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initial small failure eroded older deposits from the volcano and incorporated additional water and wet sediment from along its path, increasing in volume about ninefold. The lahar killed more than 2,000 people as it swept over the towns of El
Porvenir and Rolando Rodriguez at the base of the mountain. Debris avalanches commonly occur at the same time as an eruption, but occasionally they may be triggered by other factors such as a seismic shock or heavy rainfall. They are particularly common on strato volcanoes, which can be massively destructive due to their large size. The most famous debris avalanche occurred at Mount St Helens during the massive eruption in 1980. On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. local time, a magnitude 5.1 earthquake shook Mount St. Helens. The bulge and surrounding area slid away in a gigantic rockslide and debris avalanche, releasing pressure, and triggering a major pumice and ash eruption of the volcano. The debris avalanche had a volume of about 1 km (0.24 cu mi), traveled at 50 to 80 m/s (110 to 180 mph), and covered an area of 62 km (24 sq mi), killing 57 people.
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slides of rock fragments that form on steep slopes. However, almost every other type of landslide is possible, including highly disaggregated and fast-moving falls; more coherent and slower-moving slumps, block slides, and earth slides; and lateral spreads and flows that involve partly to completely liquefied material (Keefer, 1999). Rock falls, disrupted rock slides, and disrupted slides of earth and debris are the most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides, whereas
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rotational and translational slides affecting clayey and silty-clayey formations. In this case, several weeks and 200 mm of precipitation were needed to cause landslide reactivation. A similar approach is reported by Brand et al. (1988) for Hong Kong, who found that if the 24-hour antecedent rainfall exceeded 200 mm then the rainfall threshold for a large landslide event was 70 mm·h. Finally, Caine (1980) established a worldwide threshold:
1912:. Figure A illustrates the forces acting on an unstable block on a slope. Movement is driven by shear stress, which is generated by the mass of the block acting under gravity down the slope. Resistance to movement is the result of the normal load. When the slope fills with water, the fluid pressure provides the block with buoyancy, reducing the resistance to movement. In addition, in some cases fluid pressures can act down the slope as a result of
2107:, in which the shaking causes a reduction in the pore space of the material. This densification drives up the pore pressure in the material. In some cases this can change a granular material into what is effectively a liquid, generating 'flow slides' that can be rapid and thus very damaging. Alternatively, the increase in pore pressure can reduce the normal stress in the slope, allowing the activation of translational and rotational failures.
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noted landslides can occur catastrophically, or that movement on the surface can be gradual and progressive. Falls (isolated blocks in free-fall), topples (material coming away by rotation from a vertical face), spreads (a form of subsidence), flows (fluidised material in motion), and creep (slow, distributed movement in the subsurface) are all explicitly excluded from the term landslide.
339:
factors, sometimes very subjective. In the following write-up, factors are discussed by dividing them into two groups: the first one is made up of the criteria utilised in the most widespread classification systems that can generally be easily determined. The second one is formed by those factors that have been utilised in some classifications and can be useful in descriptions.
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1989:, found that for rainfall of short duration (about 1 hour) intensities of greater than 36 mm/h were required to trigger landslides. On the other hand, for long rainfall durations, low average intensities of about 3 mm/h appeared to be sufficient to cause landsliding as the storm duration approached approximately 100 hours.
1166:
1544:
2020:
This threshold applies over time periods of 10 minutes to 10 days. It is possible to modify the formula to take into consideration areas with high mean annual precipitations by considering the proportion of mean annual precipitation represented by any individual event. Other techniques can be used to
2004:
and weathered rocks. A rainfall threshold of around 190 mm in 24 h initiated failures whereas more than 300 mm in 24-48 h were needed to cause widespread shallow landsliding. With antecedent rain, moderate intensity precipitation of at least 40 mm in 24 h reactivated mudslides and both
2171:
can be a key mechanism by which landslide initiation can occur. This can be especially significant when sudden increases in temperature lead to rapid melting of the snow pack. This water can then infiltrate into the ground, which may have impermeable layers below the surface due to still-frozen soil
1820:
of the rock - at some point the material becomes so weak that failure must occur. Hence, the trigger is the weathering process, but this is not detectable externally. In most cases a trigger is thought as an external stimulus that induces an immediate or near-immediate response in the slope, in this
802:
Under this definition, landslides are restricted to "the movement... of shear strain and displacement along one or several surfaces that are visible or may reasonably be inferred, or within a relatively narrow zone", i.e., the movement is localised to a single failure plane within the subsurface. He
406:
The classification of a landslide based on its activity is particularly relevant in the evaluation of future events. The recommendations of the WP/WLI (1993) define the concept of activity with reference to the spatial and temporal conditions, defining the state, the distribution and the style. The
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Some of the largest and most destructive landslides known have been associated with volcanoes. These can occur either in association with the eruption of the volcano itself, or as a result of mobilisation of the very weak deposits that are formed as a consequence of volcanic activity. Essentially,
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of the landslide mass during the accelerations. These processes are complex, but can be sufficient to induce failure of the slope. These processes can be much more serious in mountainous areas in which the seismic waves interact with the terrain to produce increases in the magnitude of the ground
1864:
The importance of rainfall as a trigger for landslides cannot be overestimated. A global survey of landslide occurrence in the 12 months to the end of
September 2003 revealed that there were 210 damaging landslide events worldwide. Of these, over 90% were triggered by heavy rainfall. One rainfall
320:
to becoming unstable. The trigger is the single event that finally initiated the landslide. Thus, causes combine to make a slope vulnerable to failure, and the trigger finally initiates the movement. Landslides can have many causes but can only have one trigger. Usually, it is relatively easy to
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For the main part seismically generated landslides usually do not differ in their morphology and internal processes from those generated under non-seismic conditions. However, they tend to be more widespread and sudden. The most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides are rock falls and
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In some cases, failures are triggered as a result of undercutting of the slope by a river, especially during a flood. This undercutting serves both to increase the gradient of the slope, reducing stability, and to remove toe weighting, which also decreases stability. For example, in Nepal this
