151:
367:
215:
101:
rendering service during the overseas expansion or resulting from some heroism that may have been rewarded with a title. The monarch surrounded himself with "trustworthy" men who were existed within a web of relationships, forming a restricted circle of individuals. In some cases precedents were superseded in favor of people they could trust, including setting aside the laws of male inheritance in favor of a daughter, for example (as with the case of the daughter of
658:
523:
85:(the tenth portion) paid to the captaincy directly. In addition to the regalia of office, the captains-major would hold title to the best parcels of lands and be able to contract renters to the donatárias (lands of the Donatários), in the name of the crown. Many of the donatários were hereditary, with a few exceptions, referred in the
124:'s control over the officials, resulting in a disparity between actual and perceived function. Some were either incompetent in their roles, power-hungry or just absent. In some cases the inhabitants of certain possessions were often subject to irregularities resulting from judicial or fiscal issues. Some captains appointed overseers,
81:
They had the authority to administer sentences, with the exception of those involving penalties of death or mutilation. Economically, they had the exclusive authority to mill, bake bread and sell salt, in addition to their entitlement to receive rent paid to the King for lands, fees and taxes due. In addition, they could receive a
80:
The
Captains were agents named by the Donatário, and after 1495, by the Crown, to a lifetime title that was passed down by the "legitimate male heirs". As administrators, the Captains enjoyed various judicial and economic privileges that provided an incentive to settle and develop their captaincies.
100:
Yet, many of these captains were selected as part of a consolidation of relationships between the Donatários and their vassals. This subjective process usually involved close associations with the royal family or confidants of the Crown: a feudal meritocracy of vassals. This could result from
76:
could administer, in the sovereign's name, the lands for which he was assigned, with all the regalia, rights, and obligations, with the exception of certain limits, including military authority over soldiers and detachments of the crown, or the administration of justice.
69:
Due to the impossibility of exercising direct control and sovereignty over overseas territories, the captain-major was the channel by which the monarch could delegate his powers, with certain restrictions, under the responsibility of peoples he felt he could confide. The
232:
became the first
Donatary-Captain of the islands, beginning with the island of Santa Maria, but later including the island of São Miguel when it was discovered. This captaincy, which lasted from 1439 to 1461, was described in 1460 by
330:, originally bestowed to João Vaz Corte-Real, the island was a fiefdom of Terceira, until re-incorporated by the Crown, after Manuel de Moura Corte-Real, donatary captain of Angra, decided to maintain his allegiance to Philip III;
705:(present Hormuz, in Iran) had Captains-major both in September 1507 – January 1508 as the Portuguese first occupy it, again when since 1 April 1515 Hormuz (Ormuz) Island became a Portuguese possession (subordinated to
413:(Fort São Jorge da Mina de Ouro , Fort de Santo António de Axim , Fort São Francisco Xavier Fort São Sebastião ), it always has its single captain-major, until after the 29 August 1637 Dutch occupation of its capital
349:
Faial and Pico, the island of Pico was incorporated into the
Faialense administration of the Huerter/Dutra family on 29 December 1482, following the inefficient failure of Álvaro de Ornelas to spearhead and expand
832:), since the 24 August 1471 begin of Portuguese rule till 1545, afterwards it had its own governors (except August 1550 – 1577 temporarily restored to Morocco) until 1589 when it was for good restored to Morocco.
324:, Vasco Gil Sodré attempted to obtain the captaincy of Graciosa following a Castilian incursion in 1475. but using the same logic, the crown decided to unify the island under one captain: Pedro Correio do Couto.
