729:
1351:
1375:
1363:
1387:
29:
259:
The
Caroline Plate was, under all circumstances, a separate plate in the past. The boundary along its eastern side, the Mussau Trench, must have been an important boundary since magnetic anomalies on the Caroline Plate are Oligocene but those on the Pacific Plate Cretaceous. There are indications
251:
The
Caroline Plate moves at velocities very close to those of the Pacific Plate and its age of formation and current status as an independent plate are uncertain. There is a very slow rate of spreading between the Caroline and Philippine plates but the Caroline Plate apparently moved together with
255:
The
Caroline Ridge, to the north, meets the Caroline Plate at the Sorol Trough at which there some evidence of oblique extension; the Caroline Ridge, however, is, although of uncertain origin, made of oceanic crust and probably the product of a hotspot. The presence of a trench and indications of
260:
of spreading in the
Caroline Sea 34–27 Ma. If the Caroline Plate moved with the Pacific Plate there should be clear evidences of a corresponding subduction beneath New Guinea, of which there is virtually none. The Ayu Trough is a slow spreading zone that opened 15 Ma.
275:
was initially formed as a back-arc basin behind the New
Britain arc, and after the collision, a transpressional zone developed in what is now the west Bismarck Sea, associated with subduction of the Caroline plate and
393:
Weiler, PD; Coe, RS (2000). "Rotations in the actively colliding
Finisterre Arc Terrane: paleomagnetic constraints on Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the South Bismarck microplate, northeastern Papua New Guinea".
33:
The
Caroline Plate is shown with red shading in this map of local tectonic features from Bird's 2003 model. Further definition of some of the plate boundaries implied in the map has occurred in the southeast
231:, which is believed to be a relic plate currently moving with the Pacific Plate. Beyond the North Bismarck Plate to the south is an area with currently actively independently moving microplates such as the
256:
subduction beneath the
Pacific Plate is suggestive but the absence of island arcs, which could be expected from substantial subduction in the past, makes the development along this boundary unclear.
366:
Holm, RJ; Rosenbaum, G; Richards, SW (1 May 2016). "Post 8 Ma reconstruction of Papua New Guinea and
Solomon Islands: Microplate tectonics in a convergent plate boundary setting".
227:, is a convergent boundary, but in the absence of active volcanoes and earthquakes, is not a subduction zone at present. This is the boundary of the Caroline Plate with the
1970:
1990:
1975:
728:
2005:
1883:
1965:
1915:
1872:
1662:
2010:
1935:
1960:
1852:
1940:
1826:
1698:
1950:
1920:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1744:
177:
1910:
1862:
1800:
1403:
169:
165:
1995:
1785:
1780:
1703:
208:
1945:
1857:
1985:
1930:
1842:
1821:
1775:
200:
444:
545:"Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations"
651:
223:
boundary is a complex, evolving system partly and potentially developing into a subduction zone. The south-east boundary, along the
1425:
544:
2041:
1098:
1276:
1391:
1433:
1296:
737:
668:
43:
825:
644:
1642:
1632:
1418:
1181:
1877:
1647:
1549:
998:
1038:
2036:
1379:
637:
1229:
465:
1657:
1411:
1367:
1271:
509:
933:
893:
1955:
1888:
1518:
1324:
1286:
1281:
1264:
1018:
1487:
1459:
691:
448:
268:
606:
1637:
1600:
1585:
1539:
1472:
1199:
1121:
1111:
1058:
1053:
993:
858:
795:
718:
708:
602:
559:
480:
277:
232:
228:
196:
181:
126:
114:
898:
8:
1980:
1314:
1083:
848:
264:
161:
130:
563:
484:
1734:
1329:
1319:
1244:
1239:
1136:
983:
928:
785:
160:
because of sparse seismicity and low velocities along its boundaries. It includes the
102:
571:
407:
1867:
1847:
1754:
1749:
1595:
1554:
1249:
1214:
1048:
988:
978:
938:
873:
614:
587:
236:
189:
379:
1682:
1446:
1254:
953:
838:
696:
610:
567:
488:
403:
375:
330:
185:
173:
156:
with its own tectonic history, the
Caroline Plate has been considered part of the
1724:
1652:
1624:
1605:
1544:
1534:
1434:
1259:
1194:
1078:
913:
908:
863:
853:
843:
760:
681:
660:
110:
2015:
1925:
1677:
1610:
1438:
1355:
1219:
1171:
1126:
1088:
1043:
943:
883:
833:
686:
524:
240:
207: 25–2 Ma but has been slowing down since. The northern segment, the
98:
215:
trenches, is not an active subduction zone as indicated by the lack of active
2030:
1739:
1729:
1559:
1450:
1334:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1116:
1033:
1003:
973:
958:
948:
923:
918:
815:
790:
750:
745:
713:
676:
220:
157:
122:
121:
region to the south. A transform boundary forms the northern border with the
85:
77:
1708:
1694:
1667:
1224:
1106:
1028:
1023:
1008:
888:
878:
805:
800:
775:
701:
272:
224:
2000:
1759:
1590:
1580:
1564:
1502:
1477:
1309:
1304:
1234:
1209:
1204:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1013:
968:
963:
903:
868:
810:
780:
770:
755:
493:
335:
318:
1442:
1189:
1146:
212:
118:
106:
1350:
1161:
216:
629:
153:
28:
252:
both the Philippine and New Guinea plates during the Neogene.
