41:
551:(from compression of the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve), ophthalmic sensory loss (from compression of the ophthalmic nerve), and maxillary sensory loss (from compression of the maxillary nerve). A complete lesion of the cavernous sinus disrupts CN III, IV, and VI, causing total ophthalmoplegia, usually accompanied by a fixed, dilated pupil. Involvement of CN V (V
29:
238:) and VI all pass through this blood filled space. Both sides of cavernous sinus are connected to each other via intercavernous sinuses. The cavernous sinus lies in between the inner and outer layers of
796:"Cavernous Sinus Invasion in Pituitary Adenomas: Systematic Review and Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Criteria and Comparison of Endoscopic and Microscopic Surgery"
498:
and from superficial cortical veins, and is connected to the basilar plexus of veins posteriorly. The cavernous sinus drains by two larger channels, the superior and
150:
917:
563:
can also occur due to involvement of the carotid ocular sympathetics, but may be difficult to appreciate in the setting of a complete third nerve injury.
867:
126:
637:), and fungal infections. Cavernous sinus syndrome is a medical emergency, requiring prompt medical attention, diagnosis, and treatment.
910:
742:
590:. Infections may also be introduced by facial lacerations and by bursting pimples in the areas drained by the facial vein.
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518:
travels completely through a venous structure. If the internal carotid artery ruptures within the cavernous sinus, an
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1075:
337:
889:
528:). Lesions affecting the cavernous sinus may affect isolated nerves or all the nerves traversing through it.
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145:
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396:
210:
The cavernous sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses of the head. It is a network of veins that sit in a
861:
388:
Apart from the blood which passes through a venous sinus, several anatomical structures, including some
1544:
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1061:
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626:
583:
502:, ultimately into the internal jugular vein via the sigmoid sinus, also draining with emissary vein to
462:. The maxillary branch passes external to, but immediately adjacent to, the lateral wall of the sinus.
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971:
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574:, it is possible to get infections in the cavernous sinus from an external facial injury within the
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260:
227:
85:
81:
870:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Venous dural sinuses."
1502:
1328:
1239:
681:
Yasuda; et al. (Jun 2008). "Microsurgical anatomy and approaches to the cavernous sinus".
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133:
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of the facial vein, pieces of the clot may break off and enter the cavernous sinus, forming a
543:, will expand in the direction of least resistance and eventually invade the cavernous sinus.
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of the trigeminal nerve travels through the lower portion of the sinus and exits via the
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Blumenfeld, H, Neuroanatomy through clinical cases. Sinauer
Associates, Inc., 2002.
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Kumar, P. & Clark, M. Clinical
Medicine, 6th ed. London: W.B. Saunders; 2005.
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lies just above and outside the cavernous sinus, superior and lateral to the
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lies between the two paired cavernous sinuses. An abnormally growing
45:
The sinuses at the base of the skull. Cavernous sinus labeled in red
614:
395:
Structures within the outer (lateral) wall of the compartment from
559:) causes sensory loss in these divisions of the trigeminal nerve.
40:
222:, approximately 1 × 2 cm in size in an adult. The
735:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
515:
490:
As a venous sinus, the cavernous sinus receives blood from the
28:
886:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
732:
293:
97:
934:
926:
733:
Susan
Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008).
625:, bacterial infection causing cavernous sinus thrombosis,
514:
It is the only anatomic location in the body in which an
547:
may result from mass effect of these tumors and cause
427:
Structures passing through the midline (medial) wall:
593:
Potential causes of cavernous sinus syndrome include
473:on each side, and enters the orbital apex via the
392:and their branches, also pass through the sinus.
1531:
737:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
33:Cavernous sinus (center, labeled "SIN. CAVERN.")
925:
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586:. From there the infection may spread to the
793:
773:(Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 88.
892:at the University of Michigan Health System
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230:, and cranial nerves III, IV, V (branches V
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876:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
319:The cavernous sinus receives blood from:
751:
717:
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446:These nerves, with the exception of CN V
831:
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368:). There are also connections with the
1532:
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674:
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768:
566:Because of its connections with the
279:pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri)
245:
178:within the human head is one of the
794:Dhandapani, S; et, al. (Dec 2016).
671:
270:, and the junction of the body and
13:
695:10.1227/01.neu.0000333790.90972.59
627:aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis
485:
68:superior ophthalmic vein
14:
1556:
851:
524:is created (more specifically, a
454:. The maxillary nerve, division V
338:Superficial middle cerebral veins
862:grossanatomy/h_n/cn/dvs/dvs3.htm
214:. It sits on both sides of the
838:
787:
771:Anatomy for diagnostic imaging
1:
769:Ryan, Stephanie (2011). "2".
664:
555:and variable involvement of V
272:greater wing of sphenoid bone
182:creating a cavity called the
303:, and the apex of the orbit.
205:
7:
640:
480:
383:
348:Blood leaves the sinus via
10:
1561:
1540:Veins of the head and neck
1482:suboccipital venous plexus
812:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.088
654:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
644:
584:cavernous sinus thrombosis
184:lateral sellar compartment
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1188:
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987:
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941:
623:carotid-cavernous fistula
526:carotid-cavernous fistula
500:inferior petrosal sinuses
496:inferior ophthalmic veins
354:inferior petrosal sinuses
328:inferior ophthalmic veins
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
91:
77:
55:
50:
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878:Medical Subject Headings
868:Anatomy figure: 28:03-06
572:superior ophthalmic vein
545:Cavernous sinus syndrome
452:superior orbital fissure
374:inferior ophthalmic vein
301:superior orbital fissure
72:inferior ophthalmic vein
1322:internal auditory veins
1132:superior thalamostriate
576:danger area of the face
441:internal carotid plexus
437:Internal carotid artery
343:Inferior cerebral veins
261:internal carotid artery
228:internal carotid artery
86:superior petrosal sinus
82:Inferior petrosal sinus
16:Sinus in the human head
689:(6 Suppl 3): 1240–63.