318:, Pedro Correio da Cunha (brother-in-law of Christopher Columbus), who arrived on the island from Porto Santo, obtained the captaincy in 1474, after the mysterious disappearance of Duarte Barreto do Couto;
346:, Álvaro de Ornelas attempted to settle the island from 1460, bringing colonists from northern Portugal, who arrived by way of Terceira and Graciosa, but his attempt was slow and resulted in failure;
678:, was promoted to Governor in 1594; on 27 May 1597, King Dharmapala of Kotte dies without heirs, and bequeaths his entire kingdom to the King of Portugal, making all Ceylon a Portuguese colony
340:, even after he failed on his first attempt to settle the island. This would be a discrepancy, since his second attempt at settling and developing the territory resulted in greater expansion;
587:, subordinated to Pernambuco, except the occupation (Dutch Directors 1635–1645) and the single 1645–1655 Junta (council), till 1797, next Governors; in 1799 a separate Captaincy of
247:). The progressive discovery of the islands of the archipelago resulted in new captaincies; in total, there have been thirteen unique captaincies in Azores since their discovery:
602:, renamed in 1575), Manuel de Mascarenhas Homem; no later than 1699 it got its own Governors, but nevertheless it became in 1716 a Crown colony, called captaincy of Pernambuco.
150:
633:
97:) of the time; these laws regulated all aspects of life, including crime, taxation, indemnity, and female inheritance. The Captains were less restricted to these conditions.
353:
Flores and Corvo, developed without any clear statue and late in its settlement, the dual island fiefdom functioned within a feudal hierarchy, following its settlement by
34:
was a
Portuguese colonial official to whom the Crown granted jurisdiction, rights, and revenues over some colonial territory. The recipients of these grants were called
574:
Grão-Pará had
Captains-majors since in 1615 the settlement begun as a part of Marahão (it was the residence of its Governors 1737–1755) – 1753, next Governors(-general)
305:
431:), since it became in 1506 a Portuguese possession, till 1608, afterwards it had its own Governors until on 11 March 1769 it was incorporated into the sultanate of
870:
106:
315:
545:, a captaincy since 1619 (1621–1656 subordinated to Maranhão), there were Captains-major 30 June 1699- 17 January 1799, then Ceará captaincy was split from
609:
had a single
Captain-major 1697–1701, Bernardo Vieira de Mello, next Governors, subordinated to Pernambuco till 1808; since 1737 it got its modern name
460:
in Arabic, independent from Kilwa
Kisiwani) since its 1593 Portuguese occupation had captains-major (since 1638 as a Portuguese colony, subordinated to
1001:, Berkeley, California: The Regents of the University of Southern California/Institute of Governmental Studies Press/University of California, Berkeley
476:), then a last one as Portuguese rule resumed (12 March 1728 – 21 September 1729 Álvaro Caetano de Melo Castro, next it was lost for good – see also
1071:
1061:
485:, since 1 March 1498 claimed for Portugal by Vasco da Gama, had captains-major since in 1501 Portuguese administration begins, as Captaincy of
646:
had
Captains-major since 1696 (also after the 1763 merger with Baía) till 20 February 1821, next it was a province under its own Governors
1081:
510:
765:
308:
at the time of its early settlement, his mysterious disappearance left it in the caretaker-ship of his wife, until her brother
887:
1066:
154:
Medieval map showing the
Atlantic frontier and settlements along the sea (Petrus Roselli) Bibliothèque nationale de France
509:
in 1485, there were
Captains-major till 1586, next Governors; 1753 it was united with Principe island as (present state)
693:), it had Captains-major till 1622, then Governors since 7 July 1623 until 19 December 1999 (finally returned to China)
493:, in India), till 1569, next Captains-general, since 1609 Governors, since March 1837 Governors-general – see also
718:, since 24 August 1511 a Portuguese colony on peninsular Malaysia, had Captains-major since 1512 (subordinated to
366:
301:
632:
had Captains-major 1533 (till 1691 alongside Donatários); on 17 April 1709 the name of São Vicente changed to
1056:
842:), since it came on 3 September 1513 under Portuguese rule, till on 30 October 1541 the city was restored to
254:, part of the captaincy of Gonçalo Velho Cabral, Santa Maria and São Miguel, was later divided by his nephew
17:
494:
265:
255:
629:
800:
699:, a colony since 1642, had Captains at least since 1647, then Captains-major 1665–1702, next Governors
666:
since 1518 (except in 1524 1551) a Portuguese Captain-major was appointed to Colombo, the capital of
477:
223:
175:
616:
1076:
398:
389:
370:
A map of Africa by the Italian cartographer, engineer, and astronomer Giacomo Gastaldi (c.1500–66)
142:
The following is an incomplete list of some of the captaincies and their first Donatary-Captains:
606:
722:) till 14 January 1641, next Captains-general, till it was lost on 14 January 1641 to the Dutch.