140:
The Caroline Plate was first proposed as a distinct plate by
134:
525:
Geophysics and tectonic development of the Caroline Basin
199:
to the west has two segments: the southern segment, the
445:"Here Are the Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates"
365:
184:
and the plates or blocks associated with the present
2028:
16:Minor oceanic tectonic plate north of New Guinea
585:
530:(Report). U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office TR283
141:
510:"An updated digital model of plate boundaries"
466:"An updated digital model of plate boundaries"
316:
312:
310:
1419:
645:
421:
419:
417:
307:
1426:
1412:
1362:
652:
638:
361:
359:
357:
297:
295:
293:
27:
492:
392:
386:
334:
586:Weissel, J. K.; Anderson, R. N. (1978).
414:
319:"Tectonics of the Papua-Woodlark region"
263:Before about 6 million years ago as the
203:was spreading at a rate of 8 mm/yr
354:
290:
2029:
522:
1407:
633:
442:
349:
147:
1386:
542:
473:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
463:
425:
323:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
317:Benyshek, E. K.; Taylor, B. (2021).
301:
659:
595:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
246:
13:
101:that straddles the Equator in the
14:
2053:
172:separating them, but neither the
1385:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1349:
727:
304:, Caroline Plate (CL), pp. 18–20
552:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
380:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.005
1277:South American–Antarctic Ridge
343:
117:and other minor plates of the
1:
1941:Geelvinck (Cendrawasih) Basin
572:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00069-4
428:, Caroline plate, pp. 393–394
408:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00259-0
283:
204:
180:. It is subducting under the
2042:Geology of the Pacific Ocean
1643:Marikina Valley Fault System
1633:Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault
615:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90004-3
588:"Is there a Caroline plate?"
125:. Along the border with the
7:
1648:New Britain subduction zone
447:. About.com. Archived from
142:Weissel & Anderson 1978
10:
2058:
1550:Molucca Sea Collision Zone
1230:Galápagos Spreading Center
435:
280:at the New Guinea Trench.
113:along the border with the
1901:
1835:
1814:
1768:
1717:
1690:
1676:
1623:
1573:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1486:
1458:
1343:
1295:
1180:
1097:
824:
736:
725:
667:
83:
73:
65:
57:
49:
39:
26:
21:
1971:Northern East Java Basin
168:basins and the inactive
133:that transitions into a
1991:Southern Makassar Basin
1976:Northern Makassar Basin
1658:Philippine Fault System
1272:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
607:1978E&PSL..41..143W
1956:North Australian Basin
1889:West Melanesian Trench
1519:Philippine Mobile Belt
1325:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
1297:Ancient oceanic ridges
1287:Southwest Indian Ridge
1282:Southeast Indian Ridge
1019:Philippine Mobile Belt
523:Bracey, D. R. (1983).
195:The boundary with the
1769:Sulawesi and Moluccas
368:Earth-Science Reviews
269:Indo-Australian Plate
2006:West Halmahera Basin
1884:West Caroline Trough
1638:Great Sumatran Fault
1601:South Bismarck Plate
1586:North Bismarck Plate
1473:Philippine Sea Plate
1200:Central Indian Ridge
494:10.1029/2001GC000252
336:10.1029/2020GC009209
278:North Bismarck Plate
233:South Bismarck Plate
229:North Bismarck Plate
127:Philippine Sea Plate
1981:Ontong Java Plateau
1315:Kula-Farallon Ridge
564:2002JAESc..20..353H
485:2003GGG.....4.1027B
265:Ontong Java Plateau
131:convergent boundary
1966:North Flores Basin
1916:Aru-Tanimbar Basin
1878:New Britain Trench
1873:Pocklington Trough
1735:North Luzon Trough
1663:Ramu-Markham Fault
1356:Geology portal
1330:Pacific-Kula Ridge
1320:Mid-Labrador Ridge
1245:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1240:Juan de Fuca Ridge
443:Alden, A. (2016).
