222:
FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotropins in patients with anorexia nervosa has been frequently documented. In some cases, especially where onset is pre-pubertal, physical consequences such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually fully reversible. Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of anorexia nervosa are not significant and/or if the illness is accompanied with delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as hypogonadism may negate the deleterious effects of undernutrition on stature by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls. In such cases, appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects due to the aforementioned reasons in addition to factors such as long-term reduced estrogen-producing
202:
intake, body composition (increased fat and lessened muscle), metabolism, and the endocrine system. Animals undergoing compensatory growth have been seen to have impaired muscle development after regrowth, which leads to impairments in locomotion and escape movements. Behavioral impacts such as increased risk-taking and aggression have also been seen, both during and after regrowth. Animals often have impaired movement due to lessened muscle development, yet they have been observed taking time during feeding, despite the risks of extended time spent eating. Brown trout (
38:
221:
can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation or prior to attaining peak bone mass. Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotrophins (LH and
172:
takes place. The gut tissues are the first tissues to be reduced in weight and activity. Then, during the realimentation (re-feeding) phase, an increase in feeding enables more dietary protein and energy to be contributed for tissue growth instead of basal metabolism. The gut tissues are the first to
258:
Animal factors that can affect compensatory growth may include the maturity level and fat proportion of the animal at the time of nutrient deprivation, the genotype, the gender, and the metabolic changes. The stage of development of the animal when the nutrient restriction occurs greatly affects its
201:
Compensatory growth in an organism can have impacts on the organism's behavior and muscle development. These changes can occur during or after the period of compensation, and can lead to changes in behavior, movement, and body composition. During compensation, animals may experience changes in food
192:
processes. Then, when compensation begins, the GH levels continue to remain high while insulin levels spike, allowing the GH to be used for growth processes. At first, lean muscle is built, but after a few weeks of refeeding, fat begins to accumulate on the organism. IGF-1 and thyroid hormones, on
209:
who have been treated with growth hormone after a period of deprivation have been observed to increase their growth rate but decrease their anti-predator responses, such as swimming in waters more accessible by predators. Increased aggression and decreased sexual displays have also been seen in
60:
deprivation. The growth may be with respect to weight or length (or height in humans). For example, the body weights of animals who experience nutritional restriction will often over time become similar to those of animals who did not experience such stress. It is possible for high compensatory
140:
In 1911, Hans Aron performed the earliest study of growth after periods of undernourishment. He underfed a dog and found that it still had the capacity to rapidly gain weight, though it did not reach the final weight of a dog that was fed normally. In 1915, Osborne and Mendel were the first to
64:
An organism can recover to normal weight without additional time. Sometimes when the nutrient restriction is severe, the growth period is extended to reach the normal weight. If the nutrient restriction is severe enough, the organism may have permanent
234:
In 1960, Wilson and
Osborne outlined six factors that could affect compensatory growth in a review article. The importance of each, some, or all of these factors is not well understood. These factors are as follows:
165:
processes are involved in the abnormally high growth rates. Homeostatic processes usually affect compensatory growth in the short term, whereas homeorhetic processes usually have a long-term effect.
422:
Prabhakaran, R.; Misra, M.; Miller, K. K.; Kruczek, K.; Sundaralingam, S.; Herzog, D. B.; Katzman, D. K.; Klibanski, A. (2008). "Determinants of Height in
Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa".
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demonstrate that rats fed after growth restriction had an accelerated growth rate. In 1945, Brody developed the idea of "homoestasis of growth" in the book
750:
Turkmen, Serhat (2012). "Compensatory growth response of
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under cycled starvation and restricted feeding rate".
681:
Radder, R. S.; Warner, D. A.; Shine, R. (2007). "Compensating for a bad start: Catch-up growth in juvenile lizards (Amphibolurus muricatus, agamidae)".
176:
The exact biological mechanisms for compensatory growth remain poorly understood. However, it is known that during the restriction period, levels of
184:, while the number of GH receptors decrease. There is a decrease in insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) as well. When this restriction is severe,
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the other hand, approach normal levels much sooner. This may be why animals often have increased fat deposition after a period of refeeding.
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1173:. Physiology of Suboptimal Growth: Review Papers Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Animal Production.
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growth rates to result in overcompensation, where the organism exceeds normal weight and often has excessive fat deposition.
1256:
Nicholls, Dasha; Stanhope, Richard (2000). "Medical complications of anorexia nervosa in children and young adolescents".
397:"Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders"
41:
Representation of compensatory growth, although the compensating organism may often outgrow the normal organism.
17:
901:
Mikola J. & H. Setala (1998), "No evidence of tropic cascades in an experimental microbial-based food web",
56:, is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of
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Dmitriew, C.; Rowe, L. (2004). "Resource limitation, predation risk and compensatory growth in a damselfly".
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Long-term consequences of early environment: growth, development, and the lifespan developmental perspective
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793:
273:
169:
31:
862:"Compensatory growth of Phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems grazed by Folsomia candida (Collembola)"
145:. In 1955, Verle Bohman was the first to use the term "compensatory growth" in an article pertaining to
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Wilson, P.; Osbourn, D. (1960). "Compensatory growth after undernutrition in mammals and birds".
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827:
609:
358:
317:
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Pfeiffer, RJ; Lucas, AR; Ilstrup, DM (1986). "Effect of anorexia nervosa on linear growth".
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794:"BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Effects of Compensatory Growth on Fish Behavior"
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503:
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8:
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Bohman, V. R. (1955). "Compensatory Growth of Beef Cattle: The Effect of Hay
Maturity".
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where it does not ever reach normal weight. Usually in animals, complete recovery from
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Hornick, J. L; Van
Eenaeme, C; Gérard, O; Dufrasne, I; Istasse, L (2000-08-01).