647:anatomical terminology
617:of the intracavernous
599:nasopharyngeal tumours
597:, direct extension of
539:, sitting on the bony
158:Anatomical terminology
631:granulomatous disease
521:arteriovenous fistula
510:Clinical significance
362:foramina of the skull
308:petrous temporal bone
306:Posteriorly: apex of
1092:superior anastomotic
1086:inferior anastomotic
972:superficial temporal
659:Dural venous sinuses
635:Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
588:dural venous sinuses
397:superior to inferior
380:and emissary veins.
333:Sphenoparietal sinus
283:sphenoidal air sinus
180:dural venous sinuses
64:sphenoparietal sinus
60:Middle cerebral vein
1272:inferior ophthalmic
1245:superior ophthalmic
1015:jugular venous arch
1000:transverse cervical
995:posterior auricular
890:Atlas image: n3a8p1
578:. In patients with
439:accompanied by the
356:as well as via the
1508:inferior laryngeal
1475:occipital emissary
1432:superior laryngeal
1076:superficial middle
977:anterior auricular
645:This article uses
611:pituitary apoplexy
418:maxillary branches
315:Venous connections
1545:Medical mnemonics
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1447:
1446:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1312:inferior petrosal
1307:superior petrosal
1209:inferior sagittal
1199:superior sagittal
1152:
1151:
1025:
1024:
744:978-0-8089-2371-8
595:metastatic tumors
561:Horner's syndrome
537:pituitary adenoma
246:Nearby structures
198:, lateral to the
172:
171:
167:
1552:
1503:inferior thyroid
1458:
1457:
1427:superior thyroid
1186:
1185:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1031:Internal jugular
1010:anterior jugular
965:pterygoid plexus
948:
947:
943:External jugular
920:
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842:
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715:
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607:pituitary tumors
580:thrombophlebitis
504:pterygoid plexus
460:foramen rotundum
422:trigeminal nerve
404:Oculomotor nerve
378:deep facial vein
370:pterygoid plexus
364:(mostly through
186:bordered by the
164:edit on Wikidata
161:
103:sinus cavernosus
43:
31:
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18:
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1453:Brachiocephalic
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1379:inferior labial
1374:superior labial
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1265:vorticose veins
1255:central retinal
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952:Retromandibular
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874:Cavernous+Sinus
858:MedEd at Loyola
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800:World Neurosurg
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533:pituitary gland
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486:Venous drainage
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471:pituitary gland
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409:Trochlear nerve
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268:foramen lacerum
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220:pituitary gland
216:sphenoidal bone
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176:cavernous sinus
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22:Cavernous sinus
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1364:supraorbital
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266:Inferiorly:
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127:A12.3.05.116
102:
1384:deep facial
1260:nasofrontal
1127:deep middle
1062:Superficial
568:facial vein
475:optic canal
467:optic nerve
288:Laterally:
253:optic tract
92:Identifiers
1534:Categories
1422:pharyngeal
1415:sublingual
1295:transverse
1158:Cerebellar
665:References
603:meningioma
414:Ophthalmic
277:Medially:
240:dura mater
1470:occipital
1462:Vertebral
1250:ethmoidal
1216:occipital
1094:(Trolard)
960:maxillary
806:: 36–46.
615:aneurysms
206:Structure
78:Drains to
1329:condylar
1204:straight
1171:inferior
1166:superior
1117:internal
1081:inferior
1071:superior
1053:Cerebral
820:27591098
711:21204727
703:18695545
641:See also
570:via the
492:superior
481:Function
384:Contents
350:superior
324:Superior
194:and the
1400:lingual
1369:angular
1359:frontal
1291:sigmoid
1181:Sinuses
1137:choroid
1088:(Labbé)
1040:Diploic
929:of the
884:lesson2
420:of the
251:Above:
226:of the
190:of the
115:D002426
51:Details
1515:thymic
1496:Direct
1393:Direct
1347:Facial
1142:septal
988:Direct
880:(MeSH)
818:
777:
741:
709:
701:
516:artery
281:, and
212:cavity
56:Source
1122:basal
1112:great
1044:brain
927:Veins
707:S2CID
294:uncus
292:with
234:and V
192:skull
162:[
151:50772
98:Latin
1103:Deep
935:neck
933:and
931:head
816:PMID
775:ISBN
739:ISBN
699:PMID
531:The
494:and
465:The
416:and
352:and
326:and
218:and
174:The
139:4860
122:TA98
110:MeSH
1283:IJV
1281:To
1225:To
1191:COS
1189:To
808:doi
691:doi
609:or
146:FMA
134:TA2
1536::
1293::
1227:CS
828:^
814:.
804:96
802:.
798:.
753:^
719:^
705:.
697:.
687:62
685:.
673:^
621:,
613:,
605:,
601:,
506:.
477:.
399::
376:,
259:,
255:,
242:.
202:.
84:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
1349:/
1105::
1064::
1042:/
919:e
912:t
905:v
822:.
810::
783:.
747:.
713:.
693::
649:.
633:(
557:2
553:1
456:2
448:2
310:.
296:.
285:.
274:.
263:.
236:2
232:1
166:]
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