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The
Planner language was developed during the late 1960s as part of Hewitt's doctoral research in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge", which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding
472:
of computation spanned over 30 years, beginning with the introduction of the model in a 1973 paper authored by Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and
Richard Steiger, and including new results on actor model semantics published as recently as 2006. Much of this work was carried out in collaboration with students
434:
program, Charniak's natural language story understanding work, and L. Thorne McCarty's work on legal reasoning. Planner was almost completely implemented in Popler by Julian Davies at
Edinburgh. Planner also influenced the later development of other AI research languages such as Muddle and Conniver,
359:
of computation. For the last decade, his work had been in "inconsistency robustness", which aims to provide practical rigorous foundations for systems dealing with pervasively inconsistent information. This work grew out of his doctoral dissertation focused on the procedural (as opposed to logical)
487:
in an effort to gain a better understanding of the actor model. They discovered that their operator to create an actor, ALPHA, and their operator to create a function, LAMBDA, were identical, so they only kept LAMBDA for both. A number of other programming languages were developed to specifically
450:, and introduced several features that were later adopted by Conniver, Lisp Machine Lisp, and Common Lisp. However, in late 1972 Hewitt abruptly halted his development of the Planner design in his thesis, when he and his graduate students invented the
446:(later called MDL), which was developed in the early 1970s by Sussman, Hewitt, Chris Reeve, and David Cressey as a stepping-stone towards a full implementation of Planner. Muddle was implemented as an extended version of
489:
316:
during the 1999–2000 school year. He became emeritus in the department in 2000. Among the doctoral students that Hewitt supervised during his time at MIT are
1203:
L. Thorne McCarty. "Reflections on TAXMAN: An
Experiment on Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning" Harvard Law Review. Vol. 90, No. 5, March 1977
800:
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based on procedural plans invoked using pattern-directed invocation from assertions and goals. The actor model influenced the development of the
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From
September 1989 to August 1990, Hewitt was the IBM Chair Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at
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Carl Hewitt (September–October 2008). "ORGs for
Scalable, Robust, Privacy-Friendly Client Cloud Computing".
809:
249:
484:
447:
273:
443:
1194:
Marvin Minsky and
Seymour Papert. "Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence" MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.
550:
Proceeding of IFIP Working
Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1–5, 1977.
856:"MIT Reports to the President 1999–2000 – Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"
1270:
1032:"Large-scale Organizational Computing requires Unstratified Reflection and Strong Paraconsistency"
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368:
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Procedures as a
Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language
669:
663:
1379:", In Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro, eds., MIT Press, 1987.
1212:
Julian Davies. Popler 1.6 Reference Manual
University of Edinburgh, TPU Report No. 1, May 1973.
493:
380:
269:
1392:. OOPSLA 2001 Intriguing Technology Track. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 36(12):20-34, December 2001.
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8:
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Robust Composition - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control
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312:. He began his employment at MIT that year, and retired from the faculty of the MIT
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in Hewitt's Message Passing Semantics Group at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab.
423:
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Robin Milner Elements of interaction: Turing award lecture CACM. January 1993.
1347:
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1034:. In Sichman, Jaime; Noriega, Pablo; Padget, Julian; Ossowski, Sascha (eds.).
248:; 1944 – 7 December 2022) was an American computer scientist who designed the
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American computer scientist; Planner programming languagedesigner (1944-2022)
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554:
545:
514:
1017:
Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence
752:
1426:
Hewitt, Carl (2010). "ActorScript extension of C#, Java, andObjective C".
992:
975:
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Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems III
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200:
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Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model.
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and ActorScript. The actor model also influenced the development of the
288:, and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages.
925:"Department of Computer Science-Recent and Current Visiting Professors"
1092:
Aspects of PROLOG History: Logic Programming and Professional Dynamics
609:"Carl Hewitt Obituary (1944 - 2022) - Aptos, CA - Santa Cruz Sentinel"
953:. Studies in Logic. Vol. 52. College Publications. p. 614.
665:
Coordinated Computing - Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software
436:
1458:
1181:
1166:
902:
32:
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
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A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence
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A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects
524:
A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence
431:
1390:
Programming Dynamically Reconfigurable Open Systems with SALSA
234:
1259:. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
1228:
Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming"
367:
His publications also include contributions in the areas of
1462:
314:
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
297:
237:
231:
144:
78:
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What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social
300:
in mathematics at MIT in 1971, under the supervision of
757:"ACM Turing Award Lecture: The Elements of Interaction"
577:
The foundation of artificial intelligence—a sourcebook
522:
Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger (1973).
657:
1326:
1108:
264:, which have been influential in the development of
240:
1306:Hewitt, Carl (2010). "Actor Model of computation".
1246:
343:in Japan. He has also been a visiting professor at
228:
225:
645:PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots
516:PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots
360:embedding of knowledge, which was embodied in the
1494:
922:
1404:"An introduction to the Caltrop actor language"
1377:Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming in Act 1
1158:
832:
808:(PhD). Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
1104:
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1100:
1094:, TeamEthno-Online Issue 2, June 2006, 85-100.
