Capability approach

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capabilities that such an education enables. Through an education programme a student is able to acquire knowledge, skills, values and understanding and this enables a young person to think in new ways, to ‘be’, to develop agency in society and make decisions. These are not easily ‘measurable’ in the same way examination results are, but can be seen to be an important outcome of an educational programme. A number of writers have explored what these education ‘capabilities’ might be. Terzi's list focuses on the minimum entitlement of education for students with disabilities—these include Literacy, Numeracy, Sociality and Participation among others. Walker, working in Higher Education offers Practical Reason, Emotional Resilience, Knowledge and imagination. Hinchcliffe offers a set of capabilities for students of Humanities subjects, including critical examination and judgement, narrative imagination, recognition/ concern for others (citizenship in a globalised world). Further exploration of the capability approach to education has sought to explore the role that subject disciplines play in the generation of subject specific capabilities, drawing on the ideas of Powerful Knowledge from Michael Young and the Sociology of Education. Geography as a school subject has explored these as ‘GeoCapabilities’.

896:. At the same time, and subsequently, researchers recognizing that these three areas covered only certain elements of life quality have sought to develop more comprehensive measures. A major project in this area has been the 'capabilities measurement project' in which Anand has led teams of philosophers, economists and social scientists to generate that gives a full and direct implement of the approach drawing particular on the key relations and concepts developed in Sen (1985) but also on work to do with the content of the approach. The earliest work in this project developed a set of around 50 capability indicators which were used to develop a picture of quality of life and deprivation in the UK. Subsequently, Anand and colleagues have developed datasets for the US, UK and Italy in which all the elements of Sen's framework are reflected in data which permits all three key equations, for functionings, experience and capabilities, to be estimated. 1126:, empowerment, and labor force participation. When constructing the index the following criteria were key: conceptual relevance to definitions of human development and theory; Non-ambiguity so that the index is easily interpreted; Reliability of data that is standardized and collected/processed by a trustworthy organization; No redundancy found in other indicators; and lastly Power of discrimination, where distribution is well distinguished among countries and there is no "bunching" among top and bottom countries (p. 10). This index also captures some of Nussbaum's 10 Central Capabilities (Senses, Imagination and Thought; Affiliation; and Control Over Ones Environment). 1301:, the basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to live long, healthy, and creative lives. This end is often lost in the immediate concern with the accumulation of commodities and financial wealth that are only a means to expansion of capabilities. Overall, though resources and income have a profound effect on what can or cannot be done, the capability approach recognizes that they are not the only things to be considered when judging well-being, switching the focus from a means to a good life to the freedom to achieve actual improvements in lives, which one has reason to value. 601:

inhabitants. Nussbaum's capabilities approach is centered around the notion of individual human dignity. Nussbaum emphasizes that this approach is necessary since even individuals within a family unit can have vastly different needs. Given Nussbaum's contention that the goal of the capabilities approach is to produce capabilities for each and every person, the capabilities below belong to individual persons, rather than to groups. The capabilities approach has been very influential in development policy where it has shaped the evolution of the human development index (

872:. Instead, Sen argues that the task of weighing various capabilities should be left to the ethical and political considerations of each society based on public reasoning. Along with concerns raised about Nussbaum's list, Alkire and Black also argue that Nussbaum's methodology "runs counter to an essential thrust of the capabilities approach which has been the attempt to redirect development theory away from a reductive focus on a minimally decent life towards a more holistic account of human well-being for all people." 31: 466:(valuable in and of itself) to a person's well-being, then the value of the capability set as a whole would simply be defined by the value of a person's actual combination of functionings. Such a definition would not acknowledge the entirety of what a person is capable of doing and their resulting current state due to the nature of the options available to them. Consequently, the capability set outlined by this approach is not merely concerned with achievements; rather, freedom of 1281:. These sorts of approaches to development focus on increasing resources, such as assets, property rights, or basic needs. However, measuring resources is fundamentally different from measuring functionings, such as the case in which people don't have the capability to use their resources in the means they see fit. Arguably, the main difficulty in a resource- or income-based approach to well-being lies in personal heterogeneities, namely the diversity of human beings. 1172:

essence of defining quality of life according to Nussbaum and Sen. Nussbaum refers to Sen in saying that, although measures of well-being may be problematic in comparative, quantifiable models due to their subjective matter, the protection of and commitment to human development are too important of matters to be left on the sidelines of economic progress. Well-being and quality of life are too important to be left without intentional focus towards political change.