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are released from muscle cells and catabolic hormones circulate to initiate
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722:. Biological Sciences Press, a Division of Cooper Pub. Group. p. 66.
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Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
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increase in weight, followed by muscle tissue and finally adipose tissue.
27:
Accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(200003)8:2<170::AID-ERV338>3.0.CO;2-Y
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Compensatory growth has been observed in a number of organisms including
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Bretherton, S.; Tordoff, G. M.; Jones, T. H.; Boddy, L. (2006).
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1081:"The resumption of growth after long continued failure to grow"
213:
85:
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The
Physiology of Plants Under Stress: Soil and biotic factors
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Nelson LR, Bulun SE (2001). "Estrogen production and action".
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The stage of development at the commencement of undernutrition
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The genetic basis of human height : the role of estrogen
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105:
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81:
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Philippine
Journal of Sciences, Section B (Medical Science)
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614:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 279–280. GGKEY:BP74C846RC5
97:
89:
357:
Tony
Leonard John Lawrence; V. R. Fowler (November 2002).
648:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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229:
1214:"Physiological aspects of compensatory growth in pigs"
937:"Physiological aspects of compensatory growth in pigs"
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537:"Anorexia nervosa may not stunt growth, short term"
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316:David E. Gerrard; Alan L. Grant (September 2002).
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168:First, during nutrient starvation, a reduction of
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1032:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–138.
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1167:"Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth"
800:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 752–757,
509:
404:National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health
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210:animals undergoing compensatory growth.
715:
1078:
1026:C. J. K. Henry; Stanley J. Ulijaszek (1996).
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975:
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251:The relative rate of maturity of the species
245:The duration of the period of undernutrition
214:Studies of growth in anorexic human patients
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319:Principles of Animal Growth and Development
30:For the compensatory growth of organs, see
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1249:
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1060:Aron, H. (1911). "Nutrition and growth".
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832:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 277–278.
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826:David M. Orcutt; Erik T. Nilsen (2000).
242:The degree of severity of undernutrition
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230:Factors affecting compensatory growth
226:levels compared to premorbid levels.
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1085:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
941:Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences
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660:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1960.tb01466.x
611:fundamentals of modern agriculture
322:. Kendall Hunt. pp. 204–208.
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239:The nature of the restricted diet
1258:European Eating Disorders Review
879:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00149.x
796:, in Farrell, Anthony P. (ed.),
764:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02970.x
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798:Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology
197:Effects of compensatory growth
13:
1:
1183:10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00072-2
1171:Domestic Animal Endocrinology
1098:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)87585-8
719:Biology and ecology of fishes
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254:The pattern of re-alimenation
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274:Compensatory growth (organ)
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32:Compensatory growth (organ)
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792:Álvarez, D. (2011-01-01),
573:10.1177/000992288602500101
363:. CABI. pp. 229–254.
180:(GH) are increased by the
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29:
1129:Journal of Animal Science
990:10.1007/s00442-004-1712-2
866:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1231:10.22358/jafs/70362/2005
1212:Skiba, G. (2005-06-21).
1114:Bioenergetics and Growth
954:10.22358/jafs/70362/2005
935:Skiba, G. (2005-06-21).
510:Carter, Shea L. (2008).
143:Bioenergetics and Growth
1141:10.2527/jas1955.141249x
716:James S. Diana (2004).
484:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432
436:10.1542/peds.2007-2820
360:Growth of farm animals
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1290:Developmental biology
1224:(Suppl. 1): 191–203.
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472:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
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752:Aquaculture Research
561:Clin Pediatr (Phila)
478:(3 Suppl): S116–24.
77:restriction occurs.
84:, other species of
46:Compensatory growth
430:(6): e1517–e1523.
259:body composition.
43:
1112:S. Brody (1945).
1039:978-0-521-47108-4
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807:978-0-08-092323-9
758:(11): 1643–1650.
729:978-1-884125-98-0
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329:978-0-7872-9147-1
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16:(Redirected from
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284:Malnutrition
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157:In animals,
156:
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104:(especially
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71:carbohydrate
63:
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49:
45:
44:
1116:. Reinhold.
909:: 153–164,
567:(1): 7–12.
186:amino acids
163:homeorhetic
159:homeostatic
147:beef cattle
130:damselflies
48:, known as
1284:Categories
813:2022-12-07
424:Pediatrics
290:References
269:Starvation
1295:Nutrition
1240:1230-1388
1191:0739-7240
978:Oecologia
963:1230-1388
153:Mechanism
110:seedlings
1199:11025191
1006:30377416
998:15372227
888:16958906
703:17620280
668:13785698
492:11511861
444:18519455
263:See also
122:microbes
114:saplings
94:reptiles
58:nutrient
1068:: 1–52.
903:Ecology
589:6647609
581:3943254
541:Reuters
452:9306846
406:. 2004.
136:History
106:grasses
86:mammals
75:protein
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618:6 June
587:
579:
520:(phd).
490:
450:
442:
376:6 June
367:
335:5 June
326:
128:, and
102:plants
82:humans
1002:S2CID
919:JSTOR
585:S2CID
448:S2CID
400:(PDF)
118:fungi
90:birds
1236:ISSN
1195:PMID
1187:ISSN
1047:2011
1034:ISBN
994:PMID
959:ISSN
884:PMID
847:2011
834:ISBN
802:ISBN
737:2011
724:ISBN
699:PMID
687:307A
664:PMID
620:2011
577:PMID
488:PMID
440:PMID
378:2011
365:ISBN
337:2011
324:ISBN
161:and
126:pigs
112:and
98:fish
73:and
52:and
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