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The closer the tree to the orchard the greater impact removal will have. Removing all junipers within the 4â5 miles (6.5â8 km) would provide complete control of the disease. Additionally, pruning and disposing of galls from infected cedar trees would reduce sources of inoculum for infection of apple trees, however this would likely be time consuming and uneconomical. For those doing bonsai, it is common to have the trees within feet of each other and on the central eastern seaboard of the United States, eastern red cedar is a common first-growth
271:
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released from the cedar host in mid-spring. If cedar apple rust disease is diagnosed on apple fruits and leaves it is far too late to spray. Although curative fungicides also exist for cedar apple rust, they must still be applied before trees begin to develop symptoms. Systemic fungicides are available as well, which require fewer sprays during the season. However, there are no fungicides available to home gardeners that can be used on trees that produce fruit which will be eaten by people.
231:
red and may show concentric rings of color. Drops of orange liquid may be visible on the spots. Later in the season, black dots appear on the orange spots on the upper leaf surface. In late summer, tube-like structures develop on the undersurface of the apple leaf. Infected leaves sometimes drop prematurely, particularly during drought conditions or when the tree is under additional stress. Infections on fruit are usually near the blossom end and are somewhat similar to the leaf lesions.
326:
place in as little as two hours under favorable conditions. Heavy infections take at least four hours to develop. Lower temperatures delay infection. Yellow-orange lesions develop on the upper sides of leaves or on fruit one to two weeks following infection. These lesions contain pycnia and pycniospores. These lesions will produce a sticky honeydew like substance to attract insects that assist in the transport of the pycniospores to different lesions, allowing for sexual recombination.
485:
312:
44:
385:, 'Stayman', 'Jonafree' and 'York Imperial' are susceptible. 'Grimes Golden', 'Red Delicious', 'Winesap', 'Redfree', 'McIntosh', 'Liberty', and 'Priscilla' are resistant. Crabapples are generally more susceptible than apples. Resistant crabapples include 'Adams', 'Beverly', 'Candied Apple', 'Dolgo', 'Donald Wyman', 'Eleyi', 'Inglis', 'Indian Summer', 'Liset', 'Mt. Arbor',
365:.) Rust fungi have a complicated life-cycle with up to five types of spores (each borne on a different type of structure) in its life cycle and often an alternate host, and an "alternate alternate host" as well. Basidiomycetes that have all 5 spore stages and those with less are said to be "macrocyclic" or "microcyclic" respectively.
442:
Fungicide sprays applied in a timely manner are highly effective against the rust diseases during the apple cycle. Most protective fungicide sprays are applied four times at 7- to 10-day intervals, starting with pink bud on crabapples. These applications are to protect the apples from spores being
325:
Wind carries the spores to apple leaves at about the time that apple buds are in the pink or early blossom stage. Upon reaching apple buds or leaves covered by films of water, the spores attach themselves to the young leaves, germinate, and enter the leaf or fruit tissues. Light infection can take
373:
Because apples are an economically important crop, control is usually focused there. Interruption of the disease cycle is the only effective method for control of the cedar apple rust. Removing as many cedar trees within close proximity of an apple orchard will reduce potential sources of inoculum.
254:
inch (13 mm), the galls show many small circular depressions. In the center of each depression is a small, pimple-like structure. In the spring these structures absorb water during rainy periods and elongate into orange gelatinous telial horns that are 10â20 mm long. The wind carries the
230:
On the apple tree, the infections occur on leaves, fruit and young twigs. The brightly colored spots produced on the leaves make it easy to identify. Small, yellow-orange spots appear on the upper surfaces of the leaves, anytime from April to June. These spots gradually enlarge and turn orange or
307:
which are forcibly discharged and travel along air currents to infect apple trees and other alternate hosts. The telial horns will dry out once the rain passes and will lose their gelatinous appearance, instead resembling dark brown threads. When the rain returns, the horns will swell again. This
333:. The wind carries the spores back to eastern red cedars, completing the infectious cycle. The spores land on cedar needle bases or in cracks or crevices of twigs. There, they germinate and produce small, green-brown swellings about the size of a pea.