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during its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. Failures on volcanic flanks themselves are also common. For example, a part of the side of Casita
Volcano in Nicaragua collapsed on October 30, 1998, during the heavy precipitation associated with the passage of Hurricane Mitch. Debris from the
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at the Earth's surface. In 1978, in a very highly cited publication, David Varnes noted this imprecise usage and proposed a new, much tighter scheme for the classification of mass movements and subsidence processes. This scheme was later modified by Cruden and Varnes in 1996, and influentially
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classification, there are great difficulties because phenomena are not perfectly repeatable; usually being characterised by different causes, movements and morphology, and involving genetically different material. For this reason, landslide classifications are based on different discriminating
2260:, there is a greater elevation difference between the soil level and the hard bedrock. With the introduction of water and the thick soil, there is less cohesion and the soil flows out in a landslide. With every landslide more bedrock is scoured out and the hollow becomes deeper. After time,
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Rapid changes in the groundwater level along a slope can also trigger landslides. This is often the case where a slope is adjacent to a water body or a river. When the water level adjacent to the slope falls rapidly the groundwater level frequently cannot dissipate quickly enough, leaving an
546:
With these criteria, landslides can be identified with a system similar to that of the denomination of formations. Consequently, it is possible to describe a landslide using the name of a site. In particular, the name will be that of the locality where the landslide happened with a specific
806:
Under the scheme, landslides are sub-classified by the material that moves, and by the form of the plane or planes on which movement happens. The planes may be broadly parallel to the surface ("translational slides") or spoon-shaped ("rotational slides"). Material may be rock or
407:
first term describes the information regarding the time in which the movement took place, permitting information to be available on future evolution, the second term describes, in a general way, where the landslide is moving and the third term indicates how it is moving.
1811:
1991. It is unclear as to whether the lack of a trigger in such cases is the result of some unknown process acting within the landslide, or whether there was in fact a trigger, but it cannot be determined. The trigger may be due to a slow but steady decrease in material
316:. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time and may be considered to be factors that made the slope vulnerable to failure, that predispose the
580:, the external causes generally induce an increase of shear stress, so that block or bodies are no longer stable. The triggering causes induce the movement of the mass. Predisposition to movement due to control factors is determining in landslide evolution.
575:
is an important step. Terzaghi describes causes as "internal" and "external" referring to modifications in the conditions of the stability of the bodies. Whilst the internal causes induce modifications in the material itself which decrease its resistance to
2235:
erosion occurs along the channel. Immediately after the passage of flood waves extensive landsliding often occurs. This instability can continue to occur for a long time afterwards, especially during subsequent periods of heavy rain and flood events.
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failure, which can cause fissuring or subsidence of the ground. Liquefaction involves the temporary loss of strength of sands and silts which behave as viscous fluids rather than as soils. This can have devastating effects during large earthquakes.
529:
This criterion describes, in a general way, the location of landslides in the physiographic context of the area. Some authors have therefore identified landslides according to their geographical position so that it is possible to describe
2208:
Groundwater conditions on the falling limb of the hydrograph. If the fall in river levels is sufficiently rapid then the high water levels in the slope can provide a hydraulic push that destabilises the slope, sometimes triggering bank
2189:
artificially high water table. This subjects the slope to higher than normal shear stresses, leading to potential instability. This is probably the most important mechanism by which river bank materials fail, being significant after a
1551:
This visualization shows rainfall-triggered landslides over population data from
January 1, 2015, through Dec 3, 2015. April 25, 2015 the deadly Gorkha earthquake struck Nepal and caused a deadly landslide that killed an additional 60
2094:
amplification'. The maximum acceleration is usually seen at the crest of the slope or along the ridge line, meaning that it is a characteristic of seismically triggered landslides that they extend to the top of the slope.
333:
classification systems to describe natural phenomena or individuals, like for example, plants or animals. These systems are based on specific characteristics like shape of organs or nature of reproduction. Differently, in
2221:
failure, when a rapid decline in lake level contributed to the occurrence of a landslide that killed over 2000 people. Numerous huge landslides also occurred in the Three Gorges (TG) after the construction of the TG dam.
1984:
with a total precipitation of 100–200 mm, about 14 mm of rain per hour for several hours, or 2–3 mm of rain per hour for about 100 hours can trigger landslides in that environment. Rafi Ahmad, working in
1543:
2307:
Varnes D. J., Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster R. L. & Krizek R. J. Ed., Landslides, analysis and control. Transportation
Research Board Sp. Rep. No. 176, Nat. Acad. oi Sciences, pp. 11–33,
839:" the detachment of soil or rock from a steep slope along a surface on which little or no shear displacement takes place. The material then descends mainly through the air by falling, bouncing, or rolling"
2084:
load on the slope. So, for example, vertical accelerations successively increase and decrease the normal load acting on the slope. Similarly, horizontal accelerations induce a shearing force due to the
1203:"Flow movements in bedrock include deformations that are distributed among many large or small fractures, or even microfracture, without concentration of displacement along a through-going fracture"
1182:
is a spatially continuous movement in which surfaces of shear are short-lived, closely spaced, and usually not preserved. The distribution of velocities in the displacing mass resembles that in a
1821:
case in the form of the movement of the landslide. Generally, this movement is induced either because the stresses in the slope are altered by increasing shear stress or decreasing the effective
613:
refined by
Hutchinson (1988) and Hungr et al. (2001). This full scheme results in the following classification for mass movements in general, where bold font indicates the landslide categories:
1869:
in May 2003 triggered hundreds of landslides, killing 266 people and rendering over 300,000 people temporarily homeless. In July 2003 an intense rain band associated with the annual Asian
1857:. In the former case it is usually necessary to have very high rainfall intensities, whereas in the latter the intensity of rainfall may be only moderate - it is the duration and existing
2338:
Hutchinson, J. N. "General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology." International symposium on landslides. 5. 1988.
