Cathode-ray tube - Knowledge

2003:, and are usually small (being 7–9 inches across); have a phosphor that generates either red, green or blue light, thus making them monochrome CRTs; and are similar in construction to other monochrome CRTs. Larger projection CRTs in general lasted longer, and were able to provide higher brightness levels and resolution, but were also more expensive. Projection CRTs have an unusually high anode voltage for their size (such as 27 or 25 kV for a 5 or 7-inch projection CRT respectively), and a specially made tungsten/barium cathode (instead of the pure barium oxide normally used) that consists of barium atoms embedded in 20% porous tungsten or barium and calcium aluminates or of barium, calcium and aluminum oxides coated on porous tungsten; the barium diffuses through the tungsten to emit electrons. The special cathode can deliver 2 mA of current instead of the 0.3mA of normal cathodes, which makes them bright enough to be used as light sources for projection. The high anode voltage and the specially made cathode increase the voltage and current, respectively, of the electron beam, which increases the light emitted by the phosphors, and also the amount of heat generated during operation; this means that projector CRTs need cooling. The screen is usually cooled using a container (the screen forms part of the container) with glycol; the glycol may itself be dyed, or colorless glycol may be used inside a container which may be colored (forming a lens known as a c-element). Colored lenses or glycol are used for improving color reproduction at the cost of brightness, and are only used on red and green CRTs. Each CRT has its own glycol, which has access to an air bubble to allow the glycol to shrink and expand as it cools and warms. Projector CRTs may have adjustment rings just like color CRTs to adjust astigmatism, which is flaring of the electron beam (stray light similar to shadows). They have three adjustment rings; one with two poles, one with four poles, and another with 6 poles. When correctly adjusted, the projector can display perfectly round dots without flaring. The screens used in projection CRTs were more transparent than usual, with 90% transmittance. The first projection CRTs were made in 1933. 2023:

electrons generated by the electron gun. The lack of a shadow mask also made it immune to the earth's magnetic field while also making degaussing unnecessary and increasing image brightness. It was constructed similarly to a monochrome CRT, with an aquadag outer coating, an aluminum inner coating, and a single electron gun but with a screen with an alternating pattern of red, green, blue and UV (index) phosphor stripes (similarly to a Trinitron) with a side mounted photomultiplier tube or photodiode pointed towards the rear of the screen and mounted on the funnel of CRT, to track the electron beam to activate the phosphors separately from one another using the same electron beam. Only the index phosphor stripe was used for tracking, and it was the only phosphor that was not covered by an aluminum layer. It was shelved because of the precision required to produce it. It was revived by Sony in the 1980s as the Indextron but its adoption was limited, at least in part due to the development of LCD displays. Beam-index CRTs also suffered from poor contrast ratios of only around 50:1 since some light emission by the phosphors was required at all times by the photodiodes to track the electron beam. It allowed for single CRT color CRT projectors due to a lack of shadow mask; normally CRT projectors use three CRTs, one for each color, since a lot of heat is generated due to the high anode voltage and beam current, making a shadow mask impractical and inefficient since it would warp under the heat produced (shadow masks absorb most of the electron beam, and, hence, most of the energy carried by the relativistic electrons); the three CRTs meant that an involved calibration and adjustment procedure had to be carried out during installation of the projector, and moving the projector would require it to be recalibrated. A single CRT meant the need for calibration was eliminated, but brightness was decreased since the CRT screen had to be used for three colors instead of each color having its own CRT screen. A stripe pattern also imposes a horizontal resolution limit; in contrast, three-screen CRT projectors have no theoretical resolution limit, due to them having single, uniform phosphor coatings.

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circuits, one to correct convergence horizontally and another to correct it vertically. In this case the deflection yoke contains convergence coils, a set of two per color, wound on the same core, to which the convergence signals are applied. That means 6 convergence coils in groups of 3, with 2 coils per group, with one coil for horizontal convergence correction and another for vertical convergence correction, with each group sharing a core. The groups are separated 120° from one another. Dynamic convergence is necessary because the front of the CRT and the shadow mask are not spherical, compensating for electron beam defocusing and astigmatism. The fact that the CRT screen is not spherical leads to geometry problems which may be corrected using a circuit. The signals used for convergence are parabolic waveforms derived from three signals coming from a vertical output circuit. The parabolic signal is fed into the convergence coils, while the other two are sawtooth signals that, when mixed with the parabolic signals, create the necessary signal for convergence. A resistor and diode are used to lock the convergence signal to the center of the screen to prevent it from being affected by the static convergence. The horizontal and vertical convergence circuits are similar. Each circuit has two resonators, one usually tuned to 15,625 Hz and the other to 31,250 Hz, which set the frequency of the signal sent to the convergence coils. Dynamic convergence may be accomplished using electrostatic quadrupole fields in the electron gun. Dynamic convergence means that the electron beam does not travel in a perfectly straight line between the deflection coils and the screen, since the convergence coils cause it to become curved to conform to the screen.

1842:. The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor particles suspended in PVA photoresist slurry, which is then dried using infrared light, exposed, and developed. The exposure is done using a "lighthouse" that uses an ultraviolet light source with a corrector lens to allow the CRT to achieve color purity. Removable shadow masks with spring-loaded clips are used as photomasks. The process is repeated with all colors. Usually the green phosphor is the first to be applied. After phosphor application, the screen is baked to eliminate any organic chemicals (such as the PVA that was used to deposit the phosphor) that may remain on the screen. Alternatively, the phosphors may be applied in a vacuum chamber by evaporating them and allowing them to condense on the screen, creating a very uniform coating. Early color CRTs had their phosphors deposited using silkscreen printing. Phosphors may have color filters over them (facing the viewer), contain pigment of the color emitted by the phosphor, or be encapsulated in color filters to improve color purity and reproduction while reducing glare. Such technology was sold by Toshiba under the Microfilter brand name. Poor exposure due to insufficient light leads to poor phosphor adhesion to the screen, which limits the maximum resolution of a CRT, as the smaller phosphor dots required for higher resolutions cannot receive as much light due to their smaller size. 989: 1001: 1155:

preventing detailed images from being displayed by the CRT. The positive ions come from leftover air molecules inside the CRT or from the cathode itself that react over time with the surface of the hot cathode. Reducing metals such as manganese, zirconium, magnesium, aluminum or titanium may be added to the piece of nickel to lengthen the life of the cathode, as during activation, the reducing metals diffuse into the barium oxide, improving its lifespan, especially at high electron beam currents. In color CRTs with red, green and blue cathodes, one or more cathodes may be affected independently of the others, causing total or partial loss of one or more colors. CRTs can wear or burn out due to cathode poisoning. Cathode poisoning is accelerated by increased cathode current (overdriving). In color CRTs, since there are three cathodes, one for red, green and blue, a single or more poisoned cathode may cause the partial or complete loss of one or more colors, tinting the image. The layer may also act as a capacitor in series with the cathode, inducing thermal lag. The cathode may instead be made of scandium oxide or incorporate it as a dopant, to delay cathode poisoning, extending the life of the cathode by up to 15%.

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which internally has three separate channels. The amplifier's capabilities limit the resolution, refresh rate and contrast ratio of the CRT, as the amplifier needs to provide high bandwidth and voltage variations at the same time; higher resolutions and refresh rates need higher bandwidths (speed at which voltage can be varied and thus switching between black and white) and higher contrast ratios need higher voltage variations or amplitude for lower black and higher white levels. 30 MHz of bandwidth can usually provide 720p or 1080i resolution, while 20 MHz usually provides around 600 (horizontal, from top to bottom) lines of resolution, for example. The difference in voltage between the cathode and the control grid is what modulates the electron beam, modulating its current and thus creating shades of colors which create the image line by line and this can also affect the brightness of the image. The phosphors used in color CRTs produce different amounts of light for a given amount of energy, so to produce white on a color CRT, all three guns must output differing amounts of energy. The gun that outputs the most energy is the red gun since the red phosphor emits the least amount of light.

1257:) of 15–240 kHz depending on the refresh rate of the CRT and the number of horizontal lines to be drawn (the vertical resolution of the CRT). The higher frequency makes it more susceptible to interference, so an automatic frequency control (AFC) circuit may be used to lock the phase of the horizontal deflection signal to that of a sync signal, to prevent the image from becoming distorted diagonally. The vertical frequency varies according to the refresh rate of the CRT. So a CRT with a 60 Hz refresh rate has a vertical deflection circuit running at 60 Hz. The horizontal and vertical deflection signals may be generated using two circuits that work differently; the horizontal deflection signal may be generated using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) while the vertical signal may be generated using a triggered relaxation oscillator. In many TVs, the frequencies at which the deflection coils run is in part determined by the inductance value of the coils. CRTs had differing deflection angles; the higher the deflection angle, the shallower the CRT for a given screen size, but at the cost of more deflection power and lower optical performance. 1835:

film, and then hydrogen peroxide was used to remove the remaining photoresist alongside the carbon that was on top of it, creating holes that in turn created the black matrix. The photoresist had to be of the correct thickness to ensure sufficient adhesion to the screen, while the exposure step had to be controlled to avoid holes that were too small or large with ragged edges caused by light diffraction, ultimately limiting the maximum resolution of large color CRTs. The holes were then filled with phosphor using the method described above. Another method used phosphors suspended in an aromatic diazonium salt that adhered to the screen when exposed to light; the phosphors were applied, then exposed to cause them to adhere to the screen, repeating the process once for each color. Then carbon was applied to the remaining areas of the screen while exposing the entire screen to light to create the black matrix, and a fixing process using an aqueous polymer solution was applied to the screen to make the phosphors and black matrix resistant to water. Black chromium may be used instead of carbon in the black matrix. Other methods were also used.

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some electrons from the red beam may hit blue or green phosphors, imposing a magenta or yellow tint to parts of the image that are supposed to be pure red. (This effect is localized to a specific area of the screen if the magnetization is localized.) Therefore, it is important that the shadow mask or aperture grille not be magnetized. The earth's magnetic field may have an effect on the color purity of the CRT. Because of this, some CRTs have external magnetic shields over their funnels. The magnetic shield may be made of soft iron or mild steel and contain a degaussing coil. The magnetic shield and shadow mask may be permanently magnetized by the earth's magnetic field, adversely affecting color purity when the CRT is moved. This problem is solved with a built-in degaussing coil, found in many TVs and computer monitors. Degaussing may be automatic, occurring whenever the CRT is turned on. The magnetic shield may also be internal, being on the inside of the funnel of the CRT.

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called convergence. More specifically, the convergence at the center of the screen (with no deflection field applied by the yoke) is called static convergence, and the convergence over the rest of the screen area (specially at the edges and corners) is called dynamic convergence. The beams may converge at the center of the screen and yet stray from each other as they are deflected toward the edges; such a CRT would be said to have good static convergence but poor dynamic convergence. Secondly, each beam must only strike the phosphors of the color it is intended to strike and no others. This is called purity. Like convergence, there is static purity and dynamic purity, with the same meanings of "static" and "dynamic" as for convergence. Convergence and purity are distinct parameters; a CRT could have good purity but poor convergence, or vice versa. Poor convergence causes color "shadows" or "ghosts" along displayed edges and contours, as if the image on the screen were

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counterparts. Monochrome CRTs on the other hand do not require frit; the funnel can be fused directly to the glass by melting and joining the edges of the funnel and screen using gas flames. Frit is used in color CRTs to prevent deformation of the shadow mask and screen during the fusing process. The edges of the screen and the edges of funnel of the CRT that mate with the screen, are never melted. A primer may be applied on the edges of the funnel and screen before the frit paste is applied to improve adhesion. The Lehr bake consists of several successive steps that heat and then cool the CRT gradually until it reaches a temperature of 435–475 °C (other sources may state different temperatures, such as 440 °C) After the Lehr bake, the CRT is flushed with air or nitrogen to remove contaminants, the electron gun is inserted and sealed into the neck of the CRT, and a vacuum is formed on the CRT.

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546 nm wavelength light, and a 10.16mm thick screen. Transmittance goes down with increasing thickness. Standard transmittances for Color CRT screens are 86%, 73%, 57%, 46%, 42% and 30%. Lower transmittances are used to improve image contrast but they put more stress on the electron gun, requiring more power on the electron gun for a higher electron beam power to light the phosphors more brightly to compensate for the reduced transmittance. The transmittance must be uniform across the screen to ensure color purity. The radius (curvature) of screens has increased (grown less curved) over time, from 30 to 68 inches, ultimately evolving into completely flat screens, reducing reflections. The thickness of both curved and flat screens gradually increases from the center outwards, and with it, transmittance is gradually reduced. This means that flat-screen CRTs may not be completely flat on the inside.

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brought before a U.S. congressional committee, which later proposed a federal radiation regulation bill, which became the 1968 Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act. It was recommended to TV set owners to always be at a distance of at least 6 feet from the screen of the TV set, and to avoid "prolonged exposure" at the sides, rear or underneath a TV set. It was discovered that most of the radiation was directed downwards. Owners were also told to not modify their set's internals to avoid exposure to radiation. Headlines about "radioactive" TV sets continued until the end of the 1960s. There once was a proposal by two New York congressmen that would have forced TV set manufacturers to "go into homes to test all of the nation's 15 million color sets and to install radiation devices in them". The FDA eventually began regulating radiation emissions from all electronic products in the US.

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have two opposing components at right angles, and these four components form two pairs, one pair reinforcing each other and the other pair opposing and canceling each other. Rotating away from alignment, the magnets' mutually reinforcing field components decrease as they are traded for increasing opposed, mutually cancelling components.) By rotating a pair of magnets together, preserving the relative angle between them, the direction of their collective magnetic field can be varied. Overall, adjusting all of the convergence/purity magnets allows a finely tuned slight electron beam deflection or lateral offset to be applied, which compensates for minor static convergence and purity errors intrinsic to the uncalibrated tube. Once set, these magnets are usually glued in place, but normally they can be freed and readjusted in the field (e.g. by a TV repair shop) if necessary.

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screen. Consequently, the image that was briefly traced out by the main gun continues to be displayed after it has occurred. The image can be 'erased' by resupplying the external voltage to the mesh restoring its constant potential. The time for which the image can be displayed was limited because, in practice, the flood gun slowly neutralises the charge on the storage mesh. One way of allowing the image to be retained for longer is temporarily to turn off the flood gun. It is then possible for the image to be retained for several days. The majority of storage tubes allow for a lower voltage to be applied to the storage mesh which slowly restores the initial charge state. By varying this voltage a variable persistence is obtained. Turning off the flood gun and the voltage supply to the storage mesh allows such a tube to operate as a conventional oscilloscope tube.

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the funnel of the CRT while those with removable yokes are clamped. The yoke generates heat whose removal is essential since the conductivity of glass goes up with increasing temperature, the glass needs to be insulating for the CRT to remain usable as a capacitor. The temperature of the glass below the yoke is thus checked during the design of a new yoke. The yoke contains the deflection and convergence coils with a ferrite core to reduce loss of magnetic force as well as the magnetized rings used to align or adjust the electron beams in color CRTs (The color purity and convergence rings, for example) and monochrome CRTs. The yoke may be connected using a connector, the order in which the deflection coils of the yoke are connected determines the orientation of the image displayed by the CRT. The deflection coils may be held in place using polyurethane glue.

2290:), which shapes a wide electron beam to form a character on the screen. The system selects a character on the mask using one set of deflection circuits, but that causes the extruded beam to be aimed off-axis, so a second set of deflection plates has to re-aim the beam so it is headed toward the center of the screen. A third set of plates places the character wherever required. The beam is unblanked (turned on) briefly to draw the character at that position. Graphics could be drawn by selecting the position on the mask corresponding to the code for a space (in practice, they were simply not drawn), which had a small round hole in the center; this effectively disabled the character mask, and the system reverted to regular vector behavior. Charactrons had exceptionally long necks, because of the need for three deflection systems. 1407:

up that could repel electrons from the screen, form part of the anode and collect the secondary electrons generated by the phosphors in the screen after being hit by the electron beam, providing the electrons with a return path. The electron beam passes through the aluminum coating before hitting the phosphors on the screen; the aluminum attenuates the electron beam voltage by about 1 kV. A film or lacquer may be applied to the phosphors to reduce the surface roughness of the surface formed by the phosphors to allow the aluminum coating to have a uniform surface and prevent it from touching the glass of the screen. This is known as filming. The lacquer contains solvents that are later evaporated; the lacquer may be chemically roughened to cause an aluminum coating with holes to be created to allow the solvents to escape.

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of a set of 3 nested cups, with the outermost cup being made of a Nickel–Chromium–Iron alloy containing 40–49% of Nickel and 3–6% of Chromium to make the button easy to fuse to the funnel glass, with a first inner cup made of thick inexpensive iron to shield against x-rays, and with the second innermost cup also being made of iron or any other electrically conductive metal to connect to the clip. The cups must be heat resistant enough and have similar thermal expansion coefficients similar to that of the funnel glass to withstand being fused to the funnel glass. The inner side of the button is connected to the inner conductive coating of the CRT. The anode button may be attached to the funnel while its being pressed into shape in a mold. Alternatively, the x-ray shielding may instead be built into the clip.

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conjunction with the inner aluminum or aquadag coating of the CRT. The electron gun is positioned so that it aims at the center of the screen. It is inside the neck of the CRT, and it is held together and mounted to the neck using glass beads or glass support rods, which are the glass strips on the electron gun. The electron gun is made separately and then placed inside the neck through a process called "winding", or sealing. The electron gun has a glass wafer that is fused to the neck of the CRT. The connections to the electron gun penetrate the glass wafer. Once the electron gun is inside the neck, its metal parts (grids) are arced between each other using high voltage to smooth any rough edges in a process called spot knocking, to prevent the rough edges in the grids from generating secondary electrons.

1335:. The evacuation process also outgasses any materials inside the CRT, while decomposing others such as the polyvinyl alcohol used to apply the phosphors. The heating and cooling are done gradually to avoid inducing stress, stiffening and possibly cracking the glass; the oven heats the gases inside the CRT, increasing the speed of the gas molecules which increases the chances of them getting drawn out by the vacuum pump. The temperature of the CRT is kept to below that of the oven, and the oven starts to cool just after the CRT reaches 400 °C, or, the CRT was kept at a temperature higher than 400 °C for up to 15–55 minutes. The CRT was heated during or after evacuation, and the heat may have been used simultaneously to melt the frit in the CRT, joining the screen and funnel. The pump used is a 1631:, necessary to prevent ion burn on the phosphor, while also reflecting light generated by the phosphor towards the screen, managing heat and absorbing electrons providing a return path for them; previously funnels were coated on the inside with aquadag, used because it can be applied like paint; the phosphors were left uncoated. Aluminum started being applied to CRTs in the 1950s, coating the inside of the CRT including the phosphors, which also increased image brightness since the aluminum reflected light (that would otherwise be lost inside the CRT) towards the outside of the CRT. In aluminized monochrome CRTs, Aquadag is used on the outside. There is a single aluminum coating covering the funnel and the screen. 1099:

several different voltages. The main secondary winding supplies the voltage multiplier with voltage pulses to ultimately supply the CRT with the high anode voltage it uses, while the remaining windings supply the CRT's filament voltage, keying pulses, focus voltage and voltages derived from the scan raster. When the transformer is turned off, the flyback's magnetic field quickly collapses which induces high voltage in its windings. The speed at which the magnetic field collapses determines the voltage that is induced, so the voltage increases alongside its speed. A capacitor (Retrace Timing Capacitor) or series of capacitors (to provide redundancy) is used to slow the collapse of the magnetic field.

1608: 1967:(demagnetizing) coil mounted around the perimeter of the CRT face. Upon power-up of the CRT display, the degaussing circuit produces a brief, alternating current through the coil which fades to zero over a few seconds, producing a decaying alternating magnetic field from the coil. This degaussing field is strong enough to remove shadow mask magnetization in most cases, maintaining color purity. In unusual cases of strong magnetization where the internal degaussing field is not sufficient, the shadow mask may be degaussed externally with a stronger portable degausser or demagnetizer. However, an excessively strong magnetic field, whether alternating or constant, may mechanically 1616: 1190:.) Incorrect biasing can lead to visible retrace lines on one or more colors, creating retrace lines that are tinted or white (for example, tinted red if the red color is affected, tinted magenta if the red and blue colors are affected, and white if all colors are affected). Alternatively, the amplifier may be driven by a video processor that also introduces an OSD (On Screen Display) into the video stream that is fed into the amplifier, using a fast blanking signal. TV sets and computer monitors that incorporate CRTs need a DC restoration circuit to provide a video signal to the CRT with a DC component, restoring the original brightness of different parts of the image. 1166:. The brightness of the screen is not controlled by varying the anode voltage nor the electron beam current (they are never varied) despite them having an influence on image brightness, rather image brightness is controlled by varying the difference in voltage between the cathode and the G1 control grid. The second (screen) grid of the gun (G2) then accelerates the electrons towards the screen using several hundred DC volts. Then a third grid (G3) electrostatically focuses the electron beam before it is deflected and later accelerated by the anode voltage onto the screen. Electrostatic focusing of the electron beam may be accomplished using an 2032: 1932:

to adjust vertical raster shift, and a fourth to adjust purity. The vertical raster shift adjusts the straightness of the scan line. CRTs may also employ dynamic convergence circuits, which ensure correct convergence at the edges of the CRT. Permalloy magnets may also be used to correct the convergence at the edges. Convergence is carried out with the help of a crosshatch (grid) pattern. Other CRTs may instead use magnets that are pushed in and out instead of rings. In early color CRTs, the holes in the shadow mask became progressively smaller as they extended outwards from the center of the screen, to aid in convergence.

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arrangement is called a bipotential lens, which also offers higher performance than an einzel lens, or, focusing may be accomplished using a magnetic focusing coil together with a high anode voltage of dozens of kilovolts. However, magnetic focusing is expensive to implement, so it is rarely used in practice. Some CRTs may use two grids and lenses to focus the electron beam. The focus voltage is generated in the flyback using a subset of the flyback's high voltage winding in conjunction with a resistive voltage divider. The focus electrode is connected alongside the other connections that are in the neck of the CRT.

2052:, later LP Displays) which is truly flat on the outside and inside, but has a bonded glass pane on the screen with a tensioned rim band to provide implosion protection. Such completely flat CRTs were first introduced by Zenith in 1986, and used flat tensioned shadow masks, where the shadow mask is held under tension, providing increased resistance to blooming. Flat CRTs have a number of challenges, like deflection. Vertical deflection boosters are required to increase the amount of current that is sent to the vertical deflection coils to compensate for the reduced curvature. The CRTs used in the Sinclair 1661: 1131:

supplied to the cathode; typically anywhere from 140 mA at 1.5 V to 600 mA at 6.3 V. The cathode creates an electron cloud (emits electrons) whose electrons are extracted, accelerated and focused into an electron beam. Color CRTs have three cathodes: one for red, green and blue. The heater sits inside the cathode but does not touch it; the cathode has its own separate electrical connection. The cathode is a material coated onto a piece of nickel which provides the electrical connection and structural support; the heater sits inside this piece without touching it.

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specific to each glass manufacturer. The compositions of the melts were also specific to each manufacturer. Those optimized for high color purity and contrast were doped with Neodymium, while those for monochrome CRTs were tinted to differing levels, depending on the formulation used and had transmittances of 42% or 30%. Purity is ensuring that the correct colors are activated (for example, ensuring that red is displayed uniformly across the screen) while convergence ensures that images are not distorted. Convergence may be modified using a cross hatch pattern.

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plate of the vertical deflection pair, while keeping the voltage in the bottom plate at 0 volts, will cause the electron beam to be deflected towards the upper part of the screen; increasing the voltage in the upper plate while keeping the bottom plate at 0 will cause the electron beam to be deflected to a higher point in the screen (will cause the beam to be deflected at a higher deflection angle). The same applies with the horizontal deflection plates. Increasing the length and proximity between plates in a pair can also increase the deflection angle.

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insulating in the funnel and neck. The formulation that gives the glass its properties is also known as the melt. The glass is of very high quality, being almost contaminant and defect free. Most of the costs associated with glass production come from the energy used to melt the raw materials into glass. Glass furnaces for CRT glass production have several taps to allow molds to be replaced without stopping the furnace, to allow production of CRTs of several sizes. Only the glass used on the screen needs to have precise optical properties.

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the anode voltage of the CRT; the higher the voltage, the higher the speed. The amount of x-rays emitted by a CRT can also lowered by reducing the brightness of the image. Leaded glass is used because it is inexpensive, while also shielding heavily against x-rays, although some funnels may also contain barium. The screen is usually instead made out of a special lead-free silicate glass formulation with barium and strontium to shield against x-rays, as it doesn't brown unlike glass containing lead. Another glass formulation uses 2–3% of

2640:(EHT or extra-high tension) is required, from a few thousand volts for a small oscilloscope CRT to tens of thousands for a larger screen color TV. This is many times greater than household power supply voltage. Even after the power supply is turned off, some associated capacitors and the CRT itself may retain a charge for some time and therefore dissipate that charge suddenly through a ground such as an inattentive human grounding a capacitor discharge lead. An average monochrome CRT may use 1–1.5 kV of anode voltage per inch. 1868:

geometric configuration of the electron gun axes and gun aperture positions, shadow mask apertures, etc. The shadow mask ensures that one beam will only hit spots of certain colors of phosphors, but minute variations in physical alignment of the internal parts among individual CRTs will cause variations in the exact alignment of the beams through the shadow mask, allowing some electrons from, for example, the red beam to hit, say, blue phosphors, unless some individual compensation is made for the variance among individual tubes.

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unless the CRT displays images with parts that are at full image brightness; only the parts at full brightness cause all of the cathode to emit electrons. The area of the cathode that emits electrons grows from the center outwards as brightness increases, so cathode wear may be uneven. When only the center of the cathode is worn, the CRT may light brightly those parts of images that have full image brightness but not show darker parts of images at all, in such a case the CRT displays a poor gamma characteristic.

732:, respectively. They both were flat-panel displays that had one (SED) or several (FED) electron emitters per subpixel in place of electron guns. The electron emitters were placed on a sheet of glass and the electrons were accelerated to a nearby sheet of glass with phosphors using an anode voltage. The electrons were not focused, making each subpixel essentially a flood beam CRT. They were never put into mass production as LCD technology was significantly cheaper, eliminating the market for such displays. 1537:

affect convergence at the corners of the screen which requires additional compensation circuitry to handle electron beam power and shape, leading to higher costs and power consumption. Higher deflection angles allow a CRT of a given size to be slimmer, however they also impose more stress on the CRT envelope, specially on the panel, the seal between the panel and funnel and on the funnel. The funnel needs to be long enough to minimize stress, as a longer funnel can be better shaped to have lower stress.

2316:. These had 10 electron guns which produced electron beams in the form of digits in a manner similar to that of the charactron. The tubes were either simple single-digit displays or more complex 4- or 6- digit displays produced by means of a suitable magnetic deflection system. Having little of the complexities of a standard CRT, the tube required a relatively simple driving circuit, and as the image was projected on the glass face, it provided a much wider viewing angle than competitive types (e.g., 379: 116: 852: 2487:, which represent an environmental hazard if disposed of improperly. Since 1970, glass in the front panel (the viewable portion of the CRT) used strontium oxide rather than lead, though the rear of the CRT was still produced from leaded glass. Monochrome CRTs typically do not contain enough leaded glass to fail EPA TCLP tests. While the TCLP process grinds the glass into fine particles in order to expose them to weak acids to test for leachate, intact CRT glass does not leach (The lead is 1987:

CRTs require one or two crosswise (horizontal) support strips; one for smaller CRTs, and two for larger ones. The support wires block electrons, causing the wires to be visible. In aperture grille CRTs, dot pitch is replaced by stripe pitch. Hitachi developed the Enhanced Dot Pitch (EDP) shadow mask, which uses oval holes instead of circular ones, with respective oval phosphor dots. Moiré is reduced in shadow mask CRTs by arranging the holes in the shadow mask in a honeycomb-like pattern.