262:, the sizes of the infections are reduced. Early in the infection, the galls are small bumps on the woody portions of the plant. They maintain the orange gelatinous form after the first warm rains of spring but generally on a greatly reduced scale.
210:) coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars. Apples, crabapples, and eastern red cedar are the most common hosts for this disease. Similar diseases can be found on
329:
One to two months later, in July and August, orange-yellow aecia are produced in concentric rings on the bottom of the apple leaves or surrounding the pycnia on the fruit. The aecia produce
337:
do not produce spores until the second spring. However, mature galls usually are present every year. This fungus produces four out of five of the spores known to be produced by the class
308:
process can repeat eight to ten times during the spring. It can take as little as four hours for basidiospores to form inside the telial horns under optimal conditions.
864:
472:
499:
742:Ărsted, A.S. (1963) Om Sygdomme hos Planterne, som foraarsages af Snyltesvampe, navnlig om Rust og Brand og om Midlerne til deres Forebyggelse. Kjøbenhavn.
299:
When exposed to the first warm rain of spring, the small bumps on the galls absorb water, swell, and produce telial horns âgelatinous masses that produce
454:
538:
439:, and 'Winter King'. The resistant varieties are less susceptible to attack, but that does not mean that they are free from an aggressive attack.
984:
828:
655:
1108:
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255:
microscopic spores to infect apple leaves, blossoms, fruit and young twigs on trees within a radius of several miles of the infected tree.
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292:
growing near orchards. The complex disease cycle of cedar apple rust, alternating between two host plants, was first delineated by
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886:
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933:"Suppression of Cedar Apple Rust Pycnia on Apple Leaves Following Postinfection Applications of Fenarimol and Triforine"
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1211:
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17:
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64:
1226:
685:"Environmental Factors Influencing the Discharge of Basidiospores of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae"
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659:
1175:
1074:
381:
There are differences in the susceptibility of various apple varieties. 'Jonathan', 'Rome Beauty',
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962:
Neely, Dan (March 1983). "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF CEDAR-APPLE AND CEDAR-HAWTHORN RUSTS".
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775:(Second ed.). St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society. pp. 15â17.
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Close-up on a telial horn: It is full of teliospores (visible as tiny orange spots)
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Sutton, Turner B.; Walgenbach, James F.; Aldwinckle, H. S.; Agnello, A. (2014).
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On the eastern red cedar host, the fungus produces reddish-brown galls from
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to 2 inches (6 to 50 mm). After reaching a diameter of about
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Gordon Grice, âPondering a
Parasite,â Discover, July 2008, 54-56.
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219:
1048:
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857:"Table of Apple Cultivar Susceptibility to Cedar-Apple Rust"
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258:
On other species of juniper more common in landscaping and
395:, 'Tina', 'Snowdrift', and 'Special Radiant'. Resistant
303:. When swollen, teliospores will germinate and produce
389:, 'Red Jewel', 'Robinson', 'Robusta', 'Royalty',
1203:
517:Cedar apple rust on a crab apple showing stomata
505:Cedar apple rust on a crab apple showing stomata
772:Compendium of apple and pear diseases and pests
274:Depiction of the life cycle of cedar apple rust
596:"Cedar-apple rust and related rust diseases"
361:. The type of spore it does not produce is
222:can substitute for the eastern red cedars.
42:
863:. Extension Foundation. August 22, 2019.
310:
288:that spend part of their life cycles on
278:Cedar apple rust is caused by the fungi
269:
930:
682:
14:
1204:
916:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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630:Agrios, George N. (January 10, 2005).
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341:during its life cycle. (These include
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961:
851:
849:
1176:6a84c78e-3925-4155-9661-d570dcb6e791
1007:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
987:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
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286:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
187:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
169:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
36:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
809:Missouri Department of Conservation
24:
1222:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
846:
460:Another gall on eastern redcedar (
194:. In virtually any location where
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867:from the original on May 18, 2021
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190:is a plant pathogen that causes
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717:Brazee, N. J. (March 6, 2015).