298:
after the mysterious "disappearance" of Jácome de Bruge, resulted in the latter receiving Praia;
229:
189:
321:
203:
567:, and more Captains-major 1682–1799 (though since 1718 it was a crown colony, subordinated to
285:
772:
745:
527:
482:
410:
379:
1008:"The Donatary Captaincy in Perspective: Portuguese Backgrounds to the Settlement of Brazil"
758:
563:
under its own Governors since 1535, had captains-major 1627–1675, then again two Governors
414:
277:
261:
8:
675:
643:
623:
until 1811, from then with its own governors, since 28 February 1821 renamed Province of
610:
378:, before it was united in 1879 under that name with its own Governor, and separated from
234:
90:
779:
588:
327:
291:
281:
102:
1035:
715:
251:
194:
61:, the Portuguese territorial militia that existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
309:
1027:
671:
464:
in India), interrupted 12 December 1698 by Omani sovereignty (under Governors styled
375:
337:
992:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Ponta Delgada
599:
552:
295:
214:
134:) to represent them who were unqualified to respond to the issues of their masters.
112:
The captaincy system was built on confidence and good faith between the captain and
1019:
793:
696:
690:
682:
473:
453:
418:
109:(captain of Pico), who lost his captaincy due to "inefficiency" in its settlement.
531:
892:
819:
815:
580:
had Captains-major 1745 – 1775, next (as before since 9 January 1616) Governors
354:
1050:
1031:
854:
500:
50:
877:
23 July 1886 – 1886 Trajano Benitez; next there were four presidential terms
56:
333:
637:
564:
657:
343:
218:
The Lazaro Luís map of the Atlantic (1563) showing the Azores and Madeira
620:
577:
245:
Captain for Me in My Islands of Santa Maria and São Miguel in the Azores
1039:
1007:
595:
546:
636:, since 18 June 1710 it had its own Governors (in 1750 it was renamed
584:
240:
Capitão por mim em minhas ilhas de Santa Maria e São Miguel dos Açores
558:
549:(to which it had been subordinated since 1656) under its own Governor
445:
428:
86:
1023:
839:
284:, the southern portion of Terceira was carved out and allocated to
661:
A historic map from the Age of Exploration, showing Southeast Asia
624:
542:
162:, associated with the three principal discoverers of the islands:
874:
843:
809:
457:
449:
437:
432:
424:
180:
166:
159:
417:, it was on 9 January 1642 ceded to the Dutch (becoming part of
835:
829:
825:
710:
486:
469:
394:
385:
768:(southern Santiago) 19 September 1462 – after 22 December 1562
53:
that was in charge of a captaincy (group of companies) of the
850:
786:
709:
in Portuguese India), until its 3 May 1622 incorporated into
702:
667:
568:
522:
441:
406:
82:
280:, originally a single administration under the captaincy of
264:, part of the captaincy of Gonçalo Velho Cabral was sold by
681:
since in 1557 the Portuguese established a trading post at
105:). Yet, most had to prove themselves, as was the case with
857:), during the entire Portuguese rule there 1488 – Oct 1541
719:
706:
686:
539:
Brazilian provinces (some had Governors from the start):
490:
461:
40:(donataries), because they had been given the grant as a
594:
at least one Captain-Major is known of the Captaincy of
397:(after Administrators since 1614) c.1640–1879; see also
312:
came to assist her in guaranteeing it within her family;
118:, owing to the distance between each. This weakened the
46:(donation) by the king, often as a reward for service.