1114:(GEM) is considerably more specialized than the GDI. The GEM focuses particularly on the relative empowerment of women in a given country. The empowerment of women is measured by evaluating women's employment in high-ranking economic positions, seats in parliament, and share of household income. Notably this measurement captures more of Nussbaum's 10 Central Capabilities, such as, Senses, Imagination and Thought; Affiliation; and Control Over One's Environment. 1102:

three areas of the HDI based on perceived gender gaps, and penalizes the score of the country if, indeed, large gender disparities in those areas exist. This index is used in unison with the HDI and therefore also captures the elements of capabilities that the HDI holds. In addition, it considers women's capabilities which has been a focus in much of Sen's and Nussbaum's work (to list a few: Nussbaum, 2004a; Nussbaum, 2004b; Sen, 2001; Sen, 1990.)

994:, a political economist and activist for women's rights, elaborates on the example of a mother engaged in child care, domestic care and producing few goods for the informal market, all of which are usually done simultaneously. These activities provide economic benefits, but are not valued in national accounting systems; this suggests that the definition of unemployment used in output-based measures is inappropriate. (See the article on 1221:. Some merits associated with this approach to measuring well-being are that it recognizes the importance of taking account of the results of social arrangements in judging them and the need to pay attention to the well-being of the people involved when judging social arrangements and their results. Amartya Sen, however, argues this view has three main deficiencies: distributional indifference; neglect of 3176: 876:

colleagues draws heavily on Nussbaum's list as a relatively comprehensive, high-level account of the space in which human well-being or life quality is experienced. This work argues that the subitems on Nussbaum's list are too distinct to be monitored by single question and that a dashboard of some 40-50 indicators is required to inform the development of empirical work.

1027:", (p. 133) leaving out contributions to a society and economy, like volunteer work and subsistence farming. Kuznets provides the example of the process by which farmers devote time and energy to bringing virgin land into cultivation. Furthermore, GNP and GDP only account for monetary exchanges, and place no value on some important intangibles such as leisure time. 432:

healthy, having a good job, and being safe, to more complex states, such as being happy, having self-respect, and being calm. Moreover, Amartya Sen contends that functionings are crucial to an adequate understanding of the capability approach; capability is conceptualized as a reflection of the freedom to achieve valuable functionings.

1293:, even when equipped with exactly the same commodities. Additionally, other contingent circumstances which affect what an individual can make of a given set of resources include environmental diversities (in geographic sense), variations in social climate, differences in relational perspectives, and distribution within the family. 1163:(QALYs). A number of measures have been created for use in particular contexts such as older people, public health and mental health, as well as more generic capability-based outcome measures. Caution remains when measures do not explicitly rule out people's adaption to their circumstances, for example to physical health problems. 1048:

Mahbub ul Haq in collaboration with Sen and others. The purpose was to create an indicator of human development, especially one that would provide a general assessment and critique of global human development to shed light on persistent inequality, poverty and other capability deprivations despite high levels of GDP growth.

