226:
40:
84:
359:
714:
59:
525:
inches (4 cm) long. The staminate flower is composed of three to twenty stamens crowded on a hairy torus, adnate to the base of a broadly ovate, acute boot-shaped scale, green below the middle, bright red at apex. The pistillate aments are one-half to three-fourths of an inch long with ovate,
477:
Leaves: Alternate, two to four inches long, ovate-oblong, rounded, wedge-shaped, or rarely subcordate and often unequal at base, sharply and doubly serrate, acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud pale bronze green and hairy; when full grown they are dull deep green above, paler beneath;
529:
Fruit: Clusters of involucres, hanging from the ends of leafy branches. Each involucre slightly encloses a small oval nut. The involucres are short stalked, usually three-lobed, though one lobe is often wanting; halberd-shaped, coarsely serrated on one margin, or
369:(American hornbeam) is a small tree reaching heights of 6–10 meters (20–35 ft), and often has a fluted and crooked trunk. The bark is smooth and greenish-grey, becoming shallowly fissured in all old trees. The leaves are alternate, 3–12 centimeters (
350:). It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.
511:(aments). The staminate ament buds are axillary and form in the autumn. During the winter they resemble leaf-buds, only twice as large. They begin to lengthen very early in the spring, and when full grown are about
453:
Bark: On old trees near the base, furrowed. Young trees and branches smooth, dark bluish gray, sometimes furrowed, light and dark gray. Branchlets at first pale green, changing to reddish brown, ultimately dull
740:
Common along the borders of streams and swamps, loves a deep moist soil. Varies from shrub to small tree, and ranges throughout the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains.
461:
nearly white; heavy, hard, close-grained, very strong. Used for levers, handles of tools. Specific gravity, 0.7286; density 45.41 pounds per cubic foot (0.7274 g/cm).
1426:
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1401:
1436:
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882:
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1301:
1125:
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1231:
449: in) long; it matures in autumn. The seeds often do not germinate till the spring of the second year after maturating.
1195:
397: in) long, with prominent veins giving a distinctive corrugated texture, and a serrated margin. The male and female
1451:
1446:
1441:
978:
1257:
1164:
908:
1034:
916:
478:
feather-veined, midrib and veins very prominent on under side. In autumn bright red, deep scarlet and orange.
1319:
725:
and moisture. It has a shallow, wide-spreading root system. The leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some
1117:
930:
1327:
1143:
1314:
888:
844:
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1226:
83:
1104:
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474:
inch (3 mm) long. Inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins. No terminal bud is formed.
216:
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8:
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appear in spring at the same time as the leaves. The fruit is a small 7–8-millimeter (
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421:-inch) long nut, partially surrounded by a three- to seven-pointed leafy
1130:
971:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
540:
493:
286:
167:
1156:
1089:
783:
743:
Deer browse the foliage and twigs, while game birds eat the nutlets.
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147:
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95:
777:
751:
The wood is heavy and hard, and is used for tool handles,
19:"Blue beech" redirects here. For Japanese blue beech, see
676: in) long, and relatively narrower, 3.5–6 cm (
598: in) long, and relatively broader, 3–6 cm (
526:
acute, hairy, green scales and bright scarlet styles.
915:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
784:
Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014).
721:They are shade-loving trees, preferring moderate
1393:
543:, which intergrade extensively where they meet:
954:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
860:Note that this website has been superseded by
809:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194277A2308692.en
937:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
902:
900:
898:
464:Winter buds: Ovate, acute, chestnut brown,
883:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
840:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
224:
57:
38:
951:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
895:
807:
1427:Flora of the South-Central United States
1417:Flora of the North-Central United States
712:
357:
1432:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1422:Flora of the Northeastern United States
935:United States Department of Agriculture
906:
1394:
968:
947:
648:. Leaves mostly larger, 8–12 cm (
570:. Leaves mostly smaller, 3–9 cm (
995:
994:
941:
298:. American hornbeam is also known as
1268:cc3c397a-19d0-4e4e-8555-95326a60076a
1402:IUCN Red List least concern species
795:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1437:Trees of humid continental climate
1412:Trees of the Eastern United States
14:
1463:
1320:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295249-1
973:. New York: Knopf. p. 373.
82:
534:
962:
866:
823:
353:
1:
770:
931:United States Forest Service
7:
948:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
10:
1468:
969:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
889:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
845:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
708:
314:. It is native to eastern
18:
1452:Trees of Northern America
1003:
247:
240:
232:
223:
206:
199:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
30:
1447:Trees of Central America
1442:Plants described in 1788
923:Silvics of North America
482:short, slender, hairy.
907:Metzger, F. T. (1990).
746:
330:, and south to eastern
718:
556:Atlantic coastal plain
363:
802:: e.T194277A2308692.
716:
638:Appalachian Mountains
361:
1035:Carpinus caroliniana
1005:Carpinus caroliniana
911:Carpinus caroliniana
876:Carpinus caroliniana
833:Carpinus caroliniana
788:Carpinus caroliniana
630:Carpinus caroliniana
548:Carpinus caroliniana
367:Carpinus caroliniana
275:Carpinus caroliniana
210:Carpinus caroliniana
32:Carpinus caroliniana
507:naked in pendulous
457:Wood: Light brown,
338:. It also grows in
260:Carpinus ostryoides
252:Carpinus americanus
192:C. caroliniana
49:Conservation status
862:World Flora Online
729:, for example the
719:
564:Mississippi Valley
364:
1389:
1388:
1276:Open Tree of Life
997:Taxon identifiers
492:Flowers: April.
425:2–3 centimeters (
280:American hornbeam
271:
270:
264:
256:
233:Natural range of
72:
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704: in) broad.