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634:. Elsevier. pp. 574â576.
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13:
1:
632:Plant Pathology - 5th Edition
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51:Galls of cedar-apple rust on
831:. 2007-11-12. Archived from
151:G. juniperi-virginianae
7:
315:Gall on eastern red cedar (
225:
10:
1253:
446:
368:
1005:
204:) and eastern red cedar (
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158:
60:Scientific classification
58:
50:
41:
34:
964:Journal of Arboriculture
1212:Fungi described in 1822
931:Pearson, R. C. (1978).
683:Pearson, R. C. (1980).
1217:Fungi of North America
544:Cedar apple rust on a
529:Cedar apple rust on a
322:
275:
949:10.1094/Phyto-68-1805
314:
284:or more specifically
273:
701:10.1094/Phyto-70-262
546:J. procumbens 'Nana'
463:Juniperus virginiana
318:Juniperus virginiana
294:Anders Sandøe Ărsted
218:and many species of
207:Juniperus virginiana
1227:Apple tree diseases
401:(Hawthorn) include
985:Cedar-Apple Rust,
829:"Cedar-apple Rust"
805:"Cedar-Apple Rust"
719:"Cedar-apple rust"
656:"Cedar-apple Rust"
323:
290:Eastern Red Cedars
276:
127:Gymnosporangiaceae
1199:
1198:
1184:Open Tree of Life
999:Taxon identifiers
782:978-0-89054-430-3
600:extension.umn.edu
378:along roadsides.
183:
182:
53:eastern red cedar
27:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
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192:cedar-apple rust
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18:Cedar apple rust
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387:M. persicifolia
371:
339:Urediniomycetes
281:Gymnosporangium
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236:
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228:
198:or crabapples (
179:
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138:Gymnosporangium
107:Pucciniomycetes
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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353:(also called
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160:Binomial name
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943:(12): 1805.
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901:. Retrieved
894:the original
881:
869:. Retrieved
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837:. Retrieved
833:the original
823:
812:. Retrieved
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799:
771:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:
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664:. Retrieved
660:the original
650:
631:
603:. Retrieved
599:
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561:telial horns
545:
461:
441:
434:
428:
422:
419:Autumn Glory
414:C. laevigata
412:
408:
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392:M. sargentii
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355:pycniospores
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168:
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150:
149:
137:
35:
29:
1232:Pucciniales
1135:NatureServe
1096:iNaturalist
970:(3): 85â87.
490:Two-celled
430:C. pruinosa
359:aeciospores
343:teliospores
331:aeciospores
301:teliospores
117:Pucciniales
1206:Categories
903:2010-08-23
839:2023-05-05
814:2023-05-05
695:(3): 262.
666:2008-01-17
605:2022-05-07
568:References
559:Gall with
492:teliospore
436:C. viridis
409:Intricatae
93:Division:
1140:2.1157051
791:861322865
407:, series
398:Crataegus
383:'Wealthy'
351:spermatia
145:Species:
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
1122:MycoBank
1114:10644254
1070:Fungorum
1022:Q5625087
1016:Wikidata
912:cite web
865:Archived
226:Symptoms
216:hawthorn
176:Schwein.
123:Family:
73:Domain:
1088:2516181
1049:1030874
447:Gallery
376:conifer
369:Control
249:⁄
239:⁄
220:juniper
133:Genus:
113:Order:
103:Class:
1189:776173
1173:NZOR:
1166:198655
1127:140481
1101:121687
1075:140481
1062:GYMNJV
871:May 5,
861:Apples
789:
779:
638:
357:, and
260:bonsai
212:quince
196:apples
178:(1822)
1109:IRMNG
1036:6L7WH
897:(PDF)
890:(PDF)
728:5 May
335:Galls
201:Malus
87:Fungi
1161:NCBI
1083:GBIF
1057:EPPO
918:link
873:2022
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
730:2023
636:ISBN
214:and
1148:NBN
1044:EoL
1031:CoL
945:doi
697:doi
421:',
417:, '
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669:.
644:.
608:.
466:)
251:2
247:1
241:4
237:1
20:)
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