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one, it requires specifying the context of use of capabilities, which could vary. Also, Sen argues that part of the richness of the capabilities approach is its insistence on the need for open valuational scrutiny for making social judgments. He is disinclined to in any way devalue the domain of reasoning in the

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Capabilities Approach has been highly influential thus far in human development theories and valuational methods of capturing capabilities, the theory has led to the creation of the HDI, IHDI and GII and their uses among international organizations such as the United Nations and others. In companies,

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Nussbaum also points out that GNP and GDP omit income distribution and the opportunity or ability to turn resources into activities (this critique stems directly from Capabilities Approach). Kuznets terms this as a problem of "obtaining an unduplicated total of all output", (p. 15) this suggests

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Nussbaum highlights some of the problematic assumptions and conclusions of output-based approaches to development. First, she notes that GNP and GDP do not consider special requirements to help the most vulnerable, such as women. Specifically, Nussbaum mentions that output-based approaches ignore the

970:, insufficient representation of environmental costs of productions and general issues of misusing an output-based measure for unintended purposes. In sum, the conclusion of Capabilities Approach is that people do not just value monetary income, and that development is linked to various indicators of 884:

The measurement of capabilities was previously thought to be a particular barrier to the implementation and use of the approach. However, two particular lines of work, in research and policy have sought to show that meaningful indicators of what individuals (and in some cases governments) are able to

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In 1997, the UNDP introduced the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which is aimed at measuring poverty in both industrialized and developing countries. The HPI is a "nonincome-based" measure of poverty (p. 100) which focuses on "human outcomes in terms of choices and opportunities that a person faces"

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The HDI is calculated for individual countries with a value between 0 and 1 and is "interpreted...as the ultimate development that has been attained by that nation" (p. 17). Currently, the 2011 Human Development Report also includes the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index which accounts

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This measure was created to rival the more traditional metrics of GDP and GNP, which had previously been used to measure level of development in a given country, but which did not contain provisions for terms of distribution. The resulting measure was entitled the Human Development Index, created by

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In addition to being the result of capabilities, some functionings are also a prerequisite for capabilities, i.e., there is a dual role of some functionings as both ends and instruments. Examples of functionings that are a direct requirement for capabilities are good nourishment, mental and physical

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can essentially be unfair to those who have come to terms with their deprivation as a means for survival, adjusting their desires and expectations. The capability approach, on the other hand, doesn't fall victim to these same criticisms because it acknowledges inequalities by focusing on equalizing

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Distributional indifference refers to a utilitarian indifference between different the distributions of utility, so long as the sum total is the same (note that the utilitarian is indifferent to the distribution of happiness, not income or wealth—the utilitarian approach would generally prefer, all

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Measures such as the HDI, GDI, GEM, GII, IHDI and the like are crucial in targeting issues of well-being and indicators of quality of life. Anand, et al. (2009) can be summarized as demonstrating that it is possible to measure capabilities within the conventions applied to standard household survey

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The use of GDP and GNP as an approximation of well-being and development have been critiqued widely, because they are often misused as indicators of well-being and human development when in fact they are only telling about the economic capacity of a country or an average income level when expressed

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and non-monetary measures of well-being are ideal when used to complement each other. Understanding the various aspects of economic development process not only helps address issues of inequality and lags in human development, but also helps to pinpoint where countries lag, which once addressed can

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That said, applications to development are discussed in Sen (1999), Nussbaum (2000), and Clark (2002, 2005), and are now numerous to the point where the capabilities approach is widely accepted as a paradigm in development. The programme of work operationalising the capability approach by Anand and

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that are "defined as internal capabilities together with the social/political/economic conditions in which functioning can actually be chosen". She points out that the notion of (combined) capability "combines internal preparedness with external opportunity in a complicated way, so that measurement

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Capabilities are the alternative combinations of functionings that are feasible for a person to achieve. Formulations of capability have two parts: functionings and opportunity freedom — the substantive freedom to pursue different functioning combinations. Ultimately, capabilities denote a person's

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In the most basic sense, functionings consist of "beings and doings". As a result, living may be seen as a set of interrelated functions. Essentially, functionings are the states and activities constitutive of a person's being. Examples of functionings can vary from elementary things, such as being

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Another critique by Waring is that the output-based measures ignore negative effects of economic growth and so commodities that lower social welfare, such as nuclear weapons, and oil extraction which causes spills, are considered a good input. The "anti-bads" or the defensive expenditures to fight

