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The climate is temperate to continental, and varies with elevation. Average annual rainfall is generally higher in the western portion of the ecoregion, ranging from 1500 to 2000 mm in the western ranges along the Black Sea, to 600 to 1000 mm at the eastern and southern portions of the
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Temperate mixed forests extend from 400 to 2200 meters elevation, covering about 70% of the ecoregion's area. Broadleaf trees are predominant at lower elevations, transitioning to conifer-dominated forests at higher elevations.
925:
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618:). The East Caucasian Tur and West Caucasian Tur are endemic to the eastern and western portions of the Caucasus Mountains, respectively. Large mammal predators include the
426:(5,642 m). The ecoregion also includes the Lesser Caucasus or Anti-Caucasus range, which lies south of the Caucasus, as well as the eastern end of the
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Subalpine grasslands occur from 1800 to 2500 meters elevation, and alpine meadows from 2500 to 3000 meters, interspersed with thickets of
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between 2000 and 2800 meters, and areas of rock scree. Sub-nival plants and lichens grow from 3000 to 4000 meters elevation.
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A 2017 assessment found that 30,540 km, or 18%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include the
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The ecoregion covers an area of 170,405 square kilometers (65,794 sq mi), extending across portions of
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553:) in more humid areas, and oriental oak and Caucasian pine in drier areas.
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843:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
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Conifers become dominant above 1500 meters elevation, including
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490:) is dominant between 1000 and 1500 meters elevation, with
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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (June 2017).
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The ecoregion's plant communities vary with elevation.
414:. The Caucasus forms the traditional border between
1225:
430:, which extends along the southern shore of the
213:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
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533:at 1800 to 2000 meters elevation, mostly of
51:introducing citations to additional sources
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402:. The main Caucasus chain, known as the
235:170,405 km (65,794 sq mi)
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
482:) in the more humid western mountains.
458:Between 400 and 1000 meters elevation,
422:. The highest point in the Caucasus is
198:Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
1226:
1349:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
938:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
907:
815:
813:
811:
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807:
805:
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645:The ecoregion is home to the raptors
474:) are the dominant trees, along with
353:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
175:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
661:). Other resident birds include the
18:
13:
897:Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
798:
744:
693:). Native water birds include the
193:Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
14:
1360:
772:
570:Large hoofed mammals include the
366:range and the eastern end of the
529:). Dwarf forests occur near the
208:Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
203:Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
142:
122:
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
1259:Ecoregions of Georgia (country)
148:Ecoregion territory (in yellow)
1:
891:: CS1 maint: date and year (
791:
592:Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica
373:
7:
1118:Central China loess plateau
1046:East European forest steppe
498:) dominant in drier areas.
10:
1365:
1299:Flora of Georgia (country)
767:Caucasus Biosphere Reserve
437:
362:, as well as the adjacent
1279:Geography of the Caucasus
1110:
1069:
1018:
947:
751:Lagodekhi Protected Areas
691:Phoenicurus erythrogaster
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239:
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180:
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1254:Ecoregions of Azerbaijan
1036:Crimean Submediterranean
821:"Caucasus mixed forests"
780:"Caucasus mixed forests"
640:Panthera pardus tulliana
565:
446:
62:"Caucasus mixed forests"
1319:Environment of Abkhazia
675:Tetraogallus caucasicus
600:Ovis orientalis gmelini
559:Rhododendron caucasicum
130:Caucasus Nature Reserve
128:Shisha River Canyon in
827:. World Wildlife Fund.
825:Terrestrial Ecoregions
786:. World Wildlife Fund.
784:Terrestrial Ecoregions
763:Zagatala State Reserve
759:Tusheti National Parks
687:Güldenstädt's redstart
349:Caucasus mixed forests
117:Caucasus mixed forests
1344:Palearctic ecoregions
1329:Forests of Azerbaijan
1274:Flora of the Caucasus
1249:Ecoregions of Armenia
1183:South Sakhalin–Kurile
1168:Northeast China Plain
860:10.1093/biosci/bix014
667:Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi
1269:Ecoregions of Turkey
1264:Ecoregions of Russia
1244:Ecoregions of Europe
683:Carpodacus rubicilla
608:Cervus elaphus maral
576:Capra cylindricornis
47:improve this article
1294:Flora of Azerbaijan
624:Ursus arctos arctos
620:Eurasian brown bear
496:Quercus macranthera
333:Critical/endangered
329:Conservation status
303: /
1324:Forests of Armenia
1239:Ecoregions of Asia
1193:Taiheiyo evergreen
1173:Qin Ling Mountains
1158:Nihonkai evergreen
1128:Changbai Mountains
755:Borjomi-Kharagauli
731:Bucephala clangula
671:Caucasian snowcock
580:West Caucasian tur
572:East Caucasian tur
507:Abies nordmanniana
360:Caucasus Mountains
1339:Forests of Turkey
1334:Forests of Russia
1221:
1220:
1092:Eastern Anatolian
1087:Central Anatolian
1077:Caspian Hyrcanian
1041:Dinaric Mountains
739:Pelicanus crispus
735:Dalmatian pelican
659:Gypaetus barbatus
651:Aquila chrysaetos
588:Caucasian chamois
468:European hornbeam
410:eastwards to the
345:
344:
112:
111:
97:
1356:
1289:Flora of Armenia
1198:Taiheiyo montane
1163:Nihonkai montane
1133:Changjiang Plain
1102:Zagros Mountains
1031:Central European
1010:Western European
985:English Lowlands
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727:common goldeneye
663:Caucasian grouse
636:Caucasus leopard
604:Caspian red deer
540:Betula pubescens
523:Pinus sylvestris
515:Picea orientalis
511:Caucasian spruce
488:Fagus orientalis
472:Carpinus betulus
428:Pontic Mountains
404:Greater Caucasus
368:Pontic Mountains
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1314:Flora of Turkey
1309:Flora of Russia
1284:Montane forests
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745:Protected areas
699:Mareca strepera
679:great rosefinch
584:Capra caucasica
568:
550:Betula raddeana
480:Castanea sativa
464:Quercus iberica
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364:Lesser Caucasus
341:30,540 km (18%)
311:
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307:41.75°N 44.25°E
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1148:Huang He Plain
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1138:Daba Mountains
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1123:Central Korean
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1097:Euxine–Colchic
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995:North Atlantic
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853:(6): 534–545.
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773:External links
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711:common pochard
616:Capra aegagrus
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519:Caucasian pine
484:Oriental beech
476:sweet chestnut
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103:September 2024
45:. Please help
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1178:Sichuan Basin
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723:Aythya marila
720:
719:greater scaup
716:
715:Aythya ferina
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707:Cygnus cygnus
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492:Caucasian oak
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218:Pontic steppe
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64: –
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58:Find sources:
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36:single source
32:This article
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887:cite journal
850:
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703:whooper swan
698:
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647:golden eagle
644:
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503:Nordmann fir
500:
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460:Georgian oak
457:
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441:
424:Mount Elbrus
377:
348:
346:
323:Conservation
312:41.75; 44.25
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
1203:Tarim Basin
655:lammergeier
632:Canis lupus
412:Caspian Sea
310: /
286:Coordinates
1228:Categories
1153:Manchurian
975:Cantabrian
941:ecoregions
935:Palearctic
847:BioScience
792:References
545:litwinowii
384:Azerbaijan
257:Azerbaijan
164:Palearctic
73:newspapers
1111:East Asia
1070:West Asia
1051:Pannonian
612:wild goat
432:Black Sea
408:Black Sea
374:Geography
356:ecoregion
338:Protected
240:Countries
227:Geography
43:talk page
16:Ecoregion
1234:Caucasus
1143:HokkaidĹŤ
1082:Caucasus
1061:Sarmatic
1005:Pyrenees
1000:Po Basin
960:Atlantic
955:Apennine
879:28608869
531:treeline
136:, Russia
990:Madeira
870:5451287
733:), and
695:gadwall
685:), and
634:), and
610:), and
596:mouflon
535:birches
517:), and
443:range.
438:Climate
388:Georgia
380:Armenia
358:in the
298:44°15′E
295:41°45′N
262:Georgia
252:Armenia
181:Borders
154:Ecology
87:scholar
1208:Ussuri
1056:Rodope
1026:Balkan
980:Celtic
970:Baltic
965:Azores
877:
867:
765:, and
653:) and
527:hamata
466:) and
416:Europe
400:Turkey
398:, and
396:Russia
277:Turkey
272:Russia
134:Adygea
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
566:Fauna
543:var.
525:var.
447:Flora
351:is a
170:Biome
160:Realm
94:JSTOR
80:books
893:link
875:PMID
757:and
628:wolf
547:and
420:Asia
418:and
392:Iran
347:The
267:Iran
246:List
232:Area
187:List
66:news
865:PMC
855:doi
741:).
725:),
717:),
709:),
701:),
677:),
669:),
642:).
626:),
602:),
594:),
586:),
578:),
509:),
386:,
49:by
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889:}}
885:{{
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863:.
851:67
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845:.
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823:.
800:^
782:.
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761:,
753:,
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382:,
370:.
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91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
53:.
39:.
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