2329:
Cruden, David M., and David J. Varnes. "Landslides: investigation and mitigation. Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes." Transportation research board special report 247 (1996).
2526:
Corominas, J. and Moya, J. 1999. Reconstructing recent landslide activity in relation to rainfall in the
Llobregat River basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Geomorphology, 30, 79–93.
321:
determine the trigger after the landslide has occurred (although it is generally very difficult to determine the exact nature of landslide triggers ahead of a movement event).
462:. It is possible that phenomena could be occurred in past geological times, under specific environmental conditions which no longer act as agents today. For example, in some
817:
The following clarifies the usages of the various terms in the table. Varnes and those who later modified his scheme only regard the slides category as forms of landslide.
814:
Nevertheless, in broader usage, many of the categories that Varnes excluded are recognised as landslide types, as seen below. This leads to ambiguity in usage of the term.
399:
2594:
2016, Ventura County Star. A driveway in
Camarillo, California (466 E. Highland Ave., Camarillo, CA) sinks and a landslide ensues engulfing the driveway within minutes.
2320:
Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis M, and
Hutchinson JN (2001) Review of the classification of landslides of the flow type. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience VII, 221-238.
2698:
914:
of the displaced mass. Toppling is sometimes driven by gravity exerted by material upslope of the displaced mass and sometimes by water or ice in cracks in the mass"
2809:
2217:
areas when sea level falls after a storm tide, or when the water level of a reservoir or even a natural lake rapidly falls. The most famous example of this is the
2403:
Jian, Wenxing; Xu, Qiang; Yang, Hufeng; Wang, Fawu (2014-10-01). "Mechanism and failure process of
Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China".
1881:
event triggered landslides along the west coast of North, Central and South America that resulted in over $ 5 billion in losses. Finally, landslides triggered by
1877:, triggering 14 fatal landslides that killed 85 people. The reinsurance company Swiss Re estimated that rainfall induced landslides associated with the 1997-1998
2785:
1477:
is a very rapid to extremely rapid flow of saturated plastic debris in a channel, involving significantly greater water content relative to the source material (
1186:
liquid. The lower boundary of displaced mass may be a surface along which appreciable differential movement has taken place or a thick zone of distributed shear
521:
As the landslide is a geological volume with a hidden side, morphological characteristics are extremely important in the reconstruction of the technical model.
3760:
2128:
of rock, earth, or debris typically transport material the farthest. There is one type of landslide that is essential uniquely limited to earthquakes -
1976:
Considerable efforts have been made to understand the triggers for landsliding in natural systems, with quite variable results. For example, working in
2833:
2619:
255:
2886:
2172:
or rock, leading to rapid increases in pore water pressure, and resultant landslide activity. This effect can be especially serious when the warmer
2061:. Landslides occur during earthquakes as a result of two separate but interconnected processes: seismic shaking and pore water pressure generation.
2589:
www3.interscience.wiley.com JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources AssociationVolume 34, Issue 4, Article first published online: 8 JUN 2007
1958:
forces in silty materials, leading to generally shallow failures (this may be an important mechanism in residual soils in tropical areas following
563:
evolution. As a consequence, in the description of a landslide, it can be interesting to understand in what type of climate the event occurred.
2773:
3584:
988:"In translational slides the mass displaces along a planar or undulating surface of rupture, sliding out over the original ground surface."
1924:. Whilst the example given in Figures A and B is clearly an artificial situation, the mechanics are essentially as per a real landslide.
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size fractions. If the weight of the particles with a diameter greater than 2 mm is less than 20%, the material will be defined as
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2382:
2360:
192:
559:
in the genesis of phenomena for which similar geological conditions can, in different climatic conditions, lead to totally different
347:
This is the most important criterion, even if uncertainties and difficulties can arise in the identification of movements, being the
164:
145:
46:
2456:"Spatiotemporal characteristics of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges region (China) constrained by radar interferometry"
3629:
171:
2612:
2523:
Coates, D. R. (1977) - Landslide prospectives. In: Landslides (D.R. Coates, Ed.) Geological Society of America, pp. 3–38.
584:
and geological factors, as already described, can determine the development of the movement, inducing the presence of mass in
17:
178:
1717:
1992:
Corominas and Moya (1999) found that the following thresholds exist for the upper basin of the Llobregat River, Eastern
538:
landslides". As a consequence, specific morphological contexts are referred characterised by slope evolution processes.
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2637:
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process. For example, the distinction between earth and debris is usually made by comparing the percentage of coarse
229:
211:
160:
109:
60:
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B: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block
1931:
A: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block
2536:
Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis M, and Hutchinson JN (2001) Review of the classification of landslides of the flow type.
301:, not involving fluidisation. This excludes falls, topples, lateral spreads, and mass flows from the definition.
2193:
as the river level is declining (i.e. on the falling limb of the hydrograph) as shown in the following figures.
1803:
Occasionally, even after detailed investigations, no trigger can be determined - this was the case in the large
1306:
811:(loose material at the surface), with regolith subdivided into debris (coarse grains) and earth (fine grains).
149:
3287:
3168:
2710:
52:
2103:
The passage of the earthquake waves through a granular material such as a soil can induce a process termed
1530:
604:
In traditional usage, the term landslide has at one time or another been used to cover almost all forms of
1088:"In spread, the dominant mode of movement is lateral extension accommodated by shear or tensile fractures"
3600:
2588:
2042:
response models are coupled to slope stability models to try to understand the complexity of the system
3200:
2645:
2529:
Cruden D.M., VARNES D. J. (1996) - Landslide types and processes. In: Turner A.K.; Shuster R.L. (eds)
1904:
Rainfall triggers a large amount of landslides principally because the rainfall drives an increase in
185:
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1841:. Generally this takes the form of either an exceptional short lived event, such as the passage of a
1534:
Intense rain triggered widespread landslides in southern Thailand during the last week of March 2011.
84:
1237:"Extremely rapid, massive, flow-like motion of fragmented rock from a large rock slide or rock fall"
297:
Influential narrower definitions restrict landslides to slumps and translational slides in rock and
3569:
3441:
3431:
3261:
2999:
2797:
2628:
2077:
1599:
1371:"Debris avalanche is a very rapid to extremely rapid shallow flow of partially or fully saturated
91:
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3334:
3014:
2955:
1134:
605:
250:
138:
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Dunne, Thomas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. August 1998, V. 34, NO. 4.
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is accompanied by precipitation, which both adds to the groundwater and accelerates the rate of
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are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more
3369:
3178:
2686:
2564:
Varnes D. J.: Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster R. L. & Krizek R. J. Ed.,
2049:(or similar) models are used to try to understand the interactions of all relevant processes
2035:
response to rainfall is used to understand the conditions under which failures are initiated
1813:
1086:
of the fractured mass of cohesive material into softer underlying material." (Varnes, 1996).
450:
evaluation. Furthermore, the evaluation of the age of the landslide permits to correlate the
2347:
1849:
or of a long duration rainfall event with lower intensity, such as the cumulative effect of
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3574:
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3424:
3349:
2732:
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2024:• Actual rainfall techniques, in which measurements of rainfall are adjusted for potential
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964:
mass occurring dominantly on the surface of rupture or on relatively thin zones of intense
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356:
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8:
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Terzaghi K. - Mechanism of Landslides. In Engineering Geology (Berkel) Volume. Ed. da
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area. Without antecedent rainfall, high intensity and short duration rains triggered
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1969:
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1137:) – Italy. A debris flow scar is visible on the right flank of the incised channel.
907:
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359:, but usually topples, lateral spreading and complex movements are added to these.
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2547:(Fairbridge, R.W., ed.), Reinhold Book Corp., New York, pp. 688–696, 1968.'
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in steep mountainous terrain. They can form as a U- or V-shaped trough as local
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WP/ WLI. 1993. A suggested method for describing the activity of a landslide.
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The rainfall intensity-duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows
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1837:
In the majority of cases the main trigger of landslides is heavy or prolonged
1526:
Complex movement is a combination of falls, topples, slides, spreads and flows
348:
3744:
3687:
3526:
3404:
3399:
3354:
3123:
2552:
Landslides and related phenomena. A Study of Mass Movements of Soil and Rock.
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Tomas, R.; Li, Z.; Liu, P.; Singleton, A.; Hoey, T.; Cheng, X. (2014-04-01).
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Combination in time and/or space of two or more principal types of movement
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1825:, or by reducing the resistance to the movement perhaps by decreasing the
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451:
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are the terms generally used to distinguish the materials involved in the
313:
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1997:
1977:
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1173:– Italy. Debris flow channel scoured out by the passage of a debris flow.
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876:
846:"Secondary falls involves rock bodies already physically detached from
581:
424:
352:
152: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2256:
than other locations on the slope. As the weathered bedrock turns to
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factors, physical factors and factors associated with human activity.
1018:"Rotational slides move along a surface of rupture that is curved and
3697:
3677:
3563:
3379:
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2980:
2922:
2722:
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2261:
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Colluvium-filled bedrock hollows are the cause of many shallow earth
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2013:
2001:
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often particularly complex. The main movements are falls, slides and
335:
309:
279:
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245:
973:
427:, on the basis of observation of case history or site observations.
127:
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3614:
3344:
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1993:
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1503:
1399:
1278:
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903:
808:
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479:
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298:
284:
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1273:
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3226:
2934:
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and debris avalanches, the largest of which are sometimes termed
2110:
2086:
1986:
1955:
1878:
1870:
1850:
1474:
1183:
556:
2817:
2580:
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology
2568:
Sp. Rep. No. 176, Nat. Acad. oi Sciences, pp. 11–33, 1978.'
2231:
process is often seen after a glacial lake outburst flood, when
1951:
Fluidization of debris from earlier events to form debris flows;
3649:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3556:
3329:
3277:
3087:
2930:
2846:
2769:
2566:
Landslides, analysis and control. Transportation Research Board
2252:
variations reveal areas in the bedrock which are more prone to
2218:
2147:
1981:
1372:
1310:
888:
439:
416:
371:
2670:
3102:
2190:
1947:
may destabilise the slope through other mechanisms, such as:
1944:
1935:
1874:
1451:
1411:
1376:
1170:
1141:
847:
571:
In the evaluation of landslide susceptibility, causes of the
535:
507:
495:
379:
317:
2918:
2718:
2391:
soil-piping is a major cause for the landslides witnessed...
2369:
soil-piping is a major cause for the landslides witnessed...
1927:
1845:
or even the rainfall associated with a particularly intense
906:
out of the slope of a mass of soil or rock about a point or
534:
landslides", "landslides in plains", "hilly landslides" or "
3097:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3057:
2257:
2073:
2057:
The second major factor in the triggering of landslides is
1965:
Undercutting of the toe of the slope through river erosion.
1909:
1129:
957:
459:
398:
2038:• Coupled rainfall - stability analysis methods, in which
2348:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1325/pdf/Sections/Section1.pdf
2232:
1790:
Water management (groundwater drawdown and water leakage)
1723:
Physical characteristics of the rock (rock strength etc.)
1165:
1968:
Destabilizing of non-lithified earth materials through
2557:
Keefer, D.K. (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes.
2200:
Groundwater conditions when the river level is stable
2076:
through the rock and soil produces a complex set of
516:
438:
dating is an interesting topic in the evaluation of
253:
that narrower definitions exclude. For example, the
2453:
2239:
2028:and then correlated with landslide movement events
1943:In some situations, the presence of high levels of
1793:Land use (e.g. construction of roads, houses etc.)
1095:extremely slow to extremely rapid (>5 m/s)
896:- Canada. These blades of rock are about to topple
833:– Italy. Rock on a road resulting from a rock fall
256:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
2264:fills the hollow, and the sequence starts again.
1920:push to the landslide that further decreases the
1379:, without confinement in an established channel."
259:distinguishes the following types of landslides:
3742:
2021:try to understand rainfall triggers, including:
2031:• Hydrogeological balance approaches, in which
2402:
2111:The nature of seismically-triggered landslides
1488:very rapid to extremely rapid (>5 m/s)
1386:very rapid to extremely rapid (>5 m/s)
1324:very rapid to extremely rapid (>5 m/s)
1285:– Italy. Scar and deposit of a rock avalanche.
1230:
566:
430:
329:Various scientific disciplines have developed
3761:Landslide analysis, prevention and mitigation
2613:
2559:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
2554:Columbia Univo Press, New York, 137 pp., 1938
1885:in 1998 killed an estimated 18,000 people in
1438:flow-like movement of plastic, clayey earth."
995:extremely slow to extremely rapid (>5 m/s)
555:These criteria give particular importance to
541:
2627:
524:
485:
423:range is connected to the different type of
2533:. Transp Res Board, Spec Rep 247, pp 36–75.
2323:
1305:is a very rapid to extremely rapid flow of
591:
490:This represent a fundamental factor of the
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2620:
2606:
1082:soil or rock mass combined with a general
415:This factor has a great importance in the
2489:
2479:
2332:
446:is a fundamental element for any kind of
324:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2538:Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
2531:Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation
2303:
2301:
2299:
2203:
2195:
1934:
1926:
1537:
1529:
1410:
1356:
1272:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1078:"Spread is defined as an extension of a
1060:
972:
887:
824:
595:
410:
397:
362:
2316:
2314:
2090:accelerations. This process is termed '
1829:of the materials within the landslide.
977:Location: Canada. A rock slide deposit.
498:. Bedding attitude and the presence of
342:
14:
3743:
2045:• Numerical slope modelling, in which
1265:Vibration, undercutting, differential
1222:Vibration, undercutting, differential
1116:Vibration, undercutting, differential
981:
942:Vibration, undercutting, differential
875:Vibration, undercutting, differential
550:
2601:
2543:Hutchinson J. N.: Mass Movement. In:
2380:
2358:
2352:
2296:
2183:
2016:(mm·h), D is duration of rainfall (h)
1765:Ground water changes (rapid drawdown)
760:
618:
249:. Broad definitions include forms of
2311:
2154:. An example of a lahar was seen at
2136:
1716:Discontinuity factors (dip spacing,
1638:Adversely orientated discontinuities
1571:
1011:
956:"A slide is a downslope movement of
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
67:
26:
2381:Jacob, Jeemon (September 5, 2019).
2359:Jacob, Jeemon (September 5, 2019).
2080:that effectively act to change the
1519:
1352:
1065:A large, rotational landslide near
1007:Discontinuities, geological setting
24:
2520:. Geografiska Annaler, 62A, 23–27.
2510:
2064:
470:age are connected with particular
25:
3782:
3771:Classification systems by subject
2638:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2573:The Geological Society of America
2545:The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
2460:Geophysical Journal International
1029:extremely slow to extremely rapid
921:extremely slow to extremely rapid
517:B3) Morphological characteristics
442:. The knowledge of the landslide
42:This article has multiple issues.
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2855:
2845:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2746:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2240:Colluvium-filled bedrock hollows
2000:and shallow slides developed in
1576:
1289:
1191:
126:
72:
31:
2098:
1861:conditions that are important.
1226:, excavation, or stream erosion
1120:, excavation, or stream erosion
1057:, excavation, or stream erosion
946:, excavation, or stream erosion
879:, excavation, or stream erosion
393:
137:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
2447:
2396:
2374:
2341:
2213:It can also be significant in
1980:, Larsen and Simon found that
1731:Seismic activity (earthquakes)
1591:format but may read better as
1294:
1269:, excavation or stream erosion
386:; in the opposite case, it is
242:There have been known various
81:This article needs editing to
13:
1:
3288:Mechanically stabilized earth
2289:
2167:In many cold mountain areas,
2052:
1635:Jointed or fissured materials
1423:
1149:– Italy. Debris flow deposits
1053:, undercutting, differential
290:rockslide that develops into
3040:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2405:Environmental Earth Sciences
2383:"Kerala's man-made disaster"
2361:"Kerala's man-made disaster"
2142:there are two main types of
1196:
1188:(Cruden & Varnes, 1996)
857:from very to extremely rapid
7:
3601:Stress distribution in soil
2267:
2162:
1832:
1445:slow to rapid (>1.8 m/h)
1231:Rock avalanche (Sturzstrom)
1161:– Italy. Debris flow damage
567:B7) Causes of the movements
454:to specific conditions, as
431:B1) The age of the movement
10:
3787:
2751:Pore pressure measurement
1678:Erosion of lateral margins
1466:
1073:
883:
850:and merely lodged upon it"
542:B5) Topographical criteria
161:"Landslide classification"
3658:
3613:
3512:
3504:Preconsolidation pressure
3476:
3467:
3440:
3260:
3209:
3196:
3111:
3065:
3056:
2979:
2899:Standard penetration test
2657:
2644:
2635:
2425:10.1007/s12665-014-3205-x
2225:
2012:where: I is the rainfall
1752:Hydrogeological factors:
1708:Slope aspect and gradient
1561:Landslide causes include
1556:
1035:slope angle 20–40 degrees
1001:slope angle 20-45 degrees
950:
927:slope angle 45–90 degrees
902:"Toppling is the forward
863:slope angle 45–90 degrees
795:
792:
787:
746:
701:
672:
658:
644:
629:
621:
525:B4) Geographical location
486:B2) Geological conditions
466:areas, landslides of the
312:causes and one landslide
3000:California bearing ratio
2798:Rotary-pressure sounding
2629:Geotechnical engineering
2582:, No. 47, pp. 53–57
1768:Soil pore water pressure
1407:High intensity rainfalls
1124:
820:
592:Types and classification
83:comply with Knowledge's
3420:Geosynthetic clay liner
3395:Expanded clay aggregate
3015:Proctor compaction test
2956:Crosshole sonic logging
2942:Nuclear densometer test
2699:Geo-electrical sounding
2591:(registration required)
1873:tracked across central
1762:Prolonged precipitation
1600:converting this section
1419:– Italy. An earth flow.
1348:High intensity rainfall
1135:Castellammare di Stabia
3683:Earthquake engineering
3494:Lateral earth pressure
3119:Hydraulic conductivity
2970:Wave equation analysis
2949:Exploration geophysics
2841:Deformation monitoring
2810:Rotary weight sounding
2210:
2201:
1940:
1932:
1647:Rainfall and snow fall
1641:Permeability contrasts
1553:
1535:
1434:is a rapid or slower,
1420:
1366:
1286:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1070:
978:
897:
834:
601:
458:or periods of intense
403:
325:Classification factors
263:fall (by undercutting)
2861:Settlement recordings
2786:Rock control drilling
2687:Cone penetration test
2207:
2199:
1938:
1930:
1865:event for example in
1738:Physical weathering:
1550:
1533:
1414:
1381:(Hungr et al., 2001)
1360:
1276:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1064:
976:
891:
828:
793:Complex and compound
640:Predominantly coarse
599:
547:characteristic type.
411:A4) Movement velocity
401:
363:A2) Involved material
3723:Agricultural science
3425:Cellular confinement
2279:Landslide mitigation
1816:associated with the
1796:Mining and quarrying
1712:Geological factors:
1681:Subterranean erosion
1655:Morphological causes
1483:(Hungr et al.,2001)
1440:(Hungr et al.,2001)
1361:Debris avalanche in
1319:(Hungr et al.,2001)
1283:Sorrentine Peninsula
894:Jasper National Park
343:A1) Type of movement
306:causes of landslides
146:improve this article
18:Causes of landslides
3615:Numerical analysis
3499:Overburden pressure
3489:Pore water pressure
3269:Shoring structures
3144:Reynolds' dilatancy
3045:Water content tests
3030:Triaxial shear test
2990:Soil classification
2963:Pile integrity test
2472:2014GeoJI.197..213T
2417:2014EES....72.2999J
2069:The passage of the
2040:pore water pressure
2033:pore water pressure
1906:pore water pressure
1859:pore water pressure
1805:Aoraki / Mount Cook
1727:Tectonic activity:
1629:Weathered materials
1494:angle 20–45 degrees
1392:angle 20–45 degrees
1330:angle 20–45 degrees
1250:angle 45–90 degrees
1216:angle 45–90 degrees
1133:Location: Pozzano (
1101:angle 45–90 degrees
982:Translational slide
852:(Hutchinson, 1988)
637:Predominantly fine
551:B6) Type of climate
244:classifications of
92:improve the content
3590:Slab stabilisation
3570:Stability analysis
2481:10.1093/gji/ggu017
2211:
2202:
2184:Water-level change
2144:volcanic landslide
2026:evapotranspiration
2009:I = 14.82 D - 0.39
1941:
1933:
1916:flow to provide a
1644:Material contrasts
1632:Sheared materials
1602:, if appropriate.
1554:
1536:
1454:angle 5–25 degrees
1421:
1367:
1287:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1071:
979:
898:
835:
721:Debris block slide
630:Engineering soils
602:
600:Types of landslide
404:
402:Landslide activity
266:fall (by toppling)
3738:
3737:
3609:
3608:
3585:Sliding criterion
3547:Response spectrum
3463:
3462:
3293:Pressure grouting
3192:
3191:
3052:
3051:
3005:Direct shear test
2711:Permeability test
2575:~ New York, 1950.
2516:Caine, N., 1980.
2137:Volcanic activity
1734:Volcanic eruption
1720:, dip and length)
1692:Vegetation change
1624:Geological causes
1621:
1620:
1548:
1258:lithostratigraphy
1256:Discontinuities,
1109:lithostratigraphy
1107:Discontinuities,
1012:Rotational slides
935:lithostratigraphy
933:Discontinuities,
912:centre of gravity
844:Secondary falls:
800:
799:
780:Debris avalanche
716:Earth block slide
622:Type of material
619:Type of movement
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
65:
16:(Redirected from
3778:
3766:Causes of events
3597:Bearing capacity
3484:Effective stress
3474:
3473:
3375:Land reclamation
3315:Land development
3210:Natural features
3207:
3206:
3174:Specific storage
3063:
3062:
2995:Atterberg limits
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2859:
2849:
2834:Screw plate test
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2750:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2655:
2654:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2550:Harpe C. F. S.:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2411:(8): 2999–3013.
2400:
2394:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2152:sector collapses
1843:tropical cyclone
1756:Intense rainfall
1685:Internal erosion
1616:
1613:
1607:
1598:You can help by
1580:
1579:
1572:
1549:
1520:Complex movement
1498:Control factor:
1479:Plasticity index
1458:Control factor:
1396:Control factor:
1353:Debris avalanche
1334:Control factor:
1254:Control factor:
1105:Control factor:
1039:Control factor:
1005:Control factor:
931:Control factor:
867:Control factor:
841:(Varnes, 1996).
