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4163:-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves would be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would pass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes and services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The
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uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the
Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.
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would frighten the devil". Terrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly between 1509 and 1516. Soon after the
Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months."
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3113:. He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died. Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off.
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3125:. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson
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Historically seen as a great ruler by some or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. References to
Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.
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archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of
Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar. Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.
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4081:, wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering the total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor.
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1381:, respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace. The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas.
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5556:. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".
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long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the way to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations." He confirmed
Jannetto's son
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weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. Charles never recovered from
Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter
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2313:. Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction.
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spent 10,000 days in the Low
Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions. As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".
2014:, which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King
5103:. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the
5563:, during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to
3027:(reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery. During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor
1661:("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of
687:. With no fixed capital, he made 40 journeys through the different entities he ruled and spent a quarter of his reign travelling within his realms. Although his empire came to him peacefully, he spent most of his life waging war, exhausting his revenues and leaving debts in his attempt to defend the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the
3870:, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. The conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the existing
5052:. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options. Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister
4711:, Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want him to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work."
5167:; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in his lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death.
976:), Maximilian and his descendants fought wars aplenty (Maximilian alone fought 27 wars during his four decades of ruling). His general strategy was to combine his intricate systems of alliance, wars, military threats and offers of marriage to realize his expansionist ambitions. Ultimately he succeeded in coercing
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The marriage lasted for 13 years until
Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two
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Due to
Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe, as well
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After its integration into
Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against
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Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions. By contrast,
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Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly
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would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries and of the Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to have her serve as regent in Spain whenever he
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to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to
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in Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on four, and England and Africa on two,
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The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side
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Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.
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Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of
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would defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was the first time that kings and philosophers conceded that
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New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, Charles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with
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After his father's death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as
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His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the
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in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn't get in hell because he
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had formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles’ decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala’s autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans and other friendly native peoples as
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According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of France; the never-ending
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When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and
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threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably
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You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by
1953:, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom. Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King.
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Charles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign.
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Some advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles's court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage. He suffered from fainting spells, which might
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Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he
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The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.
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in the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine gulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10
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failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke
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In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda, who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system.
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His opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire. Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other
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Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The
2673:, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige.
2006:. This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the country.
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began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened
6777:, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in
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in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de
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natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.
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rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the
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Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the
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By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King
2073:. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the
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Puype, Jan Piet (2018). "Wilfried Tittmann, Die Nürnberger Handfeuerwaffen vom Spätmittelalter bis zum Frühbarock: Der Beitrag Nürnbergs zur Militärischen Revolution der frühen Neuzeit (= The Portable Firearms of Nuremberg from the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age)".
4159:. Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future, in terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following:
5071:, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry.
5163:, a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The child named Gerónimo, later became known as
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Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court
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European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the European rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France.
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16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by
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of the Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking
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prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by
1628:, contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, his son and heir, later
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He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey."
1632:, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest.
2293:. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on
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1898:, Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the
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After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin
3968:. In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous.
3947:'s long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy,
1617:), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country's flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the Iberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince.
4755:, and spoke Latin. A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." A variant of the quote is attributed to him by
3129:, the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter
2545:, the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the
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in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.
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reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents.
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and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian
6912:. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the
4789:. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory.
13067:"A Habsburg–Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in
3438:. Later they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century". The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584.
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and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was revealed in the twenty-first century to be
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3521:, a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I, Pope Clement VII, Francis I, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Saxony, and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
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in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel. The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both
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The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of
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Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the
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on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by
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Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of
1030:. Both heirs to the crowns of Castile and Aragon John and Isabella died in 1498, and the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands, so they designated their Portuguese grandson
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Several sources claim he abdicated on 27 August, while others give 3 August or 7 September Moreover, his abdication was not recognized by the prince-electors until February 1558, on either the 24th or 28th.
3975:, who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar to the treatment of
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into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.
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in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.
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Although even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the
637:. Heir of his grandparents, Charles inherited his family dominions at a young age. After his father's death in 1506, he inherited the Low Countries. In 1516 he became King of Spain as co-monarch of
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Under the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being
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in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by
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massacred 12,000 invaders. Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the
1672:
to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the
16100:
1941:
Thus, after the commemoration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian
1755:. Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay
1426:. Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with
3730:. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style.
2065:
Protestant heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the
3052:
in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the
2340:, who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of
15575:"Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 pp. 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864"
3768:
had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to
3254:
and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the
6791:
under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of
4004:
the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.
2197:, one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the
12454:
12443:
13879:
Jean-Marie Le Gall, « Les Combattants de Pavie. Octobre 1524 – 24 février 1525 », Revue historique, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, no 671, juillet 2014, pp. 567–596
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Charles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable.
15750:
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of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the
15690:
12517:
3258:, not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out.
15098:
All Mankind is One: A study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indian
2676:
In 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a
3979:
rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. Relatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in
1972:; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon.
3749:, becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened
2492:(1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.
60:
5608:. However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans.
5175:
Charles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.
3525:
The Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and
13131:
4683:
His father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists
3935:(1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded
16300:
3584:
937:. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the
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written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.
15619:
12591:
Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?"
1531:) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian
5419:
Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon or attached to the household of
14862:
5083:. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000
2033:
After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the
1998:) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances.
2931:
by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to
12256:
11947:
11861:
2511:, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally,
16316:
Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].
3419:
Charles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly. Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the
833:
and abandoned his multi-national project with abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son
27791:
27746:
26216:
Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
3559:, who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in
2810:
and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in
11533:
3141:
behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson
1934:, while Charles became governor general. Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and
15114:
11657:
Kaiser Maximilian I. : Bewahrer und Reformer; [Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung vom 2.8. bis 31.10.2002 im Reichskammergerichtsmuseum Wetzlar]
4124:
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11218:
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and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise
958:
in 1486, Charles's paternal grandfather Maximilian had carried a very financially risky policy of maximum expansionism, relying mostly on the resources of the
21149:
6596:
2699:. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the
1986:, and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name. The
1994:
jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (
15712:
991:
The fact that the marriages between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras, originally conceived as a marital alliance against France, would bring the crowns of
27841:
6617:
2838:
2589:
16208:
Dixon, C. Scott (1 January 2003). "Charles V and the Historians: Some Recent German Works on the Emperor and his Reign". German History. 21 (1): 104–124.
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from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the
1824:
in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from
12366:
12347:
12323:
12300:
6931:, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father
3023:
The most famous – and only public – abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the
1583:. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself
26954:
26516:
21169:
20084:
16152:
Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms. Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981,
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14971:
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During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,
1739:. The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and
16092:
972:
or "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee.", reportedly spoken by
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1676:, many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the
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26959:
26593:
24775:
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22756:
16484:
Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V",
6783:
4149:"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces."
1956:
Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian
11693:
3300:
important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries.
2869:
required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an
699:. Charles borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, to repay them, relied on the wealth of the Low Countries and on flow of silver from
27036:
21634:
16264:
4127:) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while
3480:
He often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the
21129:
15899:
13785:
Rüstungsgeschäfte im dreissigjährigen Krieg: Unternehmerkräfte, Militärgüter und Marktstrategien im Handel zwischen Genua, Amsterdam und Hamburg
6538:, as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the
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Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking
4049:
was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the
25898:
12451:
12437:
5140:. Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the
3552:. The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news, spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution
3056:
assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and
2830:, in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace.
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1508:
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18241:
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Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Castilian cortes in 1504 and 1510.
6922:, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.
6666:
intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the
3636:
16123:
15742:
14908:
History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes
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to administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending
3060:
rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.
2019:
1597:. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and
27796:
26009:
25969:
25906:
25690:
18763:
18507:
17769:
15682:
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5513:
Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by
4765:, but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to
1759:
to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.
16957:
16340:
15371:
15342:
15313:
15280:
15250:
14421:
12393:
2568:, but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son,
2166:
in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the
2026:
surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and
27721:
27041:
26939:
26709:
18917:
11305:
5409:
3863:
2484:
the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the
14922:
11399:
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24602:
23538:
22131:
15941:
13533:
The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas
4107:
and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as
16794:
12321:
Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos
11602:
The high and puissant princess Marguerite of Austria, princess dowager of Spain, duchess dowager of Savoy, regent of the Netherlands
3377:. Charles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare.
2956:
2915:, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with
27736:
27731:
27706:
27701:
26871:
26552:
24932:
21999:
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19781:
15543:
4703:, which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including
3226:
1357:
and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the
16292:
15336:
11157:
5408:, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with
27367:
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26638:
26424:
21083:
16735:
14512:
10202:
5464:
5294:
5080:
4947:
4267:
3671:, Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first
3595:
Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system. Charles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one.
2858:
was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the
2700:
2602:
2193:
In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of
1774:). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523.
426:
17830:
13858:
13629:'The Confusion of the Battlefield: A New Perspective on the Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia (c. 1525–1528)', RIHA Journal 0102
12272:
11963:
11877:
2833:
Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial
2216:
consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the
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26449:
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of England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal
4629:
4045:
Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the
3739:
599:
66:
20221:
17271:
11377:
2710:, the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. A Turkish
27811:
27716:
27711:
26987:
26846:
26836:
26810:
26588:
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26429:
26403:
26393:
26033:
25882:
25802:
25722:
25706:
21857:
19968:
15152:
13983:"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 H-German H-Net"
13604:
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4007:
Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the
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3174:
2419:
1680:
or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial
1520:
1405:, which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became
1378:
1374:
1027:
20819:
20688:
20315:
20311:
16474:
Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean",
17:
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26719:
26578:
25890:
25866:
24769:
24059:
23913:
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22749:
21952:
21947:
21315:
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20364:
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Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean."
5671:
5635:
5221:
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3825:
3170:
3130:
2310:
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The marriage contract between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already
767:
708:
583:
551:
421:
116:
16093:"Kohler on Tracy, 'Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics'"
15145:
Bartolomé de Las Casas : Face à l'esclavage des Noir-e-s en Amériques/Caraïbes. L'aberration du Onzième Remède (1516)
12412:
12363:
Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos
12344:
Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos
12298:
Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos
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left. Ultimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the
2394:, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited
794:
in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. After years of negotiations, Charles V came to an agreement with
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22014:
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De strijd om het regentschap over Filips de Schone : opstand, facties en geweld in Brugge, Gent en Ieper (1482–1488)
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3591:) in 1520. By Charles V's time, "the Holy Roman Empire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe."
3076:
2891:
hostilities against it in 1546. The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated
2876:
Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the
2746:
2128:
2046:
1931:
1580:
712:
587:
579:
20003:
16234:
16187:
16130:(in Dutch). Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Archived from
14839:
11717:
From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th–16th Centuries)
6908:, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of
5152:
in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.
4103:, making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered.
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as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as
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16581:
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15927:"A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct"
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through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (
5049:
3772:, an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the
3668:
3347:
3234:
2349:
2002:
in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as
22146:
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19264:
19076:
18724:
18312:
6716:
Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.
5314:
2927:, instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the
2320:. It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent
27553:
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26805:
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26765:
26689:
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26608:
26583:
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Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe
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Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299
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6542:. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and
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advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of
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of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble
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such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.
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The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in
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in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.
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1964:(1518) proved difficult. In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak
1410:
966:) that Charles V and the Habsburgs gained their vast empire through peaceful policies (exemplified by the saying
838:
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Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present
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4785:), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term
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following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. By 1532, Charles was proficient in
4695:, she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon." She saw to his education, securing as tutor
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1414:
660:, as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. At the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited the
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Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League."
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The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System
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Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg."
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Cohn, H.J. (1 January 2001). "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?".
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Infanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother,
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The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent
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and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a
1396:
In 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in
502:
21348:
19058:
18706:
18285:
13324:
Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta; et al. (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V".
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Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546–1547."
13031:
Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)
11261:
6868:. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of
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was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the
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Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs."
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and the King. So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the
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15141:"Planteamiento de la 'duda indiana' (1534–1549). Crisis de la conciencia nacional: las dudas de Carlos V"
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1991:
1968:; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the
1786:
21413:
21320:
14511:
Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe".
6642:
Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of
4804:
As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the
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Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the
2441:, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the
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Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of
6281:
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5564:
3908:, Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers.
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He did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based
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Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the
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Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)
12309:
Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)
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in 1557. In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer
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19896:
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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion
16486:
16412:
Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics
14658:
Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)
13081:
12579:
Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters
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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion
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From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of
1636:
1409:. Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to
1358:
791:
555:
20441:
16334:
13819:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
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in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe." The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the
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went even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the
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alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by
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1499:. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized Lord of the Netherlands with the title of
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and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's
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In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,
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Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536
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The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V
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With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the
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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry during the Italian Wars, 1494–1559
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between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the
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in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.
2220:. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the
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History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V, with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe
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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
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Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal.
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Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–468, 480–482
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Erasmus: The Education of a Christian Prince with the Panegyric for Archduke Philip of Austria
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Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and
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in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the
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5521:. Although Papal coronation was no longer necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V
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on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.
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1813:, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.
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The Histories of Emperor Charles V: Nationale Perspektiven Von Persönlichkeit und Herrschaft
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6674:. In 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium.
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to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's
5100:
4112:
3874:, established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the
3690:(1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the
3165:
Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed
2900:
2611:
1836:
1668:
He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the
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16172:"Nostalgias de Europa. La conmemoración del IV Centenario de la muerte de Carlos V en 1958"
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were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention. Through the
3824:'s first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas.
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led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by
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MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216.
4707:. Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI. A third major influence in Charles's early life was
3995:), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles.
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15147:, Études (in Spanish), Perpignan: Presses universitaires de Perpignan, pp. 159–183,
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and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.
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6787:(1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the
6702:
6587:
6523:
6413:
5919:
5831:
5779:
5675:
5655:
5616:
5582:
5537:
5159:, which may have produced a child, Isabel. After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced
5112:
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4875:
4867:
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4752:
4387:
4293:
4096:, from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the
4074:
4013:
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3866:
in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of
3837:
3777:
3757:
3556:
3277:
2973:
2887:
2855:
2843:
2719:
2597:
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2476:, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's
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2194:
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2152:
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even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was
1564:
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1103:
910:
898:
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755:
743:
704:
653:
610:
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471:
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51:
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18996:
18986:
18658:
15539:
6999:
3960:, to whom Charles granted sweeping powers in order to re-establish royal authority. The
2631:
1895:
1337:
Charles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of
27527:
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27105:
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with the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November.
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against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as
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Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels
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3295:
who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people. The
2968:'s depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between
2882:
between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the
2131:. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as
1524:
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14558:"Bibliographie Maximilien d'Autriche, cinq cents ans après. Diplomatie et propagande"
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Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the
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Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a
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2120:
2027:
1927:
1923:
1907:
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1794:
1740:
1576:
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1444:
1362:
1007:
959:
944:
830:
622:
575:
571:
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539:
481:
461:
431:
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320:
202:
123:
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24744:
20088:
19327:
18017:
15564:"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.
15298:
14015:
The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588
4688:
4147:
Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:
3900:
friars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in
3632:
2688:
with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.
2681:
2464:
denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the
969:
Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe / Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus
27506:
27501:
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25947:
25826:
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17446:
17313:
17282:
17278:
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17101:
16687:
16567:
The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara
16209:
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14632:
14627:
14615:
14565:
13688:
13333:
12614:
10998:
10980:
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8018:
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6945:
Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film
6511:
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In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the
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340:
260:
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16918:
Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.
13692:
6045:
3987:, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as
3623:, a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed
3619:
Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet
3589:
chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries
2806:
Charles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.
2779:
in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the
1613:, the rendition from French into Latin of Charles's personal motto "Plus Oultre" (
1544:. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in
24461:
24318:
23819:
23358:
23267:
23190:
23174:
22347:
22239:
22229:
22142:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
21892:
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21654:
21528:
21508:
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21255:
21225:
21164:
20774:
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17543:
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17503:
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17336:
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17071:
16946:
16798:
16652:
The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor
16591:
16587:
16390:
16034:
15623:
15512:
15302:
15206:
14656:
14152:
13890:
13783:
13270:
13172:
12864:
Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens
12726:
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12458:
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12351:
12327:
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11222:
11161:
10971:
10953:
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6804:
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6487:
6275:
5863:
5823:
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5446:
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5120:
impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.
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4748:
4740:
4720:
4108:
4021:
3972:
3893:
3841:
3648:
3537:
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3355:
3221:. By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained
3186:
3169:
to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first
3053:
3017:
2935:
in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture
2680:. In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the
2643:
2442:
2209:
2187:
2144:
2116:
2070:
2034:
1903:
1771:
1756:
1702:
The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556
1673:
1603:(the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in
1560:
996:
751:
723:
642:
491:
441:
31:
21801:
17249:
16977:
14759:"The Power of the Quill: Espionage under Charles V during the Tunisian Campaign"
6344:
4820:
3840:
had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of
3291:
In 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from
1727:
served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.
1010:
itself had been lost to the French crown), given Mary's death in 1482, and also
23334:
23126:
22373:
22304:
22280:
21736:
21649:
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21108:
21093:
20994:
20968:
20953:
20834:
20429:
20423:
20327:
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19958:
19836:
19790:
19395:
19026:
17839:
17799:
17553:
17317:
17305:
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17141:
16966:
16716:
Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559
16386:
12618:
12253:"'Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla'; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"
11237:
11067:
11007:
10989:
7813:
7017:
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6891:
6869:
5923:
5743:
5715:
5514:
5506:
Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the
5423:. She was brought up in an Augustinian convent in Madrigal de las Altas Torres.
4756:
4724:
4509:
3884:
3723:
3695:
3434:, in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the
3153:
3117:
3049:
3008:
2987:
Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the
2827:
2823:
2794:
2786:
2752:
2619:
2525:
2508:
2270:
2205:
2136:
2096:
2066:
1980:
1677:
1552:
1528:
866:
775:
692:
649:
591:
567:
563:
344:
20241:
16213:
15269:
13411:
6558:
Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.
5999:
3698:, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was
2049:, but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married
27675:
25272:
24633:
23736:
23275:
22765:
22704:
21300:
20150:
20067:
19876:
19724:
19508:
18812:
17945:
17920:
17351:
17011:
16952:
16448:
16434:
16325:
16226:
16171:
15360:
15346:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267.
15331:
15308:
15284:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 922–932.
15275:
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4727:, being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable
4156:
4028:
3988:
3769:
3760:
was commissioned Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the
3659:
publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His
3652:
3564:
3485:
3481:
3351:
3250:
3210:
2776:
2772:
2739:
2735:
2538:
2480:
and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from
2372:
2178:
where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.
1840:
1806:
1731:
In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included
1476:
1350:
1031:
1011:
795:
739:
735:
527:
154:
16961:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 899–905.
16860:
Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee
16466:
The Emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire
15505:
15317:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–933.
6459:
6321:
3263:
Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms
3237:
were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.
1392:
representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle
22249:
22200:
22072:
22062:
21791:
21330:
21184:
21009:
20525:
20301:
19983:
19831:
19709:
17940:
17900:
15139:
Salmoral, Manuel Lucena (9 November 2017), Lavou Zoungbo, Victorien (ed.),
13372:
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6886:
5903:
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3856:
3829:
3788:. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of
3676:
3450:
3396:
3281:
3158:
2815:
2692:
2666:
2198:
2159:
2003:
1681:
1563:, included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the
948:
696:
657:
21383:
16574:
Charles V: Duty and Dynasty: The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558.
15364:
15176:
Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558
15140:
14661:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 48, 53, 98, 99.
12441:; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)
12153:
11991:
Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558
6650:", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor
6534:", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the
5976:
4812:. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.
3878:
in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions.
2983:
Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V
2979:
2406:, to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by
1711:
25874:
25858:
24961:
24044:
23212:
23118:
22414:
20973:
20799:
20368:
20246:
19729:
19612:
17935:
17925:
17498:
16461:
15636:
15002:"Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed"
14569:
14358:
The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany
13337:
11828:
11486:
6913:
6909:
6788:
6671:
6651:
6436:
6206:
6114:
5004:
4998:
4137:
4133:
4104:
4100:
4039:
3919:(1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of
3916:
3889:
3867:
3773:
3750:
3699:
3424:
3381:
3314:
3285:
3222:
3122:
3101:
2819:
2764:
2695:
to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a
2317:
2023:
1969:
1604:
1585:
1541:
1484:
1423:
846:
688:
673:
645:
355:
158:
20963:
18636:
16970:
16495:
15375:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
15254:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421.
14911:(3rd ed.). Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library.
14775:
12397:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
11483:
Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire
11280:
Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture
6648:
most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation
3472:, which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish
1851:
1455:
1384:
24079:
23097:
23073:
23049:
22723:
21837:
20571:
19851:
19592:
18591:
18581:
17877:
16699:
Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I and Charles V
16392:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
15222:
13566:
13359:
de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V".
13165:
12830:
Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization
6981:
6825:
6792:
6682:
5518:
5517:
in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of
5025:
4153:
4078:
3936:
3905:
3667:(On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and
3477:
million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit.
3296:
2434:
2403:
1961:
1935:
1801:
had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were
1778:
1657:
1488:
731:
24813:
22161:
19210:
18485:
18219:
17456:
16862:. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002,
13597:
From Colony to Nationhood in Mexico: Laying the Foundations, 1560–1840
6183:
5952:
5433:), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married to Sinibaldo di Copeschi.
5229:
4747:
secretaries serving in the royal court. He gained a decent command of
2665:
in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the
1875:
of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the
1805:
of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the
27205:
26176:
25914:
24442:
23766:
23647:
23516:
23292:
23142:
23041:
23001:
22977:
22961:
22826:
22818:
22793:
20804:
20561:
20461:
20236:
20138:
20072:
19607:
19597:
19068:
18716:
18576:
18566:
18304:
17961:
17950:
17508:
13851:"Famous Makers of Arms and Armors and European Centers of Production"
13476:
13229:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
6927:
6895:(opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.
6611:
5907:
5795:
5033:
4089:
3943:
of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar
3901:
3845:
3781:
3780:
still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to
3691:
3647:
at the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in
3644:
3549:
3362:
2912:
2861:
2711:
2364:
1475:, which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the
700:
17747:
16999:
The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France
14758:
14446:
The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
14256:
War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders
13627:
12728:
The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne
11428:
The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
6229:
5148:
to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his
3828:
began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and
962:
hereditary lands. Even though it is often implied (among others, by
23898:
23262:
23226:
23057:
23033:
23025:
23009:
22993:
22969:
22929:
22610:
20978:
19856:
19602:
18895:
18586:
18536:
17035:
14290:
The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe
12519:
The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers
12203:
La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana
11797:
The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Revolt in Bohemia, 1618
6160:
6137:
5927:
5883:
5569:
5104:
4794:
4164:
3940:
3809:
3761:
3503:
3489:
3366:
3202:
3057:
2996:
2811:
2237:
2175:
1891:
1724:
1720:
1545:
1504:
1492:
1397:
1015:
661:
16993:
16368:
Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown
5394:; Isabella died at the age of 19, never married, and had no issue.
4020:. This was because philosophical questions arose, especially from
3844:, which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the
3663:
are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His
3213:(1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as
2873:
of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.
2742:
signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.
2077:, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II.
27236:
23089:
23081:
22953:
22945:
22937:
22921:
22913:
22842:
22834:
22780:
22136:
22107:
20617:
20602:
19759:
18626:
18601:
18556:
18546:
18541:
16761:
Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato
15812:
15810:
15770:
15768:
15743:"Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons"
15178:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 269–272.
12666:
Justi, Ferdinand; Stevenson, Sara Yorke; Jastrow, Morris (1905).
12012:
12010:
6796:
6687:
6646:, dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "
6583:
5895:
5731:
5544:
in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of
5108:
4097:
4058:
4035:
4016:, so penetration into the American continent was suspended until
3711:
3560:
3497:
3374:
3110:
2932:
2715:
2379:
2306:
2249:
2241:
2100:
1860:
1777:
Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of
1599:
1480:
456:
16740:
The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America
13951:
Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry
3804:
3453:
burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by
2767:
was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As
23017:
22887:
22858:
22850:
21073:
20627:
20622:
20399:
19549:
19531:
18621:
18616:
18571:
18561:
18551:
12896:"Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII"
12491:
11684:
Skjelver, Danielle Mead; Wiesflecker, Hermann (18 March 2021).
6904:
6758:
6631:
5887:
5803:
5125:
4997:
The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in
4987:
4062:
4024:
3793:
3734:
3672:
3435:
3389:
3318:
3166:
3105:
2790:
2639:
2384:
1942:
727:
16976:
16002:
15807:
15765:
12226:
Martínez Gil, Fernando (1999). "Toledo es Corte (1480–1561)".
12007:
5059:
In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially
3607:, Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the
2324:
in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power.
1843:
served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in
857:
538:
from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising
22895:
22114:
20388:
20052:
15942:"Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria"
15243:
12953:
Note: the link goes to p. 480, then click the View All option
11763:
Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile
6724:
was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the
6068:
4801:, presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.
4034:, about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to
3951:, attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don
3785:
3707:
3656:
3572:
3568:
3493:
3473:
3370:
2516:
2453:, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over
2332:
in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes
2179:
882:
870:
515:
14387:
14385:
14078:
14076:
13917:
Transcultural Wars: from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century
12796:
Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present
12205:. Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 113–121.
6658:. The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in
4132:
men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men (
3655:
in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original
22866:
20457:
20372:
16877:
Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs
15100:. Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 67.
13816:
Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2011).
13556:
Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.
12024:
12022:
11993:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 23.
4798:
4017:
4008:
3932:
3576:
3065:
2962:
Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels
2936:
2789:, and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of
2537:
and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the
2520:
2244:
seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the
1802:
1723:
from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.
1669:
24697:
20350:
16811:. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000,
16632:
Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith 1500–58
15337:"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon"
14407:
Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security
14086:
The Irish in the Spanish Armies in the Seventeenth Century
13082:"The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, by Stanley Lane-Poole"
6876:
and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.
5056:
to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.
5016:
On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old
3611:
that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire."
3209:
archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the
2842:
the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the
2472:
had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the
1894:
and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but
15293:
15291:
14382:
14222:
The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World
14073:
13599:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–56,
13110:(2nd ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 24.
12439:
Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón
11126:"Instruction for the abdication mission to Ferdinand I",
6774:
De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V
3614:
2850:), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant
2755:
in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the
2352:, with support from local nobles and his German vassals.
1589:, thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of
1495:
proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of
1349:
Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally
16858:
Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg):
16014:
15464:
15221:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via
13204:
12019:
11653:
3733:
Charles commissioned several portraits from the painter
2653:
in 1535. The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the
2099:. It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into
1503:. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in
758:
by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers. Charles then
22764:
16072:
15959:
Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania
15823:
15208:"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich"
14893:
Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present
13751:
Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit: Band 11: Renaissance–Signatur
13044:
Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1
12142:
3399:, originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and
2638:, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the
2390:
Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with
2248:
presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured
1975:
He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese
988:
into acquiescence in the Habsburgs' expansionist plan.
877:
Charles of Austria was born on 24 February 1500 in the
668:
as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of
25622:
16778:
Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite
15990:
15901:
German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650
15288:
14520:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 350, 351.
13567:"Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala"
12225:
12200:
11741:
11200:
Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.
2642:
river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary
2488:. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the
1353:
only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific
652:'s possessions included the Castilian colonies of the
598:
he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "
20105:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
16732:. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000).
16318:
Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958
15663:
15424:
15263:
15261:
14410:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31.
14120:
War and Conflict in the Early Modern World: 1500–1700
12665:
12409:"Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla"
12201:
Martínez Gil, Fernando (2007). "Corte renacentista".
3971:
Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of
3851:
The realm of his known possessions expanded with the
3343:
leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery
3339:
leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and
1018:. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish
25977:
16845:
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990,
16395:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
15326:
15324:
13232:. University of California Press. pp. 935–936.
13014:
Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535."
6618:
Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
5063:, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin,
2579:
1828:, was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.
1527:(later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later
999:
to Maximilian's male line, however, was unexpected.
921:. Charles's mother Joanna was a younger daughter of
746:, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a
16807:Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht:
15115:"Indígenas sin explotación, esclavitud y exclusión"
13379:
13323:
11942:
Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla
11856:
Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla
11827:The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power,
11683:
3225:over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556.
2022:. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when
24359:
24091:
16320:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143.
16060:
15427:Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII
15304:"Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy"
15258:
15214:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich
14987:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
14972:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
14692:Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional?
13815:
13687:. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: 4.
12990:"Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566"
12057:
11840:Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana
11654:Baumann, Anette; Schmidt-von Rhein, Georg (2002).
6820:De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen
6612:Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture
5099:On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the
4731:, which he was required to learn by the Castilian
4069:. Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of
582:. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of
16994:The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558
16790:Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 (
16257:"Every Upcoming Adrien Brody Movie & TV Show"
15897:
15355:
15353:
15321:
14480:Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address
13717:Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance
11114:Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865
5012:, the natural son of Charles during his widowhood
3937:personal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity
3603:Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the
2093:and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy
1706:
518:, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was
27673:
16989:Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors
15219:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire
15063:"The Las Casas-Sepúlveda Controversy: 1550–1551"
14293:. Princeton University Press. pp. 273–275.
13788:(in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 79.
6570:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.
5585:' will, he theoretically inherited the title of
3504:Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems
837:, and Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother
27792:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
27747:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
26558:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
20649:
15713:"Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection"
15234:
15232:
15197:
15195:
13571:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
13225:
13040:
12494:Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla
12128:(3rd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.
12091:
12080:Brussels was the imperial capital of Charles V.
3071:
2684:. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating
2460:When he was released, however, Francis had the
2433:began in 1521. Charles allied with England and
672:as his main title, and styled himself as a new
16121:
15418:
15350:
13508:including his last voyage after the abdication
13289:
12765:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239, 284.
5382:Charles also had six children out of wedlock:
3812:issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain
3416:long term, it was in general not belligerent.
2703:, forcing it to split its military resources.
2533:, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan
27221:
26192:
25963:
25608:
24829:
24060:
23782:
23532:
22750:
22177:
20294:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
19775:
19226:
18911:
18501:
18235:
17977:
17763:
17472:
16984:. Vol. 1. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
16432:Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks",
16227:"Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre"
14616:"Diplomacia e Estado na primeira modernidade"
14443:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019).
12987:
12219:
12039:
12037:
11679:
11677:
11496:
11494:
11425:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019).
11353:The Ideological Origins of the British Empire
7049:
6858:Charles V appears as a character in the play
5498:Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
4732:
4053:, which could cause anguish in people of all
2261:After the death of his paternal grandfather,
2186:captured Francis and crushed his army in the
30:"Karl V." redirects here. For the opera, see
19969:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
16596:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
15471:Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century
15458:
15229:
15192:
15095:
14993:
14361:. University of Virginia Press. p. 67.
13895:. Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 80
12833:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 165.
12635:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
12092:Maitland, Robert; Ritchie, Brent W. (2019).
12055:
6958:and is figured prominently in the 2003 film
6951:, covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530.
6742:A statue of Charles, donated by the city of
4986:depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by
3460:Charles's main sources of revenue were from
3007:, the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial
2951:
2590:Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)
2529:ended the war but lasted only a short time.
2445:in 1525. To gain his freedom, Francis ceded
1826:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
81:
27842:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
14729:. Manchester University Press. p. 33.
14483:. University of Chicago Press. p. 48.
13754:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 480.
13720:. University of Toronto Press. p. 17.
12943:
12931:
12496:. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 37–43.
12095:City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives
11266:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 1943.
11182:Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte
6772:
6527:
5611:Charles's full titulature went as follows:
4171:
3201:). For the regency and governorship of the
2269:. He was also the natural candidate of the
1665:to maintain religious and political unity.
967:
806:to recognize the council's validity led to
27228:
27214:
26199:
26185:
25970:
25956:
25615:
25601:
24836:
24822:
24074:
24067:
24053:
23789:
23775:
23539:
23525:
22757:
22743:
22184:
22170:
19782:
19768:
19233:
19219:
18918:
18904:
18508:
18494:
18242:
18228:
17984:
17970:
17770:
17756:
17479:
17465:
17015:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
17007:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
16763:, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009,
16677:. New Haven: Yale University Press (2019)
16332:
16315:
16078:
16008:
15054:
14969:Burkholder, Mark A. "New Laws of 1542" in
14832:"The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace"
14609:
14607:
14442:
14403:
14259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
14225:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168.
13517:Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia
13358:
13283:
13221:
13219:
13016:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History
12926:Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars
12731:. LAP Lambert Acad. Publ. pp. 20–40.
12638:. Princeton University Press. p. 47.
12492:Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012).
12034:
11674:
11557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11491:
11424:
11355:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
11032:as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria;
7056:
7042:
5491:
4185:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3288:civilizations were conquered in his name.
2037:in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir
1551:The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a
1049:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
59:
27481:Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria
22088:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
16941:
15297:
15029:
15027:
14898:
14774:
14756:
14631:
14556:Cauchies, Jean-Marie (5 September 2020).
14510:
14391:
14354:
13525:
13523:
12564:Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano
11909:. Yale University Press. pp. 9, 10.
11626:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
5377:personal union between Spain and Portugal
4125:Civil Wars between the conquerors of Peru
3682:Martyr was given the post of chronicler (
3627:(imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520.
2725:
2556:erupted with Francis' son and successor,
27435:William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria
22093:Colonial universities in the Philippines
16371:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16364:
16355:
16020:
15829:
15359:
15330:
15238:
15201:
15138:
15036:"La Efeméride : 3 de Julio de 1549"
14904:
14861:SL, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura.
14688:
14555:
14404:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014).
14252:
14157:. Indiana University Press. p. 61.
14116:
14052:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–15.
13954:. Cornell University Press. p. 27.
13713:
13268:
12433:
12431:
12381:
12270:
12250:
12117:
12115:
11961:
11937:
11875:
11851:
11793:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11347:
11076:. Memoirs. Vol. 162. Philadelphia:
11062:
11060:
11058:
7030:
6693:
6681:
6626:Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella.
6621:
5501:
5111:. Charles began the construction of the
5003:
4992:
4976:
4819:
4772:
3931:in the newly founded Spanish capital of
3864:Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
3803:
3694:. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of
3513:
3445:
3430:In Spain, inheriting the reform work of
3346:
3322:
3152:
3075:
2978:
2955:
2946:
2745:
2729:
2601:
2499:erupted in 1536. Following the death of
2378:
2363:
2231:
2084:
1850:
1835:
1710:
1697:
1471:The Burgundian inheritance included the
1454:
1438:
1383:
856:
274:25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555
24843:
22191:
21084:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
19240:
18515:
18249:
17486:
16593:A Brief History of the Episcopal Church
16084:
15537:
15267:
14984:Cook David Noble, "Gonzalo Pizarro" in
14863:"La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org"
14722:
14604:
14476:
14286:
14218:
14154:The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15
14089:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 9.
13781:
13625:
13590:
13529:
13216:
12826:
12631:
12552:Penguin Books (New York: 2002), p. 208.
12125:Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict
12064:. University of Chicago Press. p.
11759:
11747:
11571:
11512:
11375:
6502:present in the previous coat, those of
5410:Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
5032:, and Mary was instead married to King
1341:of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the
707:, brought under his rule following the
542:. His dominions in Europe included the
432:Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma
14:
27674:
27300:Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence
27235:
26206:
23796:
23546:
22037:
17991:
16586:
16522:
16441:Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout.
16385:
16169:
15996:
15924:
15134:
15132:
15109:
15107:
15024:
14654:
14613:
14424:from the original on 26 September 2021
14320:
14184:
14123:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178.
13947:
13913:
13747:
13654:
13520:
13275:. Cambridge University Press. p.
13108:Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale
13105:
13021:
12860:
12758:
12425:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV
12388:"Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco"
11902:
11619:
11451:
11401:History of the German speaking nations
11397:
11276:
11066:
10856:
6979:in one episode of the Showtime series
6939:
6670:, also propelling a peculiar brand of
6606:used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
5404:, who Charles recognized a servant of
5390:, but strongly disputed by biographer
5024:and younger sister to the future King
4551:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4309:
4199:
4195:
3927:in the 1530s, Charles established the
3615:Patronage of the arts and architecture
3161:an ocean away from his European realms
2560:, in 1551. Henry won early success in
1743:fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of
1332:
1199:
1059:
600:the empire on which the sun never sets
27430:Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria
27209:
26471:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
26180:
25951:
25596:
24817:
24696:
24358:
24090:
24048:
23770:
23520:
22738:
22165:
22036:
21932:
21931:
21055:
20933:
20648:
20507:
20475:
20412:
20349:
20264:
20187:
20127:
20041:
20030:
19802:
19801:
19763:
19214:
18899:
18489:
18223:
17965:
17777:
17751:
17460:
17022:Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video
16965:
16546:from the original on 20 November 2022
16409:
16290:
16237:from the original on 30 December 2019
16103:from the original on 10 February 2022
16066:
16032:
15939:
15853:from the original on 21 February 2021
15753:from the original on 24 December 2019
15669:
15635:
15546:from the original on 28 November 2009
15442:, Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla
15173:
15060:
15033:
14869:(in European Spanish). Archived from
14842:from the original on 11 November 2016
14191:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83.
14150:
14045:
14011:
13888:
13861:from the original on 5 September 2022
13681:
13626:Paredes, Cecilia (28 December 2014).
13385:
13210:
13188:(2013 104#1 pp. 134–157), in English.
12996:from the original on 21 November 2010
12792:
12724:
12690:
12428:
12121:
12112:
11988:
11696:from the original on 28 December 2018
11418:
11386:
11379:Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17
11303:
11244:. New York: Random House 2007, p. 76
11216:Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador
11055:
10828:
10826:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10797:
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7109:
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7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
6988:Charles V is the main subject of the
5742:, of the Islands and Mainland of the
5538:Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia
5367:Due to Philip II being a grandson of
4627:
4617:
4613:
4601:
4595:
4585:
4569:
4559:
4555:
4539:
4533:
4523:
4507:
4497:
4493:
4481:
4475:
4465:
4449:
4439:
4435:
4411:
4401:
4385:
4375:
4371:
4359:
4353:
4343:
4327:
4317:
4313:
4297:
4291:
4281:
4265:
4255:
4251:
4239:
4233:
4223:
4207:
4203:
3544:, a postal system that connected the
3272:in 1524 and the establishment of the
3157:Empire of Charles V at its peak with
2826:in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial
2174:retook the initiative, crossing into
2139:, however, was under French control.
2045:. Jeanne was instead forced to marry
1521:Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy
1284:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1236:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1168:
1158:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1063:
482:Joanna, Queen of Castile & Aragon
385:
246:(in the name of Charles V until 1556)
26579:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
20365:Captaincy General of the Philippines
19857:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
18925:
16701:(2002) 246 pp., covers 1497 to 1558.
16303:from the original on 9 February 2022
16267:from the original on 8 February 2022
15969:
14999:
14082:
13993:from the original on 26 January 2022
13661:. Casemate Publishers. p. 260.
13468:
13450:from the original on 27 January 2012
13142:from the original on 29 October 2020
12604:
11598:
11297:
11211:
11209:
11107:
11105:
6838:Charles V is a notable character in
6835:refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".
3904:in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at
3853:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3826:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3555:The system was developed further by
2999:. First he abdicated the thrones of
2793:. He outlawed Luther and issued the
2618:Charles fought continually with the
2227:
1879:, heir-apparent to his mother Queen
802:(1545). The refusal of the Lutheran
445:
435:
224:12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521
27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556
26771:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
26476:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
22068:Indochristian painting in New Spain
20188:
15129:
15104:
15012:from the original on 21 August 2018
14925:from the original on 29 August 2012
14905:Prescott, William Hickling (1873).
14614:Mainka, Peter Johann (April 2022).
14537:from the original on 9 October 2022
13412:"El Escorial History – El Escorial"
11539:from the original on 9 October 2022
6818:(1882–1939) included both tales in
6677:
5092:died out in 1580, resulting in the
4743:, acquired by the influence of the
3925:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
2606:Detail of a tapestry depicting the
2359:
2075:inflation that affected the kingdom
2047:William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg
1831:
829:Ultimately, Charles V conceded the
24:
27797:Infectious disease deaths in Spain
26639:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary
25934:
25624:Princes and Princesses of Asturias
21035:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
20508:
19789:
16826:Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie
16753:
16529:The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
16420:
16297:Oxford Bibliographies Online (obo)
16190:from the original on 17 April 2021
16090:
15693:from the original on 7 August 2018
14799:from the original on 26 March 2023
13636:from the original on 26 March 2023
13069:The Indian Ocean in world history?
11455:The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook
11263:Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas
10902:Museum of Military History, Vienna
6656:Museum of Military History, Vienna
6522:. Charles I also incorporates the
5375:, in 1580), thus establishing the
4797:. He was seriously afflicted with
4777:Charles suffered from an enlarged
3722:in giving naval assistance to the
3519:Allegory of the reign of Charles V
3327:The second tapestry in the series
3308:
3235:Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez
2162:troops succeeded in re-installing
2119:inherited by Charles included the
1883:. On the other hand, in 1502, the
1413:in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador
841:. In 1557, Charles retired to the
389:
25:
27888:
27722:16th-century archdukes of Austria
26670:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
25483:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets
20265:
20128:
20009:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
16935:
16455:(Oxford University Press, 2002).
15723:from the original on 8 March 2021
15645:. Yale University Press. p.
15585:from the original on 11 June 2020
15465:Cornelius August Wilkens (1897).
14726:The Rise and Fall of World Orders
13920:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 65.
13418:from the original on 16 July 2017
13186:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
12561:
12279:from the original on 10 June 2008
12259:from the original on 10 June 2008
11970:from the original on 10 June 2008
11950:from the original on 10 June 2008
11884:from the original on 10 June 2008
11864:from the original on 10 June 2008
11605:. Harper & Brothers. p.
11206:
11102:
6872:conjures up spirits representing
5242:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
4824:The children of Philip and Joanna
4210:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
4092:, which included figures such as
3718:was a poet who participated with
3403:, formed the bulk of Charles V's
3183:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
3148:
3025:States General of the Netherlands
2893:John Frederick, Elector of Saxony
2814:. There, he began to work on his
2580:Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire
2277:. He defeated the candidacies of
2265:, in 1519, Charles inherited the
2080:
2041:to marry the heiress of Navarre,
1042:; but he died as a baby in 1500.
816:new support to the Lutheran cause
774:. In 1535, he took possession of
596:European and American territories
27697:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors
26165:
25979:Princes and Princesses of Girona
24743:
24441:
24183:
22792:
22120:Criollos in the colonial society
22048:Spanish missions in the Americas
21170:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
19025:
18635:
18294:
18046:
17829:
17732:
17731:
17013:New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia
16979:The New Student's Reference Work
16675:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
16249:
16219:
16202:
16176:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
16163:
16146:
16115:
16026:
15963:
15948:
15933:
15918:
15891:
15878:
15865:
15835:
15794:
15781:
15735:
15705:
15675:
15629:
15610:
15597:
15567:
15558:
15531:
15518:
15494:
15485:
15453:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
15445:
15433:
15405:
15392:
15379:
15268:Holland, Arthur William (1911).
15167:
15089:
14978:
14963:
14958:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
14950:
14945:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
14937:
14885:
14854:
14824:
14811:
14750:
14716:
14682:
14648:
14592:from the original on 3 June 2022
14549:
14514:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806
14504:
14470:
14436:
14397:
14348:
14314:
14280:
14246:
14212:
14178:
14144:
14110:
14039:
14005:
13975:
13941:
13907:
13882:
13873:
13843:
13809:
13775:
13741:
13707:
13675:
13648:
13619:
13593:"Tlaxcalan Vassals of the North"
13584:
13559:
13550:
13511:
13502:
13493:
13462:
13430:
13404:
13391:
12044:Germany in the Holy Roman Empire
11906:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V
11660:. Ramstein: Paqué. p. 117.
11623:The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815
11501:Emperor, a new life of Charles V
6595:
6575:
6563:
6551:
6458:
6435:
6412:
6389:
6366:
6343:
6320:
6297:
6274:
6251:
6228:
6205:
6182:
6159:
6136:
6113:
6090:
6067:
6044:
6021:
5998:
5975:
5951:
5477:
5463:
5351:
5328:
5301:
5278:
5255:
5228:
5203:
5131:Portrait of Isabella of Portugal
4236:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
4077:, together with the pressure of
3784:, a mode then in its infancy in
3746:Equestrian Portrait of Charles V
2808:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
2691:Charles V made overtures to the
2371:and Charles V made peace at the
2309:, the last emperor to receive a
1571:) and the Aragonese kingdoms of
1461:Portrait of Charles V with a Dog
1443:A 1519 portrait of Charles V by
1022:, preceded by her older brother
907:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
615:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
501:
27737:16th-century Navarrese monarchs
27732:16th-century monarchs of Naples
27707:16th-century Castilian monarchs
27702:16th-century Aragonese monarchs
27643:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
22147:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
20031:
16843:Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V.
16742:. New York: Random House 2010.
16562:. London: Franklin Watts (1970)
16476:Journal of Early Modern History
16438:(Dec 1980) 30#12 pp. 13–18
16343:from the original on 9 May 2015
16333:Ferdinandy, Michael de (2021).
16283:
16124:"Keizer Karel in de literatuur"
15925:Foulke, Roland Roberts (1920).
15849:(in Spanish). 12 January 2020.
15473:. William Heinemann. p. 66
13892:Fatal Partners, War and Disease
13352:
13317:
13262:
13253:
13191:
13178:
13154:
13124:
13099:
13074:
13061:
13034:
13008:
12981:
12956:
12918:
12888:
12854:
12820:
12786:
12752:
12718:
12684:
12659:
12625:
12598:
12585:
12570:
12555:
12542:
12534:Journal of Early Modern History
12526:
12510:
12485:
12463:
12401:
12375:
12356:
12337:
12314:
12291:
12244:
12194:
12168:
12085:
12049:
11982:
11930:
11896:
11845:
11833:
11821:
11787:
11753:
11708:
11647:
11613:
11592:
11565:
11506:
11476:
11445:
11369:
11341:
11324:
11270:
11254:
11231:
11019:
10944:
10923:
5315:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal
4940:Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
4123:(Peru's first peacemaker after
3816:From his maternal grandmother,
3706:, as proposed by Charles V, as
3631:, twin brother of the humanist
3080:Deathbed of the Emperor at the
2816:German translation of the bible
2669:. At the same time, the Muslim
2574:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
1591:Charles I of Castile and Aragon
1434:
901:. His father Philip, nicknamed
381:
27404:Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas
20476:
20199:Captaincy General of Guatemala
19907:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
17031:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
16723:Palace of Charles V in Granada
16512:(Boydell & Brewer, 2012).
16443:The World of Emperor Charles V
16122:Heymans, Frans (4 June 2007).
15904:. Cambridge University Press.
15429:. Euskaltzaindia. p. 712.
15425:Madariaga Orbea, Juan (2014).
15075:San Francisco State University
15000:Keys, David (17 August 2018).
14860:
14819:Spain, the Center of the World
14633:10.1590/1806-93472022v42n89-04
14620:Revista Brasileira de História
13591:McEnroe, Sean F., ed. (2012),
13106:Garcés, María Antonia (2005).
12697:. Read Books Ltd. p. 59.
12230:. Azacanes. pp. 259–308.
12176:"Gilde van de Stroppendragers"
12078:– via Internet Archive.
12056:Papadopoulos, Alex G. (1996).
12016:History of Spain, Joseph Perez
11578:. Cambridge University Press.
11188:
11173:
11148:
11133:
11120:
11078:American Philosophical Society
10914:
6864:by the Elizabethan playwright
6761:that is named after Charles V.
6701:, a 1912 watercolour portrait
5602:of inheriting the Roman legacy
5599:claim of the Holy Roman Empire
5414:Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma
2273:to succeed his grandfather as
2057:would oppose Philip II in the
1992:invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon
1863:was built upon his wedding to
1707:Burgundy and the Low Countries
762:from the Turks and obtained a
13:
1:
27877:Children of Joanna of Castile
27727:16th-century Spanish monarchs
27682:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
27326:Alfonso II, Count of Provence
26344:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
22098:General Archive of the Indies
21359:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
21030:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
21015:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
19964:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
19917:War of the Spanish Succession
19882:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
16809:Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit
16788:Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V.
16560:Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor
16478:(2005) 9#3 pp. 239–283.
16453:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.
16336:Charles V: Holy Roman emperor
16216:. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
15843:"La hija secreta de Carlos V"
15540:"German Epilepsy Museum Kork"
14723:Knutsen, Torbjørn L. (1999).
14049:The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704
14046:López, Ignacio J. N. (2012).
13914:Kortüm, Hans-Henning (2010).
13693:10.1080/17416124.2020.1791406
13530:Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015).
13041:Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002).
12799:. Basic Books. p. 1737.
11111:Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865).
11043:
8374:
7822:
7741:
7324:
7193:
6795:, the one about a paysant of
6765:
6746:, was erected in 1966 in the
6722:Charles V Monument in Palermo
6662:, brought together the local
5427:
5402:Johanna Maria van der Gheynst
4414:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
3217:in Germany, which took place
2429:with Charles's great nemesis
2383:Charles V in the 1550s after
2053:, and both she and their son
849:and died there a year later.
709:Spanish conquest of the Aztec
27812:Knights of the Golden Fleece
27717:16th-century Roman Catholics
27712:16th-century kings of Sicily
27585:Peter, Count of Alburquerque
25499:Maximilian I the Last Knight
25402:Maximilian I the Last Knight
25153:Maximilian I the Last Knight
24949:Frederick II the Quarrelsome
21056:
20170:Captaincy General of Yucatan
20100:Union with Holy Roman Empire
20079:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
19994:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
18789:Portuguese House of Burgundy
16828:. C. H. Beck, München 2001,
16637:series (1992; 2nd ed. 2000)
16619:Charles V: The World Emperor
16356:Fletcher, Catherine (2016).
15683:"The Glory – The Collection"
13889:Major, Ralph Hermon (1941).
13071:Milo Kearney – 2004 – p. 112
13018:(Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.
12691:Mahan, J. Alexander (2011).
12576:Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882).
11760:Fleming, Gillian B. (2018).
11720:. Brill. 2020. p. 197.
11572:Erasmus, Desiderius (1997).
11304:Ferer, Mary Tiffany (2012).
11128:Charles V: The World Emperor
11048:
6755:Plaza del Emperador Carlos V
4714:
4678:
4176:
4084:In 1550, Charles convened a
3492:. Other creditors were from
3455:Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker
3432:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
3205:, Charles named his brother
3072:Retirement, death and burial
3031:and, crying, pronounced his
2610:in the Tapestry Room of the
2503:, Charles installed his son
1548:and various Flemish cities.
1431:(heir apparent of Austria).
1415:Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida
798:for the organization of the
770:and Holy Roman Emperor from
566:with its possessions of the
427:Joanna, Princess of Portugal
7:
27177:also an infante of Portugal
26339:Charles, Prince of Asturias
26122:Infante Michael of Portugal
25346:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola
20934:
20650:Administrative subdivisions
19847:War of the League of Cognac
16569:(1983) covers 1518 to 1530.
16532:. Kessinger, reprint 2005.
16291:Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021).
16039:. Aschendorff. p. 10.
15940:Vehse, Carl Eduard (1856).
15888:, pp. 400–401, 483–484, 560
15366:"Isabella of Castile"
15040:Centro Diego de Covarrubias
14757:Varri̇ale, Gennaro (2021).
13296:. OUP Oxford. p. 343.
13201:(1975), Vol. 11, pp. 67–78.
11620:Ingrao, Charles W. (2019).
11522:. Gent. pp. 203, 204.
11130:, Harald Kleinschmidt, 2011
10890:
6757:is a square in the city of
6536:collar of the Golden Fleece
5449:(1547–1578), victor of the
4972:
4916:Anna of Bohemia and Hungary
4815:
4739:. He could also speak some
4701:Brethren of the Common Life
4330:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
3799:
3171:Governor of the Netherlands
2886:was finally opened and the
2437:against the French and the
1751:, a powerful player in the
905:, was the firstborn son of
852:
810:, won by Charles. However,
10:
27893:
26811:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp
26624:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
26404:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw
25137:Ladislaus I the Posthumous
24647:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
22686:North German Confederation
22602:Confederation of the Rhine
21364:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
21349:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
21251:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
20413:
20149:), Western United States (
20042:
19912:Portuguese Restoration War
17115:Count Palatine of Burgundy
16426:
16360:. Oxford University Press.
15955:Relazione di Germania 1526
15898:Thomas A Brady JR (2009).
14689:Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2016).
14018:. OUP Oxford. p. 27.
13748:Jaeger, Friedrich (2017).
13714:Springer, Carolyn (2010).
13269:Robinson, H., ed. (1846).
13029:Truce of Adrianople (1547)
12970:. Brill Publishers, 1975.
12867:. McFarland. p. 334.
12861:Potter, Philip J. (2014).
12827:Hendrix, Scott H. (2004).
12672:. Lea Brothers. p. 56
12619:10.1191/026635501672200203
12471:Historia general de España
11599:Hare, Christopher (1907).
10937:with the titular title of
7016:Charles V is portrayed by
6975:Charles V is portrayed by
6954:Charles V is portrayed by
6707:Metropolitan Museum of Art
6615:
6098:Count Palatine of Burgundy
5886:of the Holy Roman Empire,
5597:, therefore cementing the
5565:Carlos, Prince of Asturias
5525:in the city of Bologna by
5495:
5426:Tadea of Austria (1523? –
4691:and master tapestry-maker
4545:
4429:
4303:
4197:
3639:, was a Spanish humanist.
3507:
3441:
3421:Order of the Golden Fleece
3312:
3143:Carlos, Prince of Asturias
2966:Frans Francken the Younger
2787:unified only in his person
2682:Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois
2644:fell under Ottoman control
2583:
2513:Charles III, Duke of Savoy
2004:a contract with the people
1747:, the last remnant of the
1691:
1533:Order of the Golden Fleece
1507:together with his sisters
1449:Order of the Golden Fleece
1177:Archduke of Austria (1519)
1145:Duchess of Burgundy (1477)
1074:Archduke of Austria (1493)
954:From the moment he became
931:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
873:, where Charles V was born
635:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
406:
29:
27651:
27630:
27614:
27593:
27562:
27541:
27533:James II, Count of Urgell
27520:
27512:Peter II, Count of Urgell
27494:
27453:
27412:
27376:
27350:
27334:
27313:
27305:Sancho, Count of Provence
27298:Peter, Count of Cerdanya/
27285:
27259:
27243:
27165:
27140:
27133:
27093:
27086:
27066:
27050:
27012:
27005:
26978:
26925:
26907:
26900:
26819:
26743:
26730:Francis V, Duke of Modena
26647:
26566:
26530:
26504:
26463:
26412:
26349:Diego, Prince of Asturias
26331:
26300:
26279:
26263:
26247:
26221:
26214:
26163:
26034:Infante Balthasar Charles
25985:
25932:
25630:
25445:
25340:
25005:
24960:
24861:Leopold I the Illustrious
24851:
24752:
24741:
24710:
24706:
24699:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
24692:
24645:
24614:
24591:
24568:
24498:
24450:
24439:
24372:
24368:
24354:
24283:
24238:
24215:
24192:
24181:
24106:Elder House of Luxembourg
24104:
24100:
24086:
23833:
23804:
23754:
23554:
23317:
23202:
23109:
22878:
22801:
22790:
22773:
22703:
22684:
22665:
22643:
22619:
22600:
22289:
22248:
22199:
22132:Slavery in Spanish Empire
22043:
22032:
21938:
21927:
21825:
21719:
21712:
21597:
21446:
21439:
21432:
21419:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
21329:
21198:
21160:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
21122:
21066:
21062:
21051:
21020:Barcelona Trading Company
20987:
20944:
20940:
20929:
20833:
20785:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
20755:
20697:
20659:
20655:
20644:
20595:
20554:
20518:
20514:
20503:
20482:
20419:
20360:
20292:Venezuela, part of Guyana
20271:
20194:
20145:, Central United States (
20134:
20048:
20037:
20026:
19877:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
19862:Expulsion of the Moriscos
19808:
19797:
19738:
19689:
19650:
19626:
19572:
19548:
19530:
19507:
19470:
19437:
19394:
19361:
19278:
19252:
19190:
19134:
19067:
19034:
19023:
18937:
18875:
18819:
18805:
18787:
18715:
18682:
18644:
18633:
18527:
18465:
18427:
18371:
18303:
18292:
18261:
18199:
18156:
18118:
18055:
18044:
18003:
17876:
17838:
17827:
17798:
17785:
17727:
17494:
17444:
17429:
17420:
17412:
17405:
17395:
17368:
17360:
17345:
17334:
17324:
17299:
17291:
17276:
17268:
17243:
17231:
17210:
17160:
17139:
17131:
17121:
17069:
17061:
17056:
17029:
16487:Sixteenth Century Journal
16214:10.1191/0266355403gh277xx
15622:24 September 2016 at the
15061:Hernandez, Bonar Ludwig.
14564:(in French) (1): 99–105.
14449:. ABC-CLIO. p. 255.
14253:Phillips, Andrew (2010).
14083:Mesa, Eduardo de (2014).
13822:. ABC-CLIO. p. 526.
13546:– via Google Books.
13489:– via Google Books.
13199:Austrian History Yearbook
13162:Sixteenth Century Journal
12550:Imperial Spain 1469–1716.
12473:; Modesto Lafuente (1861)
12271:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
12251:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
12150:"Gentenaars Stropdragers"
12108:– via Google Books.
11962:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
11944:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"
11938:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
11903:Parker, Geoffrey (2019).
11876:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
11858:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)"
11852:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884).
11452:Wilson, Peter H. (2010).
11441:– via Google Books.
11293:– via Google Books.
11160:24 September 2021 at the
11142:Allgemeine Weltgeschichte
10727:
10725:
10723:
10715:
10711:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10446:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10360:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10118:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10106:
10098:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10028:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9674:
9670:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9638:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9618:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9564:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9378:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9302:
9300:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8981:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8820:
8818:
8688:
8686:
8662:
8660:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8514:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8468:
8466:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8277:
8273:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8231:
8229:
8075:
8073:
8065:
8063:
8007:
8005:
7997:
7995:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7917:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7889:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7258:
7256:
6686:A statue of Charles V in
6644:Franz Joseph I of Austria
6528:
5936:
5638:, King of all Spains, of
5529:in the medieval fashion.
5400:(1522–1586), daughter of
5313:Married her first cousin
5240:Married her first cousin
5085:doblas de oro castellanas
4866:second marriage in 1530,
4615:
4607:
4579:
4557:
4553:
4517:
4495:
4487:
4459:
4437:
4433:
4395:
4373:
4365:
4356:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
4337:
4315:
4311:
4275:
4253:
4245:
4217:
4201:
3808:Frontispiece of the 1542
3484:and 4.2 million from the
3303:
3203:Austrian hereditary lands
3177:(succeeded by his sister
2952:Division of the Habsburgs
2919:, rebelled again and the
2903:, capturing both. At the
2722:were filled with slaves.