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G1 and G2 across all three guns, increasing image brightness and simplifying adjustment since on such CRTs there is a single cutoff voltage for all three guns (since G1 is shared across all guns). but placing additional stress on the video amplifier used to feed video into the electron gun's cathodes, since the cutoff voltage becomes higher. Monochrome CRTs do not suffer from this problem. In monochrome CRTs video is fed to the gun by varying the voltage on the first control grid.

2616:(PVA), while later versions such as the LG Flatron used a resin, perhaps a UV-curable resin. The PVA degrades over time creating a "cataract", a ring of degraded glue around the edges of the CRT that does not allow light from the screen to pass through. Later CRTs instead use a tensioned metal rim band mounted around the perimeter that also provides mounting points for the CRT to be mounted to a housing. In a 19-inch CRT, the tensile stress in the rim band is 70 kg/cm. 872: 1709: 348: 2040: 1391:

and magnesium with silver, copper or manganese as dopants were also used. The rare earth phosphors used in CRTs are more efficient (produce more light) than earlier phosphors. The phosphors adhere to the screen because of Van der Waals and electrostatic forces. Phosphors composed of smaller particles adhere more strongly to the screen. The phosphors together with the carbon used to prevent light bleeding (in color CRTs) can be easily removed by scratching.

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without dynamic convergence, which together with the in-line triad arrangement, eliminates the need for separate convergence coils and related circuitry, reducing costs. complexity and CRT depth by 10 millimeters. Self-convergence works by means of "nonuniform" magnetic fields. Dynamic convergence is necessary in 110° deflection angle CRTs, and quadrupole windings on the deflection yoke at a certain frequency may also be used for dynamic convergence.

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return path, preventing them from electrostatically charging the screen which would then repel electrons and reduce image brightness, reflects the light from the phosphors forwards and helps manage heat. It also serves as the anode of the CRT together with the inner aquadag coating. The inner coating is electrically connected to an electrode of the electron gun using springs, forming the final anode. The outer aquadag coating is connected to

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electron beam to move more slowly near the edges of the screen. The capacitors used to create the convergence signal are known as the s-capacitors. This type of convergence is necessary due to the high deflection angles and flat screens of many CRT computer monitors. The value of the s-capacitors must be chosen based on the scan rate of the CRT, so multi-syncing monitors must have different sets of s-capacitors, one for each refresh rate.

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shaping the sawtooth deflection signal to match the curvature of the CRT and centering the image by preventing a DC bias from developing on the coil. At the beginning of retrace, the magnetic field of the coil collapses, causing the electron beam to return to the center of the screen, while at the same time the coil returns energy into capacitors, the energy of which is then used to force the electron beam to go to the left of the screen.

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anode and focus voltage go down with increasing electron current when displaying a bright image, the amount of emitted x-rays is as its highest when the CRT is displaying a moderately bright images, since when displaying dark or bright images, the higher anode voltage counteracts the lower electron beam current and vice versa respectively. The high voltage regulator and rectifier vacuum tubes in some old CRT TV sets may also emit x-rays.

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contain the voltages used in the electron optics of the electron gun, such as focusing lenses. The lead in the glass causes it to brown (darken) with use due to x-rays, usually the CRT cathode wears out due to cathode poisoning before browning becomes apparent. The glass formulation determines the highest possible anode voltage and hence the maximum possible CRT screen size. For color, maximum voltages are often 24–32 kV, while for

2752: 100: 675:. The first rectangular color CRTs were also made in 1954. However, the first rectangular color CRTs to be offered to the public were made in 1963. One of the challenges that had to be solved to produce the rectangular color CRT was convergence at the corners of the CRT. In 1965, brighter rare earth phosphors began replacing dimmer and cadmium-containing red and green phosphors. Eventually blue phosphors were replaced as well. 1689: 167: 2578: 1717: 1697: 1924:

1990s did sophisticated active dynamic convergence compensation circuits become available that made short-necked and flat-faced CRTs workable. These active compensation circuits use the deflection yoke to finely adjust beam deflection according to the beam target location. The same techniques (and major circuit components) also make possible the adjustment of display image rotation, skew, and other complex

1725: 43: 2354:. It differs from a normal CRT in that the electron gun within does not produce a focused controllable beam. Instead, electrons are sprayed in a wide cone across the entire front of the phosphor screen, basically making each unit act as a single light bulb. Each one is coated with a red, green or blue phosphor, to make up the color sub-pixels. This technology has largely been replaced with 1151:). After activation, the oxide can become damaged by several common gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Alternatively, barium strontium calcium carbonate may be used instead of barium carbonate, yielding barium, strontium and calcium oxides after activation. During operation, the barium oxide is heated to 800–1000°C, at which point it starts shedding electrons. 926: 2924: 2525:. Typically only low-end monitors run at such low frequencies, with most computer monitors supporting at least 75 Hz and high-end monitors capable of 100 Hz or more to eliminate any perception of flicker. Though the 100 Hz PAL was often achieved using interleaved scanning, dividing the circuit and scan into two beams of 50 Hz. Non-computer CRTs or CRT for 1269:

deflection coils is negative when the electron beam is on the left side of the screen and positive when the electron beam is on the right side of the screen. The energy required for deflection is dependent on the energy of the electrons. Higher energy (voltage and/or current) electron beams need more energy to be deflected, and are used to achieve higher image brightness.

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relatively short for their size. Some Oscilloscope CRTs incorporate post deflection anodes (PDAs) that are spiral-shaped to ensure even anode potential across the CRT and operate at up to 15 kV. In PDA CRTs the electron beam is deflected before it is accelerated, improving sensitivity and legibility, specially when analyzing voltage pulses with short duty cycles.

1595:, or sometimes underscan. Picture tube CRTs have overscan, meaning the actual edges of the image are not shown; this is deliberate to allow for adjustment variations between CRT TVs, preventing the ragged edges (due to blooming) of the image from being shown on screen. The shadow mask may have grooves that reflect away the electrons that do not hit the screen due to 336: 1435:

seen as bright areas of an image that expand, distorting or pushing aside surrounding darker areas of the same image. Blooming occurs because bright areas have a higher electron beam current from the electron gun, making the beam wider and harder to focus. Poor voltage regulation causes focus and anode voltage to go down with increasing electron beam current.

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the magnet was used to deflect the electrons away from the more difficult to deflect ions, letting the electrons through while letting the ions collide into a sheet of metal inside the electron gun. Ion burn results in premature wear of the phosphor. Since ions are harder to deflect than electrons, ion burn leaves a black dot in the center of the screen.

2408: 2399:. The cathode of this display was mounted under the front of the display, and the electrons from the cathode would be directed to the back to the display where they would stay until extracted by electrodes near the front of the display, and directed to the front of the display which had phosphor dots. The devices were demonstrated but never marketed. 4298: 1881: 1822:; Trinitron and Diamondtron use aperture grilles while Cromaclear uses a slot mask. Some shadow mask CRTs have color phosphors that are smaller in diameter than the electron beams used to light them, with the intention being to cover the entire phosphor, increasing image brightness. Shadow masks may be pressed into a curved shape. 585:, and became a commercial product in 1922. The introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration anode voltages and higher electron beam currents, since the anode now only accelerated the electrons emitted by the hot cathode, and no longer had to have a very high voltage to induce electron emission from the cold cathode. 4320: 2068: 954:. A typical CRT contains several kilograms of lead as lead oxide in the glass depending on its size; 12 inch CRTs contain 0.5 kg of lead in total while 32 inch CRTs contain up to 3 kg. Strontium oxide began being used in CRTs, its major application, in the 1970s. Before this, CRTs used lead on the faceplate. 1456:(a low-thermal expansion Nickel-Iron alloy) as it withstands two to three times more current than conventional masks without noticeable warping, while making higher resolution CRTs easier to achieve. Coatings that dissipate heat may be applied on the shadow mask to limit blooming in a process called blackening. 8776: 3137: 2091:

phosphor afterglow. When the beam strikes the phosphor, the phosphor brightly illuminates, and when the beam leaves, the dimmer long persistence afterglow would remain lit where the beam struck the phosphor, alongside the radar targets that were "written" by the beam, until the beam re-struck the phosphor.

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over time. Electromagnetic focusing was introduced in the early 1990s and included an electromagnetic focusing coil in addition to the already existing focusing magnets. Electromagnetic focusing was much more stable over the lifetime of the CRT, retaining 95% of its sharpness by the end of life of the CRT.

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higher angle, which in turn requires exponentially larger amounts of power. As an example, to increase the deflection angle from 90 to 120°, power consumption of the yoke must also go up from 40 watts to 80 watts, and to increase it further from 120 to 150°, deflection power must again go up from 80 to 160

1080:; Some CRTs may use iron oxide on the inside. On the outside, most CRTs (but not all) use aquadag. Aquadag is an electrically conductive graphite-based paint. In color CRTs, the aquadag is sprayed onto the interior of the funnel whereas historically aquadag was painted into the interior of monochrome CRTs. 2619:

Older CRTs were mounted to the TV set using a frame. The band is tensioned by heating it, then mounting it on the CRT; the band cools afterwards, shrinking in size and putting the glass under compression, which strengthens the glass and reduces the necessary thickness (and hence weight) of the glass.

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layer located immediately behind the phosphor screen. An externally applied voltage to the mesh initially ensures that the whole mesh is at a constant potential. This mesh is constantly exposed to a low velocity electron beam from a 'flood gun' which operates independently of the main gun. This flood

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Alternatively, the guns can be aligned with one another (converged) using convergence rings placed right outside the neck; with one ring per gun. The rings can have north and south poles. There can be 4 sets of rings, one to adjust RGB convergence, a second to adjust Red and Blue convergence, a third

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losses, and/or possibly causing the glass underneath the coil to become conductive (as the electrical conductivity of glass decreases with increasing temperature). Some deflection yokes are designed to dissipate the heat that comes from their operation. Higher deflection angles in color CRTs directly

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Aperture grille screens are brighter since they allow more electrons through, but they require support wires. They are also more resistant to warping. Color CRTs need higher anode voltages than monochrome CRTs to achieve the same brightness since the shadow mask blocks most of the electron beam. Slot

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Higher deflection power means more current is sent to the deflection coils to bend the electron beam at a higher angle, which in turn may generate more heat or require electronics that can handle the increased power. Heat is generated due to resistive and core losses. The deflection power is measured

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The electron guns in color CRTs are driven by a video amplifier which takes a signal per color channel and amplifies it to 40–170 V per channel, to be fed into the electron gun's cathodes; each electron gun has its own channel (one per color) and all channels may be driven by the same amplifier,

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There is a voltage called cutoff voltage which is the voltage that creates black on the screen since it causes the image on the screen created by the electron beam to disappear, the voltage is applied to G1. In a color CRT with three guns, the guns have different cutoff voltages. Many CRTs share grid

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Monochrome CRTs may have a tinted barium-lead glass formulation in both the screen and funnel, with a potash-soda lead glass in the neck; the potash-soda and barium-lead formulations have different thermal expansion coefficients. The glass used in the neck must be an excellent electrical insulator to

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The glass used in CRTs arrives from the glass factory to the CRT factory as either separate screens and funnels with fused necks, for Color CRTs, or as bulbs made up of a fused screen, funnel and neck. There were several glass formulations for different types of CRTs, that were classified using codes

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Multiple methods have been proposed for the recycling of CRT glass. The methods involve thermal, mechanical and chemical processes. All proposed methods remove the lead oxide content from the glass. Some companies operated furnaces to separate the lead from the glass. A coalition called the Recytube

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Various states participate in the recycling of CRTs, each with their reporting requirements for collectors and recycling facilities. For example, in California the recycling of CRTs is governed by CALRecycle, the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery through their Payment System.

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Some CRT manufacturers, both LG.Philips Displays (later LP Displays) and Samsung SDI, innovated CRT technology by creating a slimmer tube. Slimmer CRT had the trade names Superslim, Ultraslim, Vixlim (by Samsung) and Cybertube and Cybertube+ (both by LG Philips displays). A 21-inch (53 cm) flat

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in the 1960s. The wires would pass the electron beam current through the glass onto a sheet of paper where the desired content was therefore deposited as an electrical charge pattern. The paper was then passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract

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was provided to assist in tuning the receiver. Tuning would be adjusted until the width of a radial shadow was minimized. This was used instead of a more expensive electromechanical meter, which later came to be used on higher-end tuners when transistor sets lacked the high voltage required to drive

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The Williams tube or Williams-Kilburn tube was a cathode-ray tube used to electronically store binary data. It was used in computers of the 1940s as a random-access digital storage device. In contrast to other CRTs in this article, the Williams tube was not a display device, and in fact could not be

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appears, as the detail being displayed is finer than what the shadow mask can render. Aperture grille monitors do not suffer from vertical moiré, however, because their phosphor stripes have no vertical detail. In smaller CRTs, these strips maintain position by themselves, but larger aperture-grille

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can be fully and freely adjusted (in both direction and magnitude). By rotating a pair of magnets relative to each other, their relative field alignment can be varied, adjusting the effective field strength of the pair. (As they rotate relative to each other, each magnet's field can be considered to

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At high deflection angles, resolutions and refresh rates (since higher resolutions and refresh rates require significantly higher frequencies to be applied to the horizontal deflection coils), the deflection yoke starts to produce large amounts of heat, due to the need to move the electron beam at a

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Image brightness is related to the anode voltage and to the CRTs size, so higher voltages are needed for both larger screens and higher image brightness. Image brightness is also controlled by the current of the electron beam. Higher anode voltages and electron beam currents also mean higher amounts

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become heated. In TVs that exhibit this behavior, it tends to occur in high-contrast scenes in which there is a largely dark scene with one or more localized bright spots. As the electron beam hits the shadow mask in these areas it heats unevenly. The shadow mask warps due to the heat differences,

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The phosphor coating on monochrome and color CRTs may have an aluminum coating on its rear side used to reflect light forward, provide protection against ions to prevent ion burn by negative ions on the phosphor, manage heat generated by electrons colliding against the phosphor, prevent static build

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Burn-in is when images are physically "burned" into the screen of the CRT; this occurs due to degradation of the phosphors due to prolonged electron bombardment of the phosphors, and happens when a fixed image or logo is left for too long on the screen, causing it to appear as a "ghost" image or, in

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The design of the high voltage power supply in a product using a CRT has an influence in the amount of x-rays emitted by the CRT. The amount of emitted x-rays increases with both higher voltages and currents. If the product such as a TV set uses an unregulated high voltage power supply, meaning that

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The funnel is coated on the inside and outside with a conductive coating, making the funnel a capacitor, helping stabilize and filter the anode voltage of the CRT, and significantly reducing the amount of time needed to turn on a CRT. The stability provided by the coating solved problems inherent to

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it is usually 21 or 24.5 kV, limiting the size of monochrome CRTs to 21 inches, or ~1 kV per inch. The voltage needed depends on the size and type of CRT. Since the formulations are different, they must be compatible with one another, having similar thermal expansion coefficients. The

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The funnel and the neck are made of leaded potash-soda glass or lead silicate glass formulation to shield against x-rays generated by high voltage electrons as they decelerate after striking a target, such as the phosphor screen or shadow mask of a color CRT. The velocity of the electrons depends on

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When the main electron gun writes an image to the screen, the energy in the main beam is sufficient to create a 'potential relief' on the storage mesh. The areas where this relief is created no longer repel the electrons from the flood gun which now pass through the mesh and illuminate the phosphor

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Projector CRTs were available with electrostatic and electromagnetic focusing, the latter being more expensive. Electrostatic focusing used electronics to focus the electron beam, together with focusing magnets around the neck of the CRT for fine focusing adjustments. This type of focusing degraded

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If the shadow mask or aperture grille becomes magnetized, its magnetic field alters the paths of the electron beams. This causes errors of "color purity" as the electrons no longer follow only their intended paths, and some will hit some phosphors of colors other than the one intended. For example,

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Shadow masks were replaced in TVs by slot masks in the 1970s, since slot masks let more electrons through, increasing image brightness. Shadow masks may be connected electrically to the anode of the CRT. Trinitron used a single electron gun with three cathodes instead of three complete guns. CRT PC

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Trinitron CRTs were different from other color CRTs in that they had a single electron gun with three cathodes, an aperture grille which lets more electrons through, increasing image brightness (since the aperture grille does not block as many electrons), and a vertically cylindrical screen, rather

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The screen, funnel and neck are fused together into a single envelope, possibly using lead enamel seals, a hole is made in the funnel onto which the anode cap is installed and the phosphor, aquadag and aluminum are applied afterwards. Previously monochrome CRTs used ion traps that required magnets;

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CRT monitors can still outperform LCD and OLED monitors in input lag, as there is no signal processing between the CRT and the display connector of the monitor, since CRT monitors often use VGA which provides an analog signal that can be fed to a CRT directly. Video cards designed for use with CRTs

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Bimetal springs may be used in CRTs used in TVs to compensate for warping that occurs as the electron beam heats the shadow mask, causing thermal expansion. The shadow mask is installed to the screen using metal pieces or a rail or frame that is fused to the funnel or the screen glass respectively,

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During normal operation, the shadow mask is heated to around 80–90 °C. Bright areas of images heat the shadow mask more than dark areas, leading to uneven heating of the shadow mask and warping (blooming) due to thermal expansion caused by heating by increased electron beam current. The shadow

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is then fired using an RF (induction) coil. The getter is usually in the funnel or in the neck of the CRT. The getter material which is often barium-based, catches any remaining gas particles as it evaporates due to heating induced by the RF coil (that may be combined with exothermic heating within

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There are two types of deflection: magnetic and electrostatic. Magnetic is usually used in TVs and monitors as it allows for higher deflection angles (and hence shallower CRTs) and deflection power (which allows for higher electron beam current and hence brighter images) while avoiding the need for

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The amount of electrons generated by the cathodes is related to their surface area. A cathode with more surface area creates more electrons, in a larger electron cloud, which makes focusing the electron cloud into an electron beam more difficult. Normally, only a part of the cathode emits electrons

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that can occur in a CRT electron gun. One is a heater-to-cathode short, that causes the cathode to permanently emit electrons which may cause an image with a bright red, green or blue tint with retrace lines, depending on the cathode (s) affected. Alternatively, the cathode may short to the control

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The anode button must be specially shaped to establish a hermetic seal between the button and funnel. X-rays may leak through the anode button, although that may not be the case in newer CRTs starting from the late 1970s to early 1980s, thanks to a new button and clip design. The button may consist

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The anode cap connection in modern CRTs must be able to handle up to 55–60kV depending on the size and brightness of the CRT. Higher voltages allow for larger CRTs, higher image brightness, or a tradeoff between the two. It consists of a metal clip that expands on the inside of an anode button that

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From 1949 to the early 1960s, there was a shift from circular CRTs to rectangular CRTs, although the first rectangular CRTs were made in 1938 by Telefunken. While circular CRTs were the norm, European TV sets often blocked portions of the screen to make it appear somewhat rectangular while American

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Alternatively the compression caused by the rim band may be used to cause any cracks in the screen to propagate laterally at a high speed so that they reach the funnel and fully penetrate it before they fully penetrate the screen. This is possible because the funnel has walls that are thinner than

2233:. They draw graphics point-to-point, rather than scanning a raster. Either monochrome or color CRTs can be used in vector displays, and the essential principles of CRT design and operation are the same for either type of display; the main difference is in the beam deflection patterns and circuits. 1919:

Dynamic convergence may instead be accomplished in some CRTs using only the ring magnets, magnets glued to the CRT, and by varying the position of the deflection yoke, whose position may be maintained using set screws, a clamp and rubber wedges. 90° deflection angle CRTs may use "self-convergence"

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The solution to the static convergence and purity problems is a set of color alignment ring magnets installed around the neck of the CRT. These movable weak permanent magnets are usually mounted on the back end of the deflection yoke assembly and are set at the factory to compensate for any static

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Color convergence and color purity are two aspects of this single problem. Firstly, for correct color rendering it is necessary that regardless of where the beams are deflected on the screen, all three hit the same spot (and nominally pass through the same hole or slot) on the shadow mask. This is

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After the screen is coated with phosphor and aluminum and the shadow mask installed onto it the screen is bonded to the funnel using a glass frit that may contain 65–88% of lead oxide by weight. The lead oxide is necessary for the glass frit to have a low melting temperature. Boron oxide (III) may

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Several methods were used to create the black matrix. One method coated the screen in photoresist such as dichromate-sensitized polyvinyl alcohol photoresist which was then dried and exposed; the unexposed areas were removed and the entire screen was coated in colloidal graphite to create a carbon

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Variations in anode voltage can lead to variations in brightness in parts or all of the image, in addition to blooming, shrinkage or the image getting zoomed in or out. Lower voltages lead to blooming and zooming in, while higher voltages do the opposite. Some blooming is unavoidable, which can be

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The phosphors used in CRTs often contain rare earth metals, replacing earlier dimmer phosphors. Early red and green phosphors contained Cadmium, and some black and white CRT phosphors also contained beryllium in the form of Zinc beryllium silicate, although white phosphors containing cadmium, zinc

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Those that use magnetic deflection may use a yoke that has two pairs of deflection coils; one pair for vertical, and another for horizontal deflection. The yoke can be bonded (be integral) or removable. Those that were bonded used glue or a plastic to bond the yoke to the area between the neck and

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The electron beam may be affected by the Earth's magnetic field, causing it to normally enter the focusing lens off-center; this can be corrected using astigmation controls. Astigmation controls are both magnetic and electronic (dynamic); magnetic does most of the work while electronic is used for

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24:TV viewers of the 1970s will see their programs on sets quite different from today's, if designs now being worked out are developed. At the Home Furnishings Market in Chicago, Illinois, on June 21, 1961, a thin TV screen is a feature of this design model. Another feature is an automatic timing

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Concerns about x-rays emitted by CRTs began in 1967 when it was found that TV sets made by General Electric were emitting "X-radiation in excess of desirable levels". It was later found that TV sets from all manufacturers were also emitting radiation. This caused TV industry representatives to be

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The density of the x-rays that would be generated by a CRT is low because the raster scan of a typical CRT distributes the energy of the electron beam across the entire screen. Voltages above 15,000 volts are enough to generate "soft" x-rays. However, since CRTs may stay on for several hours at a

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were flat in that they were not deep and their front screens were flat, but their electron guns were put to a side of the screen. The TV80 used electrostatic deflection while the Watchman used magnetic deflection with a phosphor screen that was curved inwards. Similar CRTs were used in video door

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with poor registration. Poor purity causes objects on the screen to appear off-color while their edges remain sharp. Purity and convergence problems can occur at the same time, in the same or different areas of the screen or both over the whole screen, and either uniformly or to greater or lesser

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together with an organic solvent to dissolve the polymer and monomer. The CRT is then baked in an oven in what is called a Lehr bake, to cure the frit, sealing the funnel and screen together. The frit contains a large quantity of lead, causing color CRTs to contain more lead than their monochrome

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The shadow mask absorbs or reflects electrons that would otherwise strike the wrong phosphor dots, causing color purity issues (discoloration of images); in other words, when set up correctly, the shadow mask helps ensure color purity. When the electrons strike the shadow mask, they release their

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On CRTs, refresh rate depends on resolution, both of which are ultimately limited by the maximum horizontal scanning frequency of the CRT. Motion blur also depends on the decay time of the phosphors. Phosphors that decay too slowly for a given refresh rate may cause smearing or motion blur on the

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Also known as rejuvenation, the goal is to temporarily restore the brightness of a worn CRT. This is often done by carefully increasing the voltage on the cathode heater and the current and voltage on the control grids of the electron gun manually. Some rejuvenators can also fix heater-to-cathode

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may be present in the material to help distribute the barium vapor. The material is heated to temperatures above 1000 °C, causing it to evaporate. Partial loss of vacuum in a CRT can result in a hazy image, blue glowing in the neck of the CRT, flashovers, loss of cathode emission or focusing

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Mostly used in oscilloscopes. Deflection is carried out by applying a voltage across two pairs of plates, one for horizontal, and the other for vertical deflection. The electron beam is steered by varying the voltage difference across plates in a pair; For example, applying a voltage to the upper

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The cathode is a layer of barium oxide which is coated on a piece of nickel for electrical and mechanical support. The barium oxide must be activated by heating to enable it to release electrons. Activation is necessary because barium oxide is not stable in air, so it is applied to the cathode as

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that is heated by a tungsten filament heating element; the heater may draw 0.5–2 A of current depending on the CRT. The voltage applied to the heater can affect the life of the CRT. Heating the cathode energizes the electrons in it, aiding electron emission, while at the same time current is

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The flyback transformer is also known as an IHVT (Integrated High Voltage Transformer) if it includes a voltage multiplier. The flyback uses a ceramic or powdered iron core to enable efficient operation at high frequencies. The flyback contains one primary and many secondary windings that provide

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The depth of a CRT is related to its screen size. Usual deflection angles were 90° for computer monitor CRTs and small CRTs and 110° which was the standard in larger TV CRTs, with 120 or 125° being used in slim CRTs made since 2001–2005 in an attempt to compete with LCD TVs. Over time, deflection

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The neck is made from a glass tube while the funnel and screen are made by pouring and then pressing glass into a mold. The glass, known as CRT glass or TV glass, needs special properties to shield against x-rays while providing adequate light transmission in the screen or being very electrically

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When displaying fast one-shot events, the electron beam must deflect very quickly, with few electrons impinging on the screen, leading to a faint or invisible image on the display. Oscilloscope CRTs designed for very fast signals can give a brighter display by passing the electron beam through a

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Dynamic color convergence and purity are one of the main reasons why until late in their history, CRTs were long-necked (deep) and had biaxially curved faces; these geometric design characteristics are necessary for intrinsic passive dynamic color convergence and purity. Only starting around the

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The convergence signal may instead be a sawtooth signal with a slight sine wave appearance, the sine wave part is created using a capacitor in series with each deflection coil. In this case, the convergence signal is used to drive the deflection coils. The sine wave part of the signal causes the

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The funnel is coated with aquadag on both sides while the screen has a separate aluminum coating applied in a vacuum, deposited after the phosphor coating is applied, facing the electron gun. The aluminum coating protects the phosphor from ions, absorbs secondary electrons, providing them with a

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tube uses a metal plate with tiny holes, typically in a delta configuration, placed so that the electron beam only illuminates the correct phosphors on the face of the tube; blocking all other electrons. Shadow masks that use slots instead of holes are known as slot masks. The holes or slots are

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Some electron guns have a quadrupole lens with dynamic focus to alter the shape and adjust the focus of the electron beam, varying the focus voltage depending on the position of the electron beam to maintain image sharpness across the entire screen, specially at the corners. They may also have a

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Since it is a hot cathode, it is prone to cathode poisoning, which is the formation of a positive ion layer that prevents the cathode from emitting electrons, reducing image brightness significantly or completely and causing focus and intensity to be affected by the frequency of the video signal

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While the viewable area may be rectangular, the edges of the CRT may have a curvature (e.g. black stripe CRTs, first made by Toshiba in 1972) or the edges may be black and truly flat (e.g. Flatron CRTs), or the viewable area may follow the curvature of the edges of the CRT (with or without black

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The optical properties of the glass used on the screen affect color reproduction and purity in color CRTs. Transmittance, or how transparent the glass is, may be adjusted to be more transparent to certain colors (wavelengths) of light. Transmittance is measured at the center of the screen with a

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Where a single brief event is monitored by an oscilloscope, such an event will be displayed by a conventional tube only while it actually occurs. The use of a long persistence phosphor may allow the image to be observed after the event, but only for a few seconds at best. This limitation can be

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to several seconds. For visual observation of brief transient events, a long persistence phosphor may be desirable. For events which are fast and repetitive, or high frequency, a short-persistence phosphor is generally preferable. The phosphor persistence must be low enough to avoid smearing or

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Several dozen types of phosphors were available for CRTs. Phosphors were classified according to color, persistence, luminance rise and fall curves, color depending on anode voltage (for phosphors used in penetration CRTs), Intended use, chemical composition, safety, sensitivity to burn-in, and

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The deflection coils are driven by deflection amplifiers. The horizontal deflection coils may also be driven in part by the horizontal output stage of a TV set. The stage contains a capacitor that is in series with the horizontal deflection coils that performs several functions, among them are:

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During retracing of the electron beam, the preamplifier that feeds the video amplifier is disabled and the video amplifier is biased to a voltage higher than the cutoff voltage to prevent retrace lines from showing, or G1 can have a large negative voltage applied to it to prevent electrons from

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to create a color CRT without a shadow mask, eliminating convergence and purity problems, and allowing for shallower CRTs with higher deflection angles. It also required a lower voltage power supply for the final anode since it did not use a shadow mask, which normally blocks around 80% of the

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On some CRTs, additional fixed adjustable magnets are added for dynamic convergence or dynamic purity at specific points on the screen, typically near the corners or edges. Further adjustment of dynamic convergence and purity typically cannot be done passively, but requires active compensation

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Early color CRTs did not have a black matrix, which was introduced by Zenith in 1969, and Panasonic in 1970. The black matrix eliminates light leaking from one phosphor to another since the black matrix isolates the phosphor dots from one another, so part of the electron beam touches the black

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Due to the high frequency at which the horizontal deflection coils operate, the energy in the deflection coils must be recycled to reduce heat dissipation. Recycling is done by transferring the energy in the deflection coils' magnetic field to a set of capacitors. The voltage on the horizontal

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However, electrostatic focusing cannot be accomplished near the final anode of the CRT due to its high voltage in the dozens of Kilovolts, so a high voltage (≈600–8000 V) electrode, together with an electrode at the final anode voltage of the CRT, may be used for focusing instead. Such an

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The electron gun emits the electrons that ultimately hit the phosphors on the screen of the CRT. The electron gun contains a heater, which heats a cathode, which generates electrons that, using grids, are focused and ultimately accelerated into the screen of the CRT. The acceleration occurs in

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between a pair of plates to its left and right, and vertically by applying an electric field to plates above and below. TVs use magnetic rather than electrostatic deflection because the deflection plates obstruct the beam when the deflection angle is as large as is required for tubes that are

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had a circular screen and scanned the beam from the center outwards. The deflection yoke rotated, causing the beam to rotate in a circular fashion. The screen often had two colors, often a bright short persistence color that only appeared as the beam scanned the display and a long persistence

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Due to limitations in the dimensional precision with which CRTs can be manufactured economically, it has not been practically possible to build color CRTs in which three electron beams could be aligned to hit phosphors of respective color in acceptable coordination, solely on the basis of the

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subjectively better color reproduction due to the use of saturated green phosphors, which have relatively long decay times that are tolerated in PAL since there is more time in PAL for phosphors to decay, due to its lower framerate. SMPTE-C phosphors were used in professional video monitors.