1014:
853:
1221:
835:"Quarter Century Club inducts 73 new members"
701:
1425:
1402:Eker, Johan; Janneck, Jörn W. (2001-11-28).
1305:
1188:
1170:AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.
1079:Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner
794:
792:
442:Hewitt's own work on Planner continued with
1419:
1401:
1327:Sussman, Gerald Jay; Guy L. Steele (1998).
1109:Sussman, Gerald Jay; Guy L. Steele (1998).
1097:
1058:
973:
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562:Henry Lieberman and Carl E. Hewitt (1983).
488:implement the actor model, such as ACT-1,
1480:
1466:
1284:
1263:
1250:; Bishop, Peter; Steiger, Richard (1973).
1240:
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638:
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355:Hewitt was best known for his work on the
31:
1431:
1311:
991:
876:"Stanford EE Computer Systems Colloquium"
789:
772:
575:Byte Magazine. April 1985. (Reprinted in
553:William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt (1981).
535:Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes
1173:
949:Hewitt, Carl; Woods, John, eds. (2015).
702:Krishnamurthi, Shriram (December 1994).
658:Filman, Robert; Daniel Friedman (1984).
1215:
633:
502:actor model and process calculi history
291:
1495:
1329:"The First Report on Scheme Revisited"
1299:
1287:"Actors: Foundations for Open Systems"
1278:
1206:
1111:"The First Report on Scheme Revisited"
1029:
798:
751:
439:object-oriented programming language.
1336:Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation
1118:Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation
61:
1523:21st-century American mathematicians
1518:20th-century American mathematicians
1222:Kay, Alan; Stefan Ram (2003-07-23).
899:"Academic Biography of Carl Hewitt"
13:
1164:Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd.
833:MIT News Office (April 10, 1996).
14:
1564:
1538:Academic staff of Keio University
1533:MIT School of Engineering faculty
1452:
568:Communications of the ACM, 26(6).
556:The Scientific Community Metaphor
547:Actors and Continuous Functionals
507:
579:Cambridge University Press. 1990
221:
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1167:Micro-planner Reference Manual
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401:Planner (programming language)
1:
1508:American computer programmers
1478:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1185:MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.
595:
590:Scientific community metaphor
573:The Challenge of Open Systems
1548:Engineers from Massachusetts
1513:American computer scientists
1275:COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.
362:Planner programming language
250:Planner programming language
171:Other academic advisors
7:
1543:American technology writers
704:"An Introduction to Scheme"
583:
485:Scheme programming language
430:and was used in Winograd's
350:
274:object-oriented programming
10:
1569:
976:"Offices Are Open Systems"
461:
398:
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284:programming language, the
923:Ryuichiro Ohyama (1991).
761:Communications of the ACM
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107:
84:
74:
57:
42:
30:
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951:Inconsistency Robustness
799:Miller, Mark S. (2006).
369:open information systems
276:. Planner was the first
103:Comparative schematology
92:Inconsistency robustness
1388:C. Varela and G. Agha.
1348:10.1023/A:1010079421970
1130:10.1023/A:1010079421970
1061:IEEE Internet Computing
1015:Jacques Ferber (1999).
854:John V. Guttag (2000).
668:. McGraw-Hill. p.
408:artificial intelligence
1488:Hewitt's official blog
1224:"E-Mail of 2003-07-23"
381:concurrent programming
262:concurrent computation
1528:Formal methods people
1030:Hewitt, Carl (2008).
993:10.1145/214427.214432
878:. Stanford University
774:10.1145/151233.151240
720:10.1145/197149.197166
468:Hewitt's work on the
371:, organizational and
131:Programming languages
1465:Bibliography Server
980:ACM Trans. Inf. Syst
974:Carl Hewitt (1986).
897:Carl Hewitt (2007).
571:Carl Hewitt (1985).
513:Carl Hewitt (1969).
385:paraconsistent logic
296:Hewitt obtained his
292:Education and career
278:programming language
127:Model of computation
1038:. Springer-Verlag.
373:multi-agent systems
345:Stanford University
153:Stanford University
135:Philosophy of logic
37:Carl Hewitt in 2008
1375:Henry Lieberman, "
254:automated planning
123:Mathematical logic
1474:Carl Eddie Hewitt
1090:Philippe Rouchy,
1045:978-3-540-79002-0
1019:. Addison-Wesley.
679:978-0-07-022439-1
377:logic programming
217:Carl Eddie Hewitt
214:
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185:Doctoral students
109:Scientific career
68:Aptos, California
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755:(January 1993).
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454:of computation.
334:Akinori Yonezawa
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205:Akinori Yonezawa
160:Doctoral advisor
119:Computer science
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435:as well as the
424:Eugene Charniak
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341:Keio University
326:William Clinger
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