2697:Habsburg–Persian alliance
2103:in 1530 when Charles was
1637:Austrian hereditary lands
1519:at the court of his aunt
1447:with the insignia of the
1373:were his godfathers, and
1272:
1264:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1174:Holy Roman Emperor (1519)
1152:
1127:
1119:
1085:
1077:Holy Roman Emperor (1508)
1061:
869:for "Princes' Court", in
861:The entrance gate to the
662:Austrian hereditary lands
556:Austrian hereditary lands
497:
487:
477:
467:
455:
422:Maria, Holy Roman Empress
399:
363:
350:
326:
302:
298:
288:
278:
270:
251:
238:
228:
220:
211:
198:
188:
178:
167:
153:
143:
133:
99:
89:
75:
58:
49:
44:
27656:also a prince of Majorca
27622:John, Prince of Asturias
27601:Charles, Prince of Viana
27466:James I, Count of Urgell
27195:also a prince of Belgium
27183:also a prince of Tuscany
27171:also an infante of Spain
25386:Frederick V the Peaceful
25145:Frederick V the Peaceful
24933:Frederick I the Catholic
24754:House of Nassau-Weilburg
24452:House of Valois-Burgundy
23205:(title disputed 887–933)
22654:Archduke John of Austria
22073:Quito painting tradition
22063:Cusco painting tradition
21424:García López de Cárdenas
21414:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
21321:Felipe González de Ahedo
21241:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
19818:Conquest of the Americas
16914:Manuel Fernández Álvarez
16900:Goldmann, München 1999,
16759:Salvatore Agati (2009).
16728:Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed.
16714:Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia.
16694:(2009), popular history.
16667:(2017), popular history;
16410:Tracy, James D. (2002).
16170:Alares, Gustavo (2020).
16097:Habsburg – H-Net reviews
16033:Dixon, C. Scott (2005).
15717:Museo Nacional del Prado
15687:Museo Nacional del Prado
15203:Wurzbach, Constantin von
14695:. Springer. p. 22.
14355:Häberlein, Mark (2012).
14219:Fuentes, Carlos (1999).
14185:Maltby, William (2017).
14117:Sandberg, Brian (2016).
13226:Fernand Braudel (1995).
12759:Whaley, Joachim (2011).
12694:Maria Theresa of Austria
12669:A History of All Nations
11794:Mortimer, Geoff (2015).
11766:. Springer. p. 21.
11404:. Troubador Publishing.
11398:Kanski, Jack J. (2019).
11376:Smedley, Edward (1845).
11167:Neue Deutsche Biographie
11139:Flathe, Theodor (1886).
10939:Duke/Duchess of Burgundy
10907:
6925:In another Verdi opera,
6880:
6852:
6259:King of Castile and León
5373:Henry, the Cardinal-King
5170:
5067:, daughter of his aunt,
4860:first marriage in 1518,
4172:Dynasty and private life
4086:conference at Valladolid
3913:Viceroyalty of New Spain
3637:secretary of the Emperor
3542:Niederländische Postkurs
3274:Viceroyalty of New Spain
2757:Ghent University Library
2624:Suleiman the Magnificent
2535:Suleiman the Magnificent
2523:in 1538 on the basis of
2515:, including his capital
1687:
1569:Province of Tierra Firme
1365:. The Burgundian nobles
1024:John, Prince of Asturias
1014:of Austria as honorific
824:Suleiman the Magnificent
786:during the struggle for
742:in 1521. The same year,
560:Burgundian Low Countries
417:Philip II, King of Spain
27852:Spanish Roman Catholics
27661:also a prince of Sicily
27394:Frederick III of Sicily
27189:also a prince of Modena
26486:Ferdinand IV of Hungary
26026:Infante Philip Prospero
24941:Leopold VI the Glorious
24877:Adalbert the Victorious
21858:Comuneros (New Granada)
21635:Balearic Islands (1558)
21354:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
21281:Ruy López de Villalobos
21236:Miguel López de Legazpi
21150:García de Toledo Osorio
20014:Western Sahara conflict
20004:Independence of Morocco
19944:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
19887:Piracy in the Caribbean
19872:French Wars of Religion
18797:Ferdinand I of Portugal
17005:Luminarium Encyclopedia
16958:Encyclopædia Britannica
16648:Merriman, Roger Bigelow
16365:Freiberg, Jack (2014).
15372:Encyclopædia Britannica
15343:Encyclopædia Britannica
15314:Encyclopædia Britannica
15281:Encyclopædia Britannica
15251:Encyclopædia Britannica
15174:Heath, Richard (2018).
15034:admin (7 August 2018).
14655:Metzig, Gregor (2016).
14477:Brisman, Shira (2017).
14287:Ágoston, Gábor (2021).
13782:Zunckel, Julia (1997).
13290:Joachim Whaley (2012).
13027:In particular, in this
12793:Simms, Brendan (2013).
12394:Encyclopædia Britannica
12369:5 February 2012 at the
12326:14 January 2012 at the
12303:5 February 2012 at the
11989:Heath, Richard (2018).
11842:, José Hernando Sanchez
11800:. Springer. p. 3.
11690:Encyclopedia Britannica
11513:Haemers, Jelle (2014).
11179:Bruno Gebhardt (1890).
11028:as Holy Roman Emperor;
10897:Royal Armoury of Madrid
10868:Habsburg family website
7005:Charles V is played by
6737:Royal Palace of Caserta
6699:Escutcheon of Charles V
5536:Following the death of
5508:Royal Armoury of Madrid
5492:Titles and coat of arms
5044:, the daughter of King
5020:, the daughter of King
4892:Christian II of Denmark
4129:Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
3792:on the lower level and
3641:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
3587:as Postmaster General (
3011:, in favour of his son
2921:Second Schmalkaldic War
2678:Franco-Ottoman alliance
2657:after its victories at
2279:Frederick III of Saxony
2059:French Wars of Religion
2012:Revolt of the Comuneros
1735:and, most notably, the
1626:Revolt of the Comuneros
1622:Revolt of the Germanies
1479:and covered modern-day
1290:Queen of Castile (1474)
1252:Queen of Castile (1504)
1186:Duke of Burgundy (1506)
1107:Duke of Burgundy (1482)
1038:of Spain by naming him
820:Franco-Ottoman alliance
691:, the expansion of the
532:Lord of the Netherlands
530:from 1516 to 1556, and
256:Lord of the Netherlands
27872:Sons of queens regnant
27827:Monarchs who abdicated
27580:Henry, Duke of Villena
27476:Frederick IV of Sicily
27440:John, Duke of Randazzo
26756:Maximilian I of Mexico
26751:Emperor Franz Joseph I
25939:
25394:Albert VI the Prodigal
25113:Albert III the Pigtail
25059:Leopold I the Glorious
25035:Rudolf II the Debonair
24925:Leopold V the Virtuous
24712:House of Orange-Nassau
24534:Isabella Clara Eugenia
22103:Colonial Spanish Horse
21777:Colonia del Sacramento
21000:Spanish treasure fleet
20577:Royal Decree of Graces
16776:D'Amico, Juan Carlos.
16617:Kleinschmidt, Harald.
15579:British History Online
15542:. Epilepsiemuseum.de.
15504:111.2 (2013): 114–121
15467:"VIII. Juan de Valdés"
14867:La Alhambra de Granada
14188:The Reign of Charles V
13948:Singer, P. W. (2011).
12992:. Personal.umich.edu.
12900:royalcollection.org.uk
12725:Beard, Joseph (2010).
12632:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
12522:. Weed, Parsons. 1899.
11458:. Palgrave Macmillan.
11011:
11002:
10993:
10984:
10975:
10966:
10957:
10864:"Habsburg family tree"
7009:in the upcoming movie
6773:
6713:
6691:
6668:Universitas Christiana
6635:
6526:with the inscription "
5606:Fall of Constantinople
5595:Isabella I of Castille
5591:Ferdinand II of Aragon
5510:
5013:
5001:
4990:
4825:
4783:mandibular prognathism
4733:
4478:Ferdinand II of Aragon
4169:
4140:that are prior to any
4094:Bartolomé de las Casas
4051:New Kingdom of Granada
3985:Bartholomeus V. Welser
3945:Bartolomé de las Casas
3813:
3776:style, with traces of
3764:palaces. Although the
3686:) in the newly formed
3540:family) developed the
3522:
3510:Kaiserliche Reichspost
3457:
3358:
3344:
3266:
3162:
3133:and Charles's sisters
3085:
3042:
2984:
2976:
2879:Colloquy of Regensburg
2804:
2760:
2743:
2726:Protestant Reformation
2636:Siege of Vienna (1529)
2615:
2594:Ottoman wars in Europe
2547:status quo ante bellum
2387:
2376:
2291:1519 Imperial election
2258:
2147:after victory against
2112:
1868:
1848:
1728:
1703:
1635:Charles inherited the
1501:Charles II of Burgundy
1468:
1452:
1393:
1255:Queen of Aragon (1516)
1220:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1180:King of Castile (1516)
1110:King of Castile (1506)
1070:Maximilian of Habsburg
968:
923:Ferdinand II of Aragon
919:Burgundian Netherlands
874:
715:empires, which caused
631:Ferdinand II of Aragon
27807:Knights of the Garter
26735:Ferdinand Karl Viktor
26629:Ferdinand Karl Joseph
25938:
25475:William the Courteous
25459:Rudolf IV the Founder
25362:William the Courteous
25121:Albert IV the Patient
25097:Rudolf IV the Founder
24994:Ottokar II of Bohemia
24970:Vladislaus of Moravia
24217:House of Hohenstaufen
23717:Parthenopean Republic
21261:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
21221:Juan Sebastián Elcano
20536:Council of the Indies
19897:Spanish–Moro conflict
19867:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
19827:Treaty of Tordesillas
18646:Astur-Leonese dynasty
17792:Monarchs' family tree
17371:King of Lower Navarre
17213:King of Upper Navarre
16524:Froude, James Anthony
16508:Ferer, Mary Tiffany.
16490:(2006) 37#1 pp 3–24.
15973:The Emperor Charles V
15970:Rady, Martyn (2014).
15271:"Maximilian I."
15117:(in European Spanish)
15096:Hanke, Lewis (1974).
14763:Osmanlı Araştırmaları
14327:. Brill. p. 42.
14321:Sherer, Idan (2017).
14151:Kamen, Henry (1969).
14012:Tracy, James (2008).
13655:Loades, Mike (2011).
13472:The Emperor Charles V
13469:Rady, Martyn (2014).
12562:Litta, Count Pompeo.
12536:9.3 (2005): 239–283.
12122:Kamen, Henry (2005).
7031:Male-line family tree
6995:Carlos, Rey Emperador
6964:covering the life of
6697:
6685:
6625:
6604:Royal Bend of Castile
5621:Emperor of the Romans
5587:Eastern Roman Emperor
5505:
5496:Further information:
5150:Missa 'Mort m'a privé
5007:
4996:
4980:
4942:and had no children.
4870:and had no children.
4823:
4773:Appearance and health
4598:Isabella I of Castile
4161:
3876:Council of the Indies
3834:Treaty of Tordesillas
3818:Isabella I of Castile
3807:
3740:Portrait of Charles V
3716:Juan Boscán Almogáver
3688:Council of the Indies
3517:
3449:
3427:were also recruited.
3407:. They surpassed the
3350:
3326:
3270:Council of the Indies
3246:
3156:
3079:
3037:
2982:
2959:
2947:Abdications and death
2799:
2749:
2733:
2708:expedition of Algiers
2655:Eastern Mediterranean
2605:
2586:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2584:Further information:
2420:Saint George's Chapel
2402:, urged her husband,
2382:
2367:
2287:Henry VIII of England
2235:
2095:, a 1580 portrait by
2088:
2020:reconquer the kingdom
1906:, which consisted of
1854:
1839:
1714:
1701:
1464:, a 1532 portrait by
1458:
1451:prominently displayed
1442:
1387:
1287:Isabella I of Castile
1223:King of Aragon (1479)
1183:King of Aragon (1516)
943:directed against the
927:Isabella I of Castile
860:
818:and strengthened the
730:, Charles sided with
627:Isabella I of Castile
609:to Habsburg Archduke
171:14 March 1516 –
67:Portrait of Charles V
27445:James III of Majorca
25467:Leopold III the Just
25354:Leopold III the Just
25105:Leopold III the Just
25051:Frederick I the Fair
24997:(claimant 1251–1278)
24989:(claimant 1250–1268)
24986:Frederick I of Baden
24981:(claimant 1248–1250)
24973:(claimant 1246–1247)
24917:Henry II Jasomirgott
24909:Leopold the Generous
24901:Leopold III the Good
24593:House of Wittelsbach
23415:Lothair III (or II)
22768:between 476 and 1556
22667:German Confederation
22621:German Confederation
22058:Mesoamerican Codices
21782:Comuneros (Paraguay)
21620:Siege of Castelnuovo
21206:Christopher Columbus
21025:Consulate of the Sea
21005:Casa de Contratación
20596:Titles and positions
19989:Spanish–American War
19979:Liberal constitution
19822:Asia and the Pacific
16797:17 July 2011 at the
16661:Norwich, John Julius
16630:MacDonald, Stewart.
16293:"Charles V, Emperor"
16134:on 27 September 2007
15747:The Brabant Ensemble
14570:10.3917/rma.261.0099
13658:Swords and Swordsmen
13338:10.1056/NEJMon060780
13171:7 April 2022 at the
12951:pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97
12478:4 April 2023 at the
12457:10 June 2008 at the
11221:25 July 2021 at the
11036:as Duke of Burgundy.
6998:and is portrayed by
6898:In the third act of
6705:, now housed at the
5632:King in (of) Germany
5412:, and secondly with
5406:Charles I de Lalaing
5369:Manuel I of Portugal
5077:John III of Portugal
5046:Manuel I of Portugal
5042:Isabella of Portugal
5022:Henry VII of England
4983:Isabella of Portugal
4964:John III of Portugal
4862:Manuel I of Portugal
4630:Isabella of Portugal
4071:Francisco de Vitoria
4057:, even if they were
3822:Christopher Columbus
3756:The building of the
3720:Garcilaso de la Vega
3621:Garcilaso de la Vega
3401:Georg von Frundsberg
3384:of Augsburg and the
3341:Georg von Frundsberg
3195:Isabella of Portugal
3096:. He arrived at the
2993:Palace of Coudenberg
2543:Franco-Ottoman fleet
2143:took Milan from the
1865:Isabella of Portugal
1855:The exterior of the
1717:Palace of Coudenberg
1641:Charles I of Austria
1620:Two rebellions, the
1473:Habsburg Netherlands
1359:Church of Saint John
1249:Joanna of Trastámara
964:Erasmus of Rotterdam
899:Joanna of Trastámara
891:Habsburg Netherlands
717:widespread inflation
681:the medieval concept
679:Charles revitalized
605:Charles was born in
584:Spanish colonization
388:; died
370:Isabella of Portugal
317:Habsburg Netherlands
27837:Princes of Asturias
27832:Nobility from Ghent
27802:Knights of Santiago
27772:Deaths from malaria
27767:Counts of Charolais
27757:Counts of Barcelona
27486:James IV of Majorca
27363:James II of Majorca
26965:Franz Karl Salvator
26827:Crown Prince Rudolf
26685:Frederick Ferdinand
26655:Emperor Ferdinand I
26481:Charles II of Spain
26354:Philip III of Spain
26271:Philip I of Castile
25043:Rudolf III the Good
24893:Leopold II the Fair
24845:Monarchs of Austria
24093:County of Luxemburg
22206:Carolingian dynasty
22193:Monarchs of Germany
21787:Cartagena de Indias
21409:Diego de Mazariegos
21379:Pere Fages i Beleta
21246:Sebastián de Ocampo
20727:Provincias Internas
20699:Captaincies General
20613:Municipal president
20582:School of Salamanca
20353:Spanish East Indies
20332:Misiones Orientales
20204:Spanish West Indies
20168:, Central America (
20115:Pyrénées-Orientales
20068:Union with Portugal
19959:Napoleonic invasion
19939:War of Jenkins' Ear
19750:King/Queen of Spain
19628:House of Trastámara
19472:House of Trastámara
19136:House of Trastámara
18939:Astur-Leonese house
18821:House of Trastámara
18373:House of Trastámara
18120:House of Trastámara
17488:Holy Roman emperors
17302:Archduke of Austria
16721:Rosenthal, Earl E.
16697:Richardson, Glenn.
16501:Espinosa, Aurelio.
16011:, pp. 138–143.
15617:Palace of Charles V
14776:10.18589/oa.1041507
13414:. el-escorial.com.
13213:, pp. 229–248.
12988:Sandra Arlinghaus.
12968:A Great Expectation
12595:(2001) 19#1 pp 1–27
12415:on 24 February 2013
11277:Leitch, S. (2010).
11227:National Geographic
11195:William H. Prescott
10335:Archduke of Austria
10320:Archduke of Austria
9972:Archduke of Austria
9897:Archduke of Austria
9882:Archduke of Austria
9867:Archduke of Austria
9539:Archduke of Austria
9516:Archduke of Austria
8623:Archduke of Austria
8608:Archduke of Austria
6940:Television and film
6874:Alexander the Great
6866:Christopher Marlowe
6832:Napoleon Buonaparte
6748:Prinsenhof in Ghent
6703:John Singer Sargent
6588:Order of the Garter
6524:pillars of Hercules
6510:, modern Burgundy,
6374:Archduke of Austria
5748:Archduke of Austria
5617:by the grace of God
5583:Andreas Palaiologos
5398:Margaret of Austria
5113:Palace of Charles V
5069:Catherine of Aragon
5048:and Charles's aunt
5036:of France in 1514.
4868:Francis I of France
4767:Frederick the Great
4536:Joanna I of Castile
4388:Isabella of Bourbon
4294:Philip I of Castile
4268:Eleanor of Portugal
4075:School of Salamanca
3929:Viceroyalty of Peru
3778:Gothic architecture
3758:Palace of Charles V
3557:Philip the Handsome
3278:Viceroyalty of Peru
3175:Margaret of Austria
2974:Emperor Ferdinand I
2888:Counter-Reformation
2856:Schmalkaldic League
2848:Confessio Augustana
2844:Augsburg Confession
2714:confirmed that the
2701:Ottoman–Safavid War
2598:Barbary slave trade
2572:, and his brother,
2531:War resumed in 1542
2501:Francesco II Sforza
2486:English Reformation
2478:sack of Rome (1527)
2431:Francis I of France
2412:Order of the Garter
2400:Catherine of Aragon
2330:Archduke of Austria
2283:Francis I of France
2255:Nuremberg Chronicle
2195:Massimiliano Stampa
2172:Francis I of France
2164:Francesco II Sforza
2153:Battle of Marignano
2129:Kingdom of Sardinia
1947:Jiménez de Cisneros
1857:Palace of Charles V
1799:Seventeen Provinces
1694:Empire of Charles V
1643:, and obtained the
1565:Spanish West Indies
1379:Margaret of Austria
1333:Birth and childhood
1171:Charles of Habsburg
935:House of Trastámara
911:Archduke of Austria
903:Philip the Handsome
804:Schmalkaldic League
744:Francis I of France
625:, younger child of
611:Philip the Handsome
588:German colonization
554:with rule over the
526:from 1519 to 1556,
524:Archduke of Austria
472:Philip the Handsome
309:Prinsenhof of Ghent
283:Philip the Handsome
213:Archduke of Austria
93:28 June 1519 –
52:Imperator Romanorum
27817:Margraves of Namur
27787:Dukes of Montblanc
27762:Counts of Burgundy
27752:Castilian infantes
27742:Aragonese infantes
27638:Charles I of Spain
27528:Martin I of Sicily
27425:Peter II of Sicily
27237:Infantes of Aragon
27148:Ferdinand Zvonimir
26420:Philip IV of Spain
26308:Philip II of Spain
26208:Austrian archdukes
25940:
25883:Emanuele Filiberto
25491:Sigismund the Rich
25370:Leopold IV the Fat
25067:Albert II the Wise
24978:Herman VI of Baden
24869:Henry I the Strong
24853:House of Babenberg
24361:Duchy of Luxemburg
23798:Monarchs of Sicily
23548:Monarchs of Naples
22291:Kingdom of Germany
22255:Kingdom of Germany
22083:Academia Antártica
22038:Other civil topics
21404:Pánfilo de Narváez
21306:Sebastián Vizcaíno
21271:Andrés de Urdaneta
21231:Juan Ponce de León
21216:Ferdinand Magellan
21190:Bernardo de Gálvez
21089:Indian auxiliaries
20587:Trial of residence
20567:Laws of the Indies
20351:Asia and Oceania (
20212:Dominican Republic
19363:House of Champagne
19318:García Sánchez III
18807:House of Lancaster
18057:House of Barcelona
17434:Title next held by
17423:Prince of Asturias
17348:Holy Roman Emperor
17184:Count of Barcelona
16967:Beach, Chandler B.
16948:"Charles V."
16920:. Stuttgart 1977,
16883:, Stuttgart 1999,
16705:Robertson, William
16387:Setton, Kenneth M.
16263:. 23 August 2021.
15884:Parker, Geoffrey.
15511:4 May 2021 at the
14873:on 19 October 2016
13987:networks.h-net.org
12906:on 6 December 2011
12446:2008-06-10 at the
12350:2012-02-05 at the
12228:Historia de Toledo
10929:Monarchs from the
10580:King of the Romans
10494:Prince of Asturias
9927:Margrave of Burgau
9912:Margrave of Burgau
9792:Prince of Asturias
6845:All Men Are Mortal
6840:Simone de Beauvoir
6750:where he was born.
6714:
6692:
6636:
6546:are incorporated.
6420:King of the Romans
6397:Holy Roman Emperor
6328:Count of Barcelona
6144:Count of Charolais
5740:King of the Indies
5561:Philip II of Spain
5511:
5437:Cornelis de Hooghe
5262:22 November 1529 –
5212:13 September 1598
5197:Philip II of Spain
5146:Thomas Crecquillon
5142:Monastery of Yuste
5101:Alcázar of Seville
5014:
5002:
4991:
4966:and had children.
4918:and had children.
4894:and had children.
4826:
4806:Monastery of Yuste
4762:Gulliver's Travels
4699:, a member of the
4572:John II of Castile
4113:Bartolomé Carranza
3981:Venezuela Province
3953:Antonio de Mendoza
3872:Council of Castile
3836:(1494), Spain and
3814:
3523:
3458:
3359:
3345:
3337:Marquis of Pescara
3215:King of the Romans
3199:Philip II of Spain
3163:
3135:Eleanor of Austria
3098:Monastery of Yuste
3094:Eleanor of Austria
3086:
3082:Monastery of Yuste
3033:resignation speech
3029:William the Silent
2985:
2977:
2970:Philip II of Spain
2917:Henry II of France
2901:Battle of Mühlberg
2871:ecumenical council
2852:Philip Melanchthon
2782:Ninety-five Theses
2769:Holy Roman Emperor
2761:
2744:
2720:markets of Algiers
2616:
2462:Parlement of Paris
2449:to Charles in the
2416:Garter stall plate
2398:, where his aunt,
2388:
2377:
2338:King of the Romans
2299:Holy Roman Emperor
2275:Holy Roman Emperor
2259:
2113:
2109:Holy Roman Emperor
2051:Antoine de Bourbon
1988:Kingdom of Navarre
1877:Prince of Asturias
1869:
1849:
1811:Pragmatic Sanction
1768:Pier Gerlofs Donia
1753:Hundred Years' War
1729:
1704:
1649:Holy Roman Emperor
1630:Philip II of Spain
1595:Charles I of Spain
1469:
1453:
1394:
1371:John III of Glymes
1355:Duke of Luxembourg
1104:Philip of Habsburg
1040:Prince of Asturias
1028:Isabella of Aragon
1020:line of succession
956:King of the Romans
875:
843:Monastery of Yuste
835:Philip II of Spain
812:Henry II of France
792:Algiers expedition
685:universal monarchy
586:and a short-lived
520:Holy Roman Emperor
337:Monastery of Yuste
293:Philip II of Spain
122:24 February 1530 (
115:22 February 1530 (
77:Holy Roman Emperor
18:Carlos I de España
27777:Dukes of Burgundy
27669:
27668:
27399:Sancho of Majorca
27203:
27202:
27161:
27160:
27129:
27128:
27082:
27081:
27022:Crown Prince Otto
27001:
27000:
26912:Emperor Charles I
26847:Leopold Ferdinand
26589:Alexander Leopold
26574:Emperor Francis I
26455:Sigismund Francis
26450:Ferdinand Charles
26394:Maximilian Ernest
26174:
26173:
26138:Infante Ferdinand
26066:Infante Ferdinand
25945:
25944:
25803:Balthasar Charles
25590:
25589:
25583:
25575:
25571:Sigismund Francis
25567:
25563:Ferdinand Charles
25559:
25551:
25543:
25535:
25527:
25519:
25511:
25503:
25495:
25487:
25479:
25471:
25463:
25452:
25447:House of Habsburg
25438:
25430:
25422:
25414:
25406:
25398:
25390:
25382:
25374:
25366:
25358:
25347:
25342:House of Habsburg
25333:
25325:
25317:
25309:
25301:
25293:
25285:
25281:Francis I Stephen
25277:
25269:
25261:
25253:
25252:(1657, 1665–1705)
25245:
25241:Sigismund Francis
25237:
25233:Ferdinand Charles
25229:
25221:
25213:
25212:(1590, 1619–1637)
25205:
25197:
25189:
25181:
25173:
25165:
25157:
25149:
25141:
25133:
25125:
25117:
25109:
25101:
25093:
25085:
25079:
25071:
25063:
25055:
25047:
25039:
25031:
25023:
25012:
25007:House of Habsburg
24998:
24990:
24982:
24974:
24953:
24945:
24937:
24929:
24921:
24913:
24905:
24897:
24889:
24881:
24873:
24865:
24811:
24810:
24807:
24806:
24803:
24802:
24688:
24687:
24684:
24683:
24677:
24669:
24661:
24638:
24630:
24616:House of Habsburg
24607:
24584:
24561:
24553:
24545:
24538:
24530:
24522:
24514:
24500:House of Habsburg
24491:
24482:
24474:
24466:
24434:
24426:
24415:
24404:
24396:
24388:
24350:
24349:
24346:
24345:
24339:
24331:
24323:
24315:
24307:
24299:
24276:
24268:
24257:
24231:
24208:
24176:
24168:
24160:
24152:
24144:
24136:
24128:
24120:
24042:
24041:
23835:Kingdom of Sicily
23764:
23763:
23758:Monarch of Sicily
23747:
23728:
23712:
23608:
23595:
23579:
23514:
23513:
23325:Holy Roman Empire
22732:
22731:
22658:
22657:(Imperial Regent)
22296:Holy Roman Empire
22225:Louis the Younger
22159:
22158:
22155:
22154:
22028:
22027:
21933:Spanish conquests
21923:
21922:
21919:
21918:
21915:
21914:
21911:
21910:
21708:
21707:
21389:Pedro de Alvarado
21374:Gaspar de Portolà
21369:Pedro de Valdivia
21344:Francisco Pizarro
21296:Nicolás de Ovando
21291:Alonso de Ercilla
21266:Alonso de Salazar
21099:Ships of the line
21047:
21046:
21043:
21042:
20925:
20924:
20921:
20920:
20640:
20639:
20636:
20635:
20499:
20498:
20495:
20494:
20471:
20470:
20428:Northern Africa (
20424:Equatorial Guinea
20408:
20407:
20345:
20344:
20260:
20259:
20183:
20182:
20174:Spanish Caribbean
20147:Spanish Louisiana
20123:
20122:
20058:Crown of Castille
20022:
20021:
19999:Spanish Civil War
19974:Adams–Onís Treaty
19954:Nootka Convention
19902:Thirty Years' War
19892:Eighty Years' War
19813:Catholic Monarchs
19803:Timeline–immersed
19757:
19756:
19652:House of Habsburg
19308:García Sánchez II
19208:
19207:
19192:House of Habsburg
19069:House of Burgundy
18893:
18892:
18877:House of Habsburg
18717:House of Burgundy
18483:
18482:
18429:House of Habsburg
18305:House of Burgundy
18217:
18216:
18158:House of Habsburg
17959:
17958:
17779:Monarchs of Spain
17745:
17744:
17455:
17454:
17396:Succeeded by
17325:Succeeded by
17122:Succeeded by
17089:Margrave of Namur
17051:21 September 1558
17036:House of Habsburg
16972:"Charles V"
16943:Armstrong, Edward
16896:Ferdinant Seibt:
16881:Kohlhammer Verlag
16786:Norbert Conrads:
16688:Reston Jr., James
16635:Access to History
16565:Headley, John M.
16184:Casa de Velázquez
15873:The Golden Empire
15818:The Golden Empire
15776:The Golden Empire
15605:The Golden Empire
15413:The Golden Empire
15400:The Golden Empire
15387:The Golden Empire
15154:978-2-35412-284-3
14817:Goodwin, Robert,
13855:www.metmuseum.org
13685:Arms & Armour
13606:978-1-107-00630-0
13499:Including Austria
13086:www.gutenberg.org
12156:on 4 January 2014
11585:978-0-521-58811-9
11503:, Geoffrey Parker
11310:. Boydell Press.
11240:quoting Ariosto,
10931:House of Habsburg
10888:
10887:
10870:. 28 October 2023
10845:
10844:
10491:Balthasar Charles
10332:Sigismund Francis
10317:Ferdinand Charles
9954:Maximilian Ernest
7189:Count of Habsburg
7064:House of Habsburg
7023:The Serpent Queen
6977:Sebastian Armesto
6779:Charles De Coster
6726:Conquest of Tunis
6664:national catholic
6654:, located at the
6628:Peter Paul Rubens
6582:Arms of Charles,
6540:Cross of Burgundy
6480:
6479:
6470:12 September 1543
6447:12 September 1543
6240:25 September 1506
6217:25 September 1506
6194:25 September 1506
6190:Count of Hainault
6171:25 September 1506
6167:Count of Flanders
6151:21 September 1558
6148:25 September 1506
6125:25 September 1506
6102:25 September 1506
6079:25 September 1506
6075:Margrave of Namur
6056:25 September 1506
6052:Duke of Luxemburg
6033:25 September 1506
6010:25 September 1506
5987:25 September 1506
5964:25 September 1506
5840:Burgundy Palatine
5816:Count of Flanders
5736:King of Jerusalem
5471:Margaret of Parma
5451:Battle of Lepanto
5365:
5364:
5340:Died in infancy.