748:
there have been various captainships; only in 1587 the
258:, and Santa Maria left in the hands of his descendants;
733:
see also above for those who later got captains-majors
674:
island (present Sri Lanka), until the last incumbent,
822:) during the entire 1506 – 1525 Portuguese rule there
615:
at least since 1761 in the 1759 founded Captaincy of
336:, the island was placed under the administration of
158:There were three captaincies in the archipelago of
863:
738:
1048:
761:(later northern Santiago) 29 January 1462 – 1505
749:
556:
504:
269:
238:
198:
184:
170:
125:
119:
113:
71:
54:
41:
35:
583:since its creation in 1582 in the Captaincy of
49:The term also applied as the rank title of the
409:, since the 21 January 1482 foundation of the
294:, quarrelling between João Vaz Corte-Real and
754:were united into colony under one Governor:
731:Such was the case in the following places: (
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
953:
951:
949:
947:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
640:, since 28 February 1821 it is a province)
990:História dos Açores: Da descoberta a 1934
656:
521:
365:
213:
149:
1072:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1012:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1005:
960:
944:
918:
14:
1049:
1062:Subdivisions of the Portuguese Empire
996:
987:
888:Captaincies of the Portuguese Empire
64:
27:Former Portuguese colonial official
24:
975:Susana Goulart Costa (2008), p.238
957:Susana Goulart Costa (2008), p.237
941:Susana Goulart Costa (2008), p.236
382:, remaining Portuguese till 1974:
25:
1093:
999:Azores: Nine Islands, One History
517:
511:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
1082:Portuguese colonisation in Asia
864:Colonial captaincies in America
534:), Biblioteca da Ajuda (Lisbon)
997:Costa, Susana Goulart (2008),
909:
873:of the Pro-French Republic of
739:Colonial captaincies in Africa
598:(1535 founded as donataria of
137:
13:
1:
898:
571:), afterwards again Governors
796:1528 – after 12 January 1553
789:1526 – after 21 January 1570
775:29 October 1497 – after 1542
495:Colonial Heads of Mozambique
7:
988:Bento, Carlos Melo (2008),
881:
726:
228:Following their discovery,
10:
1098:
503:island, since it became a
221:
145:
634:São Paulo e Minas de Ouro
478:Colonial Heads of Mombasa
361:
304:, initially allocated to
266:João Soares de Albergaria
256:João Soares de Albergaria
237:in a letter to Cabral as
224:Captaincies of the Azores
209:
1067:Donatários of the Azores
399:Colonial Heads of Cacheu
390:Colonial Heads of Bissau
274:Rui Gonçalves da Câmara;
1006:Johnson, H. B. (1972).
869:A special case was the
652:
607:Captaincy of Rio Grande
513:, again under Governors
306:Duarte Barreto do Couto
871:Chief of the Captaincy
803:13 January 1548 – 15..
750:
662:
557:
535:
505:
440:on the coast of later
371:
270:
239:
219:
204:Bartolomeu Perestrello
199:
185:
171:
155:
126:
120:
114:
94:
72:
55:
42:
36:
746:Portuguese Cape Verde
660:
528:captaincies of Brazil
525:
483:Portuguese Mozambique
411:Portuguese Gold Coast
380:Portuguese Cape Verde
369:
217:
153:
1057:Gubernatorial titles
296:Álvaro Martins Homem
230:Gonçalo Velho Cabral
190:Tristão Vaz Teixeira
176:João Gonçalves Zarco
676:Pedro Homem Pereira
611:Rio Grande do Norte
555:, which had been a
286:João Vaz Corte-Real
235:Henry the Navigator
197:, was appointed to
716:Portuguese Malacca
663:
619:, subordinated to
536:
372:
220:
183:, was bestowed to
169:, was bestowed to
156:
782:1484 – after 1508
685:(subordinated to
672:Portuguese Ceylon
617:São José do Piauí
605:the 1597 founded
489:(subordinated to
415:São Jorge da Mina
388:, 1687–1879; see
376:Portuguese Guinea
338:Josse van Huerter
302:Praia da Graciosa
271:Captain Donatário
200:Capitão Donatário
186:Capitão Donatário
172:Capitão Donatário
107:Álvaro de Ornelas
16:(Redirected from
1089:
1043:
1002:
993:
976:
973:
958:
955:
942:
939:
916:
913:
753:
697:Portuguese Timor
691:Portuguese India
644:Sergipe d'el Rei
589:Paraíba do Norte
562:
508:
419:Dutch Gold Coast
282:Jácome de Bruges
273:
242:
202:
188:
174:
129:
123:
117:
103:Jácome de Bruges
75:
65:Captaincy system
60:
45:
39:
32:donatary captain
21:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1077:Colonial Brazil
1047:
1046:
1024:10.2307/2512427
979:
974:
961:
956:
945:
940:
919:
914:
910:
901:
893:Captain-General
884:
866:
741:
729:
655:
520:
364:
310:Vasco Gil Sodré
226:
212:
148:
140:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1018:(2): 203–214.