747:Lateral spreads
711:Rock block slide
616:
615:
476:geomorphological
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
76:
75:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3713:Earth materials
3654:
3616:
3605:
3514:
3508:
3459:
3436:
3390:Earth structure
3385:Erosion control
3283:Ground freezing
3273:Retaining walls
3256:
3198:
3188:
3149:Angle of repose
3107:
3048:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2935:Visible bedrock
2887:Simple sounding
2875:Shear vane test
2651:instrumentation
2650:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2626:
2513:
2511:Further reading
2508:
2507:
2452:
2448:
2401:
2397:
2379:
2375:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2284:David J. Varnes
2270:
2242:
2228:
2186:
2165:
2156:Mount St Helens
2139:
2113:
2101:
2067:
2065:Seismic shaking
2055:
1883:Hurricane Mitch
1835:
1759:Rapid snow melt
1700:Physical causes
1675:Glacial erosion
1669:Fluvial erosion
1617:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1559:
1538:
1522:
1512:High intensity
1492:Type of slope:
1469:
1449:Type of slope:
1426:
1390:Type of slope:
1363:Auckland Region
1355:
1328:Type of slope:
1297:
1292:
1248:Type of slope:
1244:extremely rapid
1233:
1214:Type of slope:
1205:(Varnes, 1978)
1199:
1194:
1127:
1099:Type of slope:
1090:(Varnes, 1978)
1076:
1041:morphology and
1033:Type of slope:
1024:(Varnes, 1996)
1014:
999:Type of slope:
990:(Varnes, 1996)
984:
970:(Varnes, 1996)
953:
925:Type of slope:
916:(Varnes, 1996)
886:
869:Discontinuities
861:Type of slope:
823:
775:Rock avalanche
594:
569:
553:
544:
527:
519:
500:discontinuities
494:evolution of a
488:
433:
413:
396:
365:
345:
327:
287:, mountain side
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
89:
85:Manual of Style
77:
73:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3660:Related fields
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Classification
3577:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3552:Seismic hazard
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:Shear strength
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Friction angle
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Oedometer test
3032:
3027:
3025:Sieve analysis
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2911:Total sounding
2902:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2540:VII, 221–238.'
2534:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2466:(1): 213–232.
2446:
2395:
2373:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2310:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2224:
2185:
2182:
2164:
2161:
2138:
2135:
2112:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2066:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2047:finite element
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1952:
1834:
1831:
1827:shear strength
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1771:Surface runoff
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1558:
1555:
1521:
1518:
1468:
1465:
1425:
1422:
1354:
1351:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1239:(Hungr, 2001)
1232:
1229:
1210:extremely slow
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1126:
1123:
1075:
1072:
1013:
1010:
983:
980:
952:
949:
885:
882:
822:
819:
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
756:Debris spread
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
705:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:
676:
670:
669:
668:Debris topple
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
593:
590:
568:
565:
552:
549:
543:
540:
526:
523:
518:
515:
487:
484:
432:
429:
419:evaluation. A
412:
409:
395:
392:
364:
361:
344:
341:
326:
323:
295:
294:
292:rock avalanche
288:
282:
277:
272:
267:
264:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3783:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Sedimentology
3754:
3752:
3751:Geomorphology
3749:
3748:
3746:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Geomorphology
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Consolidation
3530:
3528:
3527:Frost heaving
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:Geosynthetics
3403:
3401:
3400:Crushed stone
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Cut-and-cover
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Water content
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:Sample series
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2646:Investigation
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:gravitational
2079:
2078:accelerations
2075:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:deforestation
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:normal stress
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:landslide in
1806:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:Deforestation
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1689:Slope loading
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1612:February 2016
1606:is available.
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:This section
1583:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:morphological
1564:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:Description:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1506:, water flows
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:Description:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:Description:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:Description:
1365:, New Zealand
1364:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:, water flows
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:Description:
1290:Flows in soil
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:Description:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1201:Description:
1192:Flows in rock
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:Description:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
989:
986:Description:
975:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
948:
947:
945:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
923:
922:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:Description:
895:
890:
881:
880:
878:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
851:
849:
842:
840:
837:Description:
832:
831:Castelmezzano
827:
818:
815:
812:
810:
804:
791:
788:(Soil creep)
785:(Deep creep)
784:
783:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
753:Earth spread
752:
749:
745:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
706:
704:
703:Translational
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
680:
677:
675:
671:
667:
665:Earth topple
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
633:
626:
625:
617:
614:
611:
608:of rocks and
607:
606:mass movement
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
564:
562:
561:morphological
558:
548:
539:
537:
533:
522:
514:
512:
511:morphogenesis
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:morphological
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:probabilistic
445:
441:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
408:
400:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
360:
358:
354:
350:
340:
337:
332:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
293:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
260:
258:
257:
252:
251:mass movement
248:
247:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
202:November 2007
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2020
93:
88:
86:
79:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
3708:Biogeography
3703:Hydrogeology
3693:Soil science
3673:Geochemistry
3579:
3432:Infiltration
3360:Cut and fill
3303:Soil nailing
3169:Permeability
3134:Bulk density
2851:Inclinometer
2774:Ram sounding
2659:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2517:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2243:
2229:
2212:
2187:
2166:
2140:
2130:liquefaction
2122:debris flows
2114:
2105:liquefaction
2102:
2099:Liquefaction
2068:
2056:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1998:debris flows
1991:
1975:
1942:
1903:
1863:
1853:rainfall in
1847:thunderstorm
1836:
1802:
1776:Human causes
1775:
1774:
1751:
1748:Soil erosion
1737:
1726:
1711:
1704:Topography:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1672:Wave erosion
1654:
1653:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1604:Editing help
1586:
1560:
1525:
1523:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1436:intermittent
1429:
1427:
1417:Castelfranci
1406:
1404:
1398:morphology,
1397:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1368:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1309:non-plastic
1300:
1298:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
992:
987:
985:
966:shear strain
955:
954:
941:
939:
932:
930:
926:
924:
920:
918:
901:
899:
874:
872:
868:
866:
862:
860:
856:
854:
845:
843:
838:
836:
816:
813:
805:
801:
770:Debris flow
750:Rock spread
741:Debris slide
740:
735:
730:
720:
715:
710:
702:
696:Debris slump
695:
690:
685:
678:
673:
662:Rock topple
654:Debris fall
603:
578:shear stress
570:
554:
545:
528:
520:
506:control the
489:
482:conditions.