5335:19 October 1537 –
5310:7 September 1573
5267:Died in infancy.
5237:26 February 1603
4970:
4969:
4962:married in 1525,
4938:married in 1522,
4928:15 September 1505
4914:married in 1521,
4890:married in 1515,
4864:and had children;
4729:Castilian Spanish
4697:Adrian of Utrecht
4685:Bernard van Orley
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4452:John II of Aragon
4136:), rights of the
4121:Pedro de la Gasca
3962:rebellion in Peru
3958:Pedro de la Gasca
3949:Blasco Núñez Vela
3939:, by issuing the
3820:, who had funded
3766:Catholic Monarchs
3629:Alfonso de Valdés
3609:Kingdom of Naples
3585:Giovanni Battista
3409:Swiss mercenaries
3333:Bernard van Orley
3227:Charles de Lannoy
3223:hereditary rights
3191:Adrian of Utrecht
2989:House of Habsburg
2941:Peace of Augsburg
2925:Maurice of Saxony
2771:, Charles called
2763:The issue of the
2738:to appear at the
2651:conquest of Tunis
2608:conquest of Tunis
2490:Treaty of Cambrai
2297:, he was crowned
2267:Habsburg monarchy
2228:Holy Roman Empire
2222:Battle of Lepanto
2218:Battle of Preveza
2184:Charles de Lannoy
2168:Battle of Bicocca
2125:Kingdom of Sicily
2121:Kingdom of Naples
1871:In the Castilian
1653:Emperor Charles V
1607:until her death.
1555:of the crowns of
1466:Jakob Seisenegger
1445:Bernard van Orley
1367:Charles I de Croÿ
1363:Bishop of Tournai
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1026:and older sister
1008:Duchy of Burgundy
945:Kingdom of France
917:, heiress to the
895:Philip of Austria
831:Peace of Augsburg
754:(1525). In 1527,
738:an outlaw at the
623:Joanna of Castile
546:, extending from
544:Holy Roman Empire
540:House of Habsburg
509:
508:
330:21 September 1558
321:Holy Roman Empire
247:
207:
108:23 October 1520 (
16:(Redirected from
27884:
27847:Spanish infantes
27662:
27657:
27230:
27223:
27216:
27207:
27206:
27138:
27137:
27091:
27090:
27010:
27009:
26905:
26904:
26862:Leopold Salvator
26720:Rainer Ferdinand
26201:
26194:
26187:
26178:
26177:
26169:
26168:
25972:
25965:
25958:
25949:
25948:
25937:
25617:
25610:
25603:
25594:
25593:
25581:
25573:
25565:
25557:
25549:
25541:
25533:
25525:
25517:
25509:
25501:
25493:
25485:
25477:
25469:
25461:
25450:
25436:
25428:
25420:
25412:
25404:
25396:
25388:
25380:
25372:
25364:
25356:
25345:
25331:
25323:
25321:Francis Joseph I
25315:
25307:
25299:
25291:
25283:
25275:
25267:
25259:
25251:
25243:
25235:
25227:
25219:
25211:
25203:
25195:
25187:
25179:
25171:
25163:
25155:
25147:
25139:
25131:
25123:
25115:
25107:
25099:
25091:
25083:
25077:
25075:Otto I the Merry
25069:
25061:
25053:
25045:
25037:
25029:
25021:
25010:
24996:
24988:
24980:
24972:
24951:
24943:
24935:
24927:
24919:
24911:
24903:
24895:
24887:
24885:Ernest the Brave
24879:
24871:
24863:
24838:
24831:
24824:
24815:
24814:
24747:
24708:
24707:
24694:
24693:
24675:
24667:
24659:
24636:
24628:
24605:
24582:
24570:House of Bourbon
24559:
24551:
24543:
24536:
24528:
24520:
24512:
24489:
24480:
24472:
24464:
24445:
24432:
24421:
24410:
24402:
24394:
24386:
24374:House of Limburg
24370:
24369:
24356:
24355:
24337:
24329:
24321:
24313:
24305:
24297:
24285:House of Limburg
24274:
24263:
24252:
24229:
24206:
24187:
24174:
24166:
24158:
24150:
24142:
24134:
24126:
24118:
24102:
24101:
24088:
24087:
24069:
24062:
24055:
24046:
24045:
23806:County of Sicily
23791:
23784:
23777:
23768:
23767:
23745:
23726:
23710:
23606:
23593:
23577:
23541:
23534:
23527:
23518:
23517:
23506:
23498:
23490:
23482:
23474:
23466:
23458:
23450:
23442:
23434:
23426:
23418:
23410:
23402:
23394:
23386:
23378:
23370:
23362:
23354:
23346:
23338:
23319:Kingdom of Italy
23309:
23301:
23287:
23279:
23271:
23257:
23243:
23235:
23221:
23194:
23186:
23178:
23170:
23162:
23154:
23146:
23138:
23130:
23122:
23101:
23093:
23085:
23077:
23069:
23061:
23053:
23045:
23037:
23029:
23021:
23013:
23005:
22997:
22989:
22981:
22973:
22965:
22957:
22949:
22941:
22933:
22925:
22917:
22909:
22899:
22891:
22870:
22862:
22854:
22846:
22838:
22830:
22822:
22814:
22796:
22784:
22759:
22752:
22745:
22736:
22735:
22656:
22215:Louis the German
22186:
22179:
22172:
22163:
22162:
22034:
22033:
22000:Chibchan Nations
21929:
21928:
21898:Santiago de Cuba
21757:Guadalupe Island
21717:
21716:
21444:
21443:
21437:
21436:
21399:Diego de Almagro
21276:Antonio de Ulloa
21180:Ambrosio Spinola
21175:Pedro de Zubiaur
21145:Alfonso d'Avalos
21135:Antonio de Leyva
21079:Army of Flanders
21064:
21063:
21053:
21052:
20942:
20941:
20931:
20930:
20657:
20656:
20646:
20645:
20516:
20515:
20505:
20504:
20473:
20472:
20446:Peñón of Algiers
20410:
20409:
20347:
20346:
20262:
20261:
20185:
20184:
20167:
20125:
20124:
20039:
20038:
20028:
20027:
19949:Seven Years' War
19922:Queen Anne's War
19799:
19798:
19784:
19777:
19770:
19761:
19760:
19691:House of Bourbon
19574:House of Bourbon
19298:García Sánchez I
19280:House of Jiménez
19253:House of Íñiguez
19235:
19228:
19221:
19212:
19211:
19036:House of Jiménez
19029:
18920:
18913:
18906:
18897:
18896:
18684:House of Jiménez
18639:
18510:
18503:
18496:
18487:
18486:
18467:House of Bourbon
18298:
18263:House of Jiménez
18244:
18237:
18230:
18221:
18220:
18201:House of Bourbon
18050:
18005:House of Jiménez
17986:
17979:
17972:
17963:
17962:
17833:
17788:List of monarchs
17772:
17765:
17758:
17749:
17748:
17735:
17734:
17481:
17474:
17467:
17458:
17457:
17447:Prince of Girona
17413:Preceded by
17361:Preceded by
17292:Preceded by
17283:Count of Zutphen
17279:Duke of Guelders
17269:Preceded by
17232:Preceded by
17132:Preceded by
17062:Preceded by
17052:
17045:
17044:24 February 1500
17027:
17026:
16985:
16983:
16974:
16962:
16950:
16930:
16910:
16893:
16872:
16855:
16838:
16821:
16804:
16783:
16773:
16671:Parker, Geoffrey
16614:
16612:
16610:
16588:Holmes, David L.
16572:Heath, Richard.
16555:
16553:
16551:
16415:
16406:
16382:
16361:
16352:
16350:
16348:
16329:
16312:
16310:
16308:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16272:
16253:
16247:
16246:
16244:
16242:
16223:
16217:
16206:
16200:
16199:
16197:
16195:
16167:
16161:
16150:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16139:
16119:
16113:
16112:
16110:
16108:
16091:Kohler, Alfred.
16088:
16082:
16076:
16070:
16064:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16053:
16030:
16024:
16018:
16012:
16006:
16000:
15994:
15988:
15987:
15967:
15961:
15952:
15946:
15945:
15937:
15931:
15930:
15922:
15916:
15915:
15895:
15889:
15882:
15876:
15869:
15863:
15862:
15860:
15858:
15839:
15833:
15827:
15821:
15814:
15805:
15798:
15792:
15785:
15779:
15772:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15758:
15739:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15728:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15679:
15673:
15667:
15661:
15660:
15633:
15627:
15614:
15608:
15601:
15595:
15594:
15592:
15590:
15571:
15565:
15562:
15556:
15555:
15553:
15551:
15535:
15529:
15522:
15516:
15498:
15492:
15489:
15483:
15482:
15480:
15478:
15462:
15456:
15449:
15443:
15437:
15431:
15430:
15422:
15416:
15409:
15403:
15396:
15390:
15383:
15377:
15376:
15368:
15357:
15348:
15347:
15339:
15328:
15319:
15318:
15306:
15295:
15286:
15285:
15273:
15265:
15256:
15255:
15247:
15236:
15227:
15226:
15210:
15199:
15190:
15189:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15163:
15161:
15136:
15127:
15126:
15124:
15122:
15111:
15102:
15101:
15093:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15082:
15058:
15052:
15051:
15049:
15047:
15031:
15022:
15021:
15019:
15017:
14997:
14991:
14982:
14976:
14967:
14961:
14954:
14948:
14941:
14935:
14934:
14932:
14930:
14902:
14896:
14891:Simms, Brendan,
14889:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14858:
14852:
14851:
14849:
14847:
14828:
14822:
14815:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14804:
14778:
14754:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14743:
14720:
14714:
14713:
14711:
14709:
14686:
14680:
14679:
14677:
14675:
14652:
14646:
14645:
14635:
14611:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14553:
14547:
14546:
14544:
14542:
14536:
14519:
14508:
14502:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14474:
14468:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14440:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14401:
14395:
14389:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14375:
14352:
14346:
14345:
14343:
14341:
14318:
14312:
14311:
14309:
14307:
14284:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14273:
14250:
14244:
14243:
14241:
14239:
14216:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14205:
14182:
14176:
14175:
14173:
14171:
14148:
14142:
14141:
14139:
14137:
14114:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14103:
14080:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14066:
14043:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14009:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13998:
13979:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13945:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13911:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13886:
13880:
13877:
13871:
13870:
13868:
13866:
13847:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13836:
13813:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13802:
13779:
13773:
13772:
13770:
13768:
13745:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13679:
13673:
13672:
13652:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13641:
13623:
13617:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13588:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13563:
13557:
13554:
13548:
13547:
13527:
13518:
13515:
13509:
13506:
13500:
13497:
13491:
13490:
13466:
13460:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13449:
13442:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13408:
13402:
13395:
13389:
13383:
13377:
13376:
13367:(1–2): 107–109.
13356:
13350:
13349:
13321:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13266:
13260:
13257:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13246:
13223:
13214:
13208:
13202:
13195:
13189:
13182:
13176:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13147:
13128:
13122:
13121:
13103:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13092:
13078:
13072:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13038:
13032:
13025:
13019:
13012:
13006:
13005:
13003:
13001:
12985:
12979:
12960:
12954:
12947:
12941:
12935:
12929:
12922:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12911:
12902:. Archived from
12892:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12881:
12858:
12852:
12851:
12849:
12847:
12824:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12790:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12756:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12745:
12722:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12711:
12688:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12663:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12652:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12602:
12596:
12589:
12583:
12574:
12568:
12567:
12559:
12553:
12546:
12540:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12514:
12508:
12507:
12489:
12483:
12467:
12461:
12435:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12411:. Archived from
12405:
12399:
12398:
12390:
12379:
12373:
12360:
12354:
12341:
12335:
12318:
12312:
12295:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12268:
12266:
12264:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12223:
12217:
12216:
12198:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12178:. Archived from
12172:
12166:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12152:. Archived from
12146:
12140:
12139:
12119:
12110:
12109:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12063:
12053:
12047:
12041:
12032:
12026:
12017:
12014:
12005:
12004:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11934:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11900:
11894:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11873:
11871:
11869:
11849:
11843:
11837:
11831:
11825:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11814:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11757:
11751:
11745:
11739:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11712:
11706:
11705:
11703:
11701:
11681:
11672:
11671:
11651:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11617:
11611:
11610:
11596:
11590:
11589:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11556:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11538:
11521:
11510:
11504:
11498:
11489:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11472:on 7 April 2022.
11468:. Archived from
11449:
11443:
11442:
11422:
11416:
11415:
11395:
11384:
11383:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11345:
11339:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11274:
11268:
11267:
11258:
11252:
11235:
11229:
11213:
11204:
11192:
11186:
11177:
11171:
11152:
11146:
11137:
11131:
11124:
11118:
11109:
11100:
11099:
11064:
11037:
11023:
11017:
10948:
10942:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10860:
10839:
10824:
10615:
10600:
10585:
10514:
10499:
10340:
10325:
10310:
10295:
10280:
10227:
10212:
10197:
9992:
9977:
9962:
9947:
9932:
9917:
9902:
9887:
9872:
9857:
9842:
9827:
9812:
9797:
9544:
9521:
9490:
9451:
9272:
9193:
9168:
9159:
9088:
9076:
8887:
8762:
8731:
8628:
8613:
8598:
8567:
8434:
8411:
8396:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8360:
8197:
8182:
8161:
8130:
8115:
8102:
8049:
8044:
8021:
8019:Albertinian line
8016:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7808:
7793:
7778:
7763:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7727:
7544:
7529:
7510:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7129:
7124:
7071:
7070:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7035:
7034:
7000:Álvaro Cervantes
6970:Diet of Augsburg
6956:Torben Liebrecht
6817:
6784:Thyl Ulenspiegel
6776:
6678:Public monuments
6599:
6579:
6567:
6555:
6533:
6532:
6508:ancient Burgundy
6466:Duke of Guelders
6462:
6443:Count of Zutphen
6439:
6427:24 February 1530
6416:
6393:
6370:
6347:
6324:
6301:
6278:
6255:
6236:Count of Zeeland
6232:
6213:Count of Holland
6209:
6186:
6163:
6140:
6117:
6094:
6071:
6048:
6025:
6002:
5979:
5960:Duke of Burgundy
5955:
5934:
5933:
5752:Duke of Burgundy
5542:Battle of Mohacs
5527:Pope Clement VII
5481:
5467:
5455:Barbara Blomberg
5432:
5429:
5388:Germaine of Foix
5355:
5332:
5305:
5282:
5259:
5232:
5207:
5178:
5177:
5161:Barbara Blomberg
5157:Germaine de Foix
4958:
4955:12 February 1578
4934:
4910:
4886:
4856:
4853:25 February 1558
4850:15 November 1498
4828:
4827:
4738:
4735:Cortes Generales
4693:Pieter van Aelst
4191:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4067:Spanish nobility
4047:Crown of Castile
3855:(1519–21) under
3737:, including the
3728:Turkish invasion
3704:Pope Clement VII
3669:Native Americans
3535:
3264:
3256:Imperium Romanum
3139:Maria of Hungary
3131:Maria of Austria
2905:Augsburg Interim
2884:Council of Trent
2835:Diet of Augsburg
2818:. The spread of
2706:During the 1541
2671:Barbary corsairs
2632:Battle of Mohács
2626:. The defeat of
2622:and its sultan,
2539:conquest of Nice
2470:Pope Clement VII
2466:League of Cognac
2451:Treaty of Madrid
2360:Wars with France
2311:papal coronation
2303:Pope Clement VII
2295:24 February 1530
2091:Pope Clement VII
2055:Henry of Navarre
1896:Alonso de Aragón
1832:Spanish kingdoms
1764:Frisian peasants
1749:Burgundian State
1428:Germaine de Foix
1407:Queen of Castile
1390:Bernhard Strigel
1375:Margaret of York
1343:Burgundian State
1339:Charles the Bold
1142:Mary of Burgundy
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1036:heir presumptive
1004:Duke of Burgundy
974:Mathias Corvinus
971:
940:League of Venice
915:Mary of Burgundy
800:Council of Trent
772:Pope Clement VII
750:that led to the
697:wars with France
619:Mary of Burgundy
568:southern Italian
536:Duke of Burgundy
505:
447:
437:
410:
393:
391:
387:
383:
341:Crown of Castile
333:
306:24 February 1500
261:Duke of Burgundy
245:
205:
174:
63:
42:
41:
21:
27892:
27891:
27887:
27886:
27885:
27883:
27882:
27881:
27862:Royal reburials
27857:Counts of Malta
27672:
27671:
27670:
27665:
27660:
27655:
27647:
27631:17th generation
27626:
27615:16th generation
27610:
27594:15th generation
27589:
27563:14th generation
27558:
27542:13th generation
27537:
27521:12th generation
27516:
27495:11th generation
27490:
27471:Louis of Sicily
27454:10th generation
27449:
27408:
27372:
27346:
27330:
27309:
27281:
27255:
27239:
27234:
27204:
27199:
27157:
27134:19th generation
27125:
27087:18th generation
27078:
27062:
27046:
27014:
27006:17th generation
26997:
26980:
26974:
26970:Hubert Salvator
26927:
26921:
26901:16th generation
26896:
26857:Peter Ferdinand
26852:Josef Ferdinand
26832:Franz Ferdinand
26820:15th generation
26815:
26796:Charles Stephen
26781:Ludwig Salvator
26744:14th generation
26739:
26648:13th generation
26643:
26619:Cardinal Rudolf
26567:12th generation
26562:
26531:11th generation
26526:
26500:
26459:
26445:Leopold Wilhelm
26408:
26327:
26296:
26275:
26259:
26243:
26217:
26210:
26205:
26175:
26170:
26166:
26161:
26154:Infante Alfonso
26146:Infante Charles
26090:Infante Charles
26074:Infante Charles
26018:Infante Charles
26010:Infante Alfonso
25981:
25976:
25946:
25941:
25935:
25930:
25811:Philip Prospero
25626:
25621:
25591:
25586:
25449:
25441:
25378:Ernest the Iron
25344:
25336:
25009:
25001:
24956:
24847:
24842:
24812:
24799:
24756:
24748:
24739:
24714:
24702:
24680:
24649:
24641:
24618:
24610:
24595:
24587:
24572:
24564:
24502:
24494:
24454:
24446:
24437:
24376:
24364:
24342:
24287:
24279:
24242:
24234:
24219:
24211:
24196:
24188:
24179:
24108:
24096:
24082:
24073:
24043:
24038:
23829:
23800:
23795:
23765:
23760:
23750:
23550:
23545:
23515:
23510:
23504:
23496:
23488:
23480:
23472:
23464:
23456:
23448:
23440:
23432:
23424:
23416:
23408:
23400:
23392:
23384:
23376:
23368:
23360:
23352:
23344:
23336:
23327:
23322:
23313:
23307:
23299:
23285:
23277:
23269:
23255:
23241:
23233:
23219:
23204:
23198:
23192:
23184:
23176:
23168:
23160:
23152:
23144:
23136:
23128:
23120:
23105:
23099:
23091:
23083:
23075:
23067:
23059:
23051:
23043:
23035:
23027:
23019:
23011:
23003:
22995:
22987:
22979:
22971:
22963:
22955:
22947:
22939:
22931:
22923:
22915:
22907:
22897:
22889:
22874:
22868:
22860:
22852:
22844:
22836:
22828:
22820:
22812:
22797:
22788:
22782:
22769:
22763:
22733:
22728:
22699:
22680:
22661:
22639:
22615:
22596:
22463:Frederick (III)
22294:
22285:
22253:
22244:
22240:Louis the Child
22230:Charles the Fat
22204:
22195:
22190:
22160:
22151:
22127:Old inquisition
22039:
22024:
21934:
21907:
21863:Trinidad (1797)
21833:La Noche Triste
21821:
21817:San Juan (1797)
21767:San Juan (1595)
21704:
21593:
21433:Notable battles
21428:
21394:Martín de Ursúa
21325:
21256:Alonso de Ojeda
21226:Juan de la Cosa
21211:Pinzón brothers
21194:
21165:John of Austria
21140:Martín de Goiti
21118:
21058:
21039:
20983:
20936:
20917:
20829:
20825:Terra Australis
20820:Río de la Plata
20765:Castilla de Oro
20751:
20693:
20689:Río de la Plata
20651:
20632:
20591:
20550:
20546:Santa Hermandad
20510:
20491:
20487:Terra Australis
20478:
20467:
20434:Spanish Morocco
20415:
20404:
20395:Northern Taiwan
20356:
20341:
20312:Río de la Plata
20267:
20256:
20190:
20189:Central America
20179:
20161:
20130:
20119:
20063:Crown of Aragon
20044:
20033:
20018:
19934:Bourbon Reforms
19804:
19793:
19788:
19758:
19753:
19734:
19693:- Upper Navarre
19685:
19654:- Upper Navarre
19646:
19630:- Upper Navarre
19622:
19576:- Lower Navarre
19568:
19552:- Lower Navarre
19550:House of Albret
19544:
19532:House of Albret
19526:
19517:Francis Phoebus
19503:
19466:
19439:House of Évreux
19433:
19390:
19357:
19274:
19248:
19239:
19209:
19204:
19186:
19130:
19063:
19030:
19021:
18967:Alfonso Fróilaz
18933:
18924:
18894:
18889:
18871:
18815:
18801:
18783:
18711:
18678:
18640:
18631:
18523:
18514:
18484:
18479:
18461:
18423:
18367:
18299:
18290:
18257:
18248:
18218:
18213:
18195:
18152:
18114:
18051:
18042:
17999:
17990:
17960:
17955:
17872:
17834:
17825:
17794:
17781:
17776:
17746:
17741:
17723:
17490:
17485:
17450:
17435:
17426:
17418:
17407:Spanish royalty
17401:
17384:
17374:
17366:
17355:
17350:
17340:
17337:King of Germany
17330:
17321:
17316:
17304:
17297:
17286:
17281:
17274:
17272:William I and V
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17246:King of Castile
17241:
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17094:Count of Artois
17092:
17087:
17072:Duke of Brabant
17067:
17046:
17040:
17039:
17032:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16908:
16891:
16875:Ernst Schulin:
16870:
16853:
16841:Alfred Kohler:
16836:
16824:Alfred Kohler:
16819:
16802:
16799:Wayback Machine
16781:
16771:
16756:
16754:Other languages
16730:Young Charles V
16718:(1988), 375 pp.
16608:
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16549:
16547:
16540:
16429:
16423:
16421:Further reading
16418:
16414:. Cambridge UP.
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16079:Ferdinandy 2021
16077:
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16047:
16031:
16027:
16019:
16015:
16009:Enepekides 1960
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15706:
15696:
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15676:
15672:, pp. 6–7.
15668:
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15642:Philip of Spain
15634:
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15006:The Independent
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14990:, v. 4, 417–418
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13326:N. Engl. J. Med
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13164:(1982): 75–106
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12961:
12957:
12949:Froude (1891),
12948:
12944:
12937:Holmes (1993),
12936:
12932:
12928:(Osprey, 1996).
12924:Angus Konstam,
12923:
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12183:
12182:on 4 March 2016
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12042:
12035:
12031:, Pierre Chaunu
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11255:
11238:Pagden, Anthony
11236:
11232:
11223:Wayback Machine
11214:
11207:
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11189:
11178:
11174:
11162:Wayback Machine
11153:
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11103:
11088:
11080:. p. 716.
11065:
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10307:
10304:
10302:Leopold Wilhelm
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8607:
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8565:
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8432:
8431:
8429:Duke of Austria
8428:
8409:
8408:
8406:Duke of Austria
8405:
8394:
8393:
8391:Duke of Austria
8390:
8377:
8373:
8372:
8370:Duke of Austria
8369:
8358:
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8355:Duke of Austria
8354:
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8192:Duke of Austria
8191:
8180:
8179:
8178:Duke of Austria
8177:
8159:
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8156:Duke of Austria
8155:
8128:
8127:
8125:Duke of Austria
8124:
8113:
8112:
8100:
8099:
8097:Duke of Austria
8096:
8047:Leopoldian line
8045:
8042:
8017:
8014:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7806:
7805:
7803:Duke of Austria
7802:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7776:
7775:
7773:Duke of Austria
7772:
7761:
7760:
7758:Duke of Austria
7757:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7542:
7541:
7539:Duke of Austria
7538:
7527:
7526:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7125:
7122:
7062:
7033:
6942:
6883:
6855:
6811:
6805:Louis Paul Boon
6781:'s masterpiece
6768:
6733:Ghent City Hall
6680:
6660:Francoist Spain
6620:
6614:
6607:
6602:Variant of the
6600:
6591:
6580:
6571:
6568:
6559:
6556:
6473:25 October 1555
6450:25 October 1555
6424:23 October 1520
6381:12 January 1521
6378:12 January 1519
6335:16 January 1556
6315:Charles I (II)
6312:16 January 1556
6289:16 January 1556
6266:16 January 1556
6243:25 October 1555
6220:25 October 1555
6197:25 October 1555
6174:25 October 1555
6128:25 October 1555
6121:Count of Artois
6105:5 February 1556
6082:25 October 1555
6059:25 October 1555
6036:25 October 1555
6029:Duke of Lothier
6013:25 October 1555
6006:Duke of Limburg
5990:25 October 1555
5983:Duke of Brabant
5967:25 October 1555
5718:, King of both
5500:
5494:
5487:
5486:
5485:John of Austria
5482:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5447:John of Austria
5430:
5421:Henry of Nassau
5392:Geoffrey Parker
5348:
5336:
5325:
5309:
5298:
5275:
5263:
5252:
5236:
5225:
5211:
5200:
5173:
5165:John of Austria
5061:William de Croÿ
5050:Maria of Aragon
5010:John of Austria
4975:
4956:
4952:14 January 1507
4932:
4931:18 October 1558
4908:
4884:
4883:19 January 1526
4865:
4854:
4818:
4775:
4717:
4709:William de Croÿ
4705:Thomas à Kempis
4681:
4676:
4179:
4174:
4109:Domingo de Soto
3973:Gonzalo Pizarro
3964:coincided with
3902:northern Mexico
3802:
3617:
3538:Thurn und Taxis
3529:
3527:Franz von Taxis
3512:
3506:
3444:
3356:Battle of Pavia
3329:Battle of Pavia
3321:
3311:
3309:Military system
3306:
3265:
3262:
3251:house of Fugger
3187:Regent of Spain
3179:Mary of Hungary
3151:
3090:Mary of Hungary
3074:
3054:prince-electors
3018:Pope Julius III
2954:
2949:
2897:Philip of Hesse
2728:
2600:
2582:
2443:Battle of Pavia
2362:
2334:elect Ferdinand
2322:Imperial Cities
2230:
2210:Barbary pirates
2208:and its vassal
2188:Battle of Pavia
2170:1522. In 1524,
2145:House of Sforza
2117:Crown of Aragon
2111:by Clement VII.