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In other words, functionings are the subjects of the capabilities referred to in the approach: what we are capable of, want to be capable of, or should be capable of being and/or do. Therefore, a person's chosen combination of functionings, what they are and do, is part of their overall capability

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Terzi, L. (2005). Equality, Capability and Justice in Education: Towards a Principled Framework for a Just Distribution of Educational Resources to Disabled Learners. Paper prepared for the 5th International Conference on the Capability Approach: Knowledge and Public Action. Paris 11–14 September

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Although Nussbaum did not claim her list as definite and unchanging, she strongly advocated for outlining a list of central human capabilities. On the other hand, Sen refuses to supply a specific list of capabilities. Sen argues that an exact list and weights would be too difficult to define. For

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on an equal basis with others; having the right to seek employment on an equal basis with others; having the freedom from unwarranted search and seizure. In work, being able to work as a human, exercising practical reason and entering into meaningful relationships of mutual recognition with other

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is defined as a "distribution-sensitive measure that accounts for the human development impact of existing gender gaps in the three components of the HDI" (p. 243). In this way, the GDI accounts for shortcomings in the HDI in terms of gender, because it re-evaluates a country's score in the

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and colleagues. Sen also founded the Human Development and Capability Association in 2004 in order to further promote discussion, education, and research on the human development and capability approach. Since then, the approach has been much discussed by political theorists, philosophers, and a

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When GNP and GDP were developed, their intended use was not for measuring human well-being; the intended use was as an indicator of economic growth, and that does not necessarily translate into human well-being. Kuznets has often made this point, in his words, "distinctions must be kept in mind

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This is a fundamentally reductive view of the human condition. Moreover, the emphasis on freedom betrays a profoundly modern orientation. The compound problem is that freedom in Nussbaum's hands is both given an intrinsic and primary value (a reductive claim), and, at the same time, the list is

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Nussbaum (2000) frames these basic principles in terms of 10 capabilities, i.e. real opportunities based on personal and social circumstance. She claims that a political order can only be considered as being decent if this order secures at least a threshold level of these 10 capabilities to all

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The capability approach has also impacted educational discourse. Rather than seeing the success of an education system based on the measurable achievements of students, such as scores in examinations or assessments, educational success through a capabilities perspective can be seen through the

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As noted above, to a great extent, Nussbaum's Central Human Capabilities address issues of equality, political freedom, creativity and the right to the self, as do the various indices that are based on capabilities. It is evident that these measures are very subjective, but this fact is in the

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pointed out that agency goes together with the expansion of valuable freedoms. That is, in order to be agents of their lives, people need the freedom to be educated, speak in public without fear, express themselves, associate, etc.; conversely, people can establish such an environment by being

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that must be ordered. The book extends the capabilities approach in a critical form. In particular, it considers freedom in relation to responsibility, that is, the capacity of people to apply moral constraints to themselves. By contrast, Sen's capability approach considers freedom as a purely

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Poverty is understood as capability-deprivation. It is noteworthy that proponents emphasize not only how humans function, but their access to capabilities "to achieve outcomes that they value and have reason to value". Everyone could be deprived of capabilities in many ways, e.g. by ignorance,

904:, excluded traveler communities and the disabled. They use these applications to argue that the capability framework is a particularly good fit for understanding quality of life across the life course and that it provides a relatively universal grammar for understanding the elements of human 448:

would all be considered functionings, but the functioning of fasting differs significantly from that of starving because fasting, unlike starving, involves a choice and is understood as choosing to fast despite the presence of other options. Consequently, an understanding of what constitutes

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takes into consideration a number of development and well-being factors that are not taken into account in the calculation of GDP and GNP. The Human Development Index is calculated using the indicators of life expectancy, adult literacy, school enrollment, and logarithmic transformations of

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is not the same as choosing it; well-being depends on how that lifestyle came to be. More formally, while the combination of a person's functionings represents their actual achievements, their capability set represents their opportunity freedom — their freedom to choose between alternative

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The capability approach, however, seeks to consider all such circumstances when evaluating people's actual capabilities. Furthermore, