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361:, or "gunite" as he termed it at the time. Akeley did not use sprayable concrete in his taxidermy work, as is sometimes suggested. Akeley also invented a highly mobile motion picture camera for capturing wildlife, started a company to manufacture it, and patented it in 1915. The Akeley "pancake" camera (so-called because it was round) was soon adopted by the War Department for use in World War I, primarily for aerial use, and later by newsreel companies, and Hollywood studios, primarily for aerial footage and action scenes. F. Trubee Davison covered these and other Akeley inventions in a special issue of
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376:, particularly the gorilla and the elephant. As a taxidermist, he improved on techniques of fitting the skin over a carefully prepared and sculpted form of the animal's body, producing very lifelike specimens, with consideration of musculature, wrinkles, and veins. He also displayed the specimens in groups in a natural setting. Many animals that he preserved he had personally collected.
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also notable for their life-like representation. Akeley was the Field Museum's chief taxidermist from 1896-1909 and prepared more than 130 mounted specimens and dioramas. His most famous creations include the "Fighting
African Elephants" in the central hall of the Field Museum, killed by Akeley and his wife
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in
Chicago, where he developed his innovative taxidermy techniques, notably the creation of lightweight, hollow, but sturdy mannequins on which to mount the animals' skins. His techniques, which involved sculpting the realistic musculature of the animals in active poses before mounting the skin, were
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prairies and woodlands. One of these was a diorama of a muskrat group, which is sometimes referred to as the first museum diorama; however, such dioramas, and dioramas depicting "habitat groups," dated back well into the early 1800s, and were quite popular with taxidermists in
Victorian England. He
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funded Akeley’s next trip to Africa which lasted twelve months and brought back two bull elephants which he would later mount for display. Akeley took nearly 1,000 glass plate photos and collected 17 tons of material including: 400 mammal skins, 1200 small mammal skins, 800 bird skins, and a fair
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The World
Taxidermy & Fish Carving Championships awards gold medallions that bear Carl Akeley's likeness—based on a photograph he had taken at Stein Photography in Milwaukee—to its "Best in World" winners. There is also a Carl Akeley Award for the most artistic mount at the World Show. The
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First and foremost, Akeley believed and was obsessively committed to the idea that taxidermy could produce mounted animals that look not just lifelike, but alive. Akeley was equally committed to presenting mounts in the context of their scientifically accurate environments and social
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and wire mesh. Akeley based the mannequin on precise field measurements and photographs as well as his understanding of the animal's anatomy and behavior in its natural environment. After creating the mannequin, the hide and hooves were meticulously attached.
587:(1869–1970) for nearly 20 years. Delia Akeley accompanied him on two of his biggest and most productive safaris to Africa, in 1905 and again in 1909. Delia later returned to Africa twice under the auspices of the
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552:, Akeley's attitude was fundamentally changed and for the remainder of his life he worked for the establishment of a gorilla preserve in the Virungas. In 1925, greatly influenced by Akeley, King
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number of bird and mammal skeletons. In addition to zoologic material he also collected more than 900 anthropological specimens and crates of leaves that he would use as models for his dioramas.
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Akeley's techniques resulted in anatomically accurate, skinless manikins of an animal in lifelike actions and postures. The mannequin was extremely lightweight and hollow and made primarily of
548:. At that time, gorillas were quite exotic, with very few even in zoos, and collecting such animals for educational museum exhibitions was not uncommon. In the process of "collecting" several
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Papier mache pulp and supportive mesh wire was applied to the inside of the plaster mold and when dried produced a full-scale hollow mannequin in the exact form of the original sculpture
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482:, and lions. The process of collecting specimens included: killing, measuring, photographing, skinning, de-boning, preserving, and packing them for shipment back to Chicago.
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He then coated the clay model with plaster. When dry, the plaster mold was removed from the clay in sections and resulted in a perfect mold of the sculpted model
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525:. For qualifying, Akeley wrote only, "Explorations in Somaliland and British East Africa." He became the Club's sixth president serving from 1917–1918.