2083:
2071:Barbary pirates
2043:Jeanne d'Albret
2035:July Revolution
1904:Crown of Aragon
1834:
1772:Wijard Jelckama
1709:
1696:
1690:
1674:House of Nassau
1525:William de Croÿ
1437:
1335:
1330:
855:
782:. However, the
760:defended Vienna
756:Rome was sacked
752:Battle of Pavia
724:King of Germany
646:with his mother
492:Catholic Church
451:
442:John of Austria
404:
403:
395:
379:
375:
372:
359:
335:
331:
307:
265:
215:
173:16 January 1556
172:
162:
129:
94:
85:
71:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27890:
27880:
27879:
27874:
27869:
27864:
27859:
27854:
27849:
27844:
27839:
27834:
27829:
27824:
27822:Child monarchs
27819:
27814:
27809:
27804:
27799:
27794:
27789:
27784:
27782:Dukes of Milan
27779:
27774:
27769:
27764:
27759:
27754:
27749:
27744:
27739:
27734:
27729:
27724:
27719:
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27645:
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27628:
27627:
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27611:
27609:
27608:
27603:
27597:
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27591:
27590:
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27587:
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27577:
27572:
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27560:
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27557:
27556:
27551:
27545:
27543:
27539:
27538:
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27535:
27530:
27524:
27522:
27518:
27517:
27515:
27514:
27509:
27504:
27498:
27496:
27492:
27491:
27489:
27488:
27483:
27478:
27473:
27468:
27463:
27457:
27455:
27451:
27450:
27448:
27447:
27442:
27437:
27432:
27427:
27422:
27416:
27414:
27413:9th generation
27410:
27409:
27407:
27406:
27401:
27396:
27391:
27386:
27380:
27378:
27377:8th generation
27374:
27373:
27371:
27370:
27365:
27360:
27354:
27352:
27351:7th generation
27348:
27347:
27345:
27344:
27338:
27336:
27335:6th generation
27332:
27331:
27329:
27328:
27323:
27317:
27315:
27314:5th generation
27311:
27310:
27308:
27307:
27302:
27296:
27289:
27287:
27286:4th generation
27283:
27282:
27280:
27279:
27274:
27269:
27263:
27261:
27260:2nd generation
27257:
27256:
27254:
27253:
27247:
27245:
27244:1st generation
27241:
27240:
27233:
27232:
27225:
27218:
27210:
27201:
27200:
27198:
27197:
27191:
27185:
27179:
27173:
27166:
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27162:
27159:
27158:
27156:
27155:
27150:
27144:
27142:
27135:
27131:
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27113:
27108:
27103:
27097:
27095:
27088:
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27083:
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27079:
27077:
27076:
27070:
27068:
27064:
27063:
27061:
27060:
27054:
27052:
27048:
27047:
27045:
27044:
27039:
27034:
27029:
27024:
27018:
27016:
27007:
27003:
27002:
26999:
26998:
26996:
26995:
26990:
26984:
26982:
26976:
26975:
26973:
26972:
26967:
26962:
26957:
26952:
26947:
26942:
26937:
26931:
26929:
26923:
26922:
26920:
26919:
26914:
26908:
26902:
26898:
26897:
26895:
26894:
26892:Joseph Francis
26889:
26884:
26879:
26874:
26872:Albrecht Franz
26869:
26867:Franz Salvator
26864:
26859:
26854:
26849:
26844:
26842:Ferdinand Karl
26839:
26834:
26829:
26823:
26821:
26817:
26816:
26814:
26813:
26808:
26803:
26798:
26793:
26788:
26783:
26778:
26773:
26768:
26763:
26758:
26753:
26747:
26745:
26741:
26740:
26738:
26737:
26732:
26727:
26725:Heinrich Anton
26722:
26717:
26712:
26707:
26705:Leopold Ludwig
26702:
26697:
26692:
26687:
26682:
26680:Karl Ferdinand
26677:
26672:
26667:
26662:
26657:
26651:
26649:
26645:
26644:
26642:
26641:
26636:
26631:
26626:
26621:
26616:
26611:
26606:
26601:
26596:
26591:
26586:
26581:
26576:
26570:
26568:
26564:
26563:
26561:
26560:
26555:
26550:
26545:
26543:Charles Joseph
26540:
26534:
26532:
26528:
26527:
26525:
26524:
26519:
26517:Leopold Joseph
26514:
26508:
26506:
26505:9th generation
26502:
26501:
26499:
26498:
26496:Charles Joseph
26493:
26488:
26483:
26478:
26473:
26467:
26465:
26464:8th generation
26461:
26460:
26458:
26457:
26452:
26447:
26442:
26437:
26432:
26427:
26422:
26416:
26414:
26413:7th generation
26410:
26409:
26407:
26406:
26401:
26396:
26391:
26386:
26381:
26376:
26374:Maximilian III
26371:
26366:
26361:
26356:
26351:
26346:
26341:
26335:
26333:
26332:6th generation
26329:
26328:
26326:
26325:
26320:
26315:
26310:
26304:
26302:
26301:5th generation
26298:
26297:
26295:
26294:
26289:
26283:
26281:
26280:4th generation
26277:
26276:
26274:
26273:
26267:
26265:
26264:3rd generation
26261:
26260:
26258:
26257:
26251:
26249:
26248:2nd generation
26245:
26244:
26242:
26241:
26236:
26231:
26225:
26223:
26222:1st generation
26219:
26218:
26215:
26212:
26211:
26204:
26203:
26196:
26189:
26181:
26172:
26171:
26164:
26162:
26160:
26159:
26151:
26143:
26135:
26127:
26119:
26114:Infanta Joanna
26111:
26103:
26098:Infanta Joanna
26095:
26087:
26079:
26071:
26063:
26055:
26050:Infante Philip
26047:
26039:
26031:
26023:
26015:
26007:
26002:Infante Felipe
25998:
25997:
25995:(2014-present)
25991:Infanta Leonor
25986:
25983:
25982:
25975:
25974:
25967:
25960:
25952:
25943:
25942:
25933:
25931:
25929:
25928:
25920:
25912:
25904:
25896:
25888:
25880:
25872:
25864:
25856:
25848:
25840:
25832:
25824:
25816:
25808:
25800:
25792:
25784:
25776:
25768:
25760:
25752:
25744:
25736:
25728:
25720:
25712:
25704:
25696:
25688:
25680:
25672:
25664:
25656:
25648:
25640:
25631:
25628:
25627:
25620:
25619:
25612:
25605:
25597:
25588:
25587:
25585:
25584:
25576:
25568:
25560:
25552:
25544:
25536:
25528:
25520:
25512:
25504:
25496:
25488:
25480:
25472:
25464:
25455:
25453:
25443:
25442:
25440:
25439:
25431:
25423:
25415:
25407:
25399:
25391:
25383:
25375:
25367:
25359:
25350:
25348:
25338:
25337:
25335:
25334:
25326:
25318:
25310:
25302:
25294:
25286:
25278:
25270:
25262:
25254:
25246:
25238:
25230:
25222:
25214:
25206:
25198:
25190:
25182:
25174:
25166:
25158:
25150:
25142:
25134:
25126:
25118:
25110:
25102:
25094:
25086:
25080:
25072:
25064:
25056:
25048:
25040:
25032:
25024:
25015:
25013:
25003:
25002:
25000:
24999:
24991:
24983:
24975:
24966:
24964:
24958:
24957:
24955:
24954:
24946:
24938:
24930:
24922:
24914:
24906:
24898:
24890:
24882:
24874:
24866:
24857:
24855:
24849:
24848:
24841:
24840:
24833:
24826:
24818:
24809:
24808:
24805:
24804:
24801:
24800:
24798:
24797:
24791:
24785:
24779:
24776:Marie-Adélaïde
24773:
24767:
24760:
24758:
24757:(1890–present)
24750:
24749:
24742:
24740:
24738:
24737:
24731:
24725:
24718:
24716:
24704:
24703:
24690:
24689:
24686:
24685:
24682:
24681:
24679:
24678:
24670:
24662:
24653:
24651:
24643:
24642:
24640:
24639:
24631:
24622:
24620:
24612:
24611:
24609:
24608:
24599:
24597:
24589:
24588:
24586:
24585:
24576:
24574:
24566:
24565:
24563:
24562:
24554:
24546:
24531:
24523:
24515:
24506:
24504:
24496:
24495:
24493:
24492:
24484:
24475:
24467:
24458:
24456:
24448:
24447:
24440:
24438:
24436:
24435:
24427:
24416:
24405:
24397:
24389:
24380:
24378:
24366:
24365:
24352:
24351:
24348:
24347:
24344:
24343:
24341:
24340:
24332:
24324:
24316:
24308:
24300:
24291:
24289:
24281:
24280:
24278:
24277:
24269:
24258:
24246:
24244:
24240:House of Namur
24236:
24235:
24233:
24232:
24223:
24221:
24213:
24212:
24210:
24209:
24200:
24198:
24194:House of Namur
24190:
24189:
24182:
24180:
24178:
24177:
24169:
24161:
24153:
24145:
24137:
24129:
24121:
24112:
24110:
24098:
24097:
24084:
24083:
24072:
24071:
24064:
24057:
24049:
24040:
24039:
24037:
24036:
24031:
24026:
24021:
24019:Victor Amadeus
24016:
24011:
24006:
24001:
23996:
23991:
23986:
23981:
23976:
23971:
23966:
23961:
23956:
23951:
23946:
23941:
23936:
23931:
23926:
23921:
23916:
23911:
23906:
23901:
23896:
23891:
23886:
23881:
23876:
23871:
23866:
23861:
23856:
23851:
23846:
23840:
23838:
23831:
23830:
23828:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23811:
23809:
23802:
23801:
23794:
23793:
23786:
23779:
23771:
23762:
23761:
23755:
23752:
23751:
23749:
23748:
23739:
23734:
23729:
23720:
23713:
23704:
23698:
23692:
23686:
23680:
23674:
23668:
23662:
23656:
23650:
23645:
23640:
23635:
23630:
23625:
23619:
23614:
23609:
23601:
23596:
23588:
23583:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23555:
23552:
23551:
23544:
23543:
23536:
23529:
23521:
23512:
23511:
23509:
23508:
23500:
23495:Frederick III
23492:
23484:
23476:
23468:
23460:
23452:
23444:
23436:
23428:
23420:
23412:
23404:
23396:
23388:
23380:
23372:
23364:
23356:
23348:
23340:
23331:
23329:
23315:
23314:
23312:
23311:
23303:
23289:
23281:
23273:
23259:
23245:
23237:
23223:
23208:
23206:
23200:
23199:
23197:
23196:
23188:
23180:
23172:
23164:
23156:
23148:
23140:
23132:
23124:
23115:
23113:
23107:
23106:
23104:
23103:
23095:
23087:
23079:
23071:
23063:
23055:
23047:
23039:
23031:
23023:
23015:
23007:
22999:
22991:
22983:
22975:
22967:
22959:
22951:
22943:
22935:
22927:
22919:
22911:
22901:
22893:
22884:
22882:
22876:
22875:
22873:
22872:
22864:
22856:
22848:
22840:
22832:
22824:
22816:
22807:
22805:
22799:
22798:
22791:
22789:
22787:
22786:
22777:
22775:
22771:
22770:
22766:Kings of Italy
22762:
22761:
22754:
22747:
22739:
22730:
22729:
22727:
22726:
22721:
22716:
22710:
22708:
22701:
22700:
22698:
22697:
22691:
22689:
22682:
22681:
22679:
22678:
22676:Franz Joseph I
22672:
22670:
22663:
22662:
22660:
22659:
22650:
22648:
22641:
22640:
22638:
22637:
22632:
22626:
22624:
22617:
22616:
22614:
22613:
22607:
22605:
22598:
22597:
22595:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22579:
22574:
22569:
22564:
22559:
22554:
22549:
22544:
22539:
22534:
22529:
22524:
22519:
22514:
22509:
22504:
22499:
22494:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22470:
22465:
22460:
22455:
22450:
22445:
22440:
22435:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22371:
22366:
22364:Lothair II/III
22361:
22356:
22351:
22344:
22337:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22317:
22312:
22307:
22301:
22299:
22287:
22286:
22284:
22283:
22278:
22271:
22266:
22260:
22258:
22246:
22245:
22243:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22227:
22222:
22217:
22211:
22209:
22197:
22196:
22189:
22188:
22181:
22174:
22166:
22157:
22156:
22153:
22152:
22150:
22149:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22123:
22122:
22112:
22111:
22110:
22100:
22095:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22044:
22041:
22040:
22030:
22029:
22026:
22025:
22023:
22022:
22017:
22012:
22007:
22002:
21997:
21992:
21987:
21982:
21981:
21980:
21975:
21970:
21965:
21955:
21950:
21945:
21943:Canary Islands
21939:
21936:
21935:
21925:
21924:
21921:
21920:
21917:
21916:
21913:
21912:
21909:
21908:
21906:
21905:
21900:
21895:
21890:
21885:
21880:
21875:
21870:
21865:
21860:
21855:
21850:
21845:
21840:
21835:
21829:
21827:
21823:
21822:
21820:
21819:
21814:
21809:
21804:
21799:
21797:Túpac Amaru II
21794:
21789:
21784:
21779:
21774:
21769:
21764:
21759:
21754:
21749:
21744:
21742:Bogotá savanna
21739:
21734:
21729:
21723:
21721:
21714:
21710:
21709:
21706:
21705:
21703:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21687:
21682:
21677:
21672:
21667:
21662:
21657:
21652:
21650:Spanish Armada
21647:
21642:
21637:
21632:
21627:
21622:
21617:
21612:
21607:
21601:
21599:
21595:
21594:
21592:
21591:
21586:
21581:
21576:
21571:
21566:
21561:
21556:
21551:
21546:
21544:White Mountain
21541:
21539:Cape Celidonia
21536:
21534:English Armada
21531:
21526:
21521:
21516:
21511:
21506:
21501:
21496:
21491:
21486:
21481:
21476:
21471:
21466:
21461:
21456:
21450:
21448:
21441:
21434:
21430:
21429:
21427:
21426:
21421:
21416:
21411:
21406:
21401:
21396:
21391:
21386:
21381:
21376:
21371:
21366:
21361:
21356:
21351:
21346:
21341:
21335:
21333:
21327:
21326:
21324:
21323:
21318:
21313:
21311:Juan Fernández
21308:
21303:
21298:
21293:
21288:
21286:Diego Columbus
21283:
21278:
21273:
21268:
21263:
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21202:
21200:
21196:
21195:
21193:
21192:
21187:
21182:
21177:
21172:
21167:
21162:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21132:
21126:
21124:
21120:
21119:
21117:
21116:
21114:Army of Africa
21111:
21106:
21101:
21096:
21094:Spanish Armada
21091:
21086:
21081:
21076:
21070:
21068:
21060:
21059:
21049:
21048:
21045:
21044:
21041:
21040:
21038:
21037:
21032:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20995:Manila galleon
20991:
20989:
20985:
20984:
20982:
20981:
20976:
20971:
20966:
20961:
20956:
20950:
20948:
20938:
20937:
20927:
20926:
20923:
20922:
20919:
20918:
20916:
20915:
20910:
20905:
20900:
20895:
20890:
20885:
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20845:
20839:
20837:
20831:
20830:
20828:
20827:
20822:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20782:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20761:
20759:
20753:
20752:
20750:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20709:
20703:
20701:
20695:
20694:
20692:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20665:
20663:
20653:
20652:
20642:
20641:
20638:
20637:
20634:
20633:
20631:
20630:
20625:
20620:
20615:
20610:
20605:
20599:
20597:
20593:
20592:
20590:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20569:
20564:
20558:
20556:
20552:
20551:
20549:
20548:
20543:
20538:
20533:
20528:
20522:
20520:
20512:
20511:
20509:Administration
20501:
20500:
20497:
20496:
20493:
20492:
20490:
20489:
20483:
20480:
20479:
20469:
20468:
20466:
20465:
20430:Western Sahara
20426:
20420:
20417:
20416:
20406:
20405:
20403:
20402:
20397:
20392:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20343:
20342:
20340:
20339:
20328:Banda Oriental
20309:
20295:
20272:
20269:
20268:
20258:
20257:
20255:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20229:
20224:
20219:
20201:
20195:
20192:
20191:
20181:
20180:
20178:
20177:
20143:Coastal Alaska
20135:
20132:
20131:
20121:
20120:
20118:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20102:
20097:
20092:
20077:
20076:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20049:
20046:
20045:
20035:
20034:
20024:
20023:
20020:
20019:
20017:
20016:
20011:
20006:
20001:
19996:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19925:
19924:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19815:
19809:
19806:
19805:
19795:
19794:
19791:Spanish Empire
19787:
19786:
19779:
19772:
19764:
19755:
19754:
19746:King of France
19742:King of Aragon
19739:
19736:
19735:
19733:
19732:
19727:
19722:
19717:
19712:
19707:
19702:
19696:
19694:
19687:
19686:
19684:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19657:
19655:
19648:
19647:
19645:
19644:
19639:
19633:
19631:
19624:
19623:
19621:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19579:
19577:
19570:
19569:
19567:
19566:
19561:
19555:
19553:
19546:
19545:
19543:
19542:
19536:
19534:
19528:
19527:
19525:
19524:
19519:
19513:
19511:
19505:
19504:
19502:
19501:
19496:
19489:
19482:
19476:
19474:
19468:
19467:
19465:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19443:
19441:
19435:
19434:
19432:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19416:
19411:
19406:
19400:
19398:
19396:House of Capet
19392:
19391:
19389:
19388:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19367:
19365:
19359:
19358:
19356:
19355:
19350:
19345:
19343:García Ramírez
19340:
19335:
19330:
19325:
19320:
19315:
19310:
19305:
19300:
19295:
19290:
19284:
19282:
19276:
19275:
19273:
19272:
19267:
19265:García Íñiguez
19262:
19256:
19254:
19250:
19249:
19238:
19237:
19230:
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18870:
18869:
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18836:
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18825:
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18816:
18811:
18809:
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18799:
18793:
18791:
18785:
18784:
18782:
18781:
18776:
18771:
18766:
18761:
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18751:
18746:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18721:
18719:
18713:
18712:
18710:
18709:
18704:
18699:
18694:
18688:
18686:
18680:
18679:
18677:
18676:
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18666:
18661:
18656:
18650:
18648:
18642:
18641:
18634:
18632:
18630:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18533:
18531:
18525:
18524:
18513:
18512:
18505:
18498:
18490:
18481:
18480:
18478:
18477:
18471:
18469:
18463:
18462:
18460:
18459:
18454:
18449:
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18439:
18433:
18431:
18425:
18424:
18422:
18421:
18412:
18403:
18398:
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18388:
18383:
18377:
18375:
18369:
18368:
18366:
18365:
18360:
18355:
18350:
18345:
18340:
18335:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18315:
18309:
18307:
18301:
18300:
18293:
18291:
18289:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18267:
18265:
18259:
18258:
18247:
18246:
18239:
18232:
18224:
18215:
18214:
18212:
18211:
18205:
18203:
18197:
18196:
18194:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18162:
18160:
18154:
18153:
18151:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18124:
18122:
18116:
18115:
18113:
18112:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18061:
18059:
18053:
18052:
18045:
18043:
18041:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18009:
18007:
18001:
18000:
17989:
17988:
17981:
17974:
17966:
17957:
17956:
17954:
17953:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17882:
17880:
17874:
17873:
17871:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17844:
17842:
17840:Personal union
17836:
17835:
17828:
17826:
17824:
17823:
17814:
17804:
17802:
17800:Dynastic union
17796:
17795:
17786:
17783:
17782:
17775:
17774:
17767:
17760:
17752:
17743:
17742:
17740:
17739:
17728:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17701:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17521:
17516:
17511:
17506:
17501:
17495:
17492:
17491:
17484:
17483:
17476:
17469:
17461:
17453:
17452:
17442:
17441:
17433:
17428:
17419:
17414:
17410:
17409:
17403:
17402:
17397:
17394:
17367:
17362:
17358:
17357:
17343:
17342:
17332:
17331:
17326:
17323:
17318:Count of Tyrol
17306:Duke of Styria
17298:
17293:
17289:
17288:
17275:
17270:
17266:
17265:
17242:
17233:
17229:
17228:
17208:
17207:
17163:King of Aragon
17158:
17157:
17142:King of Naples
17138:
17133:
17129:
17128:
17123:
17120:
17068:
17063:
17059:
17058:
17057:Regnal titles
17054:
17053:
17033:
17030:
17025:
17024:
17018:
17017:
17009:
17001:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16969:, ed. (1914).
16963:
16953:Chisholm, Hugh
16937:
16936:External links
16934:
16932:
16931:
16911:
16894:
16873:
16856:
16839:
16822:
16805:
16784:
16774:
16769:978-8877512871
16755:
16752:
16751:
16750:
16748:978-1400061259
16733:
16726:
16725:(1986) 383 pp.
16719:
16712:
16702:
16695:
16685:
16683:978-0300254860
16668:
16658:
16645:
16643:978-0340749227
16628:
16626:978-0750924047
16615:
16602:
16584:
16582:978-1725852785
16570:
16563:
16556:
16538:
16520:
16518:978-1843836995
16506:
16499:
16482:
16472:
16459:
16449:Blockmans, Wim
16446:
16439:
16428:
16425:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16416:
16407:
16401:
16383:
16378:978-1107042971
16377:
16362:
16353:
16330:
16313:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16279:
16278:
16248:
16218:
16201:
16162:
16145:
16114:
16083:
16071:
16059:
16046:978-3402065747
16045:
16025:
16023:, p. 152.
16013:
16001:
15999:, p. 463.
15989:
15983:978-1317880820
15982:
15962:
15947:
15932:
15917:
15911:978-1139481151
15910:
15890:
15877:
15864:
15834:
15822:
15806:
15793:
15780:
15764:
15734:
15704:
15674:
15662:
15656:978-0300070811
15655:
15628:
15626:, Alhambra.org
15609:
15596:
15566:
15557:
15530:
15517:
15493:
15484:
15457:
15444:
15432:
15417:
15404:
15391:
15378:
15363:, ed. (1911).
15361:Chisholm, Hugh
15349:
15334:, ed. (1911).
15332:Chisholm, Hugh
15320:
15309:Chisholm, Hugh
15287:
15276:Chisholm, Hugh
15257:
15245:"Joanna"
15242:, ed. (1911).
15240:Chisholm, Hugh
15228:
15205:, ed. (1861).
15191:
15185:978-1725852785
15184:
15166:
15153:
15128:
15103:
15088:
15053:
15023:
14992:
14977:
14975:, v. 4, p. 177
14962:
14949:
14936:
14917:
14897:
14884:
14853:
14823:
14810:
14749:
14736:978-0719040580
14735:
14715:
14702:978-0230554436
14701:
14681:
14668:978-3110454574
14667:
14647:
14603:
14548:
14527:978-0199602971
14526:
14503:
14490:978-0226354897
14489:
14469:
14456:978-1440848568
14455:
14435:
14417:978-3642543319
14416:
14396:
14394:, p. 349.
14392:Behringer 2011
14381:
14368:978-0813932446
14367:
14347:
14334:978-9004337725
14333:
14313:
14300:978-0691205380
14299:
14279:
14266:978-1139494014
14265:
14245:
14232:978-0395924990
14231:
14211:
14198:978-0230629080
14197:
14177:
14164:978-0253190253
14163:
14143:
14130:978-1509503025
14129:
14109:
14096:978-1843839514
14095:
14072:
14059:978-1780968735
14058:
14038:
14025:978-0191607288
14024:
14004:
13974:
13961:978-0801459603
13960:
13940:
13927:978-3050049953
13926:
13906:
13881:
13872:
13842:
13829:978-1851096978
13828:
13808:
13795:978-3428088072
13794:
13774:
13761:978-3476000606
13760:
13740:
13727:978-1442699021
13726:
13706:
13674:
13668:978-1848847033
13667:
13647:
13618:
13605:
13583:
13558:
13549:
13543:978-1476608891
13542:
13519:
13510:
13501:
13492:
13486:978-1317880820
13485:
13461:
13438:"A-Panteo.Pdf"
13429:
13403:
13390:
13378:
13361:Parassitologia
13351:
13332:(5): 516–520.
13316:
13303:978-0198731016
13302:
13282:
13272:Zurich Letters
13261:
13252:
13239:978-0520203303
13238:
13215:
13203:
13190:
13177:
13153:
13123:
13116:
13098:
13073:
13060:
13053:
13033:
13020:
13007:
12980:
12955:
12942:
12930:
12917:
12887:
12874:978-0786491032
12873:
12853:
12840:978-0664227135
12839:
12819:
12806:978-0465065950
12805:
12785:
12772:978-0191617218
12771:
12751:
12738:978-3838339641
12737:
12717:
12704:978-1446545553
12703:
12683:
12658:
12645:978-0691007953
12644:
12624:
12607:German History
12597:
12593:German History
12584:
12569:
12554:
12541:
12525:
12509:
12503:978-8476817360
12502:
12484:
12462:
12427:
12400:
12385:, ed. (1911).
12383:Chisholm, Hugh
12374:
12365:, pp. 139–140
12355:
12336:
12313:
12290:
12243:
12236:
12218:
12212:978-8493414078
12211:
12193:
12167:
12141:
12134:
12111:
12105:978-1845935467
12104:
12084:
12075:978-0226645599
12074:
12048:
12033:
12018:
12006:
12000:978-1725852785
11999:
11981:
11929:
11916:978-0300241020
11915:
11895:
11844:
11832:
11820:
11807:978-1137543851
11806:
11786:
11773:978-3319743479
11772:
11752:
11750:, p. 204.