1003:
994:
984:
983:
978:
977:
959:
943:
917:
907:
906:
905:
900:
897:
896:
895:
890:
883:
880:
879:
878:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
858:
847:
833:
823:
820:Souira Guedima
806:
805:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
766:Ribeira Grande
762:
740:
737:
728:
725:
724:
723:
713:
700:
694:
679:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
641:
627:
613:
603:
600:Nova Lusitania
592:
581:
575:
572:
553:Espírito Santo
550:
519:
516:
515:
514:
497:
480:
468:in Arabic, or
444:(since 1502 a
435:
422:
403:
402:
401:
392:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:Diogo de Teive
351:
347:
341:
331:
325:
319:
313:
299:
289:
275:
259:
222:Main article:
211:
208:
207:
206:
192:
178:
147:
144:
139:
136:
66:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1094:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
985:
981:
980:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
954:
952:
950:
948:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
912:
908:
903:
902:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
876:
872:
868:
867:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
747:
743:
742:
736:
734:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
645:
642:
639:
635:
631:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
561:
560:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
533:
532:Luís Teixeira
529:
524:
518:South America
512:
507:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
434:
430:
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
391:
387:
384:
383:
381:
377:
374:
373:
368:
356:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:to its third
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
216:
205:
201:
196:
193:
191:
187:
182:
179:
177:
173:
168:
165:
164:
163:
161:
152:
143:
135:
133:
128:
122:
116:
110:
108:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:field officer
47:
44:
38:
33:
19:
18:Captain-major
1015:
1011:
998:
989:
915:Johnson 1972
911:
799:Captains of
792:Captains of
785:Captains of
778:Captains of
771:Captains of
764:Captains of
757:Captains of
732:
730:
465:
350:settlements;
244:
227:
157:
141:
131:
111:
99:
95:Leis Sálicas
79:
68:
48:
31:
29:
801:Santo Antão
670:kingdom on
630:São Vicente
591:was created
405:in present
252:Santa Maria
195:Porto Santo
138:Captaincies
1051:Categories
899:References
780:Alcatrazes
751:donatarias
596:Pernambuco
547:Pernambuco
316:Santa Cruz
262:São Miguel
91:Portuguese
87:Salic Laws
57:Ordenanças
37:donatários
1032:0018-2168
773:Boa Vista
638:São Paulo
565:Donatário
559:donataria
506:donataria
446:sultanate
429:El Jadida
328:São Jorge
127:ouvidores
121:Donatário
115:donatário
73:Donatário
882:See also
840:Azemmour
759:Santiago
727:Captains
621:Maranhão
578:Maranhão
501:São Tomé
322:Graciosa
132:auditors
1040:2512427
982:Sources
875:Counani
844:Morocco
810:Morocco
585:Paraíba
474:Swahili
458:Manbasa
454:Swahili
438:Mombasa
433:Morocco
425:Mazagan
181:Machico
167:Funchal
160:Madeira
146:Madeira
1038:
1030:
836:Azamor
830:Asilah
826:Arzila
711:Persia
487:Sofala
470:Liwali
395:Cacheu
386:Bissau
362:Africa
210:Azores
43:doação
1036:JSTOR
904:Notes
851:Safim
787:Praia
703:Ormus
683:Macau
668:Kotte
625:Piauí
569:Bahia
543:Ceará
450:Mvita
442:Kenya
407:Ghana
334:Faial
292:Praia
278:Angra
83:tithe
1028:ISSN
855:Safi
816:Aguz
794:Fogo
653:Asia
526:The
466:Wali
344:Pico
1020:doi
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