434:
414:
405:
394:A3) Activity
387:
383:
370:, earth and
366:
346:
328:
305:
303:
296:
254:
243:
241:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
90:Please help
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
3718:Archaeology
3442:Foundations
3415:Geomembrane
3298:Slurry wall
3237:Water table
3201:Interaction
3197:Structures
3184:Sensitivity
2981:Laboratory
2561:95, 406-421
2491:10045/36409
2387:India Today
2365:India Today
2118:earth flows
2092:topographic
1978:Puerto Rico
1970:soil-piping
1914:groundwater
1908:within the
1899:El Salvador
1809:New Zealand
1745:Freeze-thaw
1660:Slope angle
1650:Earthquakes
1375:on a steep
1313:in a steep
1303:Debris flow
1295:Debris flow
1067:Cusco, Peru
767:Earth flow
736:Earth slide
727:Many units
691:Earth slump
651:Earth fall
468:Pleistocene
456:earthquakes
3745:Categories
3575:Mitigation
3557:Shear wave
3542:Earthquake
3537:Compaction
3522:Permafrost
3513:Phenomena/
3410:Geotextile
3335:Embankment
3325:Excavation
3262:Earthworks
3222:Vegetation
3217:Topography
3139:Thixotropy
3129:Void ratio
3112:Properties
3010:Hydrometer
2755:Piezometer
2675:Core drill
2290:References
2254:weathering
2246:landslides
2126:avalanches
2071:earthquake
2059:seismicity
2053:Seismicity
1855:South Asia
1818:weathering
1784:Excavation
1563:geological
1481:> 5%)."
1432:Earth flow
1424:Earth flow
1415:Location:
1277:Location:
1267:weathering
1224:weathering
1169:Location:
1157:Location:
1145:Location:
1118:weathering
1084:subsidence
1055:weathering
944:weathering
910:below the
892:Location:
877:weathering
829:Location:
764:Rock flow
731:Rock slide
707:Few units
686:Rock slump
679:Rotational
582:Structural
425:landslides
353:landslides
349:mechanisms
246:landslides
172:newspapers
47:improve it
3698:Hydrology
3678:Petrology
3566:analysis
3564:Landslide
3469:Mechanics
3380:Track bed
3365:Fill dirt
3350:Terracing
2923:Trial pit
2738:Statnamic
2723:Load test
2500:0956-540X
2441:129879985
2433:1866-6280
2274:Landslide
2262:colluvium
2014:intensity
2002:colluvium
1922:stability
1918:hydraulic
1895:Guatemala
1891:Nicaragua
1867:Sri Lanka
1799:Vibration
1565:factors,
1504:sediments
1461:lithology
1340:sediments
1307:saturated
1197:Rock Flow
1051:Vibration
1043:lithology
648:Rockfall
588:freedom.
586:kinematic
444:frequency
436:Landslide
376:landslide
336:landslide
331:taxonomic
310:landslide
285:sinkholes
280:earthflow
275:rockslide
53:talk page
3728:Agrology
3617:software
3515:problems
3345:Causeway
3320:Landfill
3247:Subgrade
3164:Porosity
3159:Cohesion
2268:See also
2209:collapse
2169:snowmelt
2163:Snowmelt
1994:Pyrenees
1954:Loss of
1887:Honduras
1839:rainfall
1833:Rainfall
1814:strength
1718:asperity
1514:rainfall
1510:Causes:
1405:Causes:
1400:regolith
1346:Causes:
1279:Positano
1263:Causes:
1220:Causes:
1159:Quindici
1147:Quindici
1114:Causes:
1080:cohesive
1069:in 2018.
1048:Causes:
940:Causes:
904:rotation
873:Causes:
809:regolith
659:Topples
627:Bedrock
610:regolith
573:triggers
480:climatic
472:tectonic
421:velocity
351:of some
299:regolith
3668:Geology
3640:SVSlope
3450:Shallow
3370:Grading
3308:Tieback
3252:Subsoil
3242:Bedrock
3232:Topsoil
3227:Terrain
3020:R-value
2983:testing
2733:Dynamic
2660:in situ
2658:Field (
2468:Bibcode
2413:Bibcode
2250:bedrock
2215:coastal
2178:thawing
2174:weather
2087:inertia
1987:Jamaica
1956:suction
1879:El Nino
1871:monsoon
1851:monsoon
1787:Loading
1742:Thawing
1695:Erosion
1666:Rebound
1552:people.
1501:torrent
1486:Speed:
1475:Mudflow
1467:Mudflow
1443:Speed:
1384:Speed:
1337:torrent
1322:Speed:
1315:channel
1242:Speed:
1208:Speed:
1184:viscous
1093:Speed:
1074:Spreads
1027:Speed:
1020:concave
993:Speed:
919:Speed:
884:Topples
855:Speed:
557:climate
452:trigger
314:trigger
186:scholar
3650:Plaxis
3645:UTEXAS
3635:SVFlux
3625:SEEP2D
3477:Forces
3330:Trench
3278:Gabion
3088:Gravel
2728:Static
2498:
2439:
2431:
2226:Rivers
2219:Vajont
2148:lahars
2124:, and
1982:storms
1663:Uplift
1587:is in
1557:Causes
1373:debris
1311:debris
951:Slides
761:Flows
674:Slides
645:Falls
532:alpine
504:faults
464:Alpine
440:hazard
417:hazard
388:debris
372:debris
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
3630:STABL
3103:Loess
3066:Types
2437:S2CID
2308:1978.
2191:flood
2074:waves
1945:fluid
1875:Nepal
1593:prose
1452:slope
1377:slope
1171:Sarno
1125:Flows
848:cliff
821:Falls
536:cliff
508:slope
496:slope
460:rains
384:earth
380:grain
357:flows
318:slope
270:slump
193:JSTOR
179:books
3455:Deep
3098:Loam
3093:Peat
3083:Sand
3078:Silt
3073:Clay
3058:Soil
2760:Well
2496:ISSN
2429:ISSN
2258:soil
1910:soil
1897:and
1589:list
1180:flow
962:rock
958:soil
908:axis
478:and
368:Rock
304:The
165:news
3340:Cut
2649:and
2486:hdl
2476:doi
2464:197
2421:doi
2233:toe
960:or
502:or
148:by
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