11740:
11727:978-9004422445
11726:
11707:
11686:"Maximilian I"
11673:
11667:978-3935279338
11666:
11646:
11633:978-1108499255
11632:
11612:
11591:
11584:
11564:
11529:978-9038224008
11528:
11505:
11490:
11475:
11465:978-1137069771
11464:
11444:
11438:978-1440848568
11437:
11417:
11411:978-1789017182
11410:
11385:
11368:
11362:978-0521789783
11361:
11340:
11336:978-0141926605
11323:
11317:978-1843836995
11316:
11296:
11290:978-0230112988
11289:
11269:
11253:
11250:978-0307431592
11230:
11205:
11187:
11172:
11147:
11132:
11119:
11101:
11087:978-0871691620
11086:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11005:
10996:
10987:
10978:
10969:
10960:
10950:
10943:
10922:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10854:
10853:
10847:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10827:
10825:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10607:Charles Joseph
10603:
10601:
10588:
10586:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10502:
10500:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10411:
10409:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10341:
10328:
10326:
10313:
10311:
10298:
10296:
10283:
10281:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10215:
10213:
10200:
10198:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10005:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9993:
9980:
9978:
9965:
9963:
9950:
9948:
9935:
9933:
9920:
9918:
9905:
9903:
9890:
9888:
9875:
9873:
9864:Maximilian III
9860:
9858:
9845:
9843:
9830:
9828:
9815:
9813:
9800:
9798:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9509:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8726:the Posthumous
8719:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8616:
8614:
8601:
8599:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
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8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8399:
8397:
8384:
8382:
8363:
8361:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8185:
8183:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8118:
8116:
8105:
8103:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7811:
7809:
7796:
7794:
7781:
7779:
7766:
7764:
7751:
7749:
7730:
7728:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7532:
7530:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7018:Rupert Everett
7014:
7003:
6986:
6973:
6952:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6923:
6900:Giuseppe Verdi
6896:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6870:Mephistopheles
6861:Doctor Faustus
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6836:
6823:
6801:Het geuzenboek
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6751:
6740:
6729:
6679:
6676:
6634:, 17th century
6616:Main article:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6592:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6550:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6440:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:27 August 1556
6402:
6399:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6351:King of Naples
6348:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6325:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6305:King of Sicily
6302:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6282:King of Aragon
6279:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6164:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6118:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6072:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6049:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5716:Canary Islands
5515:Pope Julius II
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5417:
5395:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:21 April 1539
5356:
5349:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:20 March 1538
5333:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5308:24 June 1535 –
5306:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5235:21 June 1528 –
5233:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5172:
5169:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4959:(aged 71)
4953:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4935:(aged 53)
4929:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4911:(aged 61)
4905:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4887:(aged 24)
4881:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4858:
4857:(aged 59)
4851:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4817:
4814:
4774:
4771:
4757:Jonathan Swift
4716:
4713:
4689:Albrecht Dürer
4680:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:Juana Enriquez
4506:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4001:African slaves
3966:one in Germany
3801:
3798:
3724:Isle of Rhodes
3696:Count Palatine
3633:Juan de Valdés
3616:
3613:
3605:Tunis campaign
3505:
3502:
3443:
3440:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3260:
3193:(succeeded by
3150:
3149:Administration
3147:
3073:
3070:
3050:Spanish Empire
3009:Duchy of Milan
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2860:standstill of
2828:Swabian League
2824:Thomas Muntzer
2795:Edict of Worms
2753:Lucas de Heere
2727:
2724:
2693:Safavid Empire
2620:Ottoman Empire
2612:Alcázar Palace
2581:
2578:
2526:uti possidetis
2509:Duchy of Milan
2361:
2358:
2246:Imperial Diets
2236:A panorama of
2229:
2226:
2206:Ottoman Empire
2137:Duchy of Milan
2097:Jacopo Ligozzi
2082:
2081:Italian states
2079:
2067:Ottoman Empire
1833:
1830:
1708:
1705:
1692:Main article:
1689:
1686:
1663:imperial diets
1615:Further Beyond
1553:dynastic union
1529:Pope Adrian VI
1491:. It excluded
1436:
1433:
1388:A painting by
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1006:(although the
854:
851:
780:captured Tunis
693:Ottoman Empire
592:personal union
552:northern Italy
507:
506:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
464:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
439:
429:
424:
419:
413:
411:
397:
396:
377:
373:
368:
367:
365:
361:
360:
354:
352:
348:
347:
334:(aged 58)
328:
324:
323:
304:
300:
299:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
120:
113:
105:
103:
97:
96:
95:27 August 1556
91:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27889:
27878:
27875:
27873:
27870:
27868:
27867:Sons of kings
27865:
27863:
27860:
27858:
27855:
27853:
27850:
27848:
27845:
27843:
27840:
27838:
27835:
27833:
27830:
27828:
27825:
27823:
27820:
27818:
27815:
27813:
27810:
27808:
27805:
27803:
27800:
27798:
27795:
27793:
27790:
27788:
27785:
27783:
27780:
27778:
27775:
27773:
27770:
27768:
27765:
27763:
27760:
27758:
27755:
27753:
27750:
27748:
27745:
27743:
27740:
27738:
27735:
27733:
27730:
27728:
27725:
27723:
27720:
27718:
27715:
27713:
27710:
27708:
27705:
27703:
27700:
27698:
27695:
27693:
27690:
27688:
27685:
27683:
27680:
27679:
27677:
27659:
27654:
27653:
27650:
27644:
27641:
27639:
27636:
27635:
27633:
27629:
27623:
27620:
27619:
27617:
27613:
27607:
27604:
27602:
27599:
27598:
27596:
27592:
27586:
27583:
27581:
27578:
27576:
27573:
27571:
27568:
27567:
27565:
27561:
27555:
27552:
27550:
27547:
27546:
27544:
27540:
27534:
27531:
27529:
27526:
27525:
27523:
27519:
27513:
27510:
27508:
27505:
27503:
27500:
27499:
27497:
27493:
27487:
27484:
27482:
27479:
27477:
27474:
27472:
27469:
27467:
27464:
27462:
27459:
27458:
27456:
27452:
27446:
27443:
27441:
27438:
27436:
27433:
27431:
27428:
27426:
27423:
27421:
27418:
27417:
27415:
27411:
27405:
27402:
27400:
27397:
27395:
27392:
27390:
27387:
27385:
27382:
27381:
27379:
27375:
27369:
27366:
27364:
27361:
27359:
27356:
27355:
27353:
27349:
27343:
27340:
27339:
27337:
27333:
27327:
27324:
27322:
27319:
27318:
27316:
27312:
27306:
27303:
27301:
27297:
27295:
27291:
27290:
27288:
27284:
27278:
27275:
27273:
27270:
27268:
27265:
27264:
27262:
27258:
27252:
27249:
27248:
27246:
27242:
27238:
27231:
27226:
27224:
27219:
27217:
27212:
27211:
27208:
27196:
27192:
27190:
27186:
27184:
27180:
27178:
27174:
27172:
27168:
27167:
27164:
27154:
27151:
27149:
27146:
27145:
27143:
27139:
27136:
27132:
27122:
27119:
27117:
27114:
27112:
27109:
27107:
27104:
27102:
27099:
27098:
27096:
27092:
27089:
27085:
27075:
27072:
27071:
27069:
27065:
27059:
27056:
27055:
27053:
27049:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27033:
27030:
27028:
27025:
27023:
27020:
27019:
27017:
27011:
27008:
27004:
26994:
26991:
26989:
26986:
26985:
26983:
26977:
26971:
26968:
26966:
26963:
26961:
26958:
26956:
26953:
26951:
26948:
26946:
26945:Leopold Maria
26943:
26941:
26938:
26936:
26933:
26932:
26930:
26924:
26918:
26915:
26913:
26910:
26909:
26906:
26903:
26899:
26893:
26890:
26888:
26885:
26883:
26880:
26878:
26877:Karl Albrecht
26875:
26873:
26870:
26868:
26865:
26863:
26860:
26858:
26855:
26853:
26850:
26848:
26845:
26843:
26840:
26838:
26835:
26833:
26830:
26828:
26825:
26824:
26822:
26818:
26812:
26809:
26807:
26806:Joseph August
26804:
26802:
26799:
26797:
26794:
26792:
26789:
26787:
26786:John Salvator
26784:
26782:
26779:
26777:
26776:Karl Salvator
26774:
26772:
26769:
26767:
26766:Ludwig Viktor
26764:
26762:
26759:
26757:
26754:
26752:
26749:
26748:
26746:
26742:
26736:
26733:
26731:
26728:
26726:
26723:
26721:
26718:
26716:
26713:
26711:
26708:
26706:
26703:
26701:
26698:
26696:
26693:
26691:
26690:Wilhelm Franz
26688:
26686:
26683:
26681:
26678:
26676:
26673:
26671:
26668:
26666:
26663:
26661:
26658:
26656:
26653:
26652:
26650:
26646:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26609:Rainer Joseph
26607:
26605:
26602:
26600:
26597:
26595:
26592:
26590:
26587:
26585:
26582:
26580:
26577:
26575:
26572:
26571:
26569:
26565:
26559:
26556:
26554:
26551:
26549:
26546:
26544:
26541:
26539:
26536:
26535:
26533:
26529:
26523:
26520:
26518:
26515:
26513:
26510:
26509:
26507:
26503:
26497:
26494:
26492:
26489:
26487:
26484:
26482:
26479:
26477:
26474:
26472:
26469:
26468:
26466:
26462:
26456:
26453:
26451:
26448:
26446:
26443:
26441:
26438:
26436:
26433:
26431:
26428:
26426:
26423:
26421:
26418:
26417:
26415:
26411:
26405:
26402:
26400:
26397:
26395:
26392:
26390:
26389:Ferdinand III
26387:
26385:
26382:
26380:
26377:
26375:
26372:
26370:
26367:
26365:
26362:
26360:
26357:
26355:
26352:
26350:
26347:
26345:
26342:
26340:
26337:
26336:
26334:
26330:
26324:
26321:
26319:
26316:
26314:
26313:Maximilian II
26311:
26309:
26306:
26305:
26303:
26299:
26293:
26290:
26288:
26285:
26284:
26282:
26278:
26272:
26269:
26268:
26266:
26262:
26256:
26253:
26252:
26250:
26246:
26240:
26237:
26235:
26232:
26230:
26227:
26226:
26224:
26220:
26213:
26209:
26202:
26197:
26195:
26190:
26188:
26183:
26182:
26179:
26158:
26155:
26152:
26150:
26147:
26144:
26142:
26139:
26136:
26134:
26131:
26128:
26126:
26123:
26120:
26118:
26115:
26112:
26110:
26107:
26104:
26102:
26099:
26096:
26094:
26091:
26088:
26086:
26083:
26080:
26078:
26075:
26072:
26070:
26067:
26064:
26062:
26059:
26058:Infante Diego
26056:
26054:
26051:
26048:
26046:
26043:
26040:
26038:
26035:
26032:
26030:
26027:
26024:
26022:
26019:
26016:
26014:
26011:
26008:
26006:
26003:
26000:
25999:
25996:
25993:
25992:
25988:
25987:
25984:
25980:
25973:
25968:
25966:
25961:
25959:
25954:
25953:
25950:
25927:
25924:
25921:
25919:
25916:
25913:
25911:
25908:
25905:
25903:
25900:
25897:
25895:
25892:
25889:
25887:
25884:
25881:
25879:
25876:
25873:
25871:
25868:
25865:
25863:
25860:
25857:
25855:
25852:
25849:
25847:
25844:
25841:
25839:
25836:
25833:
25831:
25828:
25825:
25823:
25820:
25817:
25815:
25812:
25809:
25807:
25804:
25801:
25799:
25796:
25793:
25791:
25788:
25785:
25783:
25780:
25777:
25775:
25772:
25769:
25767:
25764:
25761:
25759:
25756:
25753:
25751:
25748:
25745:
25743:
25740:
25737:
25735:
25732:
25729:
25727:
25724:
25721:
25719:
25716:
25713:
25711:
25708:
25705:
25703:
25700:
25697:
25695:
25692:
25689:
25687:
25684:
25681:
25679:
25676:
25673:
25671:
25668:
25665:
25663:
25660:
25657:
25655:
25652:
25649:
25647:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25633:
25632:
25629:
25625:
25618:
25613:
25611:
25606:
25604:
25599:
25598:
25595:
25580:
25577:
25572:
25569:
25564:
25561:
25556:
25553:
25548:
25547:Ferdinand III
25545:
25540:
25537:
25532:
25529:
25524:
25521:
25516:
25513:
25508:
25505:
25500:
25497:
25492:
25489:
25484:
25481:
25476:
25473:
25468:
25465:
25460:
25457:
25456:
25454:
25448:
25444:
25435:
25434:Ferdinand III
25432:
25427:
25424:
25419:
25416:
25411:
25408:
25403:
25400:
25395:
25392:
25387:
25384:
25379:
25376:
25371:
25368:
25363:
25360:
25355:
25352:
25351:
25349:
25343:
25339:
25330:
25327:
25322:
25319:
25314:
25311:
25306:
25303:
25298:
25295:
25290:
25287:
25282:
25279:
25274:
25273:Maria Theresa
25271:
25266:
25263:
25258:
25255:
25250:
25247:
25242:
25239:
25234:
25231:
25226:
25223:
25218:
25215:
25210:
25209:Ferdinand III
25207:
25202:
25199:
25194:
25191:
25186:
25183:
25178:
25177:Maximilian II
25175:
25170:
25167:
25162:
25159:
25154:
25151:
25146:
25143:
25138:
25135:
25130:
25127:
25122:
25119:
25114:
25111:
25106:
25103:
25098:
25095:
25090:
25087:
25082:Frederick II
25081:
25076:
25073:
25068:
25065:
25060:
25057:
25052:
25049:
25044:
25041:
25036:
25033:
25028:
25025:
25020:
25017:
25016:
25014:
25008:
25004:
24995:
24992:
24987:
24984:
24979:
24976:
24971:
24968:
24967:
24965:
24963:
24959:
24950:
24947:
24942:
24939:
24934:
24931:
24926:
24923:
24918:
24915:
24910:
24907:
24902:
24899:
24894:
24891:
24886:
24883:
24878:
24875:
24870:
24867:
24862:
24859:
24858:
24856:
24854:
24850:
24846:
24839:
24834:
24832:
24827:
24825:
24820:
24819:
24816:
24795:
24792:
24789:
24786:
24783:
24780:
24777:
24774:
24771:
24768:
24765:
24762:
24761:
24759:
24755:
24751:
24746:
24735:
24732:
24729:
24726:
24723:
24720:
24719:
24717:
24713:
24709:
24705:
24700:
24695:
24691:
24674:
24671:
24666:
24663:
24658:
24655:
24654:
24652:
24648:
24644:
24635:
24632:
24627:
24624:
24623:
24621:
24617:
24613:
24604:
24603:Maximilian II
24601:
24600:
24598:
24594:
24590:
24581:
24578:
24577:
24575:
24571:
24567:
24558:
24555:
24550:
24547:
24542:
24535:
24532:
24527:
24524:
24519:
24516:
24511:
24508:
24507:
24505:
24501:
24497:
24488:
24485:
24479:
24476:
24471:
24468:
24463:
24460:
24459:
24457:
24453:
24449:
24444:
24431:
24428:
24425:
24422:(1411–1415),
24420:
24417:
24414:
24409:
24406:
24401:
24398:
24393:
24392:Wenceslaus II
24390:
24385:
24382:
24381:
24379:
24375:
24371:
24367:
24362:
24357:
24353:
24336:
24333:
24328:
24325:
24320:
24317:
24312:
24309:
24304:
24301:
24296:
24293:
24292:
24290:
24286:
24282:
24273:
24270:
24267:
24264:(1197–1214),
24262:
24259:
24256:
24253:(1197–1247),
24251:
24248:
24247:
24245:
24241:
24237:
24228:
24225:
24224:
24222:
24218:
24214:
24205:
24202:
24201:
24199:
24195:
24191:
24186:
24173:
24170:
24165:
24162:
24157:
24154:
24149:
24146:
24141:
24138:
24133:
24130:
24125:
24122:
24117:
24114:
24113:
24111:
24107:
24103:
24099:
24094:
24089:
24085:
24081:
24077:
24070:
24065:
24063:
24058:
24056:
24051:
24050:
24047:
24035:
24034:Ferdinand III
24032:
24030:
24027:
24025:
24022:
24020:
24017:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
23945:
23944:Frederick III
23942:
23940:
23937:
23935:
23932:
23930:
23927:
23925:
23922:
23920:
23917:
23915:
23912:
23910:
23907:
23905:
23902:
23900:
23897:
23895:
23892:
23890:
23887:
23885:
23882:
23880:
23877:
23875:
23872:
23870:
23867:
23865:
23862:
23860:
23857:
23855:
23852:
23850:
23847:
23845:
23842:
23841:
23839:
23836:
23832:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23812:
23810:
23807:
23803:
23799:
23792:
23787:
23785:
23780:
23778:
23773:
23772:
23769:
23759:
23753:
23743:
23740:
23738:
23735:
23733:
23730:
23724:
23721:
23719:
23718:
23714:
23708:
23705:
23702:
23699:
23696:
23693:
23690:
23687:
23684:
23681:
23678:
23675:
23672:
23669:
23666:
23663:
23660:
23657:
23654:
23653:Ferdinand III
23651:
23649:
23646:
23644:
23641:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23623:
23620:
23618:
23615:
23613:
23610:
23605:
23602:
23600:
23597:
23592:
23589:
23587:
23584:
23582:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23560:
23557:
23556:
23553:
23549:
23542:
23537:
23535:
23530:
23528:
23523:
23522:
23519:
23507:
23501:
23499:
23493:
23491:
23485:
23483:
23477:
23475:
23469:
23467:
23461:
23459:
23455:Frederick II
23453:
23451:
23445:
23443:
23437:
23435:
23429:
23427:
23421:
23419:
23413:
23411:
23405:
23403:
23397:
23395:
23389:
23387:
23381:
23379:
23373:
23371:
23365:
23363:
23357:
23355:
23349:
23347:
23341:
23339:
23333:
23332:
23330:
23326:
23320:
23316:
23310:
23304:
23302:
23295:
23294:
23290:
23288:
23282:
23280:
23274:
23272:
23265:
23264:
23260:
23258:
23251:
23250:
23246:
23244:
23238:
23236:
23229:
23228:
23224:
23222:
23215:
23214:
23210:
23209:
23207:
23201:
23195:
23189:
23187:
23181:
23179:
23173:
23171:
23165:
23163:
23157:
23155:
23149:
23147:
23141:
23139:
23133:
23131:
23125:
23123:
23117:
23116:
23114:
23112:
23108:
23102:
23096:
23094:
23088:
23086:
23080:
23078:
23072:
23070:
23064:
23062:
23056:
23054:
23048:
23046:
23040:
23038:
23032:
23030:
23024:
23022:
23016:
23014:
23008:
23006:
23000:
22998:
22992:
22990:
22984:
22982:
22976:
22974:
22968:
22966:
22960:
22958:
22952:
22950:
22944:
22942:
22936:
22934:
22928:
22926:
22920:
22918:
22912:
22910:
22906:
22902:
22900:
22894:
22892:
22886:
22885:
22883:
22881:
22877:
22871:
22865:
22863:
22857:
22855:
22849:
22847:
22841:
22839:
22833:
22831:
22825:
22823:
22817:
22815:
22809:
22808:
22806:
22804:
22800:
22795:
22785:
22779:
22778:
22776:
22772:
22767:
22760:
22755:
22753:
22748:
22746:
22741:
22740:
22737:
22725:
22722:
22720:
22719:Frederick III
22717:
22715:
22712:
22711:
22709:
22706:
22705:German Empire
22702:
22696:
22693:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22683:
22677:
22674:
22673:
22671:
22668:
22664:
22655:
22652:
22651:
22649:
22646:
22645:German Empire
22642:
22636:
22633:
22631:
22628:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22618:
22612:
22609:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22599:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22573:
22570:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22558:
22555:
22553:
22550:
22548:
22547:Ferdinand III
22545:
22543:
22540:
22538:
22535:
22533:
22530:
22528:
22527:Maximilian II
22525:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22513:
22510:
22508:
22507:Frederick III
22505:
22503:
22500:
22498:
22495:
22493:
22492:
22488:
22486:
22483:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22475:
22471:
22469:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22446:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22433:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22416:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22349:
22345:
22343:
22342:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22302:
22300:
22297:
22292:
22288:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22276:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22265:
22262:
22261:
22259:
22256:
22251:
22247:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22212:
22210:
22207:
22202:
22198:
22194:
22187:
22182:
22180:
22175:
22173:
22168:
22167:
22164:
22148:
22145:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22121:
22118:
22117:
22116:
22113:
22109:
22106:
22105:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22078:Tapada limeña
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22045:
22042:
22035:
22031:
22021:
22018:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21993:
21991:
21988:
21986:
21983:
21979:
21976:
21974:
21971:
21969:
21966:
21964:
21961:
21960:
21959:
21956:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21940:
21937:
21930:
21926:
21904:
21901:
21899:
21896:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21874:
21871:
21869:
21866:
21864:
21861:
21859:
21856:
21854:
21851:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21839:
21836:
21834:
21831:
21830:
21828:
21824:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21788:
21785:
21783:
21780:
21778:
21775:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21755:
21753:
21750:
21748:
21745:
21743:
21740:
21738:
21735:
21733:
21730:
21728:
21725:
21724:
21722:
21718:
21715:
21711:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21670:Montes Claros
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21626:
21623:
21621:
21618:
21616:
21613:
21611:
21610:Vienna (1529)
21608:
21606:
21603:
21602:
21600:
21596:
21590:
21587:
21585:
21582:
21580:
21577:
21575:
21572:
21570:
21567:
21565:
21562:
21560:
21557:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21480:
21477:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21467:
21465:
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21452:
21451:
21449:
21445:
21442:
21438:
21435:
21431:
21425:
21422:
21420:
21417:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21395:
21392:
21390:
21387:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21350:
21347:
21345:
21342:
21340:
21339:Hernán Cortés
21337:
21336:
21334:
21332:
21331:Conquistadors
21328:
21322:
21319:
21317:
21314:
21312:
21309:
21307:
21304:
21302:
21301:Juan de Ayala
21299:
21297:
21294:
21292:
21289:
21287:
21284:
21282:
21279:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21207:
21204:
21203:
21201:
21197:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21163:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21155:Duke of Savoy
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21127:
21125:
21121:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21072:
21071:
21069:
21065:
21061:
21054:
21050:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20992:
20990:
20986:
20980:
20977:
20975:
20972:
20970:
20967:
20965:
20962:
20960:
20957:
20955:
20954:Dollar (Peso)
20952:
20951:
20949:
20947:
20943:
20939:
20932:
20928:
20914:
20913:Santo Domingo
20911:
20909:
20906:
20904:
20901:
20899:
20896:
20894:
20891:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20844:
20841:
20840:
20838:
20836:
20832:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20790:New Andalusia
20788:
20786:
20783:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20762:
20760:
20758:
20754:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20737:Santo Domingo
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20704:
20702:
20700:
20696:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20666:
20664:
20662:
20661:Viceroyalties
20658:
20654:
20647:
20643:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20600:
20598:
20594:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20559:
20557:
20553:
20547:
20544:
20542:
20539:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20523:
20521:
20517:
20513:
20506:
20502:
20488:
20485:
20484:
20481:
20474:
20463:
20459:
20455:
20451:
20447:
20443:
20439:
20435:
20431:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20421:
20418:
20411:
20401:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20390:
20386:
20382:
20378:
20374:
20370:
20366:
20363:
20362:
20359:
20354:
20348:
20337:
20333:
20329:
20325:
20321:
20317:
20313:
20310:
20307:
20303:
20299:
20296:
20293:
20289:
20285:
20281:
20277:
20274:
20273:
20270:
20266:South America
20263:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20225:
20223:
20220:
20217:
20213:
20209:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20196:
20193:
20186:
20175:
20171:
20165:
20160:
20156:
20152:
20151:Spanish Texas
20148:
20144:
20140:
20137:
20136:
20133:
20129:North America
20126:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20110:Franche-Comté
20108:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20090:
20086:
20082:
20078:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20055:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20047:
20040:
20036:
20029:
20025:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19923:
19920:
19919:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19810:
19807:
19800:
19796:
19792:
19785:
19780:
19778:
19773:
19771:
19766:
19765:
19762:
19751:
19747:
19743:
19737:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19725:Ferdinand III
19723:
19721:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19688:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19649:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19625:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19571:
19565:
19562:
19560:
19557:
19556:
19554:
19551:
19547:
19541:
19538:
19537:
19535:
19533:
19529:
19523:
19520:
19518:
19515:
19514:
19512:
19510:
19509:House of Foix
19506:
19500:
19497:
19495:
19494:
19490:
19488:
19487:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19477:
19475:
19473:
19469:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19444:
19442:
19440:
19436:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19401:
19399:
19397:
19393:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19368:
19366:
19364:
19360:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19293:Jimeno Garcés
19291:
19289:
19286:
19285:
19283:
19281:
19277:
19271:
19270:Fortún Garcés
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19257:
19255:
19251:
19247:
19243:
19236:
19231:
19229:
19224:
19222:
19217:
19216:
19213:
19201:
19198:
19197:
19195:
19193:
19189:
19183:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19141:
19139:
19137:
19133:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19101:Ferdinand III
19099:
19097:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19074:
19072:
19070:
19066:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19041:
19039:
19037:
19033:
19028:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18945:
18944:
18942:
18940:
18936:
18932:
18928:
18921:
18916:
18914:
18909:
18907:
18902:
18901:
18898:
18886:
18883:
18882:
18880:
18878:
18874:
18868:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18824:
18822:
18818:
18814:
18813:John of Gaunt
18810:
18808:
18804:
18798:
18795:
18794:
18792:
18790:
18786:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18749:Ferdinand III
18747:
18745:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18722:
18720:
18718:
18714:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18693:
18690:
18689:
18687:
18685:
18681:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18651:
18649:
18647:
18643:
18638:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18534:
18532:
18530:
18529:Suebian kings
18526:
18522:
18518:
18511:
18506:
18504:
18499:
18497:
18492:
18491:
18488:
18476:
18473:
18472:
18470:
18468:
18464:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18434:
18432:
18430:
18426:
18420:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18378:
18376:
18374:
18370:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18338:Ferdinand III
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18310:
18308:
18306:
18302:
18297:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18266:
18264:
18260:
18256:
18252:
18245:
18240:
18238:
18233:
18231:
18226:
18225:
18222:
18210:
18207:
18206:
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18198:
18192:
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18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
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18163:
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18159:
18155:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18125:
18123:
18121:
18117:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18062:
18060:
18058:
18054:
18049:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18010:
18008:
18006:
18002:
17998:
17994:
17987:
17982:
17980:
17975:
17973:
17968:
17967:
17964:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17946:Juan Carlos I
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17921:Ferdinand VII
17919:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17883:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17845:
17843:
17841:
17837:
17832:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17809:
17806:
17805:
17803:
17801:
17797:
17793:
17789:
17784:
17780:
17773:
17768:
17766:
17761:
17759:
17754:
17753:
17750:
17738:
17730:
17729:
17726:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17679:Ferdinand III
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17659:Maximilian II
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17639:Frederick III
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
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17597:
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17592:
17590:
17587:
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17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
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17562:
17560:
17557:
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17552:
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17537:
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17532:
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17527:
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17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
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17500:
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17493:
17489:
17482:
17477:
17475:
17470:
17468:
17463:
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17459:
17449:
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17443:
17440:
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17432:
17425:
17424:
17417:
17411:
17408:
17404:
17400:
17393:
17390:
17389:
17383:
17380:
17379:
17373:
17372:
17365:
17359:
17354:
17353:
17352:King of Italy
17349:
17344:
17339:
17338:
17333:
17329:
17320:
17319:
17315:
17311:
17307:
17303:
17296:
17290:
17285:
17284:
17280:
17273:
17267:
17264:
17261:
17260:
17252:
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17236:
17230:
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17215:
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17143:
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17130:
17126:
17117:
17116:
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17107:
17103:
17099:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17081:
17077:
17073:
17066:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17043:
17038:
17037:
17028:
17023:
17020:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17010:
17008:
17006:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16982:
16980:
16973:
16968:
16964:
16960:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16940:
16939:
16927:
16923:
16919:
16915:
16912:
16907:
16903:
16899:
16895:
16890:
16886:
16882:
16878:
16874:
16869:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16852:
16848:
16844:
16840:
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16827:
16823:
16818:
16814:
16810:
16806:
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16793:
16789:
16785:
16779:
16775:
16770:
16766:
16762:
16758:
16757:
16749:
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16727:
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16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16706:
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16686:
16684:
16680:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16666:
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16657:
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16644:
16640:
16636:
16633:
16629:
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16623:
16620:
16616:
16605:
16599:
16595:
16594:
16589:
16585:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16568:
16564:
16561:
16558:Grant, Neil.
16557:
16545:
16541:
16535:
16531:
16530:
16525:
16521:
16519:
16515:
16511:
16507:
16504:
16500:
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16488:
16483:
16481:
16477:
16473:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16454:
16450:
16447:
16444:
16440:
16437:
16436:
16435:History Today
16431:
16430:
16413:
16408:
16404:
16402:0-87169-127-2
16398:
16394:
16393:
16388:
16384:
16380:
16374:
16370:
16369:
16363:
16359:
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16323:
16319:
16314:
16302:
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16294:
16289:
16288:
16266:
16262:
16258:
16252:
16236:
16232:
16228:
16222:
16215:
16211:
16205:
16189:
16185:
16182:(2). Madrid:
16181:
16177:
16173:
16166:
16159:
16155:
16149:
16133:
16129:
16125:
16118:
16102:
16098:
16094:
16087:
16080:
16075:
16068:
16063:
16048:
16042:
16038:
16037:
16029:
16022:
16021:Freiberg 2014
16017:
16010:
16005:
15998:
15993:
15985:
15979:
15976:. Routledge.
15975:
15974:
15966:
15960:
15956:
15951:
15943:
15936:
15928:
15921:
15913:
15907:
15903:
15902:
15894:
15887:
15881:
15874:
15868:
15852:
15848:
15844:
15838:
15832:, p. 50.
15831:
15830:Fletcher 2016
15826:
15819:
15813:
15811:
15803:
15797:
15791:, pp. 400–401
15790:
15784:
15777:
15771:
15769:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15738:
15722:
15718:
15714:
15708:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15678:
15671:
15666:
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15652:
15648:
15644:
15643:
15638:
15632:
15625:
15621:
15618:
15613:
15606:
15600:
15584:
15580:
15576:
15570:
15561:
15545:
15541:
15538:H. Schneble.
15534:
15527:
15521:
15514:
15510:
15507:
15503:
15497:
15488:
15472:
15468:
15461:
15454:
15448:
15441:
15436:
15428:
15421:
15414:
15408:
15401:
15395:
15388:
15382:
15374:
15373:
15367:
15362:
15356:
15354:
15345:
15344:
15338:
15333:
15327:
15325:
15316:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15294:
15292:
15283:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15264:
15262:
15253:
15252:
15246:
15241:
15235:
15233:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15215:
15209:
15204:
15198:
15196:
15187:
15181:
15177:
15170:
15156:
15150:
15146:
15142:
15135:
15133:
15116:
15110:
15108:
15099:
15092:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15067:Ex Post Facto
15064:
15057:
15041:
15037:
15030:
15028:
15011:
15007:
15003:
14996:
14989:
14988:
14981:
14974:
14973:
14966:
14960:, pp. 364–367
14959:
14953:
14946:
14940:
14924:
14920:
14914:
14910:
14909:
14901:
14894:
14888:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14857:
14841:
14837:
14833:
14827:
14820:
14814:
14798:
14794:
14790:
14786:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14753:
14738:
14732:
14728:
14727:
14719:
14704:
14698:
14694:
14693:
14685:
14670:
14664:
14660:
14659:
14651:
14643:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14626:(89): 39–60.
14625:
14621:
14617:
14610:
14608:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14571:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14552:
14533:
14529:
14523:
14516:
14515:
14507:
14492:
14486:
14482:
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14473:
14458:
14452:
14448:
14447:
14439:
14423:
14419:
14413:
14409:
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14400:
14393:
14388:
14386:
14370:
14364:
14360:
14359:
14351:
14336:
14330:
14326:
14325:
14317:
14302:
14296:
14292:
14291:
14283:
14268:
14262:
14258:
14257:
14249:
14234:
14228:
14224:
14223:
14215:
14200:
14194:
14190:
14189:
14181:
14166:
14160:
14156:
14155:
14147:
14132:
14126:
14122:
14121:
14113:
14098:
14092:
14088:
14087:
14079:
14077:
14061:
14055:
14051:
14050:
14042:
14027:
14021:
14017:
14016:
14008:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13978:
13963:
13957:
13953:
13952:
13944:
13929:
13923:
13919:
13918:
13910:
13894:
13893:
13885:
13876:
13860:
13856:
13852:
13846:
13831:
13825:
13821:
13820:
13812:
13797:
13791:
13787:
13786:
13778:
13763:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13744:
13729:
13723:
13719:
13718:
13710:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13678:
13670:
13664:
13660:
13659:
13651:
13635:
13632:. p. 6.
13631:
13630:
13622:
13608:
13602:
13598:
13594:
13587:
13572:
13568:
13562:
13553:
13545:
13539:
13536:. McFarland.
13535:
13534:
13526:
13524:
13514:
13505:
13496:
13488:
13482:
13478:
13474:
13473:
13465:
13446:
13439:
13433:
13417:
13413:
13407:
13400:
13394:
13388:, p. 65.
13387:
13382:
13374:
13370:
13366:
13362:
13355:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13320:
13305:
13299:
13295:
13294:
13286:
13278:
13274:
13273:
13265:
13256:
13241:
13235:
13231:
13230:
13222:
13220:
13212:
13207:
13200:
13194:
13187:
13181:
13174:
13170:
13167:
13163:
13157:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13127:
13119:
13113:
13109:
13102:
13087:
13083:
13077:
13070:
13064:
13056:
13050:
13046:
13045:
13037:
13030:
13024:
13017:
13011:
12995:
12991:
12984:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12964:Bryan W. Ball
12962:Quoted from:
12959:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12934:
12927:
12921:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12876:
12870:
12866:
12865:
12857:
12842:
12836:
12832:
12831:
12823:
12808:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12789:
12774:
12768:
12764:
12763:
12755:
12740:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12721:
12706:
12700:
12696:
12695:
12687:
12671:
12670:
12662:
12647:
12641:
12637:
12636:
12628:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12588:
12581:
12580:
12573:
12565:
12558:
12551:
12548:Elliot, J.H.
12545:
12539:
12535:
12529:
12521:
12520:
12513:
12505:
12499:
12495:
12488:
12481:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12466:
12460:
12456:
12453:
12449:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12434:
12432:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12396:
12395:
12389:
12384:
12378:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12359:
12353:
12349:
12345:
12340:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12322:
12317:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12299:
12294:
12278:
12274:
12258:
12254:
12247:
12239:
12233:
12229:
12222:
12214:
12208:
12204:
12197:
12181:
12177:
12171:
12155:
12151:
12145:
12137:
12131:
12127:
12126:
12118:
12116:
12107:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12088:
12081:
12077:
12071:
12067:
12062:
12061:
12052:
12045:
12040:
12038:
12030:
12025:
12023:
12013:
12011:
12002:
11996:
11992:
11985:
11969:
11965:
11949:
11945:
11943:
11933:
11918:
11912:
11908:
11907:
11899:
11883:
11879:
11863:
11859:
11857:
11848:
11841:
11836:
11830:
11824:
11809:
11803:
11799:
11798:
11790:
11775:
11769:
11765:
11764:
11756:
11749:
11744:
11729:
11723:
11719:
11718:
11711:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11680:
11678:
11669:
11663:
11659:
11658:
11650:
11635:
11629:
11625:
11624:
11616:
11608:
11604:
11603:
11595:
11587:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11568:
11560:
11554:
11535:
11531:
11525:
11518:
11517:
11509:
11502:
11497:
11495:
11488:
11484:
11479:
11471:
11467:
11461:
11457:
11456:
11448:
11440:
11434:
11430:
11429:
11421:
11413:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11394:
11392:
11390:
11381:
11380:
11372:
11364:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11319:
11313:
11309:
11308:
11300:
11292:
11286:
11282:
11281:
11273:
11265:
11264:
11257:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11234:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11217:
11212:
11210:
11202:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11184:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11151:
11144:
11143:
11136:
11129:
11123:
11117:. pp. 16, 78.