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In 1921, eager to learn about gorillas to determine if killing them for museum dioramas was justified, Akeley led an expedition to Mt. Mikeno in the
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He was also a prolific inventor, perfecting a "cement gun" to repair the crumbling facade of the Field
Columbian Museum in Chicago (the old
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Carl Akeley's Africa: The account of the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy
African Hall Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History
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Akeley then covered the armature with plaster and then clay, which he sculpted to produce an exact model of the living animal
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medallions were sculpted by Floyd
Easterman of the Milwaukee Public Museum. The Akeley Hall of African Mammals of the
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Akeley began his fifth journey to the Congo with the start of the dry season in late 1926. He died on
November 18 of
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1259:"Akeley Statues at the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois – Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin"
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in 1892 and set up a private studio from which he continued to do contract work, including three mustangs for the
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in New York City, where his efforts can still be seen in the Akeley Hall of
African Mammals. Akeley joined
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and was buried in Africa, just miles from where he encountered his first gorilla, the "Old Man of Mikeno".
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Alvey, Mark (Spring 2007). "The Cinema as
Taxidermy: Carl Akeley and the Preservative Obsession".
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which he strangled with his bare hands. Akeley collected hundreds of animal specimens including:
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magazine. Akeley also wrote several books, including stories for children, and an autobiography
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The mannequin was clothed with the original pelt and sewn up so that not a seam is discernible
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Akeley first sculpted a detailed and precise 1/12th scale clay model of his ultimate mount
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321:"Fighting African Elephants" on display in Stanley Field Hall, The Field Museum, Chicago
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He then built an armature using: skeletal bones, wood, metal rods, wire, and wire mesh
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Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists
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before being brought to Chicago for mounting and first put on display in 1909.
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1174:"Killing a Leopard With His Bare Hands Was Only the Beginning for This Badass"
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in 1912, having been sponsored by three of the Club's seven Charter Members:
218:, inventor, and nature photographer, noted for his contributions to American
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254:"Muskrat Group", one of Akeley's early works for the Milwaukee Public Museum
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458:. It was on this trip that Akeley came face to face with a deadly 80-pound
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Field Museum of Natural History; History, Field Museum of Natural (1968).
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Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science
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Gorilla diorama is one of Akeley's dioramas, which is on display in the
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for six years, refining "model" techniques used in taxidermy. At the
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American Museum of Natural History: Akeley Hall of African Mammals
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369:(1920). He was awarded more than 30 patents for his inventions.
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Davison, F. Trubee (March–April 1927). "Akeley, the inventor".
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The Wilderness Lives Again: Carl Akeley and the Great Adventure
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Akeley first traveled to Africa in 1896 when he was invited by
606:(1926) Field Museum, Chicago; Bronze sculpture by Carl Akeley.
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Akeley was born to Daniel Webster Akeley and Julia Glidden in
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People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
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206:(May 19, 1864 – November 17, 1926) was a pioneering American
682:(2nd ed.), Jacksonville, FL:Batax Museum Publishing, 1998.
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942:"The Time Carl Akeley Killed a Leopard With His Bare Hands"
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People associated with the Field Museum of Natural History
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also created historical reindeer and orangutan exhibits.
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African Obsession, The Life and Legacy of Carl Akeley
274:, and then entered an apprenticeship in taxidermy at
874:. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co. 1923.
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after the latter was killed in a railroad accident.
1020:"Carl Akeley—a tribute to the founder of Shotcrete"
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1074:Dewey, C.L. (December 1927). "My Friend 'Ake.'".
440:Carl Akeley and the leopard he killed barehanded.