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SMPTE-C phosphors have properties defined by the SMPTE-C standard, which defines a color space of the same name. The standard prioritizes accurate color reproduction, which was made difficult by the different phosphors and color spaces used in the NTSC and PAL color systems. PAL TV sets have

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in CRTs emit secondary electrons due to them being inside the vacuum of the CRT. The secondary electrons are collected by the anode of the CRT. Secondary electrons generated by phosphors need to be collected to prevent charges from developing in the screen, which would lead to reduced image

957:

Some early CRTs used a metal funnel insulated with polyethylene instead of glass with conductive material. Others had ceramic or blown Pyrex instead of pressed glass funnels. Early CRTs did not have a dedicated anode cap connection; the funnel was the anode connection, so it was live during

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overcome by the use of a direct view storage cathode-ray tube (storage tube). A storage tube will continue to display the event after it has occurred until such time as it is erased. A storage tube is similar to a conventional tube except that it is equipped with a metal grid coated with a

1638:

The interior aquadag or aluminum coating was the anode and served to accelerate the electrons towards the screen, collect them after hitting the screen while serving as a capacitor together with the outer aquadag coating. The screen has a single uniform phosphor coating and no shadow mask,

1252:

The deflection coils are driven by sawtooth signals that may be delivered through VGA as horizontal and vertical sync signals. A CRT needs two deflection circuits: a horizontal and a vertical circuit, which are similar except that the horizontal circuit runs at a much higher frequency (a

1814:

energy as heat and x-rays. If the electrons have too much energy due to an anode voltage that is too high for example, the shadow mask can warp due to the heat, which can also happen during the Lehr baking at ~435 °C of the frit seal between the faceplate and the funnel of the CRT.

1415:

Various phosphors are available depending upon the needs of the measurement or display application. The brightness, color, and persistence of the illumination depends upon the type of phosphor used on the CRT screen. Phosphors are available with persistences ranging from less than one

821:

only work on CRTs because they depend on the progressive timing properties of CRTs. Another reason people use CRTs due to the natural blending of these displays. Some games designed for CRT displays exploit this, which allows them to look more aesthetically pleasing on these displays.

1770:

tapered so that the electrons that strike the inside of any hole will be reflected back, if they are not absorbed (e.g. due to local charge accumulation), instead of bouncing through the hole to strike a random (wrong) spot on the screen. Another type of color CRT (Trinitron) uses an

1069:; the inner coating is the anode of the CRT, which, together with an electrode in the electron gun, is also known as the final anode. The inner coating is connected to the electrode using springs. The electrode forms part of a bipotential lens. The capacitors and diodes serve as a 449:

A CRT works by electrically heating a tungsten coil which in turn heats a cathode in the rear of the CRT, causing it to emit electrons which are modulated and focused by electrodes. The electrons are steered by deflection coils or plates, and an anode accelerates them towards the

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per hour at a distance of 5 cm (2 in) from any external surface; since 2007, most CRTs have emissions that fall well below this limit. Note that the roentgen is an outdated unit and does not account for dose absorption. The conversion rate is about .877 roentgen per

1831:

matrix. This is also made necessary by warping of the shadow mask. Light bleeding may still occur due to stray electrons striking the wrong phosphor dots. At high resolutions and refresh rates, phosphors only receive a very small amount of energy, limiting image brightness.

597:

demonstrated a CRT TV receiver with a mechanical video camera that received images with a 40-line resolution. By 1927, he improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on a CRT display.

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masks and specially Aperture grilles do not block as many electrons resulting in a brighter image for a given anode voltage, but aperture grille CRTs are heavier. Shadow masks block 80–85% of the electron beam while Aperture grilles allow more electrons to pass through.

9480: 778:. Demand for CRT screens dropped in the late 2000s. Despite efforts from Samsung and LG to make CRTs competitive with their LCD and plasma counterparts, offering slimmer and cheaper models to compete with similarly sized and more expensive LCDs, CRTs eventually became 1234:

high voltages for deflection of up to 2 kV, while oscilloscopes often use electrostatic deflection since the raw waveforms captured by the oscilloscope can be applied directly (after amplification) to the vertical electrostatic deflection plates inside the CRT.

770:

dropped in price and started significantly displacing cathode-ray tubes in the 2000s. LCD monitor sales began exceeding those of CRTs in 2003–2004 and LCD TV sales started exceeding those of CRTs in some markets in 2005. Samsung SDI stopped CRT production in 2012.

678:

The size of CRTs increased over time, from 20 inches in 1938, to 21 inches in 1955, 25 inches by 1974, 30 inches by 1980, 35 inches by 1985, and 43 inches by 1989. However, experimental 31 inch CRTs were made as far back as 1938.

2707:(EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of "hazardous household waste" but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage. 11329: 701:

brand with the model KV-1310, which was based on Aperture Grille technology. It was acclaimed to have improved the output brightness. The Trinitron screen was identical with its upright cylindrical shape due to its unique triple cathode single gun construction.

11351: 1590:

CRTs were produced in two major categories, picture tubes and display tubes. Picture tubes were used in TVs while display tubes were used in computer monitors. Display tubes were of higher resolution and when used in computer monitors sometimes had adjustable

1053:). The funnel and neck glass comprise the remaining 30% and 5% respectively. The glass in the funnel can vary in thickness, to join the thin neck with the thick screen. Chemically or thermally tempered glass may be used to reduce the weight of the CRT glass. 2711:

Recycling facilities that accept CRT devices from business and residential sector must obtain contact information such as address and phone number to ensure the CRTs come from a California source in order to participate in the CRT Recycling Payment System.

1147:

barium carbonate, which cannot emit electrons. Activation heats the barium carbonate to decompose it into barium oxide and carbon dioxide while forming a thin layer of metallic barium on the cathode. Activation is done when forming the vacuum (described in

2568:

This problem does not occur on 100/120 Hz TVs and on non-CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) computer displays, because they use much higher horizontal scanning frequencies that produce sound which is inaudible to humans (22 kHz to over 100 kHz).

709:

for computer monitors, reducing reflections and helping increase image contrast and brightness. Such CRTs were expensive, which limited their use to computer monitors. Attempts were made to produce flat-screen CRTs using inexpensive and widely available

1884: 1902:

parallel to the planes of the magnets, which are perpendicular to the electron gun axes. Often, one pair of rings has 2 poles, another has 4, and the remaining ring has 6 poles. Each pair of magnetic rings forms a single effective magnet whose field

1883: 761:

Beginning in the late 1990s to the early 2000s, CRTs began to be replaced with LCDs, starting first with computer monitors smaller than 15 inches in size, largely because of their lower bulk. Among the first manufacturers to stop CRT production was

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gun is not deflected like the main gun but constantly 'illuminates' the whole of the storage mesh. The initial charge on the storage mesh is such as to repel the electrons from the flood gun which are prevented from striking the phosphor screen.

2628:

the screen. Fully penetrating the funnel first allows air to enter the CRT from a short distance behind the screen, and prevent an implosion by ensuring the screen is fully penetrated by the cracks and breaks only when the CRT already has air.

1366:, etc. Rebuilding was popular until the 1960s because CRTs were expensive and wore out quickly, making repair worth it. The last CRT rebuilder in the US closed in 2010, and the last in Europe, RACS, which was located in France, closed in 2013. 1889: 553:, in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube (or "Braun" tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in 5502: 988: 1000: 1505:, much heavier than 32-inch CRTs (up to 163 lb or 74 kg) and 19-inch CRTs (up to 60 lb or 27 kg). Much lighter flat panel TVs are only ~18 lb (8.2 kg) for 32-inch and 6.5 lb (2.9 kg) for 19-inch. 7261: 2285:

Some displays for early computers (those that needed to display more text than was practical using vectors, or that required high speed for photographic output) used Charactron CRTs. These incorporate a perforated metal character mask

16789:

Yin, Xiaofei; Tian, Xiangmiao; Wu, Yufeng; Zhang, Qijun; Wang, Wei; Li, Bin; Gong, Yu; Zuo, Tieyong (20 December 2018). "Recycling rare earth elements from waste cathode ray tube phosphors: Experimental study and mechanism analysis".

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In 1990, the first CRT with HD resolution, the Sony KW-3600HD, was released to the market. It is considered to be "historical material" by Japan's national museum. The Sony KWP-5500HD, an HD CRT projection TV, was released in 1992.

8848: 445:

displays which are cheaper to manufacture and run, as well as significantly lighter and thinner. Flat-panel displays can also be made in very large sizes whereas 40–45 inches (100–110 cm) was about the largest size of a CRT.

10550: 10952: 16680:

Lu, Xingwen; Ning, Xun-an; Chen, Da; Chuang, Kui-Hao; Shih, Kaimin; Wang, Fei (1 June 2018). "Lead extraction from Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) funnel glass: Reaction mechanisms in thermal reduction with addition of carbon (C)".

8565: 2736:

Leaded CRT glass was sold to be remelted into other CRTs, or even broken down and used in road construction or used in tiles, concrete, concrete and cement bricks, fiberglass insulation or used as flux in metals smelting.

2047:

Flat CRTs are those with a flat screen. Despite having a flat screen, they may not be completely flat, especially on the inside, instead having a greatly increased curvature. A notable exception is the LG Flatron (made by

1361:

CRTs used to be rebuilt; repaired or refurbished. The rebuilding process included the disassembly of the CRT, the disassembly and repair or replacement of the electron gun(s), the removal and redeposition of phosphors and

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was invented. It was a CRT in a flat-panel display format with a single electron gun. Deflection was electrostatic and magnetic, but due to patent problems, it was never put into production. It was also envisioned as a

7826: 6777: 1886: 5676: 8584: 6796: 10880:

Yin, Xiaofei; Wu, Yufeng; Tian, Xiangmiao; Yu, Jiamei; Zhang, Yi-Nan; Zuo, Tieyong (5 December 2016). "Green Recovery of Rare Earths from Waste Cathode Ray Tube Phosphors: Oxidative Leaching and Kinetic Aspects".

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The rim band prevents the CRT from imploding should the screen be broken. The rim band may be glued to the perimeter of the CRT using epoxy, preventing cracks from spreading beyond the screen and into the funnel.

1898:

purity and convergence errors that are intrinsic to the unadjusted tube. Typically there are two or three pairs of two magnets in the form of rings made of plastic impregnated with a magnetic material, with their

2067: 11742: 11242: 8022: 6311: 5490: 9175: 2467:

time, the amount of x-rays generated by the CRT may become significant, hence the importance of using materials to shield against x-rays, such as the thick leaded glass and barium-strontium glass used in CRTs.

10493: 8277: 966:). The inner coating has a positive voltage (the anode voltage that can be several kV) while the outer coating is connected to ground. CRTs powered by more modern power supplies do not need to be connected to 10088: 8425: 7856: 5733: 982:

angles increased as they became practical, from 50° in 1938 to 110° in 1959, and 125° in the 2000s. 140° deflection CRTs were researched but never commercialized, as convergence problems were never resolved.

10731: 8307: 2699:, both of which are necessary for the display. There are several companies in the United States that charge a small fee to collect CRTs, then subsidize their labor by selling the harvested copper, wire, and 789:

Some industries still use CRTs because it is either too much effort, downtime, and/or cost to replace them, or there is no substitute available; a notable example is the airline industry. Planes such as the

10224: 11310: 10512: 9581: 5695: 10811: 10584: 9681: 8346: 6818: 2305: 10792: 7964: 11945: 9915: 8468: 11635: 1448:

which causes the electron gun to hit the wrong colored phosphors and incorrect colors to be displayed in the affected area. Thermal expansion causes the shadow mask to expand by around 100 microns.

6720: 5714: 2463:. For comparison, the average background radiation in the United States is 310 millirem a year. Negative effects of chronic radiation are not generally noticeable until doses over 20,000 millirem. 9773: 8546: 1846:

also present to stabilize the frit, with alumina powder as filler powder to control the thermal expansion of the frit. The frit may be applied as a paste consisting of frit particles suspended in

7886: 6868: 5962: 5029: 2459:. Assuming that the viewer absorbed the entire dose (which is unlikely), and that they watched TV for 2 hours a day, a .5 milliroentgen hourly dose would increase the viewers yearly dose by 320 2168:, but cannot be changed to accommodate different types of measurements. Oscilloscopes commonly provide a means for the graticule to be illuminated from the side, which improves its visibility. 1791:

The three electron guns are in the neck (except for Trinitrons) and the red, green and blue phosphors on the screen may be separated by a black grid or matrix (called black stripe by Toshiba).

9934: 9662: 3037:

Recycling and Reuse of Glass Cullet: Proceedings of the International Symposium Organised by the Concrete Technology Unit and Held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 19-20 March 2001

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grid, possibly causing similar effects, or, the control grid and screen grid (G2) can short causing a very dark image or no image at all. The cathode may be surrounded by a shield to prevent

10069: 8699: 8070: 7304: 1528:. This normally makes CRTs that go beyond certain deflection angles, resolutions and refresh rates impractical, since the coils would generate too much heat due to resistance caused by the 11527: 6983: 6739: 2148:, this plate multiplies the number of electrons reaching the phosphor screen, giving a significant improvement in writing rate (brightness) and improved sensitivity and spot size as well. 9719: 2589:

the vacuum tube into dangerous fragments which accelerate inward and then spray at high speed in all directions. Although modern cathode-ray tubes used in TVs and computer displays have

2160:

as part of the visual display, to facilitate measurements. The graticule may be permanently marked inside the face of the CRT, or it may be a transparent external plate made of glass or

9700: 8295: 7393: 6493: 1563:

image. In practice, CRTs are limited to a refresh rate of 160 Hz. LCDs that can compete with OLED (Dual Layer, and mini-LED LCDs) are not available in high refresh rates, although

1170:

energized at up to 600 volts. Before electrostatic focusing, focusing the electron beam required a large, heavy and complex mechanical focusing system placed outside the electron gun.

5037: 13887: 7250: 5945: 8406: 11723: 5771: 5011: 2722:

project was once formed by several European companies to devise a method to recycle CRTs. The phosphors used in CRTs often contain rare earth metals. A CRT contains about 7

1558:

OLED advantages over CRT: Lower bulk, similar color reproduction, higher contrast ratios, similar refresh rates (over 60 Hz, up to 120 Hz) except for computer monitors.

1348:

the material); the vapor fills the CRT, trapping any gas molecules that it encounters and condenses on the inside of the CRT forming a layer that contains trapped gas molecules.

8603: 15702:

Doyle, T.; Van Asma, C.; McCormack, J.; De Greef, D.; Haighton, V.; Heijnen, P.; Looymans, M.; Van Velzen, J. (1996). "The application and system aspects of the Zeus display".

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The anode is used to accelerate the electrons towards the screen and also collects the secondary electrons that are emitted by the phosphor particles in the vacuum of the CRT.

883:

The body of a CRT is usually made up of three parts: A screen/faceplate/panel, a cone/funnel, and a neck. The joined screen, funnel and neck are known as the bulb or envelope.

17200: 7796: 1460:

holding the shadow mask in tension to minimize warping (if the mask is flat, used in flat-screen CRT computer monitors) and allowing for higher image brightness and contrast.

9893: 7993:

Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology: The Guide for the Digital Age - from HDTV, DVD and flat-screen technologies to Multimedia Broadcasting, Mobile TV and Blu Ray

2660:

shielding can mitigate this effect. Such radiation of a potentially exploitable signal, however, occurs also with other display technologies and with electronics in general.

6843: 10531: 2740:

A considerable portion of CRT glass is landfilled, where it can pollute the surrounding environment. It is more common for CRT glass to be disposed of than being recycled.

1061:

The outer conductive coating is connected to ground while the inner conductive coating is connected using the anode button/cap through a series of capacitors and diodes (a

11490: 15985:"Occupational Risks Associated with Electronics Demanufacturing and CRT Glass Processing Operations and the Impact of Mitigation Activities on Employee Safety and Health" 10009: 5435: 4201: 1473:

of x-rays and heat generation since the electrons have a higher speed and energy. Leaded glass and special barium-strontium glass are used to block most x-ray emissions.

962:

early power supply designs, as they used vacuum tubes. Because the funnel is used as a capacitor, the glass used in the funnel must be an excellent electrical insulator (

8945: 5540: 2620:

This makes the band an integral component that should never be removed from an intact CRT that still has a vacuum; attempting to remove it may cause the CRT to implode.

15675:

Lambert, N.; Montie, E.A.; Baller, T.S.; Van Gorkom, G.G.P.; Hendriks, B.H.W.; Trompenaars, P.H.F.; De Zwart, S.T. (1996). "Transport and extraction in Zeus displays".

8774:, "Cathode assembly for CRT electron gun - has protective screen around cathode emitter between emitter and hole in insulator support of cylindrical grid electrode" 6914:

Xu, Qingbo; Li, Guangming; He, Wenzhi; Huang, Juwen; Shi, Xiang (August 2012). "Cathode ray tube (CRT) recycling: Current capabilities in China and research progress".

6875: 6319: 5136: 2437:(braking radiation) as the high-energy electrons are decelerated. The amount of radiation escaping the front of the monitor is widely considered to be not harmful. The 15984: 14778:"BroadcastStore.com − New and Used Professional Video, Audio, and Broadcast Equipment. Sony, JVC, Panasonic, Grass Valley, Tektronix, Avid, Applied Magic, and More..." 13542: 8996: 4992: 4108: 1481:

A practical limit on the size of a CRT is the weight of the thick glass needed to safely sustain its vacuum, since a CRT's exterior is exposed to the full atmospheric

8258: 4394:, Tamura, Michio & Nakamura, Mitsuyoshi, "Cathode ray tube color screen and method of producing same", published 1969-04-22, assigned to 810:

for navigation updates. They are also used in some military equipment for similar reasons. As of 2022, at least one company manufactures new CRTs for these markets.

19335: 13630:

Ohno, K.; Kusunoki, T. (5 August 2010). "ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Ultrafine Pigment Color Filters on Cathode Ray Tube Brightness, Contrast, and Color Purity".

7845: 2271:

the device. The same type of device was used with tape recorders as a recording level meter, and for various other applications including electrical test equipment.

1762:(Δ). The arrangement of the phosphors is the same as that of the electron guns. A grille or mask absorbs the electrons that would otherwise hit the wrong phosphor. 8327: 8175: 4934: 9513:

Bae, Mincheol; Song, Yongseok; Hong, Younggon; Kwon, Yonggeol; Lee, Kwangsik (2001). "42.1: A New Electron Gun for a 32ʺ Super Wide Deflection Angle (120°) CRT".

7711: 7535: 2416:

CRT has a 447.2-millimetre (17.61 in) depth. The depth of Superslim was 352 millimetres (13.86 in) and Ultraslim was 295.7 millimetres (11.64 in).

10922: 1627:

that has been applied by evaporation; the aluminum is evaporated in a vacuum and allowed to condense on the inside of the CRT. Aluminum eliminates the need for

15781: 2919:, Fitzgerald, William V., "Power supply stabilization circuit with separate AC/DC negative feedback paths", published 1995-10-31, assigned to 16629:

Yuan, Wenyi; Li, Jinhui; Zhang, Qiwu; Saito, Fumio; Yang, Bo (1 January 2013). "Lead recovery from cathode ray tube funnel glass with mechanical activation".

12291: 1642:

Monochrome CRTs may use ring magnets to adjust the centering of the electron beam and magnets around the deflection yoke to adjust the geometry of the image.

1575:

to generate the analog signals needed by the CRT. Also, CRT monitors are often capable of displaying sharp images at several resolutions, an ability known as

1162:

A negative current is applied to the first (control) grid (G1) to converge the electrons from the hot cathode, creating an electron beam. G1 in practice is a

297:

was used to describe electron beams when they were first discovered, before it was understood that what was emitted from the cathode was a beam of electrons.

17214: 2557:

and are inaudible to many people; however, some people (especially children) will perceive a high-pitched tone near an operating CRT TV. The sound is due to

1194:

fine adjustments. One of the ends of the electron gun has a glass disk, the edges of which are fused with the edge of the neck of the CRT, possibly using

17585: 15825: 2521:. Flicker is commonly associated with CRT as most TVs run at 50 Hz (PAL) or 60 Hz (NTSC), although there are some 100 Hz PAL TVs that are 12255: 5973: 13072: 12073:

Masuda, Y.; Akiyama, T.; Kitaoka, M.; Otobe, S.; Takei, H.; Kitaoka, M. (1998). "23.2: Development of New Ferrite Material for Deflection Yoke Core".

9792: 2652:, scanning circuitry, and associated wiring of a CRT can be captured remotely and used to reconstruct what is shown on the CRT using a process called 2517:

and below), the periodic scanning of the display may produce a flicker that some people perceive more easily than others, especially when viewed with

17878: 9365: 8527: 8485: 4868: 4691: 2802: 1546: 11989: 10039: 9988:, "Color picture tube apparatus having beam velocity modulation coils overlapping with convergence and purity unit and ring shaped ferrite core" 9632: 7603: 12998: 12738: 9207: 3470: 3325: 1049:

Most of the weight of a CRT comes from the thick glass screen, which comprises 65% of the total weight of a CRT and limits its practical size (see

16045: 6554: 1087:

is embedded on the funnel glass of the CRT. The connection is insulated by a silicone suction cup, possibly also using silicone grease to prevent

17920: 13149:"Color cathode ray tube with metallic contactor ribbon bonded on inside wall of tube between the high voltage terminal and the shadow mask frame" 11167: 6581: 1982:

defines the maximum resolution of the display, assuming delta-gun CRTs. In these, as the scanned resolution approaches the dot pitch resolution,

4315:, Royce, Martin R, "Rare earth activated yttrium and gadolinium oxy-chalcogenide phosphors", published 1968-12-24, assigned to 10433: 9254: 7942: 7210: 4562:

The Sony KX-45ED1, released in 1988 in Japan, was even larger, at 45 visible inches but a reliable source of information has not been located.

3605: 939:

screen may also have an anti-glare or anti-reflective coating, or be ground to prevent reflections. CRTs may also have an anti-static coating.

479:(negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were travelling in straight lines. In 1890, 6412: 12108: 11023: 9050: 8210: 5916: 5570:

Ha, Kuedong; Shin, Soon-Cheol; Kim, Do-Nyun; Lee, Kue-Hong; Kim, Jeong-Hoon (2006). "Development of a 32-in. slim CRT with 125° deflection".

2704: 2669: 1747:

Color CRTs have three electron guns, one for each primary color, (red, green and blue) arranged either in a straight line (in-line) or in an

15479: 15377: 13788: 12168: 10332: 9015: 7725: 6442: 4646:

device which would record TV programs during the viewers' absence to be played back later. The 32x22-inch color screen is four inches thick.

1552:

LCD advantages over CRT: Lower bulk, power consumption and heat generation, higher refresh rates (up to 360 Hz), higher contrast ratios

17321: 17247: 15889: 13876: 2938: 2126:

is used, rather than the magnetic deflection commonly used with TV and other large CRTs. The beam is deflected horizontally by applying an

10113: 753:

Worldwide sales of CRT computer monitors peaked in 2000, at 90 million units, while those of CRT TVs peaked in 2005 at 130 million units.

18970: 17532: 16577: 13613:"Photolithographic deposition of phosphors on faceplate of crt using spraying of photosensitive pva-phosphor suspension in plural layers" 4293:, Avella, Frank J, "Rare earth activated indium borate cathodoluminescent phosphors", published 1968-07-23, assigned to 3619: 2870: 2612:

Early CRTs had a glass plate over the screen that was bonded to it using glue, creating a laminated glass screen: initially the glue was

2443: 1399:

oxide for red and yttrium silicide for blue in beam index tubes, while examples of earlier phosphors are copper cadmium sulfide for red,

1343:. Formerly mercury vacuum pumps were also used. After baking, the CRT is disconnected ("sealed or tipped off") from the vacuum pump. The 1261:

in mA per inch. The vertical deflection coils may require ~24 volts while the horizontal deflection coils require ~120 volts to operate.