11116:
11115:
11108:
11106:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11074:
11069:
11063:
11061:
11059:
11054:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11022:
11013:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10976:Charles Quint
10973:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10947:
10940:
10936:
10935:Low Countries
10932:
10926:
10917:
10913:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10869:
10865:
10859:
10855:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10842:
10835:
10832:
10820:
10817:
10732:
10729:
10721:
10720:
10713:
10705:
10620:
10618:
10611:
10608:
10596:
10593:
10581:
10578:
10510:
10507:
10495:
10492:
10487:
10484:
10476:
10474:
10466:
10464:
10462:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10444:
10436:
10434:
10426:
10424:
10358:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10336:
10333:
10321:
10318:
10306:
10303:
10291:
10288:
10287:Ferdinand III
10274:
10223:
10220:
10208:
10205:
10193:
10190:
10177:
10174:
10166:
10164:
10156:
10154:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10134:
10132:
10124:
10123:
10116:
10108:
10096:
10088:
10086:
10078:
10076:
10026:
10010:
9997:
9995:
9988:
9985:
9973:
9970:
9958:
9955:
9943:
9940:
9928:
9925:
9913:
9910:
9898:
9895:
9883:
9880:
9868:
9865:
9853:
9850:
9838:
9835:
9823:
9820:
9808:
9805:
9793:
9790:
9785:
9782:
9774:
9772:
9764:
9762:
9754:
9752:
9744:
9742:
9734:
9732:
9724:
9722:
9714:
9712:
9704:
9702:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9672:
9648:
9636:
9628:
9616:
9600:
9598:
9574:
9572:
9562:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9540:
9537:
9517:
9514:
9486:
9483:
9482:Maximilian II
9447:
9444:
9431:
9428:
9412:
9410:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9336:
9334:
9289:
9287:
9268:
9265:
9189:
9186:
9173:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9087:
9084:
9080:
9064:
9061:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8979:
8947:
8945:
8905:
8903:
8892:
8890:
8883:
8880:
8827:
8825:
8767:
8765:
8758:
8755:
8727:
8724:
8695:
8693:
8633:
8631:
8624:
8621:
8609:
8606:
8594:
8591:
8590:Frederick III
8563:
8560:
8531:
8528:
8520:
8519:
8502:
8494:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8427:
8407:
8404:
8392:
8389:
8371:
8368:
8356:
8353:
8324:
8321:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8293:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8259:
8257:
8241:
8239:
8202:
8200:
8193:
8190:
8176:
8157:
8154:
8126:
8123:
8111:
8110:
8109:Frederick III
8098:
8095:
8082:
8080:
8048:
8020:
7984:
7981:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7945:
7943:
7935:
7933:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7915:
7907:
7905:
7887:
7847:
7845:
7834:
7832:
7819:
7816:
7804:
7801:
7789:
7786:
7774:
7771:
7759:
7756:
7738:
7735:
7723:
7720:
7691:
7688:
7680:
7678:
7670:
7668:
7660:
7658:
7650:
7648:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7620:
7604:
7602:
7578:
7576:
7549:
7547:
7540:
7537:
7525:
7506:
7503:
7450:
7447:
7439:
7437:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7389:
7336:
7334:
7321:
7318:
7265:
7263:
7205:
7203:
7190:
7187:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:Original line
7072:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7047:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6968:up until the
6967:
6966:Martin Luther
6963:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:Martin Luther
6944:
6943:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6711:New York City
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6684:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:14 March 1516
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:14 March 1516
6331:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:14 March 1516
6308:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6286:14 March 1516
6285:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6263:14 March 1516
6262:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5904:Wendish March
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5636:King of Italy
5633:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5480:
5475:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:(1541-1583),
5438:
5435:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:29 June 1534
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:13 July 1530
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5210:21 May 1527 –
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5094:Iberian Union
5091:
5090:House of Aviz
5086:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:Thomas Wolsey
5027:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:10 March 1503
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4157:Sublimis Deus
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3993:little Venice
3990:
3989:Klein-Venedig
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:Hernán Cortés
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:Pedro Machuca
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3675:reference to
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:South America
3650:
3646:
3643:, an Italian
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:Low Countries
3543:
3539:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:Low Countries
3467:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:Imperial army
3402:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3352:Heavy cavalry
3349:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:Diet of Worms
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:). His first
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:Imperial army
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2797:, declaring:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2777:Diet of Worms
2774:
2773:Martin Luther
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2740:Diet of Worms
2737:
2736:Martin Luther
2732:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:Berber tribes
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:captured Metz
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:. A truce at
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2373:Truce of Nice
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
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2343:
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2323:
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2256:
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2200:
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2165:
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2138:
2134:
2133:King of Italy
2130:
2126:
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2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2076:
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2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:attempted to
2017:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1951:fait accompli
1949:accepted the
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
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1901:
1897:
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1853:
1846:
1842:
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1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:Guelders Wars
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
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1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Low Countries
1734:
1733:Franche-Comté
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1700:
1695:
1685:
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1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Franche-Comté
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Low Countries
1474:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1446:
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1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
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1399:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:heir apparent
1347:
1344:
1340:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
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1303:
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1234:
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1065:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Miguel da Paz
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:heir apparent
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
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946:
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916:
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872:
868:
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859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Pope Paul III
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:King of Italy
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Diet of Worms
737:
736:Martin Luther
734:and declared
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
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651:
647:
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628:
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581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:King of Spain
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
500:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
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454:
443:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
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408:
402:
398:
371:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:as Charles II
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
170:
166:
160:
156:
155:King of Spain
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
106:
104:
102:
98:
92:
88:
83:
78:
74:
69:
68:
62:
57:
54:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
34:
19:
27637:
27606:Ferdinand II
27194:
27188:
27182:
27176:
27170:
27116:Karl Philipp
26988:Joseph Árpád
26955:Franz Joseph
26660:Joseph Franz
26599:Anton Victor
26440:Ferdinand IV
26318:Ferdinand II
26286:
26255:Maximilian I
26156:
26148:
26140:
26132:
26130:Infante John
26124:
26116:
26108:
26106:Infante John
26100:
26092:
26089:
26084:
26076:
26068:
26060:
26052:
26044:
26036:
26028:
26020:
26012:
26004:
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25901:
25893:
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25861:
25853:
25845:
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25813:
25805:
25797:
25789:
25781:
25773:
25765:
25757:
25749:
25746:
25741:
25733:
25725:
25717:
25709:
25701:
25693:
25685:
25677:
25669:
25661:
25653:
25645:
25637:
25523:Ferdinand II
25506:
25409:
25217:Ferdinand IV
25160:
24796:(since 2000)
24701:(since 1815)
24517:
24487:Maximilian I
24423:
24412:
24411:(1411–1443)
24384:Wenceslaus I
24335:Wenceslaus I
24265:
24254:
23988:
23979:Ferdinand II
23929:Frederick II
23914:Constance II
23742:Ferdinand IV
23723:Ferdinand IV
23715:
23707:Ferdinand IV
23664:
23638:Ferdinand II
23502:
23431:Frederick I
23298:Berengar II
23291:
23261:
23247:
23225:
23211:
23203:Non-dynastic
23175:Charles III
23119:Charlemagne
23111:Carolingians
22904:
22774:Non-dynastic
22552:Ferdinand IV
22542:Ferdinand II
22516:
22512:Maximilian I
22489:
22472:
22430:
22415:Henry (VIII)
22413:
22399:Frederick II
22354:Conrad (III)
22346:
22339:
22273:
22250:East Francia
22201:East Francia
22053:Architecture
21948:The Americas
21812:Newfoundland
21802:Túpac Katari
21792:Cuerno Verde
21727:Tenochtitlan
21559:Valenciennes
21316:Luis Fajardo
21185:Blas de Lezo
21130:Duke of Alba
21010:Spanish Road
20848:Buenos Aires
20757:Governorates
20526:Ayuntamiento
20519:Organization
20099:
19984:Carlist Wars
19832:Italian Wars
19710:Ferdinand II
19660:
19491:
19484:
19260:Íñigo Arista
19199:
19116:Ferdinand IV
19082:Ferdinand II
18884:
18769:Ferdinand IV
18730:Ferdinand II
18436:
18353:Ferdinand IV
18323:Alfonso VIII
18165:
18143:Ferdinand II
17941:Alfonso XIII
17901:Ferdinand VI
17847:
17674:Ferdinand II
17648:
17644:Maximilian I
17614:Frederick II
17445:
17436:
17430:
17421:
17391:
17386:disputed by
17385:
17381:
17375:
17369:
17346:
17335:
17300:
17295:Maximilian I
17277:
17262:
17256:
17244:
17225:
17219:
17211:
17204:
17198:
17161:
17154:
17148:
17140:
17135:Ferdinand II
17070:
17048:
17041:
17034:
17012:
17004:
16978:
16956:
16917:
16897:
16876:
16859:
16842:
16825:
16808:
16787:
16780:2004, 290p.
16777:
16772:(in Italian)
16760:
16739:
16736:Thomas, Hugh
16729:
16722:
16715:
16708:
16698:
16691:
16674:
16664:
16651:
16631:
16618:
16607:. Retrieved
16592:
16573:
16566:
16559:
16548:. Retrieved
16528:
16509:
16502:
16485:
16475:
16465:
16462:Brandi, Karl
16452:
16442:
16433:
16411:
16391:
16367:
16357:
16345:. Retrieved
16335:
16317:
16305:. Retrieved
16296:
16284:Bibliography
16269:. Retrieved
16260:
16251:
16239:. Retrieved
16230:
16221:
16204:
16192:. Retrieved
16179:
16175:
16165:
16148:
16136:. Retrieved
16132:the original
16127:
16117:
16105:. Retrieved
16096:
16086:
16074:
16062:
16050:. Retrieved
16035:
16028:
16016:
16004:
15992:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15954:
15950:
15935:
15920:
15900:
15893:
15885:
15880:
15872:
15867:
15855:. Retrieved
15846:
15837:
15825:
15817:
15801:
15796:
15788:
15783:
15775:
15755:. Retrieved
15746:
15737:
15725:. Retrieved
15716:
15707:
15695:. Retrieved
15686:
15677:
15665:
15641:
15631:
15612:
15604:
15599:
15587:. Retrieved
15578:
15569:
15560:
15548:. Retrieved
15533:
15525:
15520:
15501:
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15487:
15475:. Retrieved
15470:
15460:
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15439:
15435:
15426:
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15341:
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15279:
15249:
15218:
15212:
15175:
15169:
15158:, retrieved
15144:
15119:. Retrieved
15097:
15091:
15079:. Retrieved
15070:
15066:
15056:
15044:. Retrieved
15042:(in Spanish)
15039:
15014:. Retrieved
15005:
14995:
14985:
14980:
14970:
14965:
14957:
14952:
14944:
14939:
14927:. Retrieved
14907:
14900:
14892:
14887:
14875:. Retrieved
14871:the original
14866:
14856:
14844:. Retrieved
14835:
14826:
14818:
14813:
14801:. Retrieved
14769:(58): 1–27.
14766:
14762:
14752:
14740:. Retrieved
14725:
14718:
14706:. Retrieved
14691:
14684:
14672:. Retrieved
14657:
14650:
14623:
14619:
14594:. Retrieved
14562:Le Moyen Âge
14561:
14551:
14539:. Retrieved
14513:
14506:
14494:. Retrieved
14479:
14472:
14460:. Retrieved
14445:
14438:
14428:20 September
14426:. Retrieved
14406:
14399:
14372:. Retrieved
14357:
14350:
14338:. Retrieved
14323:
14316:
14304:. Retrieved
14289:
14282:
14270:. Retrieved
14255:
14248:
14236:. Retrieved
14221:
14214:
14202:. Retrieved
14187:
14180:
14168:. Retrieved
14153:
14146:
14134:. Retrieved
14119:
14112:
14100:. Retrieved
14085:
14063:. Retrieved
14048:
14041:
14029:. Retrieved
14014:
14007:
13995:. Retrieved
13986:
13977:
13965:. Retrieved
13950:
13943:
13931:. Retrieved
13916:
13909:
13897:. Retrieved
13891:
13884:
13875:
13863:. Retrieved
13854:
13845:
13833:. Retrieved
13818:
13811:
13799:. Retrieved
13784:
13777:
13765:. Retrieved
13750:
13743:
13731:. Retrieved
13716:
13709:
13684:
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13657:
13650:
13638:. Retrieved
13628:
13621:
13610:, retrieved
13596:
13586:
13574:. Retrieved
13570:
13561:
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13532:
13513:
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13495:
13471:
13464:
13452:. Retrieved
13432:
13420:. Retrieved
13406:
13398:
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13364:
13360:
13354:
13329:
13325:
13319:
13307:. Retrieved
13292:
13285:
13271:
13264:
13255:
13243:. Retrieved
13228:
13206:
13198:
13193:
13185:
13180:
13161:
13156:
13144:. Retrieved
13136:lib.ugent.be
13135:
13126:
13107:
13101:
13089:. Retrieved
13085:
13076:
13068:
13063:
13047:. Abc-Clio.
13043:
13036:
13023:
13015:
13010:
12998:. Retrieved
12983:
12967:
12958:
12945:
12933:
12925:
12920:
12908:. Retrieved
12904:the original
12899:
12890:
12878:. Retrieved
12863:
12856:
12844:. Retrieved
12829:
12822:
12810:. Retrieved
12795:
12788:
12776:. Retrieved
12761:
12754:
12742:. Retrieved
12727:
12720:
12708:. Retrieved
12693:
12686:
12674:. Retrieved
12668:
12661:
12649:. Retrieved
12634:
12627:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12592:
12587:
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12572:
12563:
12557:
12549:
12544:
12533:
12528:
12518:
12512:
12493:
12487:
12482:, pp. 51–52.
12470:
12465:
12438:
12417:. Retrieved
12413:the original
12403:
12392:
12377:
12358:
12339:
12331:
12316:
12308:
12293:
12281:. Retrieved
12261:. Retrieved
12246:
12227:
12221:
12202:
12196:
12184:. Retrieved
12180:the original
12170:
12158:. Retrieved
12154:the original
12144:
12124:
12094:
12087:
12079:
12059:
12051:
12043:
12028:
11990:
11984:
11972:. Retrieved
11952:. Retrieved
11941:
11932:
11920:. Retrieved
11905:
11898:
11886:. Retrieved
11866:. Retrieved
11855:
11847:
11839:
11835:
11823:
11811:. Retrieved
11796:
11789:
11777:. Retrieved
11762:
11755:
11748:Haemers 2014
11743:
11731:. Retrieved
11716:
11710:
11698:. Retrieved
11689:
11656:
11649:
11637:. Retrieved
11622:
11615:
11601:
11594:
11574:
11567:
11541:. Retrieved
11515:
11508:
11500:
11482:
11478:
11470:the original
11454:
11447:
11431:. ABC-CLIO.
11427:
11420:
11400:
11378:
11371:
11352:
11349:Armitage, D.
11343:
11326:
11306:
11299:
11283:. Springer.
11279:
11272:
11262:
11256:
11241:
11233:
11199:
11190:
11181:
11175:
11165:
11150:
11141:
11135:
11127:
11122:
11113:
11072:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
10946:
10925:
10916:
10872:. Retrieved
10867:
10858:
10850:
10830:
10815:
10606:
10591:
10577:Ferdinand IV
10576:
10505:
10490:
10331:
10316:
10301:
10286:
10273:John-Charles
10272:
10218:
10203:
10188:
9983:
9968:
9953:
9939:Ferdinand II
9938:
9923:
9908:
9893:
9878:
9863:
9848:
9833:
9818:
9803:
9788:
9535:
9513:Ferdinand II
9512:
9481:
9442:
9263:
9184:
9183:
8878:
8754:Maximilian I
8753:
8722:
8619:
8604:
8589:
8558:
8426:Frederick IV
8425:
8402:
8387:
8366:
8351:
8188:
8175:Frederick II
8174:
8152:
8121:
8108:
8093:
7814:
7799:
7788:the Friendly
7784:
7769:
7754:
7733:
7718:
7535:
7523:
7501:
7316:
7185:
7021:
7010:
7007:Adrien Brody
6993:
6980:
6959:
6946:
6926:
6917:
6903:
6890:
6887:Ernst Krenek
6859:
6843:
6829:
6819:
6809:Abraham Hans
6800:
6782:
6715:
6698:
6667:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6496:Two Sicilies
6481:
6476:Charles III
6401:28 June 1519
6358:25 July 1554
6177:Charles III
6062:Charles III
5946:Regnal name
5802:, Prince of
5724:Ultra Sicily
5614:
5613:
5610:
5580:
5576:Onate treaty
5568:
5558:
5535:
5531:
5512:
5443:cartographer
5381:
5366:
5345:
5322:
5293:
5272:
5249:
5220:
5195:
5174:
5154:
5149:
5135:
5129:
5122:
5118:
5098:
5084:
5073:
5058:
5038:
5015:
4981:
4957:(1578-02-12)
4933:(1558-10-18)
4909:(1564-07-25)
4907:25 July 1564
4885:(1526-01-19)
4880:18 July 1501
4855:(1558-02-25)
4803:
4791:
4787:Habsburg jaw
4776:
4760:
4759:in his 1726
4718:
4682:
4413:
4162:
4148:
4146:
4142:positive law
4117:Melchor Cano
4083:
4079:missionaries
4044:
4038:conquer the
4032:philosophers
4006:
3997:
3992:
3976:
3970:
3923:. After the
3921:Tenochtitlan
3910:
3883:
3880:
3857:conquistador
3850:
3830:Spanish Main
3815:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3683:
3681:
3677:India rubber
3665:De Orbe Novo
3664:
3660:
3624:
3618:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3554:
3541:
3524:
3518:
3479:
3459:
3451:Anton Fugger
3429:
3418:
3414:
3397:Landsknechte
3394:
3379:
3360:
3328:
3290:
3267:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3164:
3159:The Americas
3115:
3087:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3022:
2986:
2961:
2910:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2832:
2805:
2800:
2780:
2762:
2734:Summons for
2705:
2690:
2675:
2667:Spanish Navy
2661:in 1538 and
2648:
2617:
2551:
2546:
2524:
2494:
2459:
2424:
2418:survives in
2389:
2354:
2326:
2315:
2260:
2253:
2212:. In 1538 a
2203:
2199:Italian Wars
2192:
2157:
2114:
2089:
2063:
2032:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1890:gathered in
1886:
1872:
1870:
1819:
1815:
1776:
1761:
1730:
1682:Landsknechte
1667:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1639:in 1519, as
1634:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1550:
1538:economically
1500:
1470:
1459:
1435:Inheritances
1420:
1402:
1395:
1348:
1336:
1170:
1001:
990:
953:
949:Italian Wars
938:
902:
889:city of the
876:
828:
784:loss of Buda
748:war in Italy
721:
678:
669:
658:Spanish Main
604:
570:kingdoms of
511:
510:
405:
332:(1558-09-21)
233:Maximilian I
216:as Charles I
206:(until 1555)
183:Ferdinand II
163:as Charles I
138:Maximilian I
65:
50:
39:
32:
27692:1558 deaths
27687:1500 births
27384:Alfonso III
27037:Carl Ludwig
26761:Karl Ludwig
26700:Joseph Karl
26548:Leopold VII
26522:Charles III
26292:Ferdinand I
26229:Frederick V
26149:(1458-1461)
26141:(1461-1479)
26133:(1479-1497)
26125:(1498-1500)
26117:(1502-1509)
26101:(1509-1516)
26093:(1504-1516)
26085:(1527-1556)
26077:(1556-1568)
26069:(1571–1578)
26061:(1578-1582)
26053:(1582-1598)
26045:(1605-1621)
26037:(1629–1646)
26029:(1657-1661)
26021:(1661-1665)
26013:(1907–1931)
26005:(1977-2014)
25918:(1977–2014)
25902:(1881–1904)
25854:(1788–1808)
25822:(1661–1665)
25814:(1657–1661)
25806:(1629–1646)
25734:(1498–1500)
25582:(1665–1705)
25574:(1662–1665)
25566:(1632–1662)
25558:(1623–1632)
25550:(1619–1623)
25534:(1595–1619)
25526:(1564–1595)
25518:(1521–1564)
25515:Ferdinand I
25510:(1519–1521)
25502:(1490–1519)
25494:(1439–1490)
25486:(1406–1439)
25478:(1386–1406)
25470:(1365–1386)
25462:(1363–1365)
25437:(1590–1637)
25429:(1564–1590)
25421:(1521–1564)
25418:Ferdinand I
25413:(1519–1521)
25405:(1493–1519)
25397:(1457–1463)
25389:(1424–1493)
25381:(1402–1424)
25373:(1386–1411)
25365:(1386–1406)
25357:(1365–1386)
25332:(1916–1918)
25324:(1848–1916)
25316:(1835–1848)
25313:Ferdinand I
25308:(1792–1835)
25300:(1790–1792)
25297:Leopold VII
25292:(1765–1790)
25284:(1740–1765)
25276:(1740–1780)
25268:(1711–1740)
25265:Charles III
25260:(1705–1711)
25244:(1662–1665)
25236:(1632–1662)
25228:(1623–1632)
25220:(1637–1657)
25196:(1608–1619)
25188:(1576–1608)
25180:(1564–1576)
25172:(1521–1564)
25169:Ferdinand I
25164:(1519–1521)
25156:(1493–1519)
25148:(1457–1493)
25140:(1440–1457)
25132:(1404–1439)
25124:(1395-1404)
25116:(1365-1395)
25108:(1365-1379)
25100:(1358–1365)
25092:(1339–1344)
25084:(1339–1344)
25078:(1330–1339)
25070:(1330–1358)
25062:(1308–1326)
25054:(1308–1330)
25046:(1298–1307)
25038:(1282–1283)
25030:(1282–1308)
25022:(1278–1282)
24962:Interregnum
24952:(1230–1246)
24944:(1198–1230)
24936:(1195–1198)
24928:(1177–1194)
24920:(1141–1177)
24912:(1137–1141)
24904:(1095–1136)
24896:(1075–1095)
24888:(1055–1075)
24880:(1018–1055)
24790:(1964–2000)
24784:(1919–1964)
24778:(1912–1919)
24772:(1905–1912)
24766:(1890–1905)
24736:(1849–1890)
24734:William III
24730:(1840–1849)
24724:(1815–1840)
24715:(1815–1890)
24676:(1792–1794)
24668:(1790–1792)
24660:(1780–1790)
24650:(1780–1794)
24637:(1740–1780)
24629:(1713–1740)
24619:(1713–1780)
24606:(1712–1713)
24596:(1712–1713)
24583:(1700–1712)
24573:(1700–1712)
24560:(1665–1700)
24552:(1621–1665)
24544:(1598–1621)
24537:(1598–1621)
24529:(1556–1598)
24521:(1506–1556)
24518:Charles III
24513:(1482–1506)
24503:(1482–1700)
24490:(1477–1482)
24481:(1477–1482)
24473:(1467–1477)
24465:(1443–1467)
24455:(1443–1482)
24433:(1418–1425)
24403:(1388–1411)
24395:(1383–1388)
24387:(1354–1383)
24377:(1354–1443)
24363:(1354–1794)
24338:(1353–1354)
24330:(1346–1353)
24322:(1313–1346)
24314:(1288–1313)
24306:(1281–1288)
24298:(1247–1281)
24288:(1247–1354)
24275:(1214–1226)
24243:(1197–1247)
24230:(1196–1197)
24220:(1196–1197)
24207:(1136–1189)
24197:(1136–1189)
24175:(1131–1136)
24167:(1096–1131)
24159:(1086–1096)
24151:(1059–1086)
24143:(1047–1059)
24135:(1026–1047)
24009:Charles III
23964:Ferdinand I
23884:Frederick I
23874:Constance I
23869:William III
23837:(1130–1816)
23808:(1071–1130)
23746:(3rd reign)
23727:(2nd reign)
23711:(1st reign)
23701:Charles VII
23628:Ferdinand I
23607:(2nd reign)
23594:(1st reign)
23586:Charles III
23505:(1530–1556)
23497:(1452–1493)
23489:(1431–1437)
23481:(1355–1378)
23479:Charles IV
23473:(1327–1347)
23465:(1311–1313)
23457:(1212–1250)
23449:(1209–1212)
23441:(1186–1197)
23433:(1154–1186)
23425:(1138–1152)
23423:Conrad III
23417:(1125–1137)
23409:(1106–1125)
23401:(1093–1101)
23393:(1056–1105)
23385:(1039–1056)
23377:(1026–1039)
23369:(1004–1024)
23361:(1002–1014)
23284:Lothair II
23218:Berengar I
23213:Unruochings
23159:Charles II
23098:Desiderius
23074:Hildeprand
23050:Aripert II
22905:Interregnum
22707:(1871–1918)
22688:(1867–1871)
22669:(1850–1866)
22647:(1848/1849)
22635:Ferdinand I
22623:(1815–1848)
22604:(1806–1813)
22572:Charles VII
22522:Ferdinand I
22404:Henry (VII)
22379:Frederick I
22020:Philippines
21985:El Salvador
21605:Capo d'Orso
21489:St. Quentin
21464:Rome (1527)
21123:Strategists
20873:Guadalajara
20800:New Navarre
20795:New Castile
20780:La Luisiana
20732:Puerto Rico
20722:Philippines
20679:New Granada
20369:Philippines
20330:(Uruguay),
20326:(Bolivia),
20276:New Granada
20216:Puerto Rico
20162: [
20032:Territories
19852:Encomiendas
19720:Charles VII
19637:Ferdinand I
19457:Charles III
19376:Theobald II
19173:Ferdinand V
19077:Alfonso VII
19044:Ferdinand I
19017:Bermudo III
18947:Alfonso III
18858:Ferdinand V
18764:Prince John
18725:Alfonso VII
18674:Bermudo III
18410:Ferdinand V
18313:Alfonso VII
18271:Ferdinand I
18191:Charles III
18128:Ferdinand I
18085:Alfonso III
17936:Alfonso XII
17926:Isabella II
17906:Charles III
17812:Ferdinand V
17699:Charles VII
17654:Ferdinand I
17599:Frederick I
17594:Lothair III
17524:Charles III
17499:Charlemagne
17438:Philip (II)
17392:(1521–1530)
17382:(1516–1530)
17364:Ferdinand I
17328:Ferdinand I
17263:(1516–1555)
17239:Ferdinand V
17226:(1516–1555)
17205:(1516–1555)
17155:(1516–1554)
16929:(in German)
16909:(in German)
16892:(in German)
16871:(in German)
16854:(in German)
16837:(in German)
16820:(in German)
16803:(in German)
16782:(in French)
16609:23 February
16550:20 November
16241:30 December
16186:: 117–140.
16128:Overzichten
16107:10 February
16052:10 February
15997:Setton 1978
14929:11 December
14877:22 February
14846:22 February
14803:5 September
14742:5 September
14708:5 September
14674:5 September
14496:16 December
14374:5 September
14340:5 September
14306:5 September
14272:5 September
14238:5 September
14204:5 September
14170:5 September
14136:5 September
14102:5 September
14065:5 September
14031:5 September
13967:5 September
13933:5 September
13899:5 September
13865:5 September
13835:5 September
13801:5 September
13767:5 September
13733:5 September
13640:5 September
13309:23 February
13245:23 February
12910:16 December
12880:5 September
12846:5 September
12778:5 September
12613:(1): 1–27.
11829:Martyn Rady
11639:10 November
11487:Karl Brandi
9264:Ferdinand I
8378: 1370
8153:Leopold III
7826: 1290
7745: 1289
7328: 1218
7197: 1188
6914:Victor Hugo
6910:Charlemagne
6812: [
6789:Inquisition
6672:europeanism
6652:Emanuel Max
6453:Charles II
6361:Charles IV
6246:Charles II
6223:Charles II
6200:Charles II
6154:Charles II
6131:Charles II
6108:Charles II
6085:Charles II
6039:Charles II
6016:Charles II
5993:Charles II
5970:Charles II
5792:Württemberg
5581:As part of
5523:was crowned
5431: 1562
5361:Stillborn.
5288:Stillborn.
4999:El Escorial
4810:sedan chair
4138:eternal Law
4134:Ius gentium
4119:, and also
4105:Theologians
4101:natural law
3917:Mexico City
3898:Augustinian
3868:Christendom
3790:rustication
3774:Plateresque
3751:Renaissance
3530: [
3500:and Spain.