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1216:MichiganFlora:
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925:. Vol. 2.
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717:Fruiting branch
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81:
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62:
58:
51:
24:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
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1387:
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1379:wfo-0000804690
1370:
1360:
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1311:
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1025:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
987:
986:
979:
961:
940:
894:
865:
856:The Plant List
822:
775:
774:
772:
769:
757:walking sticks
748:
745:
723:soil fertility
710:
707:
706:
705:
627:
539:There are two
536:
533:
532:
531:
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490:
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462:
455:
355:
352:
346:and southeast
269:
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266:
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238:
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235:C. caroliniana
230:
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56:
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35:
34:
21:Fagus japonica
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1021:
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1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
982:
980:0-394-50760-6
976:
972:
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957:
953:
952:
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936:
932:
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834:
826:
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791:
789:
780:
776:
768:
766:
762:
761:walking canes
758:
754:
744:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
715:
647:
644:and south to
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
569:
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561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
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542:
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460:
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451:
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424:
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368:
360:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:and northern
333:
329:
325:
322:and southern
321:
317:
316:North America
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:, is a small
281:
277:
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261:
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250:
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243:
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231:
227:
222:
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205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
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109:Tracheophytes
107:
104:
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100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1004:
970:
964:
950:
943:
922:
917:
910:
881:
875:
868:
854:– via
848:. Retrieved
838:
832:
825:
813:. Retrieved
799:
793:
787:
779:
750:
742:
739:
735:Automeris io
734:
720:
640:and west to
633:
629:
562:, and lower
551:
547:
538:
535:Subdivisions
366:
365:
312:muscle beech
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
289:tree in the
279:
274:
273:
272:
259:
251:
234:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
141:
128:
115:
102:
31:
25:
1240:NatureServe
1152:iNaturalist
1029:Wikispecies
815:19 November
727:Lepidoptera
552:caroliniana
354:Description
342:(southwest
122:Angiosperms
1396:Categories
1363:WisFlora:
1289:Plant List
771:References
765:golf clubs
634:virginiana
541:subspecies
496:, without
494:Monoecious
308:musclewood
300:blue-beech
287:understory
168:Betulaceae
1294:kew-34302
1118:233500311
918:Hardwoods
642:Minnesota
558:north to
502:staminate
423:involucre
320:Minnesota
186:Species:
92:Kingdom:
1407:Carpinus
1353:VASCAN:
1341:Tropicos
1245:2.149194
1183:10252615
1170:295249-1
1014:Wikidata
933:(USFS),
753:longbows
646:Arkansas
560:Delaware
487:caducous
484:Stipules
480:Petioles
326:east to
304:ironwood
295:Carpinus
284:hardwood
242:Synonyms
179:Carpinus
164:Family:
135:Eudicots
69:IUCN 3.1
1346:3600080
1227:MoBotPF
1131:2875842
1082:1148641
1020:Q468664
850:1 April
731:Io moth
709:Ecology
699:⁄
685:⁄
671:⁄
657:⁄
632:subsp.
621:⁄
607:⁄
593:⁄
579:⁄
550:subsp.
530:entire.
520:⁄
509:catkins
469:⁄
459:sapwood
444:⁄
430:⁄
416:⁄
406:⁄
399:catkins
392:⁄
378:⁄
348:Ontario
336:Florida
324:Ontario
318:, from
278:, the
174:Genus:
158:Fagales
154:Order:
96:Plantae
67: (
1307:CACA18
1302:PLANTS
1281:466474
1265:NZOR:
1232:277833
1209:194277
1144:105150
1105:carcar
1102:FEIS:
1043:AoFP:
977:
885:(WCSP)
500:, the
498:petals
344:Quebec
340:Canada
255:Michx.
217:Walter
148:Rosids
1258:12991
1196:19504
1178:IRMNG
1157:54768
1095:CIPCA
1053:APA:
958:–322.
568:Texas
505:spike
454:gray.
332:Texas
328:Maine
291:genus
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
1366:3031
1356:3720
1333:3139
1315:POWO
1253:NCBI
1204:IUCN
1191:ITIS
1165:IPNI
1139:GRIN
1126:GBIF
1090:EPPO
1069:RG24
1056:1156
1046:3128
975:ISBN
852:2015
817:2021
800:2014
763:and
747:Uses
362:Bark
310:and
263:Raf.
1374:WFO
1328:RHS
1219:555
1113:FNA
1077:EoL
1064:CoL
956:319
804:doi
737:).
1398::
1376::
1343::
1330::
1317::
1304::
1291::
1278::
1255::
1242::
1229::
1206::
1193::
1180::
1167::
1154::
1141::
1128::
1115::
1092::
1079::
1066::
1031::
1016::
929::
921:.
897:^
887:.
880:.
843:.
837:.
798:.
792:.
767:.
759:,
755:,
636:.
554:.
418:16
408:32
306:,
302:,
144::
131::
118::
105::
983:.
913:"
909:"
891:.
878:"
874:"
858:.
835:"
831:"
819:.
806::
790:"
786:"
733:(
701:8
697:3
694:+
692:2
690:–
687:8
683:3
680:+
678:1
673:4
669:3
666:+
664:4
662:–
659:4
655:1
652:+
650:3
623:4
619:1
616:+
614:2
612:–
609:4
605:1
602:+
600:1
595:2
591:1
588:+
586:3
584:–
581:4
577:1
574:+
572:1
522:2
518:1
515:+
513:1
489:.
471:8
467:1
446:4
442:1
439:+
437:1
435:–
432:4
428:3
414:5
411:–
404:9
394:4
390:3
387:+
385:4
383:–
380:4
376:1
373:+
371:1
71:)
23:.
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