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1055:Allentown Equipment, History of Gunite/Shotcrete
673:Carl Akeley: Africa's Collector, Africa's Savior
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309:, his early work consisted of animals found in
666:Beyond Adventure: The Lives of Three Explorers
282:. While at Ward's Akeley also helped mount
532:"The Old Man of Mikeno", bronze bust of a
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234:. He is considered the father of modern
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851:"The autobiography of a taxidermist"
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276:Ward's Natural Science Establishment
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1435:19th-century American male artists
1405:20th-century American male artists
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613:American Museum of Natural History
507:American Museum of Natural History
394:American Museum of Natural History
232:American Museum of Natural History
188:American Museum of Natural History
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1245:Milwaukee Public Museum Exhibit:
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1430:Scientists from New York (state)
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1018:Teichert, Pietro (Summer 2002).
668:, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1954.
615:and the Akeley Memorial Hall at
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408:The steps to the Akeley Method:
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1420:Sculptors from New York (state)
1410:19th-century American sculptors
1400:20th-century American sculptors
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1380:People from Clarendon, New York
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634:, Garden City Publishers, 1920.
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293:In 1886 Akeley moved on to the
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184:Field Museum of Natural History
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1320:Guide to Carl Akeley resources
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372:Akeley specialized in African
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1311:Works by or about Carl Akeley
1064:(URL accessed March 25, 2006)
753:Keir Brooks Sterling (1997).
16:American sculptor (1864–1926)
1329:The Carl Ethan Akeley papers
1203:grings (November 29, 2011).
1172:Moag, Jeff (July 12, 2019).
887:"The Story of Museum Groups"
493:In 1909, Akeley accompanied
355:World's Columbian Exposition
335:World's Columbian Exposition
238:. He was the founder of the
7:
1152:cdm17032.contentdm.oclc.org
885:Lucas, Frederic A. (1914).
793:. Oxford University Press.
730:. New York: Routledge, 1989
446:Akeley-Derscheid Expedition
58:November 17, 1926 (aged 62)
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787:Wedge, Eleanor F. (2000).
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1060:February 7, 2006, at the
678:Bodry-Sanders, Penelope.
671:Bodry-Sanders, Penelope.
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1306:Google Patents US1310776
849:Akeley, Carl E. (1920).
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544:at the edge of the then
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1415:American male sculptors
1029:: 10–12. Archived from
891:American Museum Journal
726:Haraway, Donna Jeanne.
604:Lion Spearing in Africa
503:Smithsonian Institution
331:Smithsonian Institution
327:Milwaukee Public Museum
307:Milwaukee Public Museum
295:Milwaukee Public Museum
224:Milwaukee Public Museum
192:Smithsonian Institution
180:Milwaukee Public Museum
1395:Artists from Milwaukee
1277:June 30, 2009, at the
734:"An Elephant's Tale":
700:Henry Holt and Company
675:, Paragon House, 1991.
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872:"In brightest Africa"
717:"Kingdom Under Glass"
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562:Virunga National Park
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1324:Field Museum Library
663:Andrews, Roy Chapman
558:Albert National Park
499:year-long expedition
299:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
240:AMNH Exhibitions Lab
98: 1902;
1184:on October 30, 2021
1036:on January 29, 2019
999:. November 29, 2011
967:Kingdom Under Glass
912:Kingdom Under Glass
723:, October 27, 2010.
695:Kingdom Under Glass
655:Akeley, Mary Jobe.
652:, Dodd, Mead, 1929.
648:Akeley, Mary Jobe.
631:In Brightest Africa
619:are named for him.
554:Albert I of Belgium
519:Henry Collins Walsh
432:African expeditions
367:In Brightest Africa
351:Palace of Fine Arts
280:Rochester, New York
272:Brockport, New York
260:Clarendon, New York
47:Clarendon, New York
1350:American inventors
963:Kirk, Jay (2010).
908:Kirk, Jay (2010).
790:Akeley, Carl Ethan
759:. pp. 12–13.
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1178:Adventure Journal
978:978-0-8050-9282-0
916:. Holt. pp.
808:978-0-19-860669-7
708:978-0-8050-9282-0
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550:mountain gorillas
542:Virunga Mountains
380:The Akeley Method
204:Carl Ethan Akeley
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1360:1864 births
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1148:"CONTENTdm"
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464:hartebeest
456:Somaliland
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