725: 398:

to prevent the emitted electrons from colliding with air molecules and scattering before they hit the tube's face. Thus, the interior is

300:

In CRT TVs and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly and systematically in a fixed pattern called a

15615: 15162: 14408: 9268: 7739:

Sugawara, Tsunehiko; Kuroki, Yuichi; Yano, Tetsuji; Shibata, Shuichi (2006). "Recent Advances in Strengthening Glass Material for CRT".

3132:, Hasegawa, Yoji, "Cathode-ray tube and its manufacturing method, and electron gun", published 2003-11-21, assigned to 1732:

Color CRTs use three different phosphors which emit red, green, and blue light respectively. They are packed together in stripes (as in

19330: 15449: 12409: 9595: 6900: 6634: 5803: 1303:

were used in computers to minimize burn-in. Burn-in is not exclusive to CRTs, as it also happens to plasma displays and OLED displays.

17175: 17095: 16244:"US Patent for Cathode ray tube contrast enhancement systems Patent (Patent # 4,841,372 issued June 20, 1989) - Justia Patents Search" 12364: 7497: 18794: 16520: 14203: 13923: 13210: 9404: 7166: 1774:

of tensioned vertical wires to achieve the same result. The shadow mask has a single hole for each triad. The shadow mask is usually

15574: 15534: 7785: 4978: 1692:

On the left: Magnified view of In-line phosphor triads (a slot mask) CRT. On the right: Magnified view of Delta-gun phosphor triads.

1660: 15932: 2351: 394:

The tube is a glass envelope which is heavy, fragile, and long from front screen face to rear end. Its interior must be close to a

14894: 11455: 6832: 3869: 1582:

CRTs tend to be more durable than their flat panel counterparts, though specialised LCDs that have similar durability also exist.

18435: 16077: 13490: 13371:"photo-sensitive compound and photo-resist resin composition for forming black matrix of CPT containing effective amount thereof" 10472:, "Method for combined baking-out and sealing of an electrophotographically processed screen assembly for a cathode-ray tube" 5614: 4495: 15849: 12826: 9478:, "Method of forming a frit seal between a stem and a neck of a cathode ray tube during manufacturing of a cathode ray tube" 8283: 4658: 2729:

The funnel can be separated from the screen of the CRT using laser cutting, diamond saws or wires or using a resistively heated

2433:

radiation; this is a result of the electron beam's bombardment of the shadow mask/aperture grille and phosphors, which produces

1971:(bend) the shadow mask, causing a permanent color distortion on the display which looks very similar to a magnetization effect. 17112: 15730: 14079: 13330: 6271: 16877:"Recovery of rare earths from waste cathode ray tube (CRT) phosphor powder by selective sulfation roasting and water leaching" 12481: 12465: 8907:

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena

8376: 7991: 7571: 5529: 2227:

Vector monitors were used in early computer aided design systems and are in some late-1970s to mid-1980s arcade games such as

17505: 16937: 16470: 16206: 16114: 15203: 15172: 15145: 15118: 15084: 15050: 14751: 13657: 11585: 11403: 11376: 11277: 9867: 8886: 6644: 6618: 5144: 4964: 3920: 3664: 3309: 3088: 3044: 3006: 2636:

To accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the screen with enough energy to achieve sufficient image brightness, a very

2593:-bonded face-plates or other measures to prevent shattering of the envelope, CRTs must be handled carefully to avoid injury. 17272: 15995: 13835: 13531: 12227: 4079: 217:

The only visible differences are the single electron gun, the uniform white phosphor coating, and the lack of a shadow mask.

19253: 18352: 17804: 17579: 16917: 11870: 10198: 9744: 8037: 7399: 4531: 3656: 2375: 17520: 15403: 12015: 11131: 11052: 10405: 10377: 9108: 8959: 8815: 7060: 6608: 4339: 1623:

If the CRT is a black and white (B&W or monochrome) CRT, there is a single electron gun in the neck and the funnel is

18133: 17913: 17653: 11655: 11584:

Foley, James D.; Van, Foley Dan; Dam, Andries Van; Feiner, Steven K.; Hughes, John F.; Angel, Edward; Hughes, J. (1996).

8680: 5416: 4249: 3900: 2545:

50 Hz/60 Hz CRTs used for TV operate with horizontal scanning frequencies of 15,750 and 15,734.27 Hz (for

1648: 1555:

CRT advantages over LCD: Better color reproduction, no motion blur, multisyncing available in many monitors, no input lag

13180: 11327:, "Method for manufacturing a metallized luminescent screen for a cathode-ray tube Patent", published 1998-09-01 10266: 6119: 5351: 5166: 4942: 4373: 978:, similarly to other types of capacitors. Because of this CRTs have to be discharged before handling to prevent injury. 17852: 17147: 16775: 13996:"Method and apparatus for controlling dynamic convergence of a plurality of electron beams of a color cathode ray tube" 12936: 12521: 7524: 7332: 6285: 5204: 974:, although at the voltage the anode is normally supplied with. The capacitor formed by the funnel can also suffer from 970:, due to the more robust design of modern power supplies. The value of the capacitor formed by the funnel is 5–10 15749: 13716: 10986: 10911: 7362: 5078: 2537:

phosphor and are thus flicker free. If the persistence is too long on a video display, moving images will be blurred.

1579:. Due to these reasons, CRTs are sometimes preferred by PC gamers in spite of their bulk, weight and heat generation. 1567:(QLEDs) are available in high refresh rates (up to 144 Hz) and are competitive in color reproduction with OLEDs. 18116: 18012: 17567: 17526: 16613: 15957: 15767: 15282: 14761: 13979: 13500: 12505: 12495: 11880: 11665: 11595: 11062: 10996: 10276: 10249: 9118: 9091: 8001: 6993: 6692: 6591: 6564: 6394: 6295: 6215: 5832: 5369: 3698: 3499: 3233: 3194: 2827: 650: 16603: 15785: 15298: 13969: 11960: 11349:, "Method of manufacturing a phosphor screen for a CRT using an adhesion-promoting, blister-preventing solution" 10686: 3797: 786:

enthusiasts once LCDs fell in price, with their lower bulk, weight and ability to be wall mounted coming as pluses.

18256: 17983: 17889: 17572: 17314: 16046:"Characterization of Lead Leachability from Cathode Ray Tubes Using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure" 15867: 10626:

Goetz, D.; Schaefer, G.; Rufus, J. (4 June 1998). "The use of turbomolecular pumps in television tube production".

10452: 8189: 5615:"Characterization of Lead Leachability From Cathode Ray Tubes Using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure" 4625: 2363: 2329: 922:

on the screen. Alternatively zirconium can also be used on the screen in combination with barium, instead of lead.

17: 16303: 12580: 6958: 4752: 18963: 18304: 18103: 12601: 6165: 3805: 3428: 3357: 3339: 3256: 2313: 540: 15520: 12327: 10239: 4883: 1751:

configuration (the guns are usually constructed as a single unit). The triangular configuration is often called

19320: 19248: 17906: 17591: 17561: 17388: 13759: 9081: 5886: 2781: 2695:, CRTs are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and 2586: 1062: 407: 207:

Control electrode regulating the intensity of the electron beam and thereby the light emitted from the phosphor

16402:

van Eck, Wim (1 December 1985). "Electromagnetic radiation from video display units: An eavesdropping risk?".

15832: 14855: 13024: 12801: 6682: 6026: 5259: 4794: 1607: 19325: 19310: 17862: 17857: 17847: 17735: 10825: 8626: 8528:"Donkey Kong's failing liver: What the death of the CRT display technology means for classic arcade machines" 5333: 5241: 3261: 2842: 2388: 664:

sets often left the entire front of the CRT exposed or only blocked the upper and lower portions of the CRT.

12139: 9625: 7512: 6151: 5822: 3963: 3212:

Martin, André (1986). "Cathode Ray Tubes for Industrial and Military Applications". In Hawkes, Peter (ed.).

691:

in aircraft. By the time patent issues were solved, RCA had already invested heavily in conventional CRTs.

499:

of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, the first "

18335: 18087: 17464: 14722: 9800: 4346: 4316: 3998: 3810: 3690: 2920: 2438: 2196: 1187: 10028: 8905:

den Engelsen, Daniel; Ferrario, Bruno (1 March 2004). "Gettering by Ba films in color cathode ray tubes".

8492: 5390: 5310: 1615: 19315: 18139: 18076: 17307: 12727: 11978: 6341: 3129: 2994: 2797: 513:

in 1891. The earliest version of the CRT was known as the "Braun tube", invented by the German physicist

12987: 10969:, "Process for coating a phosphor slurry on the inner surface of a color cathode ray tube faceplate" 9215: 5653: 5185: 4031: 3825: 774:

Despite being a mainstay of display technology for decades, CRT-based computer monitors and TVs are now

18956: 18799: 18346: 17647: 17377: 17371: 16052: 14037: 11719: 9822: 4716: 4633: 3485: 2688:. Regulatory agencies, local and statewide, monitor the disposal of CRTs and other computer equipment. 1599:. Color picture tubes used in TVs were also known as CPTs. CRTs are also sometimes called Braun tubes. 1183: 11156: 5059: 4391: 4312: 4290: 4268: 3288:

Lehrer, Norman, H. (1985). "The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube". In Tannas, Lawrence E. Jr. (ed.).

2946: 2916: 2073:

The side of a Sony Watchman monochrome CRT. One of the pairs of deflection coils is easily noticeable.

2031: 19305: 19263: 18553: 18267: 18110: 17995: 17783: 17494: 16506: 15219: 12440: 5273: 1968: 16447:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3424. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 88–107. 16376: 14217:

Antonelli, Goffredo; Paolis, Cesare De; Giannantonio, Giuseppe; Ginesti, Paolo (20 September 2001).

12764:"Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ: Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video Monitors" 10430: 9596:"Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ: Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video Monitors" 9208:"Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ: Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video Monitors" 7199: 4340:

RCA Phosphors for Cathode-Ray Tubes, Black-and-White and Color Picture Tubes, and other Applications

4019: 19340: 19112: 18562: 18420: 18272: 18128: 17685: 17488: 16416: 16366:

Color Television Servicing Manual, Vol-1, by M.D. Aggarwala, 1985, Television for you, Delhi, India

12629:

Bowie, R.M. (December 1948). "The Negative-Ion Blemish in a Cathode-Ray Tube and Its Elimination".

6420: 4916: 3909:

The Video Game Debate: Unravelling the Physical, Social, and Psychological Effects of Digital Games

2123: 1818:

monitors usually use shadow masks, except for Sony's Trinitron, Mitsubishi's Diamondtron and NEC's

1508:

Size is also limited by anode voltage, as it would require a higher dielectric strength to prevent

1278: 1046:

and viewfinders in camcorders. In these, there may be no black edges, that are however truly flat.

325: 108: 16453: 15421: 12116: 11012: 9058: 9023: 8218: 7767: 5923: 18573: 18293: 18092: 17691: 15494: 15366: 14397: 13777: 12157: 10293: 6450: 6234: 5117: 4505: 3257:"Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme" 2890: 2776: 2456: 620:

for the term "Kinescope", RCA's term for a CRT, in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the

510: 104: 69: 17255: 10199:"STMicroelectronics Unveils the World's First Vertical Deflection Booster for Slim CRT Displays" 6197: 6101: 1940: 1512:

and the electrical losses and ozone generation it causes, without sacrificing image brightness.

1225:(a nonlinear relationship in an electron gun between applied video voltage and beam intensity). 19243: 18742: 18309: 18174: 18150: 17788: 17538: 17453: 16448: 16411: 11657:

The Dynamics of the Computer Industry: Modeling the Supply of Workstations and their Components

10102: 4116: 4006: 3076: 2229: 1873: 729: 472: 53: 16581: 16196: 16104: 15135: 15108: 15074: 11393: 11366: 11256: 7980:

there is no matte black coating on the outside of the CRT so here is no aquadag on the outside

5223: 4271:, Ashizaki, Shigeya, "Color picture tube", published 1976-11-02, assigned to 4049: 3684: 3650: 3627: 2565:

but the sound can also be created by movement of the deflection coils, yoke or ferrite beads.

2320:). However, their requirement for several voltages and their high voltage made them uncommon. 19142: 18811: 18763: 18584: 18400: 18315: 18246: 18082: 17675: 17669: 17632: 17338: 16486: 16440: 15619: 15193: 15178: 12763: 12194: 9276: 7259:, "Method of fabricating a cathode ray tube having a conductive metallic coating therein" 5500:, "CRT having a contrast enhancing exterior coating and method of manufacturing the same" 4137: 3464: 3293: 3259:[On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents]. 3104: 2700: 2608:

1500 terminal with exposed chassis, with its CRT suffering from a "cataract" due to aging PVA

975: 911: 574: 77: 15457: 13693:"CRT frit capable of sealing a CRT bulb at a relatively low temperature and in a short time" 12417: 9850:

Hui, Rongqing; O'Sullivan, Maurice (2009). "Basic Instrumentation for Optical Measurement".

9603: 3516: 3432: 2182: 1619:

The deflection yoke over the neck of a monochrome CRT. It has two pairs of deflection coils.

183:

Phosphor layer on the inner side of the screen; emits light when struck by the electron beam

19279: 19258: 19238: 19177: 19117: 19043: 18885: 18629: 18524: 18298: 18191: 18045: 18006: 17937: 17929: 17680: 17554: 17164: 17059: 16968: 16888: 16799: 16690: 16638: 15808:"LG.Philips Displays Showcases SuperSlim CRT TV :: News :: www.hardwarezone.com®" 14517: 13912: 13218: 11565:, "Method for making shadow mask for color picture tube and a shadow mask made thereby" 8914: 8144: 8084: 7504: 6923: 6754: 6519: 6413:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Should I be worried about X-ray exposure while servicing a TV or monitor?" 5291: 4762: 4726: 4468: 3528: 3375: 2355: 1796: 1748: 1254: 967: 638:

The first commercially made electronic TV sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by

609: 496: 403: 351: 31: 16524: 16225: 15422:"Mitsubishi Electric Receives IEEE Milestone for Outdoor Large-Scale Color Display System" 12410:"MultiSync 25th Anniversary - The Evolution of the MultiSync | NEC Display Solutions" 12292:"LG admits that OLED TVs will have problems with variable refresh rate (VRR) below 120 Hz" 9457: 9393: 8509: 7174: 7031: 6510:

Lee, Ching-Hwa; Hsi, Chi-Shiung (1 January 2002). "Recycling of Scrap Cathode Ray Tubes".

4667:. Vol. 109, no. 1. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. January 1958. p. 104 2601: 2479:

Older color and monochrome CRTs may have been manufactured with toxic substances, such as

867:

A monochrome CRT as seen inside a TV. The CRT is the single largest component in a CRT TV.

532:-coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of a CRT as a display device. The 8: 19202: 19091: 18993: 18605: 18513: 18405: 18241: 18218: 17826: 17730: 17637: 17481: 17408: 15635:"US Patent 5905336 – Method of manufacturing a glass substrate coated with a metal oxide" 15589: 15549: 15454:

The Vintage Technology Association: Military Industrial Electronics Research Preservation

12786: 11092: 10668: 6252: 5292:"Samsung SDI halts CRT production in Malaysia plant - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea" 4854: 4272: 2766: 2562: 2347: 2141: 2049: 1564: 1336: 1243: 1205:

After the CRTs were manufactured, they were aged to allow cathode emission to stabilize.

1066: 743: 340: 317: 65: 17063: 16972: 16892: 16803: 16694: 16642: 16130: 16081: 14970: 13413:"Black matrix and a phosphor screen for a color cathode-ray-tube and production thereof" 11419: 10138: 8918: 8148: 6927: 6523: 5804:"Frequent Questions About the Regulation of Used Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) and CRT Glass" 4223: 3936: 3532: 3379: 2446: 2114:

The electron gun of an oscilloscope. A pair of deflection plates is visible on the left.

863: 18910: 18770: 18478: 18445: 18261: 18145: 18123: 17868: 17742: 17664: 17659: 17622: 17139: 16904: 16815: 16714: 16662: 15255: 14143: 14104: 13857: 13672:"Method for producing phosphor screens, and color cathode ray tubes incorporating same" 13471: 12919: 12646: 12345: 12090: 11630: 11463: 10787: 10324: 10004: 9859: 9530: 9316: 9248: 8133:"A projection graphic display for the computer aided analysis of bubble chamber images" 7936: 6083: 6058: 5728: 5587: 5509: 5497: 3877: 3715: 3599: 3393: 3319: 3240:

Evidence for the existence of "cathode-rays" was first found by Plücker and Hittorf ...

2832: 2757: 2657: 2396: 2304: 2145: 2099: 2000: 1799:, possibly using a series of springs or a harness that makes contact with the aquadag. 1070: 835: 767: 706: 594: 500: 430: 304:. In color devices, an image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of three 150:

Connection for final anodes (referred to as the "ultor" in some receiving tube manuals)

73: 59: 15715: 15688: 15661: 14274: 12395: 9334: 9298: 9134: 8846:, "Electronic tube cathode, long-life electronic tube tube and its making process" 8272: 8211:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Arcing, sparking, or corona from CRT HV anode (red wire/suction cup)" 8114: 7675: 5625: 4598: 4572: 4509: 3225: 2374:

CRTs with an unphosphored front glass but with fine wires embedded in it were used as

1198:; the metal leads that connect the electron gun to the outside pass through the disk. 562: 358: 19212: 19197: 18905: 18826: 18717: 18669: 18498: 18425: 18387: 17821: 17617: 17549: 16908: 16876: 16819: 16706: 16654: 16609: 16466: 16425: 16202: 16170: 16110: 16024: 15278: 15199: 15168: 15141: 15114: 15080: 15046: 14757: 14589: 14535: 14433: 13975: 13496: 13370: 12834: 12556: 12501: 12094: 11922: 11876: 11803: 11681: 11661: 11591: 11541: 11399: 11372: 11219: 11058: 10992: 10548:, "Method for combined baking-out and panel-sealing of a partially-assembled crt" 10316: 10272: 10245: 9863: 9714: 9676: 9534: 9114: 9087: 8991: 8940: 8882: 8713: 8240: 8156: 7997: 7821: 6989: 6939: 6894: 6688: 6640: 6614: 6587: 6560: 6535: 6291: 5828: 4663: 3916: 3694: 3660: 3495: 3305: 3229: 3176: 3084: 3040: 3002: 2895: 2792: 2653: 2613: 2534: 2518: 2157: 1624: 1576: 1515:

Shadow masks also become more difficult to make with increasing resolution and size.

262: 17143: 17109: 17029: 16666: 15807: 15259: 14794: 14478: 14317: 14068: 13475: 13433: 13248:"Method of making multicolor CRT display screen with minimal phosphor contamination" 12650: 11120: 10564: 8658: 7560: 7388: 6133: 5591: 946:(PbO), The neck may contain 30–40% of lead oxide, and the screen may contain 12% of 914:; others such as Videocon, Sony for the US market and Thomson made their own glass. 750:

of TV cathode-ray tubes. The same occurred in 2015 in the US and in Canada in 2018.

468: 19162: 18568: 18395: 18034: 17873: 17612: 17414: 17075: 17067: 17009: 16976: 16900: 16896: 16854: 16833: 16807: 16755: 16745: 16718: 16698: 16646: 16458: 16421: 15711: 15684: 15657: 15585: 15545: 15245: 14457: 14218: 14182: 14161: 13995: 13814:"Method of manufacture of cathode ray tubes having frit-sealed envelope assemblies" 13692: 13639: 13570: 13463: 13055: 12898: 12878:"In-line electron gun structure for color cathode ray tube having oblong apertures" 12856: 12780: 12673: 12638: 12391: 12082: 12052: 11782: 11266: 10890: 10851: 10748: 10635: 10608: 10328: 10308: 10241:

The Technician's Radio Receiver Handbook: Wireless and Telecommunication Technology

9985: 9966: 9855: 9558: 9522: 9494: 8922: 8874: 8771: 8560: 8365: 8152: 8110: 8101:

Ozawa, Lyuji (15 January 2002). "Electron flow route at phosphor screens in CRTs".

7881: 7748: 7469: 6931: 6791: 6527: 5940: 5766: 5709: 5579: 5485: 4895: 4687: 3536: 3444: 3397: 3383: 3366: 3297: 3221: 2692: 2673: 2558: 2504: 1839: 1737: 1293: 1222: 1163: 1088: 839:

Small circular CRTs during manufacture in 1947 (screens being coated with phosphor)

783: 602: 582: 549: 426:

emissions. This tube makes up most of the weight of CRT TVs and computer monitors.

370:

Snapshot of a CRT TV showing the line of light being drawn from left to right in a

276: 18430: 17050:

Herat, Sunil (2008). "Recycling of Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) in Electronic Waste".

16811: 16325: 15914: 14873: 14812: 14701:"Beam index display tube and display system including the beam index display tube" 14700: 14607: 14232: 14016: 13948: 13813: 13745: 13671: 13612: 13591: 13412: 13391: 13349: 13288: 13247: 13148: 13127: 13085: 12966: 12877: 12615: 12535: 12309: 11940: 11848: 11824: 11756: 11737: 11700: 11611: 11562: 11522: 11485: 11346: 11305: 11237: 11078: 10966: 10950:, "US4925593A - Method for producing cadmium free green emitting CRT phosphor" 10947: 10894: 10806: 10766: 10726: 10705: 10545: 10526: 10507: 10469: 10219: 10083: 10064: 9929: 9910: 9695: 9657: 9576: 9475: 9170: 8843: 8694: 8598: 8579: 8541: 8463: 8420: 8401: 8341: 8322: 8302: 8290: 8170: 8065: 8017: 7959: 7451: 7299: 7256: 7245: 6813: 6772: 6734: 6715: 6373: 5747: 5690: 5671: 4089:. Vol. 9, no. 5. Ashland, Oregon: Tube Collectors Association. p. 5 291:, in which case the screen is not intended to be visible to an observer. The term 192:

Rubber or silicone gasket where the anode voltage wire enters the tube (anode cup)

19023: 19018: 18898: 18831: 18684: 18415: 18325: 18169: 17778: 17768: 17715: 17476: 17280: 17116: 16981: 16956: 16702: 16650: 16261: 15040: 14917:"SONY 03JM 2.5" Monochrome Flat Display Picture Tube for SONY Watchman pocket TV" 14833: 14253: 14122: 13843: 13309: 12031: 10488: 10456: 10437: 10357: 9888: 8878: 6935: 5785: 4802: 4757: 4721: 3904: 3843: 3252: 3158: 2971: 2856: 2847: 2451: 2104: 2015: 1925: 1899: 1771: 1733: 951: 688: 657: 628: 514: 488: 480: 321: 272: 269: 19051: 18056: 17129:

Seo, Yong-Chil; Cho, Sung-Jin; Lee, Jang-Su; Kim, Bo-Saeng; Oh, Changho (2011).

16750: 16733: 16559: 15634: 14499: 12944: 12706: 9733: 9429: 7407: 7116: 6287:

Industry and Trade Summary: Television Picture Tubes and other Cathode-Ray Tubes

3301: 2186:

The Tektronix Type 564: first mass-produced analog phosphor storage oscilloscope

1202:

bleeder resistor to derive voltages for the grids from the final anode voltage.

1076:

For the inner funnel coating, monochrome CRTs use aluminum while color CRTs use

667:

In 1954, RCA produced some of the first color CRTs, the 15GP22 CRTs used in the

635:

of use, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of TV.

19182: 19157: 18873: 18654: 18644: 18410: 18213: 17382: 17330: 16304:"Implosion resistant cathode ray tube with mounting lug having a compound bend" 15133: 15014: 14952: 14916: 13043: 12642: 12273: 8804: 8563:, "Method for spot-knocking an electron gun assembly of a cathode ray tube" 7639: 7049: 5030:"Philips, LG Electronics, 4 others fined 1.47 billion Euros for EU cartel" 3585: 3217: 2885: 2852: 2715: 2434: 2343: 2267: 2257: 2222: 2165: 2127: 2018:, also known as Uniray, Apple CRT or Indextron, was an attempt in the 1950s by 1759: 1340: 1312: 876: 791: 484: 438: 378: 305: 265: 242: 17232: 16834:"Green emitting yttrium silicate phosphor and cathode-ray tube using the same" 15345: 15324: 13492:

Cathodoluminescence and Photoluminescence: Theories and Practical Applications

11896: 10177: 9238: 9189: 8085:"What is CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)? definition, block diagram and working of CRT" 7145: 6120:"Corning Asahi Video to sell plant assets to Chinese supplier | EE Times" 4442: 4166: 3783: 3769: 3755: 3741: 3589: 153:

Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of the displayed image

115: 19299: 19222: 19217: 19107: 19028: 18998: 18935: 18758: 18674: 18493: 18320: 18288: 17014: 16997: 16732:

Veit, Hugo Marcelo; Oliveira, Erich de; Richter, Guilherme (September 2015).

16487:"Final Rules on Cathode Ray Tubes and Discarded Mercury-Containing Equipment" 16171:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: High pitched whine or squeal from TV with no other symptoms" 14664: 14625: 14379: 13169: 12441:"New Report States CRT Monitors Are Still Better Than Modern Gaming Displays" 12382:

Kim, Chul (3 October 2002). "Production of shadow-mask-improved technology".

11703:, "Shadow mask having conductive layer in poor thermal contact with mask" 11614:, "Shadow mask having a layer of high atomic number material on gun side" 10450:

repairfaq.org – Sam's Laser FAQ – Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers

9778:

Audioholics Home Theater, HDTV, Receivers, Speakers, Blu-ray Reviews and News

8728: 5246:

Audioholics Home Theater, HDTV, Receivers, Speakers, Blu-ray Reviews and News

5079:"Companies in cathode ray tube price fixing lawsuit reach $ 528 million deal" 5060:"Price fixing settlement: If you owned a TV in 1995 you could get money back" 3759:: Television receiving system (filed January 7, 1927, issued August 26, 1930) 2672:

created rules (in October 2001) stating that CRTs must be brought to special

2554: 2312:

Nimo was the trademark of a family of small specialised CRTs manufactured by

2242: 2161: 2083: 2057: 1996: 1490: 1486: 1135: 1031:

area (or diagonal) that is coated by phosphor and surrounded by black edges.

1024: 851: 799: 672: 621: 578: 544: 492: 343:

14-inch color cathode-ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns

309: 288: 17130: 16243: 15768:"Jousting with flat panels, Samsung SDI taps super-slim CRT | EE Times" 14874:"Cathode-ray tube with tension shadow mask having reinforced support device" 14646: 14361: 14343: 14204:"Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents" 13331:"Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents" 12677: 11437: 11324: 10449: 10156: 8439: 7693: 7321: 6179: 4899: 4546: 2366:(ESL) lamps, which use the same operating principle, were released in 2011. 660:

as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen, was created.

366: 19187: 19081: 19013: 19008: 18816: 18804: 18692: 18659: 18488: 18473: 18040: 17071: 16710: 16658: 16020: 14834:"Method and apparatus for making flat tension mask color cathode ray tubes" 14777: 13643: 13059: 6943: 6775:, "Inner surface specular reflection suppression in flat CRT faceplate" 6539: 2771: 2685: 2649: 2637: 2522: 2510: 2359: 2177: 2119: 1904: 1847: 1756: 1533: 1498: 1112: 947: 907: 747: 525: 518: 410:

that can hurl glass at great velocity. The face is typically made of thick

329: 313: 250: 234: 119: 17138:. 2011 International Conference on Environment and Industrial Innovation. 16734:"Thermal processes for lead removal from the funnel glass of CRT monitors" 16282: 15961: 14934: 12228:"We played modern games on a CRT monitor - and the results are phenomenal" 11504: 10320: 7433: 7278: 7235: 5012:"Onida exits DVD business, aims to phase out CRT TV manufacturing by 2015" 3540: 3448: 1963:

Color CRT displays in TV sets and computer monitors often have a built-in

871: 19284: 19192: 19003: 18979: 18858: 18600: 18549: 18455: 18440: 18223: 18185: 17747: 17710: 17431: 17215:"California CRT glass heads to disposal sites amid downstream challenges" 16605:

Issues in Global Environment—Pollution and Waste Management: 2013 Edition

15302: 14988: 10767:"Cathode-ray tube having antenna getter with bimetallic insertion device" 10628:

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

9152: 7977: 7824:, "Tempered glass component and vacuum envelope for display using it" 7513:

https://dinaspajak.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/368434_LRG_DSC04662.jpg

7085: 6134:"CPT expects limited impact from Asahi Glass CRT plant closure in Taiwan" 5674:, "Processing technique for straight tube necking glass cone for CRT" 5460: 3773:: Electric oscillator system (filed January 7, 1927, issued May 13, 1930) 3652:

High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company

3105:"Folha de S.Paulo - TV de tela grande lidera vendas no país - 27/08/2010" 2860: 2812: 2263: 1808: 1766: 1741: 1681: 1529: 1494: 1444: 1417: 1300: 1167: 1127: 1039: 814: 807: 795: 742:

In 2012, Samsung SDI and several other major companies were fined by the

711: 654: 570: 399: 371: 347: 301: 293: 230: 17898: 16760: 16346: 14292: 13392:"Method for forming a black matrix on a faceplate panel for a color CRT" 12664:

Dudding, R.W. (1951). "Aluminium backed screens for cathode ray tubes".

9236: 8582:, "Method for spot-knocking an electron gun mount assembly of a CRT" 8286:. United States Patent Office. 5 December 1969 – via Google Books. 7926: 5099: 3584: 3490:. Garland Reference Library of Social Science. Vol. 582. New York: 2483:, in the phosphors. The rear glass tube of modern CRTs may be made from 2039: 19207: 19137: 19127: 19122: 19066: 18930: 18920: 18853: 18727: 18697: 18664: 18639: 18634: 18611: 18483: 18463: 18341: 18203: 18180: 18066: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17725: 17720: 17702: 17642: 17080: 17030:"Waste CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) glass disassembling and recycling device" 16509:. Executiveblueprints.com (2 August 2009). Retrieved on 26 August 2013. 16462: 16324:

Dougherty, Lawrence W.; Lee, Sae D.; Rogers, Melvin F. (6 April 1988).

15250: 15233: 14571: 13434:"Water-soluble photocurable resin compsn. useful in black matrix punch" 13109: 10312: 5370:"Samsung unveils HDTV-compatible CRT - Audio Visual - News - HEXUS.net" 4828: 4542: 4395: 3133: 2492: 2484: 2335: 2317: 2280: 2205: 1964: 1948: 1819: 1708: 1704:(aperture grille) color CRT. A thin horizontal support wire is visible. 1497:) screen. For example, the large 43-inch Sony PVM-4300 weighs 440 1140: 963: 943: 935: 683: 639: 411: 254: 15982: 14553: 13467: 12783: 12086: 10985:

Shionoya, Shigeo; Yen, William M.; Yamamoto, Hajime (3 October 2018).

9526: 8926: 8746: 7657: 6531: 5583: 4869:"1990 Sony Trinitron TV now considered 'historical material' in Japan" 2358:

displays. Unfocused and undeflected CRTs were used as grid-controlled

2334:

Flood-beam CRTs are small tubes that are arranged as pixels for large

2043:

A flat monochrome CRT assembly inside a 1984 Sinclair TV80 portable TV

1676: 19172: 19167: 19147: 18893: 18737: 18732: 18722: 18649: 18529: 18363: 18358: 18283: 18208: 17842: 17816: 17773: 17763: 17469: 17366: 17299: 17288: 14895:"Sony Watchman FD-20 Flat CRT TV Teardown – Experimental Engineering" 12232: 11740:, "Blackening of non iron-based flat tensioned foil shadow masks" 11240:, "Method and structure for metalizing a cathode ray tube screen" 11121:"Implementing Display Standards in Modern Video Display Technologies" 10639: 10378:"Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS), Module 16" 9948: 9562: 8661:, "Indirectly heated cathode body structure for cathode-ray tube" 8020:, "Method for applying an internal coating to a cathode ray tube" 7752: 6794:, "Electrical grounding of CRT antistatic/antireflective coating" 5260:"LCD monitors outsold CRTs in Q3, says DisplaySearch | EE Times" 4413: 3912: 3491: 3413: 3388: 2875: 2837: 2817: 2605: 2488: 2339: 2299: 2110: 1979: 1701: 1323:

10 atm) or less is evacuated or exhausted in a ~375–475 °C

971: 903: 856: 843: 818: 803: 698: 617: 555: 419: 316:

as a reference. In modern CRT monitors and TVs the beams are bent by

126: 30:"Picture tube" redirects here. For the PaintShop Pro image type, see 18948: 14813:"Component mounting means for a tension mask color cathode ray tube" 10491:, "Cathode ray tube and a ventilator used in its baking process" 9173:, "Multi-beam group electron gun with common lens for color CRT" 8132: 8038:"Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS), Module 6" 6443:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: X-ray and other EM emission from my TV or monitor?" 6395:"Cathode ray tube | University of Oxford Department of Physics" 6015: 5875: 4993:"Saying Goodbye To Old Technology — And A Legendary NYC Repair Shop" 3361: 3075:

Musgraves, J. David; Hu, Juejun; Calvez, Laurent (8 November 2019).

1720:

Spectra of constituent blue, green and red phosphors in a common CRT

1395:

secondary emission properties. Examples of rare earth phosphors are

735:

The last large-scale manufacturer of (in this case, recycled) CRTs,

19152: 19132: 19071: 18915: 18863: 18843: 18821: 18707: 18702: 18590: 18579: 18508: 18278: 17544: 17515: 17355: 15490: 15456:. The Vintage Technology Association. 11 March 2010. Archived from 11201: 6312:"American Video Glass Company: TV glass plant officially dedicated" 4500: 3745:: Television system (filed January 7, 1927, issued August 26, 1930) 2865: 2807: 2751: 2730: 2681: 2460: 1952: 1628: 1596: 1592: 1502: 1482: 1443:

Doming is a phenomenon found on some CRT TVs in which parts of the

1383: 1349: 899: 779: 775: 739:, ceased in 2015. CRT TVs stopped being made around the same time. 736: 529: 505: 451: 246: 238: 135: 99: 16855:"Rare earth recovery from phosphor material and associated method" 14434:"Projection-type cathode-ray tube having different diameter necks" 14216: 11825:"Color cathode ray tube with improved shadow mask mounting system" 10086:, "Deflection yoke and yoke core used for the deflection yoke" 8423:, "Glass support rod for use in electron-gun mount assemblies" 5488:, "Large metal cone cathode ray tubes, and envelopes therefor" 3035:

Dhir, Ravindra K.; Limbachiya, Mukesh C.; Dyer, Thomas D. (2001).

1983: 1688: 817:. Some games are impossible to play without CRT display hardware. 19086: 19076: 18775: 18712: 18534: 18519: 18373: 18330: 17978: 17809: 17459: 17424: 10729:, "Electrical heating unit for sealing vacuum electron tubes" 8305:, "Connector assembly for anode button of a cathode ray tube" 5436:"The Iconic Boeing 747 Heads Into The Sunset. An Enduring Legacy" 5118:"CNN.com - Are you looking at your last CRT? - February 15, 2002" 2480: 2287: 1855: 1851: 1611:

An aluminized monochrome CRT. The black matte coating is aquadag.

1396: 1363: 1077: 763: 643: 476: 454:-coated screen, which generates light when hit by the electrons. 166: 14626:"CRT Projector Electrostatic (ES) vs Electromagnetic (EM) Focus" 13877:"A Guide to Setup and Adjust the CRT of an Arcade Color Monitor" 13571:"Fluorescent screen of color CRT and fabricating method thereof" 11804:"Cathode ray tube with bracket for mounting a shadow mask frame" 10222:, "Oscilloscope deflection yoke with heat dissipation means" 8973: 5963:"GW-12.10-130: NEW APPROACH TO CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) RECYCLING" 2784:, similar to a CRT, replaces the electron beam with a laser beam 2577: 1716: 1696: 475:. Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the 19097: 19061: 19056: 19033: 18848: 18539: 18503: 18468: 18028: 18000: 17973: 17948: 17443: 16957:"An overall Solution to Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Recycling" 13717:"Sealing glass paste for cathode ray tubes patent applicatrion" 13073:

Phosphor Screens in Cathode-Ray Tubes for Projection Television

12557:"C.P.T. (colour picture tube) sockets with integral spark gaps" 11308:, "Flat color cathode-ray tube with phosphor index stripes" 10583:

Ozeroff, M. J.; Thornton, W. A.; Young, J. R. (29 April 1953).

10510:, "Method of degassing a cathode-ray tube prior to sealing" 9579:, "Dynamic focus circuitry for a CRT data display terminal" 8275:, "Apparatus for fusion-welding anode button to crt funnel" 7766:

Sugawara, Tsunehiko; Shimizu, Naoya; Murakami, Toshide (2002).

6059:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Color CRTs - shadow masks and aperture grills" 5693:, "Method of reforming glass face plates on a shaping mold" 2019: 1724: 1572: 1509: 1344: 1218: 668: 415: 395: 15701: 12536:"Color CRT with shadow mask having peripherally grooved skirt" 12053:"Cathode ray tube having a deflection yoke with heat radiator" 7768:"Recent Developments in Reducing Bulkiness of CRT Glass Bulbs" 2714:

In Europe, disposal of CRT TVs and monitors is covered by the

2561:

in the magnetic core and periodic movement of windings of the

2450:

are used to strictly limit, for instance, TV receivers to 0.5

942:

The leaded glass in the funnels of CRTs may contain 21–25% of

18925: 18836: 18595: 18368: 18161: 18023: 18018: 17419: 15674: 12199: 10706:"Method for baking and exhausting electron discharge devices" 8681:"Function of Electron Gun Assembly in CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)" 8344:, "Connector assembly for anode ring of cathode ray tube" 6816:, "Color cathode ray tube and water resistant glass frit" 5731:, "Glass panel and a cathode ray tube including the same" 4917:"Press Releases 21 December, 1995 | News | Toshiba" 4795:"TV makers tuning in to flat screens to help round out sales" 2723: 2590: 2530: 2526: 2430: 2200:

which rely on solid state digital memory to store the image.

2144:

just before it reaches the screen. Through the phenomenon of

1453: 1043: 632: 521: 423: 280: 258: 16441:"Electromagnetic Eavesdropping Risks of Flat-Panel Displays" 16106:

Digital pictures: representation, compression, and standards

15648:

Van Gorkom, G.G.P. (1996). "Introduction to Zeus displays".

15482:

Vacuum light sources — High speed stroboscopic light sources

15404:"New York Yankees Choose Mitsubishi Electric Diamond Vision" 15134:

Yen, William M.; Shionoya, Shigeo; Yamamoto, Hajime (2006).

11505:"Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Television Sets" 10689:, "Picture-Tube Processing", published April 2, 1957 9774:"Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Direct View and Rear Projection TVs" 9458:"CRT Projector Focus & Mechanical Aim Basics by Guy Kuo" 7167:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Additional information on discharging CRTs" 4257:. Chicago: Zenith Electronics Corporation. 1955. p. 24. 1928:

geometry parameters through electronics under user control.

1893:

A magnet used on a CRT TV. Note the distortion of the image.

1375:

shorts by running a capacitive discharge through the short.

1182:

getting out of the cathode. This is known as blanking. (see

721:

In the mid-1990s, some 160 million CRTs were made per year.

491:

showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields. In 1897,

382:

Animation of image construction using the interlacing method

18868: 18251: 18197: 18098: 18051: 17989: 17437: 15275:

Supercade: A Visual History of the Videogame Age, 1971–1984

15160: 14856:"Zenith VDT Tube Gets Rid of Curve and Maybe the Headaches" 12328:"Samsung SyncMaster 997MB - CRT monitor - 19" Series Specs" 12274:"LG C9 OLED Review (OLED55C9PUA, OLED65C9PUA, OLED77C9PUA)" 9555:

Innovative use of magnetic quadrupoles in cathode-ray tubes

7962:, "Cathode ray tube having symmetrical anode potential" 7386:

Practical Television, November 2001 issue 120° deflection

5824:

Quality Wars: The Triumphs and Defeats of American Business

5167:"Hitachi Will Still Manufacture CRT Monitors - ExtremeTech" 4882:大沢, 通孝; 小島, 昇; 平田, 浩二; 的野, 孝明; 浅野, 哲夫 (17 September 1993). 4376:[The world's first black stripe cathode-ray tube]. 2546: 2087: 2053: 1525: 1387:

brightness since the charge would repel the electron beam.

1324: 1195: 1020: 919: 695: 442: 16918:"Recovering rare earths from old TVs and computer screens" 16875:Önal, Mehmet Ali Recai; Binnemans, Koen (1 January 2019). 16102: 15232:

Abend, U.; Kunz, H. -J.; Wandmacher, J. (1 January 1981).

13025:"Several Companies Working on Flatter, Clearer TV Screens" 9679:, "Partial voltage resistor of electron gun structure" 4080:"Tektronic CRT History: Part 5: The hybrid years: 1961-64" 3787:: Light valve (filed January 7, 1927, issued May 26, 1931) 2407: 925: 13044:"Cathode-ray-tube phosphors: Principles and applications" 12072: 11943:, "Prevention of fracture in glass cathode-ray tubes" 10809:, "Cathode ray tube, getter, and method of gettering" 10585:

Proposed Improvement in Evacuation Technique for TV Tubes

9913:, "CRT deflection unit and its method of manufacture" 8466:, "Method for heat sealing a gun mount in a CRT neck" 7738: 4294: 4050:"Picture Tubes: Motorola Prototype Rectangular Color CRT" 3623: 2677: 2550: 1299:

severe cases, also when the CRT is off. To counter this,

898:

CRT glass used to be made by dedicated companies such as

613: 434: 17096:"With demand dwindling, questions swirl around Videocon" 16996:

Ledwaba, Pontsho; Sosibo, Ndabenhle (16 February 2017).

16545:

RCRA exclusion for cathode ray tubes finalized. (2006).

16151:

Rhys-Jones, J. (February 1951). "Television economics".

15915:"US Department of Energy, Dose Ranges Rem/Sievert Chart" 14123:"Magnetic shielding with constant-current coils for CRT" 4659:"Thin Tube Foretells Wall TV and Sky view for Air Pilot" 3195:"Home Page for ECE 3065 -- Electromagnetic Applications" 2411:

A comparison between 21-inch Superslim and Ultraslim CRT

335: 210:

Contact pins for cathode, filament and control electrode

159:

Close-up of the phosphor-coated inner side of the screen

14318:"What causes the faint horizontal lines on my monitor?" 12967:"Making shadow mask with slit-shaped apertures for CRT" 12365:"QLED or OLED? We compare the two best TV technologies" 7765: 6718:, "Anode connector assembly for a cathode ray tube" 3620:"Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television" 2648:

Under some circumstances, the signal radiated from the

2585:

If the glass wall is damaged, atmospheric pressure can

2514: 1862: 1121: 386: 156:

Phosphor layer (screen) with red, green, and blue zones

15890:"Rad Pro Calculator: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" 15110:

Analog circuit design: art, science, and personalities

14183:"Magnetic shield structure for color cathode ray tube" 12899:"Cathode ray tube device with an in-line electron gun" 10790:, "Evaporable getter device for cathode-ray tubes" 10292:

Roehrig, H.; Blume, H.; Ji, T. L.; Browne, M. (1990).

10268:

Radio-Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications

8544:, "Narrow-neck CRT having a large stem pin circle" 6505: 6503: 5712:, "CRT funnel with positioning reference portions" 4469:"CBS and Westinghouse 22 Inch Rectangular Color Tubes" 4194:"RCA pioneers remember making the first color TV tube" 3626:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 2002. Archived from 2553:

systems). These frequencies are at the upper range of

406:. As such, handling a CRT carries the risk of violent 17270: 17110:

The CRT Dilemma: Cathode Ray Tube Or Cruel Rude Trash

16915: 16631:

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

16326:"Flat tension mask cathode ray tube implosion system" 15632: 15613: 14275:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: CRT purity and convergence problems" 14069:"1DX2P Geometry, Convergence, and Purity Adjustments" 12666:

Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers

9430:"AN-656 Understanding the Operation of a CRT Monitor" 9366:"AN-656 Understanding the Operation of a CRT Monitor" 9110:

Instrumentation Systems: Jones' Instrument Technology

8869:

Gassler, Gerhard (2016). "Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTS)".

8284:"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office" 5137:"FlexScan L66: A sound choice in flat-panel displays" 5104:

MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology

4717:"Flat-face tubes — crisp new look for computers, TVs" 2993:

Sinclair, Ian (1 January 2011), Sinclair, Ian (ed.),

2680:

began fining companies that disposed of CRTs through

2395:

display, which contained CRT-like functionality in a

1540: 15633:

Van Hal; Henricus A. M.; et al. (18 May 1990).

14017:"Deflection yoke for adhesive assembly and mounting" 13532:"Recent Improvements in the 21AXP22 Color Kinescope" 12581:"Structure for fastening flat braun tube to cabinet" 12346:"Samsung C32HG70 Review 2020: What You Need To Know" 11849:"Method for pre-stressing CRT tension mask material" 10582: 10291: 8962:. Future US. 5 August 1999 – via Google Books. 8904: 7884:, "Cathode structure for color cathode ray tube" 5205:"Sony to stop making old-style cathode ray tube TVs" 2747: 1935: 1452:

mask is usually made of steel but it can be made of

802:

instead of mechanical instruments. Airlines such as

429:

Since the early 2010s, CRTs have been superseded by

17586:

Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology

16731: 15731:"SuperSlim CRT TV Showcased by LG.Philips Displays" 15231: 13766:. Zenith Electronics Corporation. 21 November 1986. 11633:, "Warp-free dual compliant tension mask frame" 10984: 9317:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Red, green, or blue retrace lines" 6553:Ganesan, Sanka; Pecht, Michael G. (31 March 2006). 6500: 6166:"Asahi Glass restructures CRT funnel manufacturing" 4295:

General Telephone and Electronics Laboratories Inc.

4109:"Raytheon Model M-1601 console television receiver" 1654:

Older monochrome CRT without aluminum, only aquadag

929:

Soviet TV set from 1960s photographed from backside

547:(UK), published a letter in the scientific journal 16955:Yu, Miao; Liu, Lili; Li, Jinhui (1 January 2016). 16776:"Nulife closing down and giving up on US business" 16323: 15868:"Subchapter J, Radiological Health (21CFR1020.10)" 14144:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Degaussing (demagnetizing) a CRT" 13086:"External connective means for a cathode ray tube" 12796: 12794: 12140:"Samsung Refusing to Pull Plug on CRT Televisions" 11961:"Inside the desperate fight to keep old TVs alive" 10625: 9932:, "CRT deflection yoke with rigidifying means" 9660:, "Method of manufacturing a cathode ray tube" 3034: 2391:experimented with a type of thin CRT known as the 1016:The size of a CRT can be measured by the screen's 241:beams that are manipulated to display images on a 134:Three electron emitters (for red, green, and blue 17879:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 15870:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2006 13833: 13592:"Method for manufacturing color phosphor surface" 13310:"Color CRT shadow mask with wrinkle-free corners" 11923:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Arcing from flyback or vicinity" 11583: 9849: 9237:Thorn-AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited (1968). 7927:Thorn-AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited (1968). 5750:, "Method for forming rectangular face plate" 5334:"LG.Philips Displays ups production of slim CRTs" 4979:"A look at where California's CRT glass is going" 4935:"Canon signals end of the road for SED TV dreams" 4192:Mekeel, Tim; Knowles, Laura (12 September 2013). 3074: 2803:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 2342:. The first screen using this technology (called 1547:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 19336:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1897 19297: 16679: 16628: 15983:Peters-Michaud, Neil; Katers, John; Barry, Jim. 15960:. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. Archived from 13273:"Mac's Service Shop: Zenith's 1973 Color Line". 12616:"Process of aluminizing cathode ray tube screen" 11757:"Shadow mask mounting arrangement for color CRT" 11542:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Blooming or breathing problems" 10067:, "Crt geometry correction with zero offset" 8697:, "Method of manufacturing cathode assembly" 4345:(Report). Harrison, NJ: Electron Tube Division, 3427: 3356: 2668:Due to the toxins contained in CRT monitors the 2491:, contained inside the glass itself, similar to 483:demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by 422:glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most 17273:"TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information" 16518: 16131:"The monitor is producing a high-pitched whine" 15782:"LG.Philips develops Cybertube+ SuperSlim CRTs" 15238:Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 14993:The Cathode Ray Tube site, scientific glassware 12791: 12017:Dissipation and ringing of CRT deflection coils 11897:"US4929209A - Method of aging cathode-ray tube" 11721:, "Blackening of Ni-Based Ftm Shadow Masks" 11456:"TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information" 10567:, "Method for sealing-off cathode-ray tube" 9512: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8241:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Removing the CRT HV connector" 8068:, "Cathode-ray tube with aluminized screen" 7400:"TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information" 7302:, "CRT funnel coating apparatus and method" 7236:"TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information" 7117:"The Cathode Ray Tube site. oscilloscope crt's" 4690:(telephone). Interviewed by Jaimeson Cobleigh. 3487:Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 3477: 2540: 2248:viewed since a metal plate covered its screen. 1518: 724:In the mid-2000s, Canon and Sony presented the 16788: 16109:. Plenum Publishing Corporation. p. 100. 16103:Netravali, Arun N.; Haskell, Barry G. (1995). 15616:"US Patent 6246165 – Magnetic channel cathode" 13456:Journal of the Society for Information Display 12310:"OLED Monitors In 2020: Current Market Status" 11684:, "Shadow mask for color cathode ray tube" 11525:, "High voltage regulator for CRT display" 11051:Widdel, Heino; Post, David L. (29 June 2013). 8974:"CRT Restoration for the (Brave) Experimenter" 8366:"Understanding The TV Horizontal Output Stage" 6152:"Asahi Techno Vision to close Singapore plant" 5572:Journal of the Society for Information Display 4390: 3870:"1934–35 Telefunken FE-III CRT (30cm) Germany" 1424: 362:Typical 1950s United States monochrome CRT TV 18964: 17914: 17315: 16995: 16874: 16521:"Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers" 15195:Oscilloscopes: how to use them, how they work 14953:"Samsung 4FNG45 4" Flat Display Picture Tube" 12931: 12929: 12256:"Which TV is best for PS5 and Xbox Series X?" 12221: 12219: 12217: 12109:"CRT Innovations - Page 3 of 7 - ExtremeTech" 9051:"CRT Innovations - Page 5 of 7 - ExtremeTech" 9016:"CRT Innovations - Page 4 of 7 - ExtremeTech" 8805:"Sencore Blows Away CRT Failures With CR7000" 7658:"The Cathode ray Tube site. Television CRT's" 4532:"Sony Trinitron Color Video Monitor PVM-4300" 4251:The Zenith Story: A History from 1918 to 1954 4191: 3421: 2705:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2670:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1221:characteristic, which results in significant 1038:Small CRTs below 3 inches were made for 782:and were relegated to developing markets and 76:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 17128: 16998:"Cathode Ray Tube Recycling in South Africa" 15850:"New Ultra Slim Television from LG's stable" 15367:"IEE Nimo CRT 10-gun readout tube datasheet" 14162:"Inner magnetic shield and cathode-ray tube" 14105:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: CRT convergence adjustment" 13629: 8855: 6737:, "Antiglare/antistatic coating for CRT" 6610:Introduction to Glass Science and Technology 6552: 6084:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: CRT convergence adjustment" 5569: 5512:, "Funnel for use in a cathode ray tube" 5242:"LCDs Overtake and Outsell CRTs in Q3 2004!" 3483: 3469:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 3350: 3324:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3214:Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics 1877:degrees over different parts of the screen. 1755:, based on its relation to the shape of the 766:in 2001, followed by Sony in Japan in 2004, 705:In 1987, flat-screen CRTs were developed by 283:targets. A CRT in a TV is commonly called a 245:screen. The images may represent electrical 189:Graphite layer on the inner side of the tube 17533:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 15577:CK1368 CK1369 Printer-type cathode ray tube 15537:CK1366 CK1367 Printer-type cathode ray tube 15272: 13454:Lakatos, Andras I. (2000). "Introduction". 13242: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13041: 12497:Multimedia: Making it Work, Seventh Edition 10883:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 10879: 9698:, "Aging process for cathode ray tubes" 9552: 8675: 8673: 8293:, "Anode button for a cathode ray tube" 6913: 6676: 6475:"X-Rays from TV Sets - Are They Harmful?". 6272:"Videocon begins accepting CRT glass again" 6198:"4 CRT glass makers fined for price fixing" 5957: 5955: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 3798:"RCA Surrenders Rights to Four Trade-Marks" 3678: 3676: 2871:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 2788:Applying CRT in different display-purpose: 2035:The front of a Sony Watchman monochrome CRT 1728:The in-line electron guns of a color CRT TV 1272: 726:surface-conduction electron-emitter display 18971: 18957: 17921: 17907: 17444:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode 17322: 17308: 17271:Goldwasser, Samuel M. (28 February 2006). 16220: 16218: 16150: 15647: 15614:Beeteson, John Stuart (21 November 1998). 15042:Newnes TV and Video Engineer's Pocket Book 14749: 14680: 14678: 14641: 14639: 14452: 14450: 14219:"Lateral magnetic shielding for color CRT" 13711: 13709: 13565: 13563: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13104: 13102: 12926: 12722: 12720: 12438: 12384:Journal of Materials Processing Technology 12225: 12214: 11843: 11841: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11587:Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice 11579: 11577: 11557: 11555: 11341: 11339: 11300: 11298: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11050: 11046: 11044: 10875: 10873: 10743: 10741: 10406:"PERSONAL COMPUTERS; How To Avoid Burn-In" 10400: 10398: 10214: 10212: 10172: 10170: 10023: 10021: 10019: 9905: 9903: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9767: 9765: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9335:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: White/gray retrace lines" 9253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9045: 9043: 9041: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8838: 8836: 8653: 8651: 8480: 8478: 8458: 8456: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8259:"Anodenknopf für eine Kathodenstrahlröhre" 8126: 8124: 8096: 8094: 8060: 8058: 7954: 7952: 7941:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7428: 7426: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7316: 7314: 7294: 7292: 7273: 7271: 7161: 7159: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7111: 7109: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6808: 6806: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6470: 6468: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6216:"Corning to Close Plant and Cut 1000 Jobs" 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5648: 5646: 5009: 4965:"Three more years of Videocon CRT demand?" 4710: 4708: 4043: 4041: 3604:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 2966: 2964: 2915: 2382: 2346:by Mitsubishi Electric) was introduced by 2164:plastic. An internal graticule eliminates 1421:ghosting artifacts at high refresh rates. 1126:The electron gun has an indirectly heated 1073:for the current delivered by the flyback. 806:still use CRT technology, which also uses 536:became the foundation of 20th century TV. 17928: 17079: 17013: 16980: 16916:Mehmet Ali Recai Önal (1 December 2018). 16759: 16749: 16560:"Covered Electronic Waste Payment System" 16452: 16432: 16415: 15750:"LG Presents the Slimmest CRT TV Display" 15249: 15045:. Newnes Pocket Books. Elsevier Science. 12575: 12573: 12226:Leadbetter, Richard (17 September 2019). 11958: 11783:"Flat tension mask type cathode ray tube" 11371:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 972. 10906: 10904: 10375: 10193: 10191: 10139:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Deflection yoke testing" 9717:, "Aging device for cathode-ray tube" 9269:"SER FAQ: TVFAQ: Focus drift with warmup" 8726: 8035: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7391:, "High deflection angle CRT display" 7194: 7192: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6488: 6486: 6389: 6387: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5094: 5092: 4911: 4909: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4746: 4744: 4437: 4435: 4414:"Cathode Ray Tubes: The CRT History page" 4380:(in Japanese). 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In November 2002, the 2419: 2387:In the late 1990s and early 2000s 2216: 2010: 1990: 1625:coated on the inside with aluminum 1602: 1541:Comparison with other technologies 1485:, which for instance totals 5,800 1011: 875:A monochrome CRT as seen inside a 32:PaintShop Pro § Picture tubes 25: 19352: 19331:Audiovisual introductions in 1897 18013:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor 17527:Organic light-emitting transistor 17240: 16938:"Lasers recycle CRT funnel glass" 16608:. ScholarlyEditions. 1 May 2013. 16201:. Tata McGraw–Hill. p. 129. 15831:. 13 October 2007. Archived from 15588:. 1 November 1960. Archived from 15548:. 1 November 1960. Archived from 15402:Rieskamp, Jacob (27 March 2009). 15079:. Elsevier Science. p. 697. 13949:"Crt geometry correction network" 13893:from the original on 12 June 2017 13350:"Black matrix color picture tube" 12193:Stobing, Chris (28 August 2020). 11137:from the original on 14 June 2016 10912:"Phosphors for Cathode-Ray Tubes" 10653:"How television tubes are made". 10338:from the original on 24 July 2018 10238:Carr, Joseph (14 February 2001). 9969:, "Deflection yoke for a CRT" 9891:, "Deflection yoke for a CRT" 9791:Robin, Michael (1 January 2005). 9497:, "Stem for cathode ray tube" 9190:"Round CRT for Video or Computer" 9083:Image Performance in CRT Displays 8802: 7862:from the original on 6 March 2021 7577:from the original on 26 July 2017 7541:from the original on 6 March 2021 7338:from the original on 17 June 2012 6964:. United States Geological Survey 6959:"Mineral Yearbook 2007:Strontium" 6684:Image Performance in CRT Displays 6583:Image Performance in CRT Displays 6235:"Corning to close TV glass plant" 5654:"America's Television Graveyards" 5352:"LG, Samsung try to save the CRT" 4626:"50 Years Ago: The World in 1961" 4078:Keller, Peter A. (October 2007). 3937:"Pre-War CRTs: Telefunken RFB/T2" 3083:. Springer Nature. p. 1367. 2939:"History of the Cathode Ray Tube" 2921:Thomson Consumer Electronics Inc. 2828:Direct-view bistable storage tube 2631: 2379:the ink and thus form the image. 2369: 2323: 1936:Magnetic shielding and degaussing 651:cathode-ray tube amusement device 130:Cutaway rendering of a color CRT: 18257:Heterostructure barrier varactor 17984:Chemical field-effect transistor 17890:Comparison of display technology 17207: 17193: 17157: 17122: 17102: 17043: 17022: 16989: 16948: 16930: 16868: 16847: 16826: 16782: 16768: 16725: 16673: 16622: 16596: 16570: 16552: 16539: 16500: 16479: 16395: 16369: 16360: 16339: 16317: 16275: 16254: 16236: 16163: 16144: 16123: 16096: 16070: 16038: 16013: 15976: 15950: 15924: 15907: 15882: 15860: 15842: 15818: 15800: 15774: 15760: 15722: 15695: 15668: 15641: 15626: 15607: 15567: 15527: 15521:"Vu1 Light Bulb Delayed (Again)" 15512: 15472: 15442: 15414: 15395: 15359: 15338: 15317: 15301:. vacuumtube.com. 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RRT Design & Construction 16961:Procedia Environmental Sciences 16507:WEEE: CRT and Monitor Recycling 15164:Electronic Devices And Circuits 13489:Ozawa, Lyuji (3 October 2018). 12802:"How CRT and LCD monitors work" 11590:. Addison-Wesley Professional. 9553:Sluijterman, AAS Seyno (2002). 8137:Nuclear Instruments and Methods 8103:Materials Chemistry and Physics 7503:. 17 March 2003. Archived from 6988:. Bureau of Mines. 8 May 2011. 6270:Elliott, Bobby (3 March 2016). 5521: 5478: 5453: 5427: 5409: 5362: 5344: 5325: 5302: 5284: 5266: 5252: 5234: 5215: 5186:"Hitachi to ditch CRT monitors" 5177: 5159: 5128: 5110: 5070: 5052: 5022: 5003: 4985: 4957: 4927: 4875: 4861: 4847: 4679: 4651: 4617: 4591: 4565: 4524: 4487: 4461: 4406: 4384: 4374:"東芝未来科学館：世界初のブラック・ストライプ方式ブラウン管" 4305: 4283: 4261: 4242: 4216: 4185: 4130: 4101: 3955: 3929: 3892: 3862: 3836: 3817: 3790: 3776: 3762: 3748: 3734: 3707: 3686:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television 3642: 3508: 3404: 3332: 3281: 3245: 3205: 3187: 3169: 2314:Industrial Electronic Engineers 1467: 1369: 1148: 1106: 1027:) or alternatively by only its 671:, the first color TV set to be 612:. He was subsequently hired by 581:) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of 577:(who gave his name to the term 541:Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton 354:original cold-cathode CRT, 1897 58:. When this tag was added, its 17592:Laser-powered phosphor display 16901:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.11.005 16547:Hazardous Waste Consultant, 24 16445:Privacy Enhancing Technologies 15748:Solca, Bogdan (9 March 2007). 15519:Taub, Eric A. (4 April 2011). 15076:Instrumentation Reference Book 14753:Handbook of Display Technology 14254:"Magnetization and Degaussing" 10529:, "Glass bulb fabrication" 10271:. Cambridge University Press. 6613:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 6184:Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd 5224:"LCDs outsell CRTs in Q4 2003" 3876:. TVhistory.tv. Archived from 3824:Hart, Hugh (28 January 2010). 3714:Pruitt, Sarah (29 June 2021). 3122: 3097: 2986: 2909: 2782:Laser-powered phosphor display 2402: 2274: 1802: 1784: inch behind the screen. 1680:Magnified view of a delta-gun 798:used CRT instruments in their 588: 462: 312:(red, green, and blue) with a 177:Electron Beam and Electron Gun 13: 1: 17858:Optimum HDTV viewing distance 17848:History of display technology 17736:Computer-generated holography 16812:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.055 16792:Journal of Cleaner Production 16226:"Illustrated Cataract Repair" 15992:Cascade Asset Management, LLC 15716:10.1016/S0165-5817(97)84688-8 15689:10.1016/S0165-5817(97)84677-3 15662:10.1016/S0165-5817(97)84675-X 14293:"Moiré Interference Patterns" 13170:"Sharp radios over the years" 12396:10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00435-1 11488:, "Slot type shadow mask" 10895:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01965 10431:Topic 7 |The Cathode-Ray Tube 8115:10.1016/s0254-0584(01)00360-1 7604:"Cathode ray tube department" 7434:"M14-170W @ The Valve Museum" 7032:"RACS - Pyrex CRT Rebuilding" 5309:Wong, May (22 October 2006). 5135:McClung, Pat (25 July 1999). 4599:"Geer Experimental Color CRT" 3850:. Early Television Foundation 3262:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 3226:10.1016/S0065-2539(08)60331-5 2902: 2843:History of display technology 2389:Philips Research Laboratories 2197:digital storage oscilloscopes 2151: 2078: 1995:Projection CRTs were used in 1974: 1671: 1356: 1306: 1228: 18336:Silicon controlled rectifier 18198:Organic light-emitting diode 18088:Diffused junction transistor 17438:Organic light-emitting diode 17432:Light-emitting diode display 17236:: Zworykin Television System 16982:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.106 16738:Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 16703:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.010 16651:10.1080/10962247.2012.711796 16426:10.1016/0167-4048(85)90046-X 16283:"160AB22 @ The Valve Museum" 15113:. Newnes. pp. 115–116. 13760:"Sealing for CRT components" 11202:"Tuopeek: CRT Electron Guns" 11093:"Cathode Ray Tube Phosphors" 11054:Color in Electronic Displays 10178:"110 Degree Scanning Advert" 8879:10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_70 8491:. 2 May 2006. Archived from 8157:10.1016/0029-554X(79)90019-3 7712:"Cathode-ray tube apparatus" 7676:"World's Smallest Trinitron" 6936:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.009 6636:Color in Electronic Displays 5821:Main, Jeremy (11 May 2010). 4347:Radio Corporation of America 4317:Radio Corporation of America 4273:Matsushita Electronics Corp. 3999:Radio Corporation of America 3811:Radio Corporation of America 3691:University of Illinois Press 3433:"Some Vacuum Tube Phenomena" 3290:Flat-Panel Displays and CRTS 3159:"How Computer Monitors Work" 2972:"How Computer Monitors Work" 2663: 2572: 2541:High-frequency audible noise 2439:Food and Drug Administration 2251: 2026: 1736:designs) or clusters called 1519:Limits imposed by deflection 1378: 1188:Horizontal blanking interval 847:A portable monochrome CRT TV 402:to less than a millionth of 7: 18140:Static induction transistor 18077:Bipolar junction transistor 18029:MOS field-effect transistor 18001:Fin field-effect transistor 17289:"The Cathode Ray Tube site" 17201:"Panasonic Glass Recycling" 16751:10.1590/0370-44672014680141 15704:Philips Journal of Research 15677:Philips Journal of Research 15650:Philips Journal of Research 14518:"Sony G90 C-Element Change" 11013:"Cathode Ray Tube Phosphor" 10856:Early Television Foundation 10459:. repairfaq.org. 2012-08-02 8312:clip and cap design, x-rays 6833:"Looking through the glass" 6639:. Springer. 30 April 1992. 6102:"Convergence Test Patterns" 5077:Levine, Dan (1 June 2015). 4763:Times Mirror Magazines Inc. 4727:Times Mirror Magazines Inc. 4224:"DuMont Experimental Color" 3813:. October 1950. p. 21. 3543:– via opg.optica.org. 3411:"Distant Electric Vision". 3302:10.1007/978-94-011-7062-8_6 2743: 2474: 1854:with an alkyl methacrylate 1429: 1425:Limitations and workarounds 694:1968 marked the release of 495:succeeded in measuring the 213:Wire for anode high voltage 68:content into sub-articles, 10: 19357: 18347:Static induction thyristor 17648:Vacuum fluorescent display 17372:Electroluminescent display 16942:Industrial Laser Solutions 16523:. SmartBiz. Archived from 16175:Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ 15140:. CRC Press. p. 211. 14685:"UNIRAY-Amazing One-Gun". 14380:"CRT Projector Brightness" 14362:"CRT Projector Tube Sizes" 13746:"Non-lead sealing glasses" 12643:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.232950 11398:. CRC Press. p. 499. 10301:Journal of Digital Imaging 7279:"40CB4 @ The Valve Museum" 4715:Free, John (August 1986). 4634:The Atlantic Monthly Group 3716:"Who Invented Television?" 3591:Electrons in Picture Tubes 3199:propagation.ece.gatech.edu 3081:Springer Handbook of Glass 2502: 2498: 2327: 2297: 2278: 2255: 2240: 2220: 2194:. These are distinct from 2175: 2156:Most oscilloscopes have a 2103:An oscilloscope showing a 1806: 1544: 1291: 1287: 1276: 1241: 1184:Vertical blanking interval 1110: 1063:Cockcroft–Walton generator 756: 457: 279:, or other phenomena like 29: 19272: 19231: 19094:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode) 19042: 18986: 18884: 18784: 18751: 18683: 18620: 18548: 18516:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode) 18454: 18386: 18268:Hybrid integrated circuit 18232: 18160: 18111:Light-emitting transistor 18065: 17947: 17936: 17887: 17835: 17797: 17756: 17701: 17605: 17504: 17495:Liquid crystal on silicon 17399: 17346: 17337: 16618:– via Google Books. 16578:"WEEE and CRT Processing" 16262:"Implosion protected CRT" 16078:"CRT Monitor Flickering?" 15222:, 3rd Edition (1970–1979) 15220:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 14935:"FTV1 @ The Valve Museum" 14766:– via Google Books. 14076:educypedia.karadimov.info 12857:"Colour cathode ray tube" 12784:The Cathode Ray Tube site 11438:"line Timebase & EHT" 11392:Shionoya, Shigeo (1999). 11365:Doebelin, Ernest (2003). 11257:"Manufacture of C.R.T.'s" 10609:"CRT Rebuilding Workshop" 9123:– via Google Books. 9096:– via Google Books. 8006:– via Google Books. 7846:"Radio operating Q&A" 6998:– via Google Books. 6697:– via Google Books. 6623:– via Google Books. 6596:– via Google Books. 6569:– via Google Books. 6559:. John Wiley & Sons. 6300:– via Google Books. 5837:– via Google Books. 5356:The Sydney Morning Herald 4605:. Early Television Museum 4579:. Early Television Museum 4475:. Early Television Museum 4449:. Early Television Museum 4230:. Early Television Museum 4173:. Early Television Museum 4144:. Early Television Museum 4056:. Early Television Museum 3943:. Early Television Museum 3683:Abramson, Albert (1995). 3649:Forrester, Chris (2011). 3429:Campbell Swinton, Alan A. 3362:"Distant Electric Vision" 2581:A CRT during an implosion 2376:electrostatic print heads 1493:) on a 27-inch (400 1438: 1294:Screen burn-in § CRT 1050: 19113:Backward-wave oscillator 18563:Backward-wave oscillator 18273:Light emitting capacitor 18129:Point-contact transistor 18099:Junction Gate FET (JFET) 17686:Fourteen-segment display 17489:Digital Light Processing 17052:CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 17015:10.3390/recycling2010004 16439:Kuhn, Markus G. (2005). 16404:Computers & Security 16347:"The speed of electrons" 15894:www.radprocalculator.com 14971:"12 Inch WW2 Radar Tube" 14233:"Magnetic shielding CRT" 13884:www.arcaderepairtips.com 12014:Harberts, D. W. (2001). 10852:"CRT Rebuilding Project" 10436:15 December 2017 at the 10157:"Predicta Picture Tubes" 8943:, "Cathode-ray tube" 6346:2006 www.bizjournals.com 5537:www.illinoisrecycles.org 5507:also calls it faceplate 5395:South China Morning Post 3899:Ivory, James D. (2016). 3177:"Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)" 3077:"Cathod Ray-Tube Design" 2881:Safety and precautions: 2124:electrostatic deflection 1944:A degaussing in progress 1712:CRT triad and mask types 1585: 1279:Electrostatic deflection 1273:Electrostatic deflection 1212: 1056: 1035:edges or curved edges). 605:created a TV prototype. 524:, a modification of the 326:Electrostatic deflection 308:, one for each additive 111:electron beam (in green) 18574:Crossed-field amplifier 18093:Field-effect transistor 17692:Sixteen-segment display 17378:Rear-projection display 16230:www.earlytelevision.org 15325:"Cathode ray apparatus" 14975:www.earlytelevision.org 14669:www.earlytelevision.org 14612:www.earlytelevision.org 14405:www.earlytelevision.org 14038:"Video electron optics" 13539:www.earlytelevision.org 13048:Proceedings of the IEEE 12995:www.earlytelevision.org 12831:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 12735:www.earlytelevision.org 12691:"Cathode-ray Tubes 1". 12678:10.1049/jbire.1951.0057 11460:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 10753:www.earlytelevision.org 10673:www.earlytelevision.org 10613:www.earlytelevision.org 10103:"A VCA display courser" 10007:, "Deflection yoke" 9600:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 9273:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 9212:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 8514:www.earlytelevision.org 8215:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 7680:www.earlytelevision.org 7532:www.earlytelevision.org 7456:www.earlytelevision.org 7404:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 7171:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 7057:www.nostalgiatech.co.uk 7036:www.earlytelevision.org 6447:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 6417:repairfaq.cis.upenn.edu 6316:archive.glassonline.com 5222:Maslog-Levis, Kristyn. 5016:Business Standard India 4900:10.3169/itej1978.47.936 4603:www.earlytelevision.org 4577:www.earlytelevision.org 4506:IDG Communications Inc. 4473:www.earlytelevision.org 4447:www.earlytelevision.org 4228:www.earlytelevision.org 4171:www.earlytelevision.org 4142:www.earlytelevision.org 4054:www.earlytelevision.org 4014:Cite magazine requires 3941:www.earlytelevision.org 3848:Early Television Museum 3451:(inactive 27 June 2024) 3358:Campbell-Swinton, A. A. 2891:Photosensitive epilepsy 2777:Scintillation (physics) 2383:Zeus – thin CRT display 2293: 1476: 1217:CRTs have a pronounced 830: 730:field-emission displays 511:George Johnstone Stoney 233:containing one or more 18987:Theoretical principles 18743:Voltage-regulator tube 18310:MOS integrated circuit 18175:Constant-current diode 18151:Unijunction transistor 17539:Field-emission display 17454:Liquid-crystal display 17172:www.eera-recyclers.com 17072:10.1002/clen.200700082 15429:mitsubishielectric.com 15198:. Newnes. p. 47. 15107:Williams, Jim (1991). 14781:www.broadcaststore.com 14608:"Prewar Picture Tubes" 14344:"CRT Projector Basics" 13644:10.1002/chin.199633002 13060:10.1109/PROC.1973.9182 12631:Proceedings of the IRE 12165:www.koreascience.or.kr 11164:www.broadcaststore.com 11128:www.cinemaquestinc.com 10455:9 October 2012 at the 8994:, "Cathode of CRT" 8729:"The Cathode-Ray Tube" 8714:"CRT-Cathode Ray Tube" 5972:. 2003. Archived from 5827:. Simon and Schuster. 5624:. 1999. Archived from 4835:. The Cathode Ray Tube 4420:. The Cathode Ray Tube 4378:Toshiba Science Museum 3962:Codel, Martin (1949). 3344:The Linda Hall Library 3340:"Karl Ferdinand Braun" 2701:printed circuit boards 2609: 2582: 2412: 2309: 2187: 2115: 2107: 2044: 2036: 1956: 1945: 1894: 1788:than a curved screen. 1749:equilateral triangular 1729: 1721: 1713: 1705: 1693: 1685: 1620: 1612: 1065:) to the high voltage 930: 880: 868: 860: 848: 840: 616:, which was granted a 473:Johann Wilhelm Hittorf 391: 383: 375: 363: 355: 344: 289:used as memory devices 287:. CRTs have also been 218: 163: 123: 112: 19321:Television technology 19143:Inductive output tube 18812:Electrolytic detector 18585:Inductive output tube 18401:Low-dropout regulator 18316:Organic semiconductor 18247:Printed circuit board 18083:Darlington transistor 17930:Electronic components 17676:Eight-segment display 17670:Seven-segment display 17283:on 26 September 2006. 17233:U.S. patent 1,691,324 16564:www.calrecycle.ca.gov 15192:Hickman, Ian (2001). 13215:stweb.peelschools.org 11224:www.circuitstoday.com 10376:Blattenberger, Kirt. 10161:www.vintagetvsets.com 8747:"Principles Of A CRT" 8733:The Radio Constructor 8627:"CRT heater voltages" 8325:, "CRT Anode cap" 8173:, "CRT anode cap" 8036:Blattenberger, Kirt. 7853:worldradiohistory.com 7452:"Color Picture Tubes" 7146:"The Monochrome Tube" 6556:Lead-free Electronics 6494:"陰極線管用のガラス組成物および陰極線管" 6399:www2.physics.ox.ac.uk 3903:. In Cowert, Rachel; 3784:U.S. patent 1,806,935 3770:U.S. patent 1,758,359 3756:U.S. patent 1,773,981 3742:U.S. patent 1,773,980 3541:10.1364/JOSA.6.000701 3449:10.1259/jrs.1909.0058 3109:www1.folha.uol.com.br 2604: 2580: 2410: 2307: 2185: 2113: 2102: 2042: 2034: 1951: 1943: 1892: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1699: 1691: 1679: 1618: 1610: 1292:Further information: 976:dielectric absorption 928: 912:Nippon Electric Glass 874: 866: 854: 846: 838: 653:, the earliest known 575:John Bertrand Johnson 433:technologies such as 389: 381: 369: 361: 350: 338: 169: 129: 118: 105:cross section diagram 102: 19326:Vacuum tube displays 19311:Consumer electronics 19285:List of tube sockets 19280:List of vacuum tubes 19118:Beam deflection tube 18630:Beam deflection tube 18299:Metal-oxide varistor 18192:Light-emitting diode 18046:Thin-film transistor 18007:Floating-gate MOSFET 17798:Display capabilities 17681:Nine-segment display 17383:Plasma display panel 17252:Virtual Valve Museum 17217:. 22 September 2016. 17115:27 July 2011 at the 16778:. 14 September 2017. 15812:www.hardwarezone.com 15500:on 20 September 2016 15273:Van Burnham (2001). 15039:Trundle, E. (1999). 14957:lampes-et-tubes.info 14921:lampes-et-tubes.info 13920:wiki.arcadeotaku.com 13846:on 26 November 2009. 13660:. 26 September 1995. 13619:. 26 September 1951. 12693:Practical Television 12254:Morrison, Geoffrey. 11869:Smith, Will (2004). 11261:www.thevalvepage.com 11157:"Sony monitor guide" 11020:www.bunkerofdoom.com 10440:. aw.com. 2003-08-01 9854:. pp. 129–258. 9797:BroadcastEngineering 9303:www.radartutorial.eu 9139:www.radartutorial.eu 8716:. 25 September 2009. 7644:lampes-et-tubes.info 7611:www.one-electron.com 7477:wiki.arcadeotaku.com 7329:www.crtsolutions.com 7207:wiki.arcadeotaku.com 6290:. DIANE Publishing. 6106:www.mediacollege.com 5280:. 28 September 2005. 4902:– via J-Stage. 4688:"William Ross Aiken" 4545:1989. Archived from 4117:Science Museum Group 3220:. pp. 183–328. 2823:Historical aspects: 2597:Implosion protection 2356:light-emitting diode 2308:Nimo tube BA0000-P31 1700:Magnified view of a 1411:Phosphor persistence 1327:in a process called 1255:Horizontal scan rate 859:CRT computer monitor 610:Vladimir K. Zworykin 497:mass-to-charge ratio 404:atmospheric pressure 328:is commonly used in 19203:Traveling-wave tube 18994:Thermionic emission 18606:Traveling-wave tube 18406:Switching regulator 18242:Printed electronics 18219:Step recovery diode 17996:Depletion-load NMOS 17827:See-through display 17731:Holographic display 17409:Quantum dot display 17064:2008CSAW...36...19H 16973:2016PrEnS..31..887Y 16893:2019HydMe.183...60O 16804:2018JCPro.205...58Y 16695:2018WaMan..76..671L 16643:2013JAWMA..63....2Y 16195:Bali, S.P. (1994). 16058:on 22 February 2014 15964:on 27 February 2009 15838:on 13 October 2007. 15595:on 19 December 2019 15555:on 19 December 2019 15460:on 19 December 2014 15181:on 7 December 2020. 14730:www.myvintagetv.com 14653:. 29 December 2016. 13520:. 28 December 1959. 13275:Popular Electronics 12837:on 12 November 2020 12420:on 27 November 2020 12414:www.nec-display.com 12316:. 23 November 2020. 12113:www.extremetech.com 11466:on 22 November 2020 11442:www.oldtellys.co.uk 11368:Measurement Systems 11226:. 25 September 2009 9631:. 26 October 2005. 9606:on 13 December 2020 9055:www.extremetech.com 9020:www.extremetech.com 8919:2004JVSTB..22..809D 8683:. 16 November 2015. 8440:"CRT Manufacturing" 8149:1979NucIM.167..305S 7793:var.glassonline.com 7772:한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집 7700:. 29 December 2016. 7410:on 22 November 2020 7150:www.oldtellys.co.uk 6928:2012WaMan..32.1566X 6524:2002EnST...36...69L 6204:. 11 December 2011. 5979:on 13 November 2020 5810:. 22 February 2016. 5660:. 16 February 2017. 5495:calls it faceplate 5190:www.theregister.com 5171:www.extremetech.com 5147:on 26 November 2020 5036:. 5 December 2012. 4871:. 5 September 2017. 4692:IEEE History Center 4630:www.theatlantic.com 3533:1922JOSA....6..701J 3380:1908Natur..78..151S 2767:Cathodoluminescence 2563:flyback transformer 2348:Mitsubishi Electric 2190:These are found in 2172:Image storage tubes 2142:micro-channel plate 2050:LG.Philips Displays 2001:rear-projection TVs 1337:turbomolecular pump 1244:Magnetic deflection 1238:Magnetic deflection 1067:flyback transformer 768:Flat-panel displays 744:European Commission 509:by Irish physicist 501:subatomic particles 341:LG.Philips Displays 318:magnetic deflection 60:readable prose size 19316:Display technology 18911:Crystal oscillator 18771:Variable capacitor 18446:Switched capacitor 18388:Voltage regulators 18262:Integrated circuit 18146:Tetrode transistor 18124:Pentode transistor 18117:Organic LET (OLET) 18104:Organic FET (OFET) 17869:Color Light Output 17863:High Dynamic Range 17665:Dot-matrix display 17660:Lightguide display 17331:Display technology 17258:on 10 October 2011 17203:. 9 November 2011. 17098:. 1 February 2018. 16463:10.1007/11423409_7 16248:patents.justia.com 15856:. 5 February 2007. 15788:on 26 January 2021 15770:. 8 November 2004. 15408:Signs of the Times 15299:"Tuning-Eye Tubes" 15251:10.3758/bf03201872 15073:Boyes, W. (2002). 14860:chicagotribune.com 14665:"The Uniray Story" 13875:Karlsson, Ingvar. 13029:chicagotribune.com 12920:"Cathode-ray tube" 12602:"Color braun tube" 12363:Katzmaier, David. 12352:. 29 October 2020. 12298:. 7 November 2020. 10919:www.fh-muenster.de 10410:The New York Times 10313:10.1007/BF03167599 9793:"Gamma correction" 9279:on 30 October 2020 9218:on 31 October 2020 9061:on 1 November 2020 8751:lateblt.tripod.com 8221:on 30 October 2020 7177:on 1 November 2020 6453:on 1 November 2020 6423:on 1 November 2020 6322:on 21 October 2021 6168:. 13 January 2005. 5528:Cahnovsky, Chris. 5465:Thomas Electronics 5313:. AP via USA Today 5262:. 9 December 2004. 5248:. 8 December 2004. 5106:. 2 February 2010. 5034:The Economic Times 4945:on 9 November 2020 4921:www.global.toshiba 4799:chicagotribune.com 4552:on 28 October 2020 4167:"15GP22 Color CRT" 4087:The Tube Collector 3296:pp. 138–176. 3039:. Thomas Telford. 2833:Flat-panel display 2758:Electronics portal 2610: 2583: 2425:Ionizing radiation 2413: 2397:flat-panel display 2310: 2237:Data storage tubes 2188: 2146:secondary emission 2135:Microchannel plate 2116: 2108: 2045: 2037: 1957: 1946: 1895: 1826:Screen manufacture 1730: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1694: 1686: 1621: 1613: 1315:of 0.01 pascals (1 1134:There are several 1071:voltage multiplier 931: 881: 869: 861: 849: 841: 595:Kenjiro Takayanagi 517:in 1897. It was a 431:flat-panel display 392: 384: 376: 364: 356: 345: 219: 164: 124: 113: 19293: 19292: 19232:Numbering systems 19213:Video camera tube 19198:Talaria projector 18980:Thermionic valves 18946: 18945: 18906:Ceramic resonator 18718:Mercury-arc valve 18670:Video camera tube 18622:Cathode-ray tubes 18382: 18381: 17990:Complementary MOS 17896: 17895: 17822:Always-on display 17613:Electromechanical 17601: 17600: 17108:Weitzman, David. 16472:978-3-540-26203-9 16383:. 11 October 2019 16208:978-0-07-460024-5 16116:978-0-306-44917-8 16025:American Elements 15826:"Superslim Texch" 15205:978-0-7506-4757-1 15174:978-81-8431-332-1 15147:978-1-4200-4369-3 15120:978-0-7506-9640-1 15086:978-0-08-047853-1 15052:978-0-08-049749-5 14799:www.curtpalme.com 14651:Visions4 Magazine 14630:www.curtpalme.com 14594:www.curtpalme.com 14576:www.curtpalme.com 14558:www.curtpalme.com 14540:www.curtpalme.com 14522:www.curtpalme.com 14504:www.curtpalme.com 14384:www.curtpalme.com 14366:www.curtpalme.com 14348:www.curtpalme.com 14279:www.repairfaq.org 14148:www.repairfaq.org 14109:www.repairfaq.org 13862:www.repairfaq.org 13840:UltimateAVmag.com 13468:10.1889/1.1985254 12947:on 2 January 2010 12768:www.repairfaq.org 12637:(12): 1482–1486. 12144:Los Angeles Times 12119:on 8 October 2020 12087:10.1889/1.1833763 12032:"Deflection yoke" 11927:www.repairfaq.org 11546:www.repairfaq.org 11509:www.repairfaq.org 11424:www.repairfaq.org 11405:978-0-8493-7560-6 11395:Phosphor handbook 11378:978-0-07-292201-1 10988:Phosphor Handbook 10889:(12): 7080–7089. 10657:. September 1938. 10143:www.repairfaq.org 9953:www.curtpalme.com 9869:978-0-12-373865-3 9527:10.1889/1.1831753 9462:www.curtpalme.com 9339:www.repairfaq.org 9321:www.repairfaq.org 9243:. United Kingdom. 9157:www.jmargolin.com 9026:on 6 October 2020 8927:10.1116/1.1689973 8888:978-3-319-14345-3 8735:. United Kingdom. 8373:www.repairfaq.org 8245:www.repairfaq.org 7931:. United Kingdom. 7698:Visions4 Magazine 7510:on 17 March 2003. 7240:www.repairfaq.org 7018:Radio Electronics 6985:Minerals Yearbook 6646:978-0-306-44191-2 6620:978-1-78262-511-7 6532:10.1021/es010517q 6220:www.photonics.com 6088:www.repairfaq.org 6063:www.repairfaq.org 5929:on 17 March 2003. 5584:10.1889/1.2166838 5358:. 19 August 2005. 5184:Blincoe, Robert. 4967:. 9 January 2015. 4664:Popular Mechanics 4573:"RCA 31 Inch CRT" 4026:Missing or empty 3922:978-1-138-83160-5 3666:978-3-642-12009-1 3630:on 1 January 2016 3594:. United Kingdom. 3311:978-94-011-7062-8 3090:978-3-319-93728-1 3046:978-0-7277-2994-1 3008:978-0-08-097063-9 2896:TCO Certification 2793:Analog television 2674:e-waste recycling 2654:Van Eck phreaking 2644:Security concerns 2614:polyvinyl acetate 2519:peripheral vision 2360:stroboscope lamps 2095:Oscilloscope CRTs 1890: 1149:§ Evacuation 573:was developed by 103:Cathode-ray tube 95: 94: 62:was 18,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 19348: 19306:Cathode ray tube 19103:Cathode-ray tube 18973: 18966: 18959: 18950: 18949: 18800:electrical power 18685:Gas-filled tubes 18569:Cavity magnetron 18396:Linear regulator 17945: 17944: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17900: 17899: 17874:Flexible display 17836:Related articles 17716:Autostereoscopic 17415:Electronic paper 17361:Cathode-ray tube 17344: 17343: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17301: 17300: 17296: 17284: 17279:. Archived from 17267: 17265: 17263: 17254:. Archived from 17235: 17226:Selected patents 17219: 17218: 17211: 17205: 17204: 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17186: 17180: 17169: 17161: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17137: 17126: 17120: 17106: 17100: 17099: 17092: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17047: 17041: 17040: 17038: 17036: 17026: 17020: 17019: 17017: 16993: 16987: 16986: 16984: 16952: 16946: 16945: 16934: 16928: 16925: 16912: 16872: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16861: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16830: 16824: 16823: 16786: 16780: 16779: 16772: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16753: 16729: 16723: 16722: 16683:Waste Management 16677: 16671: 16670: 16626: 16620: 16619: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16589: 16580:. Archived from 16574: 16568: 16567: 16556: 16550: 16543: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16516: 16510: 16504: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16493: 16483: 16477: 16476: 16456: 16436: 16430: 16429: 16419: 16399: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16388: 16373: 16367: 16364: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16343: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16321: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16300: 16291: 16290: 16279: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16258: 16252: 16251: 16240: 16234: 16233: 16222: 16213: 16212: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16148: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16127: 16121: 16120: 16100: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16080:. Archived from 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16063: 16057: 16051:. Archived from 16050: 16042: 16036: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16017: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16006: 16000: 15989: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15954: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15911: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15900: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15864: 15858: 15857: 15854:www.oneindia.com 15846: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15830: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15793: 15784:. Archived from 15778: 15772: 15771: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15745: 15739: 15738: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15699: 15693: 15692: 15672: 15666: 15665: 15645: 15639: 15638: 15630: 15624: 15623: 15618:. Archived from 15611: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15594: 15586:Raytheon Company 15583: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15560: 15554: 15546:Raytheon Company 15543: 15531: 15525: 15524: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15505: 15499: 15488: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15465: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15426: 15418: 15412: 15411: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15388: 15382: 15371: 15363: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15352: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15321: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15305:on 23 April 2009 15295: 15289: 15288: 15270: 15264: 15263: 15253: 15229: 15223: 15216: 15210: 15209: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15177:. Archived from 15158: 15152: 15151: 15131: 15125: 15124: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15070: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14967: 14961: 14960: 14949: 14943: 14942: 14931: 14925: 14924: 14913: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14897:. 22 August 2016 14891: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14880: 14870: 14864: 14863: 14851: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14840: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14791: 14785: 14784: 14774: 14768: 14767: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14727: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14697: 14691: 14690: 14689:. February 1972. 14682: 14673: 14672: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14643: 14634: 14633: 14622: 14616: 14615: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14586: 14580: 14579: 14568: 14562: 14561: 14550: 14544: 14543: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14514: 14508: 14507: 14500:"Tinting Glycol" 14496: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14485: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14454: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14430: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14419: 14413: 14402: 14398:"Broadcast News" 14394: 14388: 14387: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14358: 14352: 14351: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14329: 14314: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14289: 14283: 14282: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14250: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14239: 14229: 14223: 14222: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14189: 14179: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14119: 14113: 14112: 14101: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14090: 14084: 14073: 14065: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14045:sbe.org/handbook 14042: 14034: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14013: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13992: 13986: 13985: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13928: 13917: 13913:"General notice" 13909: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13898: 13892: 13881: 13872: 13866: 13865: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13842:. Archived from 13831: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13810: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13793: 13782: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13721: 13713: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13654: 13648: 13647: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13609: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13598: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13567: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13553: 13547: 13536: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13430: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13367: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13346: 13335: 13334: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13270: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13244: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13221:on 16 April 2020 13217:. Archived from 13207: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13185: 13174: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13124: 13118: 13117: 13110:"Colour Science" 13106: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13082: 13076: 13070: 13064: 13063: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13020: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13003: 12992: 12984: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12952: 12943:. Archived from 12933: 12924: 12923: 12916: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12853: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12833:. Archived from 12823: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12798: 12789: 12781:Early television 12778: 12772: 12771: 12760: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12732: 12724: 12715: 12714: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12688: 12682: 12681: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12598: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12577: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12484:. February 1988. 12478: 12472: 12471: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12416:. Archived from 12406: 12400: 12399: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12223: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12173: 12162: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12115:. Archived from 12105: 12099: 12098: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11994: 11983: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11845: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11779: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11651: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11631:US 20040000857A1 11627: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11602: 11601: 11581: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11559: 11550: 11549: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11462:. Archived from 11452: 11446: 11445: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11282: 11274:frank.pocnet.net 11271: 11264: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11198: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11172: 11161: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11136: 11125: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11100:labguysworld.com 11097: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11048: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11017: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10927: 10916: 10908: 10899: 10898: 10877: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10858:. 2 January 2015 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10788:US 20040104675A1 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10749:"CRT Rebuilding" 10745: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10640:10.1116/1.574467 10623: 10617: 10616: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10589: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10460: 10447: 10441: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10402: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10337: 10298: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10207: 10206: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10107: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10044: 10033: 10029:"Service manual" 10025: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10005:US 20010015612A1 10001: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9989: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9874: 9873: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9827: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9799:. Archived from 9788: 9782: 9781: 9769: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9749: 9738: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9637: 9630: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9602:. Archived from 9592: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9563:10.6100/IR555490 9550: 9539: 9538: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9434: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9409: 9398: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9370: 9362: 9343: 9342: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9275:. Archived from 9265: 9259: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9214:. Archived from 9204: 9198: 9197: 9194:bunkerofdoom.com 9186: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9057:. Archived from 9047: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9022:. Archived from 9012: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8902: 8893: 8892: 8866: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8812:www.thegleam.com 8809: 8800: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8634:elektrotanya.com 8631: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8370: 8362: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8217:. Archived from 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7932: 7924: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7850: 7842: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7790: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7753:10.11185/imt.1.1 7736: 7730: 7729: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7619: 7608: 7600: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7568:frank.pocnet.net 7565: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7474: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7406:. Archived from 7397: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7359: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7326: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7275: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7204: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7173:. Archived from 7163: 7154: 7153: 7142: 7125: 7124: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7090: 7086:"Ceramic strips" 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7054: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7000: 6999: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6922:(8): 1566–1574. 6916:Waste Management 6911: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6874:. Archived from 6873: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6699: 6698: 6678: 6651: 6650: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6479:. November 1958. 6472: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6449:. Archived from 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6419:. Archived from 6409: 6403: 6402: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6370: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6318:. Archived from 6308: 6302: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6080: 6067: 6066: 6055: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6020: 6012: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5970:www.glass-ts.com 5967: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5922:. Archived from 5921: 5913: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5880: 5872: 5839: 5838: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5729:US 20060001351A1 5725: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5619: 5611: 5596: 5595: 5567: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5510:US 20060132019A1 5506: 5505: 5501: 5498:US 20040032200A1 5494: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5143:. Archived from 5132: 5126: 5125: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4981:. 12 March 2020. 4975: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4941:. Archived from 4931: 4925: 4924: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4829:"Prototype CRTs" 4825: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4344: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4204:on 4 August 2021 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3905:Quandt, Thorsten 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3595: 3582: 3545: 3544: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3389:10.1038/078151a0 3360:(18 June 1908). 3354: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3253:Braun, Ferdinand 3249: 3243: 3242: 3216:. Vol. 67. 3209: 3203: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3155: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3072: 3051: 3050: 3032: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3015: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945:. Archived from 2935: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2798:Image displaying 2760: 2755: 2754: 2698: 2693:electronic waste 2559:magnetostriction 2505:Flicker (screen) 2449: 2070: 2016:Beam-index tubes 1891: 1874:intaglio printed 1840:photolithography 1783: 1782: 1778: 1663: 1651: 1565:quantum dot LCDs 1322: 1318: 1164:Wehnelt cylinder 1089:corona discharge 1003: 991: 603:Philo Farnsworth 583:Western Electric 543:, fellow of the 277:computer monitor 223:cathode-ray tube 174:Deflection coils 147:Deflection coils 122:cathode-ray tube 90: 87: 81: 45: 44: 37: 21: 18:Cathode Ray Tube 19356: 19355: 19351: 19350: 19349: 19347: 19346: 19345: 19341:Legacy hardware 19296: 19295: 19294: 19289: 19268: 19254:Mullard–Philips 19227: 19178:Photomultiplier 19038: 19019:Suppressor grid 18982: 18977: 18947: 18942: 18880: 18795:audio and video 18780: 18747: 18679: 18616: 18544: 18525:Photomultiplier 18450: 18378: 18326:Quantum circuit 18234: 18228: 18170:Avalanche diode 18156: 18068: 18061: 17950: 17939: 17932: 17927: 17897: 17892: 17883: 17831: 17793: 17779:Slide projector 17769:Movie projector 17752: 17697: 17597: 17507: 17500: 17401: 17395: 17348: 17333: 17328: 17287: 17261: 17259: 17246: 17243: 17231: 17228: 17223: 17222: 17213: 17212: 17208: 17199: 17198: 17194: 17184: 17182: 17178: 17167: 17163: 17162: 17158: 17150: 17135: 17127: 17123: 17117:Wayback Machine 17107: 17103: 17094: 17093: 17089: 17048: 17044: 17034: 17032: 17028: 17027: 17023: 16994: 16990: 16953: 16949: 16944:. 29 June 2005. 16936: 16935: 16931: 16881:Hydrometallurgy 16873: 16869: 16859: 16857: 16853: 16852: 16848: 16838: 16836: 16832: 16831: 16827: 16787: 16783: 16774: 16773: 16769: 16730: 16726: 16678: 16674: 16627: 16623: 16616: 16602: 16601: 16597: 16587: 16585: 16576: 16575: 16571: 16558: 16557: 16553: 16544: 16540: 16530: 16528: 16517: 16513: 16505: 16501: 16491: 16489: 16485: 16484: 16480: 16473: 16437: 16433: 16400: 16396: 16386: 16384: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16365: 16361: 16351: 16349: 16345: 16344: 16340: 16330: 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January 1959. 12690: 12689: 12685: 12672:(10): 455–462. 12662: 12658: 12627: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12609: 12600: 12599: 12595: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12578: 12571: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12520: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12480: 12479: 12475: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12447: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12408: 12407: 12403: 12380: 12376: 12361: 12357: 12344: 12343: 12339: 12326: 12325: 12321: 12308: 12307: 12303: 12290: 12289: 12285: 12272: 12271: 12267: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12224: 12215: 12205: 12203: 12191: 12187: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12136: 12132: 12122: 12120: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12046: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12012: 12008: 11998: 11996: 11992: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11972: 11957: 11953: 11946: 11939: 11938: 11934: 11921: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11895: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11867: 11863: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11846: 11839: 11829: 11827: 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9299:"Radartutorial" 9297: 9296: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9246: 9245: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9135:"Radartutorial" 9133: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9049: 9048: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9014: 9013: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8867: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8807: 8801: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8725: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8656: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8530:. 3 March 2017. 8526: 8525: 8521: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8278: 8273:KR 20000050533A 8271: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8129: 8122: 8099: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8063: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7764: 7760: 7737: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7662:www.crtsite.com 7656: 7655: 7651: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7432: 7431: 7424: 7413: 7411: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7361: 7360: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7209:(in Japanese). 7202: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7144: 7143: 7128: 7121:www.crtsite.com 7115: 7114: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7014: 7003: 6996: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6912: 6908: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6882: 6881:on 7 March 2021 6878: 6871: 6869:"Archived copy" 6867: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6713: 6702: 6695: 6679: 6654: 6647: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6508: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6372: 6371: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6342:"Daily stories" 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6268: 6264: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6233:Shim, Richard. 6231: 6227: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6154:. 12 June 2007. 6150: 6149: 6145: 6140:. 25 July 2006. 6132: 6131: 6127: 6122:. 10 June 2003. 6118: 6117: 6113: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6082: 6081: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6018: 6014: 6013: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5919: 5917:"Catalogue-CDT" 5915: 5914: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5631:on 6 March 2021 5628: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5599: 5568: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5428: 5423:. 19 July 2004. 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5332:Shim, Richard. 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5296:pulsenews.co.kr 5290: 5289: 5285: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5220: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5129: 5122:edition.cnn.com 5116: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5075: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5008: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4939:Good Gear Guide 4933: 4932: 4928: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4833:www.crtsite.com 4827: 4826: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4803:Chicago Tribune 4791: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4758:Popular Science 4749: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4722:Popular Science 4713: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4638: 4636: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4418:www.crtsite.com 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4328: 4321: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4198:LancasterOnline 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048:Harland, Doug. 4046: 4039: 4027: 4025: 4016:|magazine= 4015: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3720:History Channel 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693:. p. 231. 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659:. p. 220. 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3597: 3596: 3583: 3548: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3482: 3478: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3426: 3422: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3210: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3165:. 16 June 2000. 3157: 3156: 3145: 3138: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3073: 3054: 3047: 3033: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2857:LED-backlit LCD 2848:Image dissector 2756: 2749: 2746: 2666: 2646: 2634: 2599: 2575: 2543: 2507: 2501: 2477: 2442: 2441:regulations in 2427: 2422: 2420:Health concerns 2405: 2385: 2372: 2332: 2326: 2302: 2296: 2283: 2277: 2260: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2225: 2219: 2217:Vector monitors 2180: 2174: 2154: 2137: 2105:Lissajous curve 2097: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2029: 2013: 2011:Beam-index tube 1993: 1991:Projection CRTs 1977: 1938: 1900:magnetic fields 1880: 1865: 1828: 1811: 1805: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1772:aperture grille 1734:aperture grille 1674: 1667: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1605: 1603:Monochrome CRTs 1588: 1549: 1543: 1521: 1479: 1470: 1441: 1432: 1427: 1413: 1381: 1372: 1359: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1275: 1246: 1240: 1231: 1215: 1124: 1115: 1109: 1059: 1014: 1012:Size and weight 1007: 1004: 995: 992: 952:strontium oxide 833: 828: 759: 689:head-up display 658:electronic game 629:Allen B. DuMont 591: 563:Röntgen Society 561:Journal of the 515:Ferdinand Braun 489:William Crookes 485:electric fields 481:Arthur Schuster 465: 460: 339:The rear of an 322:deflection yoke 273:raster graphics 216: 162: 91: 85: 82: 63: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19354: 19344: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19291: 19290: 19288: 19287: 19282: 19276: 19274: 19270: 19269: 19267: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19228: 19226: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19183:Selectron tube 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19048: 19046: 19040: 19039: 19037: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18990: 18988: 18984: 18983: 18976: 18975: 18968: 18961: 18953: 18944: 18943: 18941: 18940: 18939: 18938: 18933: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18890: 18888: 18882: 18881: 18879: 18878: 18877: 18876: 18874:Wollaston wire 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18840: 18839: 18834: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18808: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18788: 18786: 18782: 18781: 18779: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18767: 18766: 18755: 18753: 18749: 18748: 18746: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18689: 18687: 18681: 18680: 18678: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18655:Selectron tube 18652: 18647: 18645:Magic eye tube 18642: 18637: 18632: 18626: 18624: 18618: 18617: 18615: 18614: 18609: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18582: 18577: 18571: 18566: 18559: 18557: 18546: 18545: 18543: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18460: 18458: 18452: 18451: 18449: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18392: 18390: 18384: 18383: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18350: 18344: 18339: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18307: 18302: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18270: 18265: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18238: 18236: 18230: 18229: 18227: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18214:Schottky diode 18211: 18206: 18201: 18195: 18189: 18183: 18178: 18172: 18166: 18164: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18154: 18148: 18143: 18137: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18108: 18107: 18106: 18101: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18073: 18071: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18043: 18038: 18032: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18010: 18004: 17998: 17993: 17987: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17955: 17953: 17942: 17934: 17933: 17926: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17903: 17894: 17893: 17888: 17885: 17884: 17882: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17839: 17837: 17833: 17832: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17801: 17799: 17795: 17794: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17760: 17758: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17733: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17707: 17705: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17695: 17689: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17651: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17625: 17620: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17602: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17595: 17589: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17559: 17558: 17557: 17555:Liquid crystal 17552: 17542: 17536: 17530: 17524: 17518: 17512: 17510: 17502: 17501: 17499: 17498: 17492: 17486: 17485: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17473: 17472: 17467: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17422: 17412: 17405: 17403: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17393: 17392: 17391: 17380: 17375: 17369: 17364: 17358: 17352: 17350: 17341: 17339:Video displays 17335: 17334: 17327: 17326: 17319: 17312: 17304: 17298: 17297: 17285: 17268: 17242: 17241:External links 17239: 17238: 17237: 17227: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17206: 17192: 17156: 17121: 17101: 17087: 17042: 17021: 16988: 16947: 16929: 16927: 16926: 16867: 16846: 16825: 16781: 16767: 16744:(3): 287–294. 16724: 16672: 16621: 16614: 16595: 16584:on 3 June 2009 16569: 16551: 16538: 16511: 16499: 16478: 16471: 16431: 16417:10.1.1.35.1695 16410:(4): 269–286. 16394: 16368: 16359: 16338: 16316: 16292: 16287:www.r-type.org 16274: 16253: 16235: 16214: 16207: 16187: 16162: 16143: 16122: 16115: 16095: 16084:on 15 May 2016 16069: 16037: 16012: 15975: 15949: 15923: 15906: 15881: 15859: 15841: 15817: 15799: 15773: 15759: 15740: 15721: 15694: 15667: 15640: 15625: 15606: 15566: 15526: 15511: 15471: 15441: 15413: 15394: 15358: 15337: 15316: 15290: 15283: 15265: 15224: 15211: 15204: 15184: 15173: 15153: 15146: 15126: 15119: 15099: 15085: 15065: 15051: 15031: 15019:LabGuy's World 15005: 14980: 14962: 14944: 14939:www.r-type.org 14926: 14908: 14886: 14865: 14846: 14825: 14804: 14786: 14769: 14762: 14742: 14713: 14692: 14674: 14656: 14635: 14617: 14599: 14581: 14563: 14545: 14527: 14509: 14491: 14470: 14446: 14425: 14389: 14371: 14353: 14335: 14324:. 21 June 2000 14309: 14284: 14266: 14245: 14224: 14209: 14195: 14174: 14153: 14135: 14114: 14096: 14057: 14029: 14008: 13987: 13980: 13961: 13940: 13904: 13867: 13849: 13836:"Picture This" 13826: 13805: 13769: 13751: 13737: 13705: 13684: 13663: 13649: 13622: 13617:Google Patents 13604: 13583: 13559: 13523: 13508: 13501: 13481: 13446: 13425: 13404: 13383: 13362: 13336: 13322: 13301: 13280: 13260: 13232: 13211:"CRT Monitors" 13197: 13161: 13140: 13119: 13098: 13077: 13075:pearl-hifi.com 13065: 13054:(7): 915–926. 13034: 13015: 12979: 12958: 12925: 12911: 12890: 12869: 12848: 12818: 12790: 12773: 12755: 12716: 12698: 12683: 12656: 12621: 12607: 12593: 12569: 12548: 12527: 12524:. 15 May 1990. 12513: 12506: 12487: 12473: 12457: 12445:Digital Trends 12431: 12401: 12390:(3): 409–418. 12374: 12355: 12337: 12319: 12301: 12283: 12265: 12246: 12213: 12185: 12149: 12130: 12100: 12065: 12044: 12023: 12006: 11970: 11951: 11932: 11914: 11903:. 28 July 1988 11901:Google Patents 11888: 11881: 11861: 11837: 11816: 11795: 11769: 11748: 11729: 11711: 11692: 11682:KR 890003989B1 11673: 11666: 11641: 11622: 11603: 11596: 11573: 11551: 11533: 11514: 11496: 11477: 11447: 11429: 11411: 11404: 11384: 11377: 11357: 11335: 11316: 11294: 11248: 11211: 11184: 11148: 11112: 11084: 11070: 11063: 11040: 11004: 10997: 10977: 10958: 10939: 10900: 10869: 10843: 10817: 10798: 10779: 10758: 10737: 10718: 10697: 10678: 10669:"DuMont 14AP4" 10660: 10645: 10618: 10600: 10575: 10556: 10537: 10518: 10499: 10480: 10461: 10442: 10423: 10412:. 2 April 1991 10394: 10368: 10349: 10284: 10277: 10257: 10250: 10230: 10208: 10187: 10182:www.r-type.org 10166: 10148: 10130: 10110:lslwww.epfl.ch 10094: 10075: 10056: 10015: 9996: 9977: 9958: 9940: 9921: 9899: 9875: 9868: 9842: 9814: 9803:on 31 May 2009 9783: 9761: 9725: 9715:JP 2000082402A 9706: 9687: 9677:KR 830000491B1 9668: 9649: 9617: 9587: 9568: 9540: 9505: 9486: 9467: 9449: 9421: 9385: 9344: 9326: 9308: 9290: 9260: 9229: 9199: 9181: 9162: 9144: 9126: 9119: 9099: 9092: 9086:. SPIE Press. 9072: 9037: 9002: 8992:KR 100490170B1 8983: 8965: 8951: 8941:JP 2004022271A 8932: 8913:(2): 809–817. 8894: 8887: 8854: 8832: 8803:Fromm, Randy. 8782: 8763: 8738: 8719: 8705: 8686: 8669: 8647: 8618: 8609: 8590: 8571: 8552: 8533: 8519: 8510:"DuMont 14AP4" 8501: 8498:on 2 May 2006. 8474: 8452: 8431: 8412: 8393: 8352: 8333: 8314: 8300:nested design 8264: 8250: 8232: 8202: 8181: 8162: 8143:(2): 305–311. 8120: 8109:(2): 144–150. 8090: 8087:. 19 May 2018. 8076: 8054: 8028: 8009: 8002: 7982: 7970: 7948: 7892: 7873: 7832: 7822:JP 2004339019A 7813: 7777: 7758: 7731: 7717: 7703: 7685: 7667: 7649: 7631: 7588: 7552: 7516: 7489: 7461: 7443: 7438:www.r-type.org 7422: 7379: 7349: 7310: 7288: 7283:www.r-type.org 7267: 7227: 7188: 7155: 7126: 7105: 7093:vintagetek.org 7077: 7050:"Patent specs" 7041: 7023: 7001: 6994: 6975: 6949: 6906: 6860: 6824: 6802: 6783: 6764: 6759:Tom's Hardware 6745: 6726: 6700: 6693: 6687:. SPIE Press. 6652: 6645: 6626: 6619: 6599: 6592: 6586:. SPIE Press. 6572: 6565: 6545: 6499: 6482: 6464: 6434: 6404: 6383: 6358: 6333: 6303: 6296: 6277: 6262: 6244: 6225: 6207: 6189: 6171: 6157: 6143: 6125: 6111: 6093: 6068: 6043: 5990: 5951: 5932: 5903: 5840: 5833: 5813: 5795: 5786:"6. CRT Glass" 5777: 5758: 5739: 5720: 5701: 5682: 5663: 5642: 5597: 5557: 5520: 5477: 5452: 5426: 5421:amp.smh.com.au 5408: 5379: 5361: 5343: 5324: 5301: 5283: 5265: 5251: 5233: 5214: 5195: 5176: 5158: 5127: 5109: 5088: 5069: 5051: 5021: 5002: 4984: 4970: 4956: 4926: 4905: 4894:(7): 936–940. 4874: 4860: 4846: 4815: 4776: 4740: 4729:pp. 22–24 4704: 4678: 4650: 4616: 4590: 4564: 4523: 4508:Archived from 4486: 4460: 4431: 4405: 4383: 4360: 4326: 4304: 4282: 4260: 4241: 4215: 4184: 4155: 4129: 4100: 4067: 4037: 4001:. Autumn 1964. 3984: 3954: 3928: 3921: 3891: 3880:on 29 May 2008 3861: 3835: 3816: 3789: 3775: 3761: 3747: 3733: 3706: 3699: 3672: 3665: 3655:. Heidelberg: 3641: 3611: 3546: 3527:(7): 701–712. 3507: 3500: 3494:. p. 56. 3476: 3437:J. Röntgen Soc 3431:(1 May 1909). 3420: 3403: 3349: 3331: 3310: 3280: 3244: 3234: 3218:Academic Press 3204: 3186: 3183:. 6 June 2017. 3168: 3143: 3121: 3096: 3089: 3052: 3045: 3020: 3007: 2985: 2974:. 16 June 2000 2960: 2949:on 9 July 2012 2930: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2886:Monitor filter 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2853:LCD television 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2745: 2742: 2716:WEEE Directive 2665: 2662: 2645: 2642: 2633: 2632:Electric shock 2630: 2598: 2595: 2574: 2571: 2542: 2539: 2533:may have long 2503:Main article: 2500: 2497: 2495:crystalware). 2476: 2473: 2452:milliroentgens 2435:bremsstrahlung 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2404: 2401: 2384: 2381: 2371: 2370:Print-head CRT 2368: 2344:Diamond Vision 2328:Main article: 2325: 2324:Flood-beam CRT 2322: 2298:Main article: 2295: 2292: 2279:Main article: 2276: 2273: 2266:radio sets, a 2258:Magic eye tube 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2223:Vector monitor 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2176:Main article: 2173: 2170: 2166:parallax error 2153: 2150: 2136: 2133: 2128:electric field 2096: 2093: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2065: 2058:Sony Watchmans 2056:, and in many 2028: 2025: 2012: 2009: 1997:CRT projectors 1992: 1989: 1976: 1973: 1937: 1934: 1864: 1861: 1827: 1824: 1807:Main article: 1804: 1801: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1604: 1601: 1587: 1584: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1545:Main article: 1542: 1539: 1532:, surface and 1520: 1517: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1412: 1409: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1341:diffusion pump 1313:partial vacuum 1308: 1305: 1289: 1286: 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1214: 1211: 1136:short circuits 1123: 1120: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 1058: 1055: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 998: 996: 993: 986: 877:Macintosh Plus 832: 829: 827: 824: 800:glass cockpits 792:Boeing 747-400 758: 755: 627:In the 1930s, 590: 587: 469:Julius Plücker 464: 461: 459: 456: 439:plasma display 306:electron beams 266:television set 243:phosphorescent 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 171: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144:Focusing coils 142: 139: 131: 93: 92: 72:it, or adding 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19353: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19303: 19301: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19271: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19249:Marconi-Osram 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19230: 19224: 19223:Fleming valve 19221: 19219: 19218:Williams tube 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19049: 19047: 19045: 19041: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19029:Glowing anode 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18999:Work function 18997: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18989: 18985: 18981: 18974: 18969: 18967: 18962: 18960: 18955: 18954: 18951: 18937: 18936:mercury relay 18934: 18932: 18929: 18928: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18897: 18896: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18889: 18887: 18883: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18829: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18789: 18787: 18783: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18760: 18759:Potentiometer 18757: 18756: 18754: 18750: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18686: 18682: 18676: 18675:Williams tube 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18623: 18619: 18613: 18610: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18564: 18561: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18551: 18547: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18494:Fleming valve 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18453: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18389: 18385: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18354: 18351: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18321:Photodetector 18319: 18317: 18314: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18289:Memtransistor 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18231: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18199: 18196: 18193: 18190: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18165: 18163: 18159: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18141: 18138: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18078: 18075: 18074: 18072: 18070: 18064: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18036: 18033: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18014: 18011: 18008: 18005: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17991: 17988: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17952: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938:Semiconductor 17935: 17931: 17924: 17919: 17917: 17912: 17910: 17905: 17904: 17901: 17891: 17886: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17834: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17800: 17796: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17700: 17693: 17690: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17655: 17652: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17626: 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MIT Press. 15276: 15269: 15261: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15228: 15221: 15215: 15207: 15201: 15197: 15196: 15188: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15166: 15165: 15157: 15149: 15143: 15139: 15138: 15130: 15122: 15116: 15112: 15111: 15103: 15088: 15082: 15078: 15077: 15069: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15035: 15020: 15016: 15009: 14994: 14990: 14984: 14976: 14972: 14966: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14940: 14936: 14930: 14922: 14918: 14912: 14896: 14890: 14875: 14869: 14861: 14857: 14850: 14835: 14829: 14814: 14808: 14800: 14796: 14790: 14782: 14779: 14773: 14765: 14763:9780121634209 14759: 14755: 14754: 14746: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14702: 14696: 14688: 14681: 14679: 14670: 14666: 14660: 14652: 14648: 14642: 14640: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14577: 14573: 14567: 14559: 14555: 14549: 14541: 14537: 14531: 14523: 14519: 14513: 14505: 14501: 14495: 14480: 14474: 14459: 14453: 14451: 14435: 14429: 14410: 14406: 14399: 14393: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14367: 14363: 14357: 14349: 14345: 14339: 14323: 14322:HowStuffWorks 14319: 14313: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14280: 14276: 14270: 14255: 14249: 14234: 14228: 14220: 14213: 14205: 14199: 14184: 14178: 14163: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14124: 14118: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14081: 14077: 14070: 14064: 14062: 14046: 14039: 14033: 14018: 14012: 13997: 13991: 13983: 13981:9780074600245 13977: 13973: 13972: 13965: 13950: 13944: 13925: 13921: 13914: 13908: 13889: 13885: 13878: 13871: 13863: 13859: 13853: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13830: 13815: 13809: 13790: 13786: 13779: 13778:"Patent data" 13773: 13765: 13761: 13755: 13747: 13741: 13725: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13694: 13688: 13673: 13667: 13659: 13653: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13626: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13593: 13587: 13572: 13566: 13564: 13544: 13540: 13533: 13527: 13519: 13518:Life Magazine 13512: 13504: 13502:9781420052732 13498: 13495:. CRC Press. 13494: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13450: 13435: 13429: 13414: 13408: 13393: 13387: 13372: 13366: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13341: 13332: 13326: 13311: 13305: 13290: 13284: 13277:. March 1973. 13276: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13249: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13182: 13178: 13171: 13165: 13150: 13144: 13129: 13123: 13115: 13111: 13105: 13103: 13087: 13081: 13074: 13069: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13019: 13000: 12996: 12989: 12983: 12968: 12962: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12921: 12915: 12900: 12894: 12879: 12873: 12858: 12852: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12807: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12788: 12787:Picture Tubes 12785: 12782: 12777: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12740: 12736: 12729: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12625: 12617: 12611: 12603: 12597: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12558: 12552: 12537: 12531: 12523: 12517: 12509: 12507:9780072264517 12503: 12499: 12498: 12491: 12483: 12477: 12469: 12468: 12461: 12446: 12442: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12333: 12329: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12189: 12170: 12166: 12159: 12153: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12104: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12054: 12048: 12033: 12027: 12019: 12018: 12010: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11974: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11942: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11884: 11882:9780789731937 11878: 11874: 11873: 11865: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11826: 11820: 11805: 11799: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11758: 11752: 11739: 11733: 11720: 11715: 11702: 11696: 11683: 11677: 11669: 11667:9789401121989 11663: 11659: 11658: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11632: 11626: 11613: 11607: 11599: 11597:9780201848403 11593: 11589: 11588: 11580: 11578: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11524: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11500: 11487: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11407: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11361: 11348: 11342: 11340: 11326: 11320: 11307: 11301: 11299: 11279: 11275: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11239: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11169: 11165: 11158: 11152: 11133: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11101: 11094: 11088: 11080: 11074: 11066: 11064:9781475797541 11060: 11056: 11055: 11047: 11045: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11008: 11000: 10998:9781420005233 10994: 10991:. CRC Press. 10990: 10989: 10981: 10968: 10962: 10949: 10943: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10876: 10874: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10832:. 6 July 2010 10831: 10830:TV Technology 10827: 10821: 10808: 10802: 10789: 10783: 10768: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10728: 10722: 10707: 10701: 10688: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10566: 10565:JP H06349411A 10560: 10547: 10541: 10528: 10522: 10509: 10503: 10490: 10484: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10446: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10427: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10399: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10359: 10353: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10307:(3): 134–45. 10306: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10280: 10278:9780521553568 10274: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10253: 10251:9780080518596 10247: 10243: 10242: 10234: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10098: 10085: 10079: 10066: 10060: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10006: 10000: 9987: 9981: 9968: 9962: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9931: 9925: 9912: 9906: 9904: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9871: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9831: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9716: 9710: 9697: 9691: 9678: 9672: 9659: 9653: 9634: 9627: 9621: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9578: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9509: 9496: 9490: 9477: 9471: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9438: 9431: 9425: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9389: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9256: 9250: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9172: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9120:9781483135601 9116: 9112: 9111: 9103: 9095: 9093:9780819441447 9089: 9085: 9084: 9076: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8993: 8987: 8979: 8978:www.ke5fx.com 8975: 8969: 8961: 8955: 8942: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8899: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8773: 8767: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8715: 8709: 8696: 8690: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8660: 8659:JP H07245056A 8654: 8652: 8635: 8628: 8622: 8613: 8600: 8594: 8581: 8575: 8562: 8556: 8543: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8441: 8435: 8422: 8416: 8403: 8397: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8343: 8337: 8324: 8318: 8304: 8292: 8285: 8274: 8268: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8191: 8190:"Final Anode" 8185: 8172: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8095: 8086: 8080: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8019: 8013: 8005: 8003:9780080550664 7999: 7995: 7994: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7944: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7883: 7877: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7823: 7817: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7786:"Asahi glass" 7781: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7713: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7556: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7506: 7499: 7493: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7390: 7389:CN 101253599A 7383: 7368: 7367:eti.pg.edu.pl 7364: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7258: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7094: 7087: 7081: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7020:. April 1970. 7019: 7016:"TV X-Rays". 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6995:9781411332270 6991: 6987: 6986: 6979: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6896: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6793: 6787: 6774: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6736: 6730: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6696: 6694:9780819441447 6690: 6686: 6685: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6593:9780819441447 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6566:9780470007792 6562: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6478: 6471: 6469: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6297:9781457825903 6293: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6167: 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Retrieved 2947:the original 2942: 2933: 2911: 2880: 2822: 2787: 2772:Crookes tube 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2690: 2686:incineration 2667: 2647: 2638:high voltage 2635: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2584: 2567: 2544: 2523:flicker-free 2508: 2493:leaded glass 2485:leaded glass 2478: 2469: 2465: 2428: 2414: 2392: 2386: 2373: 2362:since 1958. 2333: 2311: 2284: 2261: 2246: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2178:Storage tube 2155: 2138: 2120:oscilloscope 2117: 2086:such as the 2082: 2046: 2014: 2005: 1994: 1978: 1962: 1958: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1896: 1870: 1866: 1848:amyl acetate 1844: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1816: 1812: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1764: 1757:Greek letter 1752: 1746: 1731: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1622: 1589: 1581: 1577:multisyncing 1569: 1561: 1534:eddy current 1522: 1514: 1507: 1501:or 200 1487:pounds-force 1480: 1471: 1468:High voltage 1462: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1433: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1370:Reactivation 1360: 1332: 1328: 1310: 1301:screensavers 1297: 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17185:10 December 17081:10072/22550 17035:18 December 16967:: 887–896. 16860:18 December 16839:18 December 16689:: 671–678. 16637:(1): 2–10. 16387:11 December 16381:Low End Mac 16331:18 December 16309:18 December 16267:18 December 16180:11 December 15958:"Toxic TVs" 15942:11 December 15579:data sheet" 15539:data sheet" 15484:data sheet" 15464:19 December 15092:11 December 15058:11 December 15024:11 December 14998:11 December 14901:18 December 14879:18 December 14839:18 December 14818:18 December 14735:11 December 14706:18 December 14647:"Indextron" 14484:18 December 14463:18 December 14439:18 December 14418:11 December 14238:18 December 14188:18 December 14167:18 December 14128:18 December 14089:11 December 14050:11 December 14022:18 December 14001:18 December 13954:18 December 13933:11 December 13897:11 December 13819:18 December 13798:11 December 13730:11 December 13698:18 December 13677:18 December 13597:18 December 13576:18 December 13552:11 December 13439:18 December 13418:18 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TPM-1508A 4234:11 November 4208:11 November 4177:11 November 4148:11 November 4122:11 November 4093:11 November 4060:11 November 3977:11 November 3964:"TV Digest" 3947:11 November 3884:10 November 3854:10 November 3634:10 November 3455:10 November 3273:10 November 3014:28 December 2861:LED display 2813:Raster scan 2535:persistence 2444:21 CFR 2403:Slimmer CRT 2336:video walls 2318:nixie tubes 2275:Charactrons 2264:vacuum tube 1809:Shadow mask 1803:Shadow mask 1767:shadow mask 1742:shadow mask 1682:shadow mask 1571:may have a 1530:skin effect 1445:shadow mask 1418:microsecond 1168:einzel lens 1128:hot cathode 1051:§ Size 958:operation. 815:retrogaming 796:Airbus A320 712:float glass 655:interactive 589:Development 571:hot cathode 463:Discoveries 414:or special 294:cathode ray 231:vacuum tube 74:subheadings 19300:Categories 19208:Trochotron 19138:Iconoscope 19128:Compactron 19123:Charactron 19067:Acorn tube 18931:reed relay 18921:Parametron 18854:Thermistor 18832:resettable 18791:Connector 18752:Adjustable 18728:Nixie tube 18698:Crossatron 18665:Trochotron 18640:Iconoscope 18635:Charactron 18612:X-ray tube 18484:Compactron 18464:Acorn tube 18421:Buck–boost 18342:Solaristor 18204:Photodiode 18181:Gunn diode 18177:(CLD, CRD) 17959:Transistor 17789:Laser beam 17743:Volumetric 17703:3D display 17643:Nixie tube 17623:Split-flap 17508:generation 17482:Blue Phase 17402:generation 17349:generation 16352:18 October 16005:20 January 15792:8 December 15387:1 December 15309:1 December 13638:(33): no. 13632:ChemInform 13225:8 December 12841:8 December 12711:www.thg.ru 12424:8 December 12278:RTINGS.com 12239:16 October 12206:16 October 12123:8 December 12081:(1): 343. 11325:US 5800234 10687:US 2787101 10655:Radio News 10590:(Report). 10489:US 4217015 10358:US 2457175 10036:deramp.com 9889:US 6686709 9823:"Handbook" 9741:www.ti.com 9642:6 February 9610:8 December 9557:(Thesis). 9437:www.ti.com 9401:www.st.com 9373:www.ti.com 9283:8 December 9222:8 December 9065:8 December 9030:8 December 8225:8 December 7774:: 359–363. 7747:(1): 1–6. 7414:8 December 7181:8 December 6477:Radio News 6457:8 December 6427:8 December 6378:www.gic.jp 6326:8 December 6202:koreatimes 5622:dnr.mo.gov 5151:8 December 5044:5 December 4949:8 December 4765:p. 45 4543:Sony Corp. 4396:Sony Corp. 4392:US 3440080 4313:US 3418246 4291:US 3394084 4269:US 3989977 3911:. London: 3726:3 November 3689:. Urbana: 3134:Sony Corp. 2917:US 5463290 2903:References 2656:. Special 2340:Jumbotrons 2281:Charactron 2206:dielectric 2152:Graticules 2084:Radar CRTs 2079:Radar CRTs 1975:Resolution 1965:degaussing 1820:Cromaclear 1672:Color CRTs 1357:Rebuilding 1353:problems. 1311:The CRT's 1307:Evacuation 1229:Deflection 1141:sputtering 964:dielectric 944:lead oxide 936:monochrome 819:Light guns 684:Aiken tube 640:Telefunken 534:Braun tube 412:lead glass 320:, using a 70:condensing 19173:Phototube 19168:Monoscope 19163:Magnetron 19158:Magic eye 19148:Kinescope 19092:Pentagrid 18894:Capacitor 18738:Trigatron 18733:Thyratron 18723:Neon lamp 18650:Monoscope 18530:Phototube 18514:Pentagrid 18479:Barretter 18364:Trancitor 18359:Thyristor 18284:Memristor 18209:PIN diode 17986:(ChemFET) 17843:Scan line 17817:DisplayID 17774:Neon sign 17764:Monoscope 17606:Non-video 17367:Jumbotron 17002:Recycling 16909:105122120 16887:: 60–70. 16820:105023020 16798:: 58–66. 16588:4 October 16492:4 October 16449:CiteSeerX 16412:CiteSeerX 16136:4 October 16088:4 October 16062:4 October 16021:"Cadmium" 15874:13 August 15754:softpedia 15735:softpedia 15351:4 October 15330:4 October 14328:4 October 14302:4 October 14259:4 October 13764:ScienceON 12951:4 October 12811:4 October 12233:Eurogamer 12095:137042132 12020:(Thesis). 11965:The Verge 11267:"Rauland" 9807:4 October 9535:110552592 9249:cite book 7937:cite book 7470:"Diagram" 6374:"テレビ今昔物語" 6180:"History" 6138:DIGITIMES 5578:(1): 65. 5445:30 August 5317:8 October 4888:テレビジョン学会誌 4443:"21AXP22" 4343:(booklet) 3971:TV Digest 3913:Routledge 3806:Radio Age 3600:cite book 3492:Routledge 3414:The Times 3320:cite book 2978:4 October 2953:4 October 2943:About.com 2876:Trinitron 2838:Geer tube 2818:Scan line 2697:phosphors 2682:landfills 2664:Recycling 2606:Datapoint 2573:Implosion 2513:(60 2489:vitrified 2300:Nimo tube 2252:Cat's eye 2230:Asteroids 2158:graticule 2027:Flat CRTs 1980:Dot pitch 1753:delta-gun 1702:Trinitron 1684:color CRT 1629:ion traps 1384:Phosphors 1379:Phosphors 904:O-I Glass 857:Trinitron 804:Lufthansa 699:Trinitron 646:in 1934. 624:in 1950. 618:trademark 601:In 1927, 593:In 1926, 556:The Times 539:In 1908, 506:electrons 420:strontium 408:implosion 400:evacuated 247:waveforms 109:deflected 86:June 2023 78:talk page 66:splitting 64:Consider 19273:Examples 19153:Klystron 19133:Eidophor 19108:Additron 19072:Nuvistor 18916:Inductor 18886:Reactive 18864:Varistor 18844:Resistor 18822:Antifuse 18708:Ignitron 18703:Dekatron 18591:Klystron 18580:Gyrotron 18509:Nuvistor 18426:Split-pi 18312:(MOS IC) 18279:Memistor 18037:(MuGFET) 18031:(MOSFET) 18003:(FinFET) 17726:Hologram 17633:Eggcrate 17618:Flip-dot 17564:display 17545:Laser TV 17516:microLED 17446:(AMOLED) 17400:Current 17356:Eidophor 17176:Archived 17148:Archived 17144:52231858 17113:Archived 17008:(1): 4. 16922:Solvomet 16711:29650298 16667:24723465 16659:23447859 16531:17 March 16159:(2): 37. 16030:13 April 15968:13 April 15491:Ferranti 15434:27 March 15378:Archived 15260:62692534 14409:Archived 14080:Archived 13924:Archived 13888:Archived 13789:Archived 13658:"PC Mag" 13543:Archived 13541:. 1956. 13476:57611617 13462:(1): 1. 13181:Archived 12999:Archived 12941:PC Guide 12739:Archived 12651:51635920 12522:"PC Mag" 12169:Archived 11990:Archived 11988:. 2015. 11278:Archived 11168:Archived 11132:Archived 11105:27 March 11024:Archived 10923:Archived 10592:Archived 10453:Archived 10434:Archived 10333:Archived 10203:phys.org 10114:Archived 10040:Archived 9745:Archived 9633:Archived 9405:Archived 8816:Archived 8486:"Manual" 8377:Archived 7857:Archived 7797:Archived 7615:Archived 7572:Archived 7536:Archived 7333:Archived 7211:Archived 7200:"Manual" 7061:Archived 6944:22542858 6895:cite web 6844:Archived 6840:ipen.org 6540:11811492 6027:Archived 6023:spie.org 5887:Archived 5592:62697886 5541:Archived 5470:16 March 5038:Archived 3907:(eds.). 3588:(1964). 3255:(1987). 2866:Penetron 2808:Overscan 2744:See also 2731:nichrome 2475:Toxicity 2461:millirem 2350:for the 2262:In some 1999:and CRT 1953:Mu metal 1850:or in a 1738:"triads" 1597:overscan 1593:overscan 1483:pressure 1430:Blooming 1350:Hydrogen 1333:bake-out 1029:viewable 900:AGC Inc. 879:computer 794:and the 780:obsolete 776:obsolete 737:Videocon 559:and the 530:phosphor 452:phosphor 239:electron 136:phosphor 54:too long 19264:Russian 19087:Pentode 19077:Tetrode 18817:Ferrite 18785:Passive 18776:Varicap 18764:digital 18713:Krytron 18535:Tetrode 18520:Pentode 18374:Varicap 18355:(3D IC) 18331:RF CMOS 18235:devices 18009:(FGMOS) 17940:devices 17810:CEA-861 17440:(OLED) 17425:Gyricon 17060:Bibcode 16969:Bibcode 16889:Bibcode 16800:Bibcode 16719:4800544 16691:Bibcode 16639:Bibcode 15899:6 March 15599:29 July 15559:29 July 15346:"INPUT" 13333:. 1990. 11875:. Que. 10382:RF Cafe 10329:9805111 10321:2085547 9830:sbe.org 8915:Bibcode 8145:Bibcode 8042:RF Cafe 6924:Bibcode 6520:Bibcode 5083:Reuters 4997:NPR.org 3529:Bibcode 3398:3956737 3376:Bibcode 2658:TEMPEST 2587:implode 2509:At low 2499:Flicker 2481:cadmium 2447:1020.10 2288:stencil 2162:acrylic 2061:bells. 1856:monomer 1852:polymer 1779:⁄ 1744:CRTs). 1740:(as in 1397:yttrium 1364:aquadag 1288:Burn-in 1078:aquadag 784:vintage 764:Hitachi 757:Decline 644:Germany 528:with a 477:cathode 458:History 374:pattern 352:Braun's 270:digital 229:) is a 195:Cathode 52:may be 19098:Nonode 19062:Triode 19057:Audion 19034:Getter 18849:Switch 18540:Triode 18504:Nonode 18469:Audion 18349:(SITh) 18233:Other 18200:(OLED) 18162:Diodes 18113:(LET) 18095:(FET) 18067:Other 18015:(IGBT) 17992:(CMOS) 17979:BioFET 17974:BiCMOS 17694:(SISD) 17588:(TDEL) 17582:(FLCD) 17529:(OLET) 17497:(LCoS) 17456:(LCD) 17434:(LED) 17411:(QLED) 17385:(PDP) 17248:"CRTs" 17165:"Data" 17142: 16907: 16818: 16717: 16709: 16665: 16657: 16612: 16469: 16451: 16414: 16205: 16113: 15281: 15258: 15202: 15171: 15144: 15117: 15083: 15049: 14760: 13978: 13726:. 1999 13499: 13474: 12649: 12504: 12467:PC Mag 12093: 11947: 11879: 11744: 11725: 11707: 11688: 11664: 11637: 11618: 11594: 11569: 11529: 11492: 11402: 11375: 11353: 11331: 11312: 11244: 11061: 10995: 10973: 10954: 10813: 10794: 10733: 10693: 10571: 10552: 10533: 10514: 10495: 10476: 10364: 10327: 10319: 10294:"Data" 10275: 10248: 10226: 10090: 10071: 10011: 9992: 9973: 9936: 9917: 9895: 9866: 9721: 9702: 9683: 9664: 9626:"Data" 9583: 9533: 9501: 9482: 9394:"Data" 9177: 9117: 9090: 8998: 8947: 8885: 8850: 8778: 8701: 8665: 8636:. 2001 8605: 8586: 8567: 8548: 8470: 8427: 8408: 8348: 8329: 8309: 8297: 8288:press 8279: 8177: 8072: 8024: 8000: 7966: 7888: 7828: 7498:"data" 7395: 7363:"Data" 7306: 7263: 7252: 6992: 6942: 6820: 6798: 6779: 6741: 6722: 6691: 6643: 6617: 6590: 6563: 6538: 6294: 5947: 5831: 5808:US EPA 5773: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5678: 5590: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5461:"FAQs" 5440:Forbes 4401: 4322: 4300: 4278: 3919: 3697: 3663: 3498: 3396: 3367:Nature 3308: 3232: 3139: 3114:8 July 3087: 3043: 3005: 2926: 2733:wire. 2703:. The 2122:CRTs, 2020:Philco 1969:deform 1926:raster 1905:vector 1797:ground 1573:RAMDAC 1510:arcing 1439:Doming 1345:getter 1329:baking 1219:triode 1018:entire 968:ground 910:, and 707:Zenith 669:CT-100 550:Nature 487:, and 441:, and 416:barium 396:vacuum 372:raster 302:raster 268:(TV), 263:analog 261:on an 249:on an 201:Screen 19244:RETMA 19052:Diode 19044:Types 19024:Anode 18926:Relay 18899:types 18837:eFUSE 18608:(TWT) 18596:Maser 18587:(IOT) 18576:(CFA) 18565:(BWO) 18489:Diode 18436:SEPIC 18416:Boost 18369:TRIAC 18338:(SCR) 18301:(MOV) 18275:(LEC) 18194:(LED) 18153:(UJT) 18142:(SIT) 18136:(PUT) 18079:(BJT) 18048:(TFT) 18024:LDMOS 18019:ISFET 17865:(HDR) 17688:(FSD) 17672:(SSD) 17656:(LEC) 17650:(VFD) 17594:(LPD) 17541:(FED) 17535:(SED) 17506:Next 17491:(DLP) 17420:E Ink 17374:(ELD) 17363:(CRT) 17179:(PDF) 17168:(PDF) 17151:(PDF) 17140:S2CID 17136:(PDF) 16905:S2CID 16816:S2CID 16715:S2CID 16663:S2CID 16056:(PDF) 16049:(PDF) 15999:(PDF) 15988:(PDF) 15918:(PDF) 15836:(PDF) 15829:(PDF) 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