3425:condottieri
3382:Helmschmied
3315:Landsknecht
3297:Tlaxcallans
3123:El Escorial
3102:Extremadura
2820:Lutheranism
2765:Reformation
2564:, where he
2474:Florentines
2318:Reformation
2240:, the main
2214:Holy League
2149:Switzerland
2024:Hondarribia
1970:Quinto Real
1605:Tordesillas
1586:jure matris
1485:Netherlands
1424:Tordesillas
947:during the
847:Extremadura
689:Reformation
674:Charlemagne
654:West Indies
534:as titular
356:El Escorial
279:Predecessor
243:Ferdinand I
229:Predecessor
179:Predecessor
159:jure matris
148:Ferdinand I
134:Predecessor
27676:Categories
27420:Alfonso IV
27294:Alfonso II
27013:Descent of
26981:of Hungary
26917:Maximilian
26665:Franz Karl
26634:Maximilian
26491:Leopold VI
26384:Wenceslaus
26379:Albert VII
26323:Charles II
25579:Leopold VI
25539:Albert VII
25426:Charles II
25305:Francis II
25249:Leopold VI
25201:Albert VII
25089:Leopold II
24872:(994–1018)
24770:William IV
24728:William II
24557:Charles IV
24526:Philip III
24470:Charles II
24127:(998–1026)
24109:(963–1136)
24095:(963–1354)
24080:Luxembourg
24024:Charles IV
24004:Philip III
23989:Charles II
23854:William II
23695:Charles VI
23683:Philip III
23665:Charles IV
23659:Joanna III
23633:Alfonso II
23565:Charles II
23503:Charles V
23487:Sigismund
23463:Henry VII
23399:Conrad II
23383:Henry III
23375:Conrad II
23353:(996–1002)
23328:(962–1556)
23143:Lothair I
23066:Liutprand
23042:Raginpert
23002:Perctarit
22978:Perctarit
22962:Aripert I
22827:Theodahad
22819:Athalaric
22811:Theodoric
22803:Ostrogoths
22724:William II
22611:Napoleon I
22592:Francis II
22587:Leopold II
22567:Charles VI
22480:Wenceslaus
22468:Charles IV
22374:Henry (VI)
22369:Conrad III
22298:(962–1806)
22293:within the
22203:during the
21690:Somosierra
21680:Manila Bay
21554:Nördlingen
21494:Gravelines
20974:Columnario
20946:Currencies
20863:Concepción
20835:Audiencias
20810:New Toledo
20775:La Florida
20608:Corregidor
20572:Papal bull
20477:Antarctica
20385:Micronesia
19842:Golden Age
19730:Isabella I
19715:Charles VI
19700:Philip VII
19661:Charles IV
19493:Blanche II
19486:Charles IV
19452:Charles II
19447:Philip III
19371:Theobald I
19353:Sancho VII
19313:Sancho III
19169:Isabella I
19121:Alfonso XI
19087:Alfonso IX
19054:Alfonso VI
19007:Bermudo II
19002:Ramiro III
18982:Ordoño III
18972:Alfonso IV
18854:Isabella I
18774:Alfonso XI
18735:Alfonso IX
18702:Alfonso VI
18664:Bermudo II
18592:Theodemund
18582:Hermeneric
18457:Charles II
18447:Philip III
18406:Isabella I
18358:Alfonso XI
18333:Berengaria
18318:Sancho III
18281:Alfonso VI
18186:Charles II
18181:Philip III
18095:Alfonso IV
18065:Alfonso II
18038:Petronilla
17911:Charles IV
17878:Real union
17868:Charles II
17858:Philip III
17808:Isabella I
17719:Francis II
17714:Leopold II
17694:Charles VI
17664:Rudolph II
17629:Charles IV
17519:Charles II
17427:1504–1516
17378:Joanna III
17356:1530–1556
17341:1519–1556
17322:1519–1521
17287:1543–1555
17188:Roussillon
17151:Joanna III
17119:1506–1555
17084:Luxembourg
16926:3763011781
16906:3442755115
16889:3170156950
16868:3700130546
16851:3534048202
16834:3406453597
16817:3933463068
16603:1563380609
16539:1417971096
16347:14 October
16307:8 February
16271:8 February
16261:ScreenRant
16158:3702301135
16067:Boone 2021
15670:Kamen 1997
15223:Wikisource
14956:Parker, ''
14918:1152295705
14462:7 February
13997:5 February
13386:Kamen 1997
13211:Tracy 2002
13117:0826514707
13054:1576077330
12976:9004043152
12744:9 December
12710:9 December
12676:9 December
12651:9 December
12237:8488480199
12186:7 November
12160:7 November
12135:0582784646
11068:Setton, K.
11044:References
11034:Charles II
10933:ruled the
10874:28 October
10831:Charles VI
10610:of Austria
10506:Charles II
10305:of Austria
10276:of Austria
10222:of Austria
10207:of Austria
9987:of Austria
9957:of Austria
9894:Wenceslaus
9879:Albert VII
9837:of Austria
9804:Philip III
9536:Charles II
8882:of Castile
8562:of Germany
8388:Leopold IV
8189:Leopold II
8122:Albert III
7828:–1312/1313
7722:of Bohemia
7505:of Germany
7320:of Germany
6982:The Tudors
6826:Lord Byron
6803:(1979) by
6793:Oudenaarde
6766:Literature
6530:Plus Ultra
6430:Charles V
6407:Charles V
6384:Charles I
6338:Charles I
6292:Charles I
6269:Charles I
5898:, Lord of
5868:Roussillon
5784:Gelderland
5780:Luxembourg
5604:since the
5519:Pope Leo X
5026:Henry VIII
4793:have been
4753:Portuguese
4154:papal bull
4029:scholastic
3890:Franciscan
3536:(from the
3508:See also:
3423:. Italian
3313:See also:
2867:standstill
2712:chronicler
2614:in Seville
2435:Pope Leo X
2404:Henry VIII
2263:Maximilian
1962:Valladolid
1936:Pope Leo X
1885:Aragonese
1658:A.E.I.O.U.
1610:Plus Ultra
1542:culturally
1489:Luxembourg
879:Prinsenhof
863:Prinsenhof
764:coronation
732:Pope Leo X
199:Co-monarch
101:Coronation
27570:Alfonso V
27358:Peter III
27277:Ramiro II
27272:Alfonso I
27067:Palatines
27015:Charles I
26979:Palatines
26960:Karl Pius
26935:Gottfried
26791:Friedrich
26715:Sigismund
26553:Ferdinand
26538:Joseph II
26430:Ferdinand
26399:Leopold V
26287:Charles I
26239:Sigismund
26234:Albert VI
26082:Philip II
26042:Philip IV
25910:(1907–38)
25894:(1875–80)
25886:(1871–73)
25878:(1857–68)
25870:(1851–57)
25862:(1830–33)
25851:Ferdinand
25846:(1759–88)
25838:(1724–46)
25835:Ferdinand
25830:(1709–24)
25798:(1605–21)
25790:(1582–98)
25782:(1578–82)
25774:(1571–78)
25771:Ferdinand
25766:(1556–68)
25758:(1527–56)
25750:(1504–16)
25742:(1502–04)
25726:(1497–98)
25718:(1478–97)
25710:(1470–78)
25702:(1468–70)
25694:(1464–68)
25686:(1462–64)
25678:(1425–54)
25670:(1424–25)
25662:(1423–24)
25659:Catherine
25654:(1405–06)
25646:(1402–05)
25638:(1388–90)
25555:Leopold V
25507:Charles I
25410:Charles I
25329:Charles I
25289:Joseph II
25225:Leopold V
25161:Charles I
24864:(976–994)
24782:Charlotte
24722:William I
24626:Charles V
24549:Philip IV
24510:Philip II
24408:Elisabeth
24327:Charles I
24311:Henry VII
24250:Ermesinde
24172:Conrad II
24164:William I
24156:Henry III
24140:Giselbert
24119:(963–998)
24116:Siegfried
24029:Charles V
24014:Philip IV
23999:Philip II
23969:Alfonso I
23959:Martin II
23909:Charles I
23899:Conrad II
23864:Roger III
23849:William I
23737:Joachim I
23689:Charles V
23677:Philip II
23648:Louis III
23643:Frederick
23622:Alfonso I
23612:Joanna II
23604:Ladislaus
23591:Ladislaus
23559:Charles I
23471:Louis IV
23439:Henry VI
23391:Henry IV
23367:Henry II
23359:Arduin I
23351:Otto III
23345:(980–983)
23337:(962–973)
23308:(950–963)
23306:Adalbert
23300:(950–963)
23293:Anscarids
23286:(945–950)
23278:(926–947)
23270:(900–905)
23268:Louis II
23256:(922–933)
23242:(891–897)
23234:(889–894)
23227:Guideschi
23220:(887–924)
23185:(896–899)
23177:(879–887)
23169:(877–879)
23167:Carloman
23161:(875–877)
23153:(855–875)
23145:(818–855)
23137:(810–818)
23129:(781–810)
23121:(774–814)
23100:(756–774)
23092:(749–756)
23084:(744–749)
23068:(712–744)
23058:Ansprand
23052:(702–712)
23036:(700–702)
23034:Liutpert
23028:(689–700)
23026:Cunipert
23012:(688–689)
23010:Cunipert
23004:(671–688)
22994:Garibald
22988:(662–671)
22986:Grimoald
22980:(661–662)
22972:(661–662)
22970:Godepert
22964:(653–661)
22956:(652–653)
22948:(636-652)
22940:(626–636)
22932:(616–626)
22930:Adaloald
22924:(590–616)
22916:(584–590)
22908:(574–584)
22898:(572–574)
22890:(568–572)
22869:(552–553)
22861:(541–552)
22845:(540–541)
22837:(536–540)
22829:(534–536)
22821:(526–534)
22813:(493–526)
22783:(476–493)
22714:William I
22695:William I
22630:Francis I
22582:Joseph II
22577:Francis I
22557:Leopold I
22532:Rudolf II
22517:Charles V
22502:Albert II
22497:Sigismund
22453:Henry VII
22409:Conrad IV
22330:Henry III
22325:Conrad II
22257:(919–962)
22252:(911–919)
22208:(843–911)
21995:Nicaragua
21973:Guatemala
21883:Pichincha
21868:Chacabuco
21807:Pensacola
21752:Mataquito
21732:Cajamarca
21713:New World
21685:Trafalgar
21589:Alhucemas
21469:Landriano
21454:Comuneros
21440:Old World
21384:Joan Orpí
21104:Royalists
20878:Guatemala
20805:New Spain
20742:Venezuela
20717:Guatemala
20674:New Spain
20669:Columbian
20562:Exequatur
20462:Cape Juby
20316:Argentina
20139:New Spain
20073:Gibraltar
19837:Habsburgs
19681:Charles V
19676:Philip VI
19666:Philip IV
19618:Charles V
19598:Louis III
19588:Henry III
19522:Catherine
19462:Blanche I
19424:Charles I
19419:Philip II
19348:Sancho VI
19338:Alfonso I
19323:Sancho IV
19303:Sancho II
19200:Charles I
19154:Henry III
19111:Sancho IV
19106:Alfonso X
19049:Sancho II
19012:Alfonso V
18992:Ordoño IV
18977:Ramiro II
18962:Fruela II
18957:Ordoño II
18885:Charles I
18839:Henry III
18759:Sancho IV
18754:Alfonso X
18697:Sancho II
18692:García II
18669:Alfonso V
18654:Ordoño II
18607:Theodemar
18577:Remismund
18567:Richimund
18452:Philip IV
18442:Philip II
18437:Charles I
18391:Henry III
18348:Sancho IV
18343:Alfonso X
18276:Sancho II
18209:Philip IV
18176:Philip II
18166:Charles I
18133:Alfonso V
18080:Peter III
18033:Ramiro II
18028:Alfonso I
17951:Felipe VI
17863:Philip IV
17853:Philip II
17848:Charles I
17709:Joseph II
17704:Francis I
17684:Leopold I
17649:Charles V
17634:Sigismund
17619:Henry VII
17579:Henry III
17574:Conrad II
17544:Louis III
17509:Lothair I
17310:Carinthia
17254:1516–1556
17217:1516–1556
17196:1516–1556
17146:1516–1554
17125:Philip II
16326:761003148
16231:VisitGent
15804:, 545–546
15637:Kamen, H.
15440:Charles V
15016:21 August
14793:245485372
14785:0255-0636
14642:247214976
14586:242643244
14578:0027-2841
13701:227060405
13477:Routledge
13401:, 490–494
13146:25 August
12978:. p. 142.
12812:30 August
12582:. p. 311.
12346:, p. 138
12283:23 August
12263:23 August
12029:Charles V
11974:23 August
11954:23 August
11922:7 January
11888:23 August
11868:23 August
11813:7 January
11779:7 January
11733:7 January
11700:7 January
11553:cite book
11543:7 January
11382:. London.
11145:. p. 212.
11096:0065-9738
11049:Citations
11030:Charles I
11026:Charles V
11012:Carolus V
10838:1685–1740
10823:1678–1711
10614:1649–1664
10599:1640–1705
10592:Leopold I
10584:1633–1654
10513:1661–1700
10498:1629–1646
10339:1630–1665
10324:1628–1662
10309:1614–1662
10294:1608–1657
10279:1605–1619
10226:1609–1641
10219:Ferdinand
10211:1607–1632
10196:1605–1665
10189:Philip IV
9991:1590–1624
9976:1586–1632
9969:Leopold V
9961:1583–1616
9946:1578–1637
9931:1560–1618
9916:1558–1600
9901:1561–1578
9886:1559–1621
9871:1558–1618
9856:1557–1619
9841:1553–1595
9826:1552–1612
9819:Rudolf II
9811:1578–1621
9796:1545–1568
9543:1540–1590
9520:1529–1595
9489:1527–1576
9450:1527–1598
9443:Philip II
9271:1503–1564
9192:1500–1558
9185:Charles V
8886:1478–1506
8761:1459–1519
8730:1440–1457
8723:Ladislaus
8627:1427–1496
8620:Sigismund
8612:1418–1463
8605:Albert VI
8597:1415–1493
8566:1397–1439
8559:Albert II
8433:1382–1439
8410:1377–1424
8395:1371–1411
8359:1377–1404
8352:Albert IV
8196:1328–1344
8181:1327–1344
8160:1351–1386
8129:1349–1395
8114:1347–1362
8101:1339–1365
8094:Rudolf IV
7818:Parricida
7807:1301–1339
7792:1299–1327
7777:1298–1358
7770:Albert II
7762:1290–1326
7755:Leopold I
7734:Frederick
7726:1281–1307
7543:1270–1290
7536:Rudolf II
7528:1263–1281
7509:1255–1308
6933:Philip II
6928:Don Carlo
6902:'s opera
6889:'s opera
5908:Pordenone
5832:Barcelona
5812:Catalonia
5796:Landgrave
5788:Neopatria
5768:Carinthia
5744:Ocean Sea
5712:Gibraltar
5708:Algeciras
5615:Charles,
5578:of 1617.
5540:, at the
5453:, son of
5250:Ferdinand
5137:La Gloria
5081:Catherine
5034:Louis XII
4948:Catherine
4900:Ferdinand
4779:lower jaw
4715:Languages
4679:Education
4177:Ancestors
4098:Thomistic
4090:New World
4014:moral law
3894:Dominican
3885:audiencia
3846:New World
3782:Mannerism
3726:during a
3692:New World
3645:historian
3579:in 1505.
3550:Innsbruck
3363:Nuremberg
3280:when the
3207:Ferdinand
3127:Philip IV
3084:, Cáceres
2913:Innsbruck
2862:Nuremberg
2570:Philip II
2554:final war
2549:in 1544.
2497:third war
2482:annulling
2439:Venetians
2427:first war
2408:Henry VII
2369:Francis I
2252:from the
2224:in 1571.
2158:Imperial-
2155:in 1515.
2039:Philip II
1990:had been
1966:Castilian
1945:Cardinal
1916:Catalonia
1791:Groningen
1411:Ferdinand
933:from the
839:Ferdinand
701:New Spain
695:, and in
670:Charles V
613:, son of
512:Charles V
498:Signature
289:Successor
239:Successor
193:Philip II
189:Successor
144:Successor
45:Charles V
27461:Peter IV
27389:James II
27321:Peter II
27251:Sancho I
26926:Habsburg
26882:Leo Karl
26675:Albrecht
26512:Joseph I
26369:Matthias
26359:Rudolf V
25926:(2014– )
25899:Mercedes
25891:Isabella
25867:Isabella
25859:Isabella
25723:Isabella
25707:Isabella
25699:Isabella
25531:Matthias
25257:Joseph I
25193:Matthias
25185:Rudolf V
25129:Albert V
25027:Albert I
25019:Rudolf I
24580:Philip V
24462:Philip I
24424:and then
24303:Henry VI
24266:and then
24261:Theobald
24204:Henry IV
24148:Conrad I
24132:Henry II
24076:Monarchs
23994:Philip I
23954:Martin I
23934:Peter II
23894:Conrad I
23889:Henry II
23844:Roger II
23825:Roger II
23732:Joseph I
23671:Philip I
23599:Louis II
23575:Joanna I
23447:Otto IV
23407:Henry V
23343:Otto II
23263:Bosonids
23254:Rudolph
23240:Lambert
23151:Louis I
23135:Bernard
23090:Aistulf
23082:Ratchis
22954:Rodoald
22946:Rothari
22938:Arioald
22922:Agilulf
22914:Authari
22880:Lombards
22843:Ildibad
22835:Vitiges
22781:Odoacer
22562:Joseph I
22537:Matthias
22458:Louis IV
22448:Albert I
22438:Rudolf I
22384:Henry VI
22335:Henry IV
22320:Henry II
22315:Otto III
22264:Conrad I
22220:Carloman
22005:Colombia
21990:Honduras
21903:Asomante
21888:Ayacucho
21878:Carabobo
21853:Curalaba
21630:Ceresole
21524:Gembloux
21484:Mühlberg
21199:Mariners
21057:Military
20979:Doubloon
20964:Maravedí
20908:Santiago
20815:Paraguay
20541:Germania
20381:Caroline
20336:Malvinas
20320:Paraguay
20280:Colombia
20222:Trinidad
20089:Sardinia
19929:Bourbons
19705:Louis II
19671:Philip V
19642:Joan III
19613:Louis VI
19603:Louis IV
19593:Louis II
19564:Joan III
19559:Henry II
19540:John III
19404:Philip I
19328:Sancho V
19288:Sancho I
19242:Monarchs
19182:Philip I
19164:Henry IV
19144:Henry II
18997:Sancho I
18987:Sancho I
18952:García I
18927:Monarchs
18867:Philip I
18849:Henry IV
18829:Henry II
18659:Sancho I
18597:Chararic
18587:Veremund
18537:Hermeric
18517:Monarchs
18475:Philip V
18419:Philip I
18401:Henry IV
18381:Henry II
18251:Monarchs
18171:Philip I
18100:Peter IV
18090:James II
18070:Peter II
18013:Ramiro I
17993:Monarchs
17896:Philip V
17886:Philip V
17821:Philip I
17737:Category
17689:Joseph I
17669:Matthias
17624:Louis IV
17604:Henry VI
17584:Henry IV
17569:Henry II
17564:Otto III
17549:Berengar
17514:Louis II
17399:Henry II
17388:Henry II
17314:Carniola
17235:Joanna I
17192:Cerdagne
17175:Sardinia
17171:Valencia
17098:Flanders
17065:Philip I
16945:(1911).
16795:Archived
16590:(1993).
16544:Archived
16526:(1891).
16496:20477694
16389:(1978).
16341:Archived
16301:Archived
16265:Archived
16235:Archived
16194:20 March
16188:Archived
16160:, p. 30.
16101:Archived
15871:Thomas,
15851:Archived
15816:Thomas,
15800:Parker,
15787:Parker,
15774:Thomas,
15751:Archived
15721:Archived
15691:Archived
15639:(1997).
15620:Archived
15607:, 84, 88
15603:Thomas,
15583:Archived
15544:Archived
15524:Parker,
15509:Archived
15502:Heredity
15455:, p. 377
15451:Parker,
15411:Thomas,
15398:Thomas,
15385:Thomas,
15301:(1911).
15081:13 April
15077:: 95–104
15010:Archived
14943:Parker,
14923:Archived
14840:Archived
14797:Archived
14590:Archived
14541:7 August
14532:Archived
14422:Archived
13991:Archived
13859:Archived
13634:Archived
13445:Archived
13416:Archived
13397:Parker,
13373:18412053
13346:16885558
13169:Archived
13140:Archived
13091:18 April
12994:Archived
12476:Archived
12455:Archived
12444:Archived
12367:Archived
12348:Archived
12334:, p. 299
12324:Archived
12311:, p. 137
12301:Archived
12277:Archived
12257:Archived
12098:. CABI.
12046:, Whaley
11968:Archived
11948:Archived
11882:Archived
11862:Archived
11694:Archived
11534:Archived
11351:(2000).
11219:Archived
11197:(1856).
11185:. p. 92.
11158:Archived
11070:(1984).
11003:Carles V
10967:Carlos V
10891:See also
10816:Joseph I
10509:of Spain
10192:of Spain
9849:Matthias
9807:of Spain
9446:of Spain
9166:HRE line
9162:Austrian
8879:Philip I
7737:the Fair
7719:Rudolf I
7524:Hartmann
7502:Albert I
7317:Rudolf I
6807:, while
6735:and the
6516:Flanders
5958:Titular
5928:Mechelen
5892:Oristano
5884:Margrave
5872:Cerdagne
5856:Ferrette
5820:Habsburg
5772:Carniola
5760:Lorraine
5728:Sardinia
5704:Algarves
5676:Valencia
5656:Dalmatia
5570:suo jure
5187:Lifespan
5184:Portrait
5105:Alhambra
4973:Marriage
4876:Isabella
4816:Siblings
4795:epilepsy
4165:Antilles
4073:and the
4059:prelates
4022:Catholic
3977:comunero
3941:New Laws
3838:Portugal
3810:New Laws
3800:Americas
3762:Alhambra
3743:and the
3700:invested
3684:cronista
3673:European
3490:Augsburg
3468:and the
3367:Augsburg
3293:Tlaxcala
3276:and the
3261:—
3167:deputies
3058:suo jure
2997:Brussels
2812:Wartburg
2562:Lorraine
2558:Henry II
2447:Burgundy
2271:electors
2238:Augsburg
2176:Lombardy
2127:and the
2016:Henry II
1981:Catalan
1932:Sardinia
1920:Valencia
1892:Zaragoza
1867:in 1526.
1822:rebelled
1795:Guelders
1766:(led by
1745:Flanders
1725:Brussels
1721:Brussels
1678:Ottomans
1645:election
1624:and the
1581:Sardinia
1567:and the
1546:Brussels
1517:Isabella
1505:Mechelen
1493:Burgundy
1398:Mechelen
1016:archduke
960:Austrian
853:Ancestry
814:offered
790:and the
722:Crowned
664:and was
656:and the
607:Flanders
580:Sardinia
488:Religion
462:Habsburg
313:Flanders
203:Joanna I
27575:John II
27342:James I
27267:Peter I
27141:Charles
27094:Charles
27058:Dominic
27051:Tuscany
26928:Tuscany
26887:Wilhelm
26695:Stephen
26584:Charles
26425:Charles
25907:Alfonso
25875:Alfonso
25843:Charles
25819:Charles
25763:Charles
25747:Charles
25731:Michael
25691:Alfonso
25667:Eleanor
25011:Austria
24764:Adolphe
24673:Francis
24665:Leopold
24634:Mary II
24430:John II
24419:Anthony
24295:Henry V
24272:Waleran
24124:Henry I
23924:James I
23919:Peter I
23904:Manfred
23879:Henry I
23859:Tancred
23815:Roger I
23581:Louis I
23335:Otto I
23321:within
23191:Ratold
23183:Arnulf
23018:Alahis
22888:Alboin
22859:Totila
22851:Eraric
22474:Günther
22432:Alfonso
22426:Richard
22421:William
22394:Otto IV
22359:Henry V
22348:Hermann
22310:Otto II
22269:Henry I
22137:Asiento
22108:Mustang
21968:Yucatán
21963:Chiapas
21843:Tucapel
21675:Passaro
21625:Algiers
21615:Preveza
21584:Tetouan
21579:Vitoria
21569:Bitonto
21509:Antwerp
21504:Lepanto
21459:Bicocca
20935:Economy
20858:Charcas
20853:Caracas
20747:Yucatán
20618:Regidor
20603:Alcalde
20531:Cabildo
20438:Tripoli
20377:Mariana
20324:Charcas
20300:(Peru,
20284:Ecuador
20247:Bonaire
20242:Curazao
20227:Jamaica
20155:Florida
19748:. Also
19744:. Also
19608:Louis V
19583:Antoine
19499:Eleanor
19480:John II
19429:Joan II
19409:Louis I
19381:Henry I
19333:Peter I
19246:Navarre
19159:John II
18844:John II
18627:Malaric
18602:Ariamir
18557:Maldras
18547:Rechiar
18542:Rechila
18521:Galicia
18396:John II
18328:Henry I
18255:Castile
18138:John II
18075:James I
18023:Peter I
17891:Louis I
17609:Otto IV
17589:Henry V
17559:Otto II
17534:Lambert
17504:Louis I
17167:Majorca
17110:Zeeland
17106:Holland
17102:Hainaut
17080:Lothier
17076:Limburg
16955:(ed.).
16898:Karl V.
16711:(1769).
16654:(1925)
16576:(2018)
16468:(1939)
16427:English
16138:20 July
15886:Emperor
15875:, 37–38
15802:Emperor
15789:Emperor
15757:10 June
15727:10 June
15697:28 July
15589:11 June
15526:Emperor
15477:24 July
15402:, 26–27
15311:(ed.).
15278:(ed.).
14895:, p. 87
13454:10 June
13422:19 July
13399:Emperor
12452:page 64
12273:"XXIII"
11964:"XXIII"
11878:"XXIII"
11203:p. 321.
10999:Catalan
10994:Karel V
10985:Carlo V
10981:Italian
10963:Spanish
10958:Karl V.
10204:Charles
9984:Charles
9924:Charles
9083:Iberian
9079:Spanish
8367:William
7011:Emperor
6992:series
6919:Hernani
6830:Ode to
6797:Berchem
6690:, Spain
6688:Granada
6584:Infante
6544:Navarre
6512:Brabant
6504:Austria
6500:Granada
6484:Castile
5924:Tripoli
5896:Gociano
5880:Zutphen
5876:Drenthe
5852:Seeland
5848:Holland
5844:Hainaut
5828:Gorizia
5808:Asturia
5776:Limburg
5756:Brabant
5732:Corsica
5692:Cordova
5688:Sevilla
5684:Majorca
5680:Galicia
5668:Grenada
5664:Navarra
5660:Croatia
5652:Hungary
5640:Castile
5625:forever
5554:Bohemia
5550:Croatia
5546:Hungary
5109:Granada
5054:Eleanor
4846:Eleanor
4065:of the
4063:knights
4055:Estates
4036:legally
4025:jurists
3862:and by
3753:ruler.
3712:Jamaica
3661:Decades
3649:Central
3625:contino
3561:Granada
3498:Antwerp
3486:Welsers
3482:Fuggers
3462:Castile
3442:Finance
3436:tercios
3390:muskets
3386:Negroli
3375:Brescia
3354:at the
3219:in 1531
3118:codicil
3111:malaria
2933:Villach
2923:began.
2899:at the
2839:Ottoman
2775:to the
2659:Preveza
2630:at the
2628:Hungary
2507:in the
2455:Navarre
2410:to the
2396:England
2350:Hungary
2346:Croatia
2342:Bohemia
2307:Bologna
2289:in the
2250:woodcut
2151:at the
2105:crowned
2101:Bologna
2028:Cambrai
1912:Majorca
1861:Granada
1845:Castile
1787:Utrecht
1779:Tournai
1600:tercios
1557:Castile
1513:Eleanor
1481:Belgium
1361:by the
993:Castile
982:Hungary
978:Bohemia
887:Flemish
788:Hungary
666:elected
639:Castile
594:of the
548:Germany
407:more...
394:
378:
374:
358:, Spain
110:Germany
82:more...
35:(opera)
33:Karl V.
27554:Martin
27507:Martin
27502:John I
27368:Sancho
27292:Ramon/
27153:Amedeo
27121:Simeon
27111:Lorenz
27074:Eduard
27042:Rudolf
27027:Robert
26940:Rainer
26710:Ernest
26594:Joseph
26435:Alonso
26364:Ernest
26157:(1416)
26109:(1509)
25923:Leonor
25915:Felipe
25795:Philip
25787:Philip
25755:Philip
25739:Joanna
25683:Joanna
25542:(1619)
25204:(1619)
24657:Joseph
24541:Albert
24478:Mary I
24319:John I
23984:Joanna
23756:*Also
23617:René I
23570:Robert
23127:Pepin
22896:Cleph
22485:Rupert
22389:Philip
22341:Rudolf
22305:Otto I
22281:Otto I
22275:Arnulf
22235:Arnulf
22115:Castas
21873:Boyacá
21848:Guiana
21838:Iguape
21762:Recife
21700:Mactan
21695:Annual
21660:Rocroi
21655:Leiden
21640:Djerba
21574:Bailén
21529:Ostend
21514:Azores
21109:Legión
21074:Tercio
21067:Armies
20969:Escudo
20898:Panamá
20893:Mexico
20888:Manila
20843:Bogotá
20628:Vecino
20623:Syndic
20454:Béjaïa
20414:Africa
20400:Tidore
20288:Panama
20252:Belize
20159:Mexico
20085:Sicily
20081:Naples
20043:Europe
19414:John I
19386:Joan I
19180:&
19178:Joanna
19171:&
19149:John I
19094:&
19092:Sancha
19059:Urraca
18865:&
18863:Joanna
18856:&
18834:John I
18742:&
18740:Sancha
18707:Urraca
18622:Audeca
18617:Eboric
18572:Frumar
18562:Framta
18552:Aioulf
18417:&
18415:Joanna
18408:&
18386:John I
18286:Urraca
18148:Joanna
18110:Martin
18105:John I
18018:Sancho
17997:Aragon
17931:Amadeo
17916:Joseph
17819:&
17817:Joanna
17810:&
17554:Otto I
17539:Arnulf
17431:Vacant
17416:Joanna
17259:Joanna
17237:&
17222:Joanna
17201:Joanna
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