148:Geological setting
103:eastern hemisphere
2024:
2023:
2011:West Natuna Basin
1936:East Natuna Basin
1897:
1896:
1868:New Guinea Trench
1848:Kilinailau Trench
1755:East Luzon Trench
1750:Philippine Trench
1619:
1618:
1596:Solomon Sea Plate
1555:Molucca Sea Plate
1540:Bird's Head Plate
1453:Convergence Zone)
1401:
1400:
1215:East Pacific Rise
543:Hall, R. (2002).
464:Bird, P. (2003).
329:(e2020GC009209).
237:Solomon Sea Plate
190:New Guinea Trench
115:Bird's Head Plate
105:located north of
91:
90:
53:1,700,000 km
2049:
1961:North Biak Basin
1853:Manokwari Trough
1688:
1687:
1493:
1492:
1447:Australian Plate
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1255:Kolbeinsey Ridge
731:
654:
647:
640:
631:
630:
625:
623:
621:
592:
582:
580:
578:
549:
539:
537:
535:
529:
517:
505:
503:
501:
496:
470:
460:
458:
456:
429:
423:
412:
411:
402:(3–4): 297–325.
390:
384:
383:
363:
352:
347:
341:
340:
338:
314:
305:
299:
247:Tectonic history
219:. The Caroline-
206:
186:Australian Plate
174:Caroline Islands
84:Relative to the
50:Approximate area
31:
19:
18:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2037:Tectonic plates
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
1903:
1902:Subsea plateaus
1893:
1831:
1827:Tanimbar Trough
1810:
1764:
1725:Cotabato Trench
1713:
1699:Mentawai Trough
1680:
1672:
1653:Palu-Koro Fault
1615:
1606:Trobriand Plate
1569:
1545:Halmahera Plate
1535:Banda Sea Plate
1523:
1507:
1482:
1454:
1435:Tectonic plates
1432:
1402:
1397:
1348:
1339:
1291:
1265:Reykjanes Ridge
1250:Knipovich Ridge
1195:Carlsberg Ridge
1176:
1093:
999:North Galápagos
820:
732:
723:
692:Indo-Australian
663:
661:Tectonic plates
658:
628:
619:
617:
590:
576:
574:
547:
533:
531:
527:
508:
499:
497:
468:
454:
452:
438:
433:
432:
424:
415:
391:
387:
364:
355:
348:
344:
315:
308:
300:
291:
286:
249:
192:to the south.
150:
111:subduction zone
69:87 mm/year
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2016:Woodlark Basin
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Minahasa Basin
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Benham Plateau
1923:
1921:Bengkulu Basin
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:(Bougainville)
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1806:Ternate Trough
1803:
1798:
1796:Sangihe Trough
1793:
1791:Salajar Trough
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Palawan Trench
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1611:Woodlark Plate
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Caroline Plate
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1439:Southeast Asia
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Explorer Ridge
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1182:Oceanic ridges
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Bellingshausen
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:Ancient plates
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:South Sandwich
1056:
1054:South Bismarck
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:North Bismarck
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Juan Fernández
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
740:
734:
733:
726:
724:
722:
721:
719:South American
716:
711:
709:North American
706:
705:
704:
699:
689:
684:
679:
673:
671:
665:
664:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
627:
626:
601:(2): 143–158.
583:
558:(4): 353–431.
540:
520:
519:
518:
461:
451:on 5 June 2016
439:
437:
434:
431:
430:
413:
396:Tectonophysics
385:
353:
342:
306:
288:
287:
285:
282:
248:
245:
241:Woodlark Plate
197:Philippine Sea
178:Caroline Ridge
149:
146:
99:tectonic plate
95:Caroline Plate
89:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
32:
24:
23:
22:Caroline Plate
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Arafura Basin
1909:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Mussau Trough
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Talaud Trough
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Negros Trench
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Manila Trench
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:(Sunda) with
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Sangihe Plate
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:Pacific Plate
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:Phoenix Ridge
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
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849:Balmoral Reef
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170:Eauripik Rise
167:
166:East Caroline
163:
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158:Pacific Plate
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124:
123:Pacific Plate
120:
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109:. It forms a
108:
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96:
87:
86:African Plate
82:
79:
78:Pacific Ocean
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
30:
25:
20:
1996:Talaud Basin
1786:Ceram Trough
1781:Banda Trench
1709:Timor Trough
1704:Sunda Trough
1668:Sorong Fault
1467:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1347:
1225:Gakkel Ridge
1137:Intermontane
929:Juan de Fuca
786:New Hebrides
765:
738:Minor plates
669:Major plates
618:. Retrieved
598:
594:
575:. Retrieved
555:
551:
532:. Retrieved
513:
498:. Retrieved
476:
472:
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
399:
395:
388:
371:
367:
345:
326:
322:
273:Bismarck Sea
262:
258:
254:
250:
225:Manus Trench
194:
151:
139:
94:
92:
2001:Weber Basin
1946:Manus Basin
1858:Lyra Trough
1760:Sulu Trench
1718:Philippines
1695:Java Trench
1591:Manus Plate
1581:Maoke Plate
1565:Timor Plate
1512:Philippines
1503:Burma Plate
1478:Sunda Plate
1310:Alpha Ridge
1305:Aegir Ridge
1260:Mohns Ridge
1235:Gorda Ridge
1210:Cocos Ridge
1205:Chile Ridge
1049:Solomon Sea
989:North Andes
979:Molucca Sea
874:Conway Reef
859:Bird's Head
826:Microplates
620:18 December
577:18 December
534:18 December
500:18 December
455:18 December
182:Bird's Head
152:A separate
97:is a minor
2031:Categories
1986:Sawu Basin
1931:Bula Basin
1904:and basins
1843:Ayu Trough
1836:New Guinea
1822:Aur Trough
1776:Aru Trough
1574:New Guinea
1443:New Guinea
1190:Aden Ridge
1039:Seychelles
954:Madagascar
839:Aegean Sea
796:Philippine
697:Australian
350:Alden 2016
284:References
201:Ayu Trough
188:along the
119:New Guinea
107:New Guinea
61:north-west
1528:Indonesia
1079:Trobriand
984:Niuafo’ou
939:Kerguelen
914:Halmahera
909:Greenland
894:Galápagos
864:Capricorn
854:Banda Sea
844:Anatolian
761:Caribbean
682:Antarctic
514:PeterBird
426:Hall 2002
374:: 66–81.
302:Bird 2003
217:volcanoes
1678:Trenches
1380:Category
1172:Kshiroda
1157:Malvinas
1127:Farallon
1122:Cimmeria
1089:Woodlark
1084:Victoria
1044:Shetland
944:Kermadec
884:Explorer
834:Adriatic
766:Caroline
687:Eurasian
239:and the
176:nor the
74:Features
58:Movement
1683:troughs
1392:Commons
1167:Phoenix
1142:Izanagi
1132:Insular
1117:Charcot
1034:Sangihe
1004:Okinawa
974:Mariana
959:Malpelo
949:Lwandle
924:Iranian
919:Iberian
816:Yangtze
791:Okhotsk
751:Arabian
746:Amurian
714:Pacific
677:African
603:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
516:. 2003.
481:Bibcode
436:Sources
221:Pacific
154:terrane
1625:Faults
1107:Baltic
1029:Rovuma
1024:Rivera
1009:Panama
899:Gonâve
889:Futuna
879:Easter
806:Somali
801:Scotia
776:Indian
702:Indian
235:, the
34:since.
1815:Timor
1488:Small
1460:Large
1152:Lhasa
1074:Tonga
1069:Tisza
1064:Timor
1014:Pelso
969:Maoke
964:Manus
904:Gorda
869:Coiba
811:Sunda
781:Nazca
771:Cocos
756:Burma
591:(PDF)
548:(PDF)
528:(PDF)
479:(3).
469:(PDF)
209:Palau
129:is a
66:Speed
44:Minor
1681:and
1496:West
1368:List
1147:Kula
622:2016
579:2016
536:2016
502:2016
457:2016
267:and
164:and
162:West
135:rift
93:The
40:Type
1437:of
1162:Moa
611:doi
568:doi
489:doi
404:doi
400:316
376:doi
372:156
331:doi
243:.
213:Yap
2033::
609:.
599:41
597:.
593:.
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556:20
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550:.
512:.
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416:^
398:.
370:.
356:^
327:22
325:.
321:.
309:^
292:^
205:c.
144:.
137:.
1449:–
1445:(
1441:–
1427:e
1420:t
1413:v
653:e
646:t
639:v
624:.
613::
605::
581:.
570::
562::
538:.
504:.
491::
483::
477:4
459:.
410:.
406::
382:.
378::
339:.
333::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
