 3121: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3079: 3077:, p. 241. 3075:Laybourne 1998 3067: 3063:Laybourne 1998 3055: 3053:, p. 176. 3051:Laybourne 1998 3043: 3039:Laybourne 1998 3031: 3029:, p. 172. 3027:Laybourne 1998 3019: 2990: 2988:, p. 213. 2986:Laybourne 1998 2978: 2949: 2926: 2919: 2899: 2872:(3): 439–440. 2856: 2832: 2802: 2785:. 1937-12-27. 2770: 2746: 2715: 2713:, p. 277. 2703: 2701:, p. 187. 2691: 2668: 2666:, p. 180. 2664:Laybourne 1998 2656: 2654:, p. 212. 2644: 2632: 2630:, p. 168. 2628:Laybourne 1998 2620: 2597: 2557: 2531: 2505: 2479: 2463:"TEN-TON TOON" 2454: 2424: 2393: 2367: 2331: 2306: 2291: 2268: 2266:, p. 233. 2264:Laybourne 1998 2256: 2245:on 14 May 2011 2226: 2222:Laybourne 1998 2214: 2202: 2198:Laybourne 1998 2190: 2186:Laybourne 1998 2178: 2174:Laybourne 1998 2166: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2059:pencil testing 2042: 2039: 2034:The Dam Keeper 1771: 1768: 1718: 1715: 1652:Alice Comedies 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1521: 1518: 1495:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1384:Lotte Reiniger 1371: 1368: 1358:William Garity 1327: 1324: 1262: 1259: 1214: 1211: 1186: 1183: 1149: 1146: 1132: 1129: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1026:Ed, Edd n Eddy 893: 892:Implementation 890: 843:file, using a 823: 820: 818: 817:Modern process 815: 779:rostrum camera 777:, also called 765: 762: 712:ink and paint. 707: 704: 615:will draw the 588: 585: 568: 565: 508:exposure sheet 492:color stylists 460: 457: 396: 393: 371: 368: 366: 363: 315:Painting with 307: 306: 289: 288: 203: 201: 194: 187: 186: 141: 139: 132: 125: 124: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036:Postmodernist 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Participatory 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6996:Musical short 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:Found footage 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Cinéma vérité 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729:or production 6721: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:Prussian film 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:New Nollywood 6488: 6486: 6485:New Hollywood 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Cannibal boom 6303: 6301: 6300:Calligrafismo 6298: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268:Berlin School 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Weird Western 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Slice of life 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:Bavarian porn 6000: 5999: 5998: 5997:Sexploitation 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:Partisan film 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Muslim social 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5904:Zombie comedy 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Giant monster 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Mexploitation 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Coming-of-age 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449:Transgressive 5447: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Psychological 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Slice of life 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Psychological 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Korean horror 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5064:Found footage 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953:Magic realism 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Sexploitation 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Calligrafismo 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:City symphony 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Bouncing ball 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Hydrotechnics 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245:Drawn-on-film 4243: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201:Other methods 4199: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4172:Magic Lantern 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Virtual human 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4031:hand tracking 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:clay painting 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:international 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451:United States 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3240:Thomas, Frank 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3222:Penguin Books 3219: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3108: 3106:9781838710514 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2920:9780816633197 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2642:, p. 30. 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2357:on 2017-07-03 2353: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2321: 2317: 2314:Levoy, Marc. 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2188:, p. xv. 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1994:American Dad! 1990: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1957:Mirror's Edge 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1933:Viewtiful Joe 1929: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781:digital video 1777: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:grease pencil 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643:Max Fleischer 1640: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1529:Max Fleischer 1526: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441:electrostatic 1438: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314:Soul Coughing 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Academy Award 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1255:Studio Ghibli 1252: 1227: 1226:Bill Plympton 1223: 1222:Academy Award 1219: 1210: 1208: 1207:Hanna-Barbera 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114:in 1915. The 1113: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Bill Plympton 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 986: 985: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 935: 930: 925: 923: 919: 918: 913: 909: 908: 902: 898: 897:Hanna-Barbera 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 814: 812: 811:sound effects 806: 803: 796: 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 773:by a special 772: 761: 759: 755: 751: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 706:Ink and paint 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680: 675: 674: 668: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 618: 614: 613:lead animator 610: 606: 602: 593: 584: 582: 578: 574: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553:acrylic paint 550: 546: 542: 541: 535: 533: 528: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 488:art directors 485: 481: 480: 475: 470: 466: 456: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 418:sound effects 415: 410: 406: 405:scratch track 402: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 342: 337: 333: 326: 322: 318: 317:acrylic paint 313: 303: 300: 285: 282: 274: 263: 260: 256: 253: 249: 246: 242: 239: 235: 232: – 231: 227: 226:Find sources: 220: 216: 210: 209: 204:This article 202: 198: 193: 192: 183: 180: 172: 162: 158: 154: 148: 147: 142:This article 140: 131: 130: 121: 118: 110: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 18:Cel animation 6875:Experimental 6870:Ethnofiction 6775: 6617:Third Cinema 6520:Persian Film 6263:Auteur films 6234:By movement 6091:Swashbuckler 5950:Ozploitation 5945:Outlaw biker 5825:Martial arts 5820:Magical girl 5670:Exploitation 5665:Ethnographic 5594:Mafia comedy 5237:Pornographic 5114:Psycho-biddy 5099:Lovecraftian 4933:Contemporary 4914: 4908:Exploitation 4903:Experimental 4783:Mockumentary 4652:Biographical 4512:anime series 4470:Motion comic 4339:visual music 4285:Pose to pose 4260:Inbetweening 4240:Chuckimation 4182:Shadowmation 4135:Animatronics 4036:eye tracking 4016:Morph target 3968:Multi-sketch 3794: 3719:Short series 3633:Art pipeline 3611:Story artist 3557:World War II 3426:South Africa 3283:057-120228-4 3272: 3259:078-686070-7 3247: 3217: 3208:051-788602-2 3196: 3170: 3161:031-205052-6 3151: 3139:156-010084-2 3129: 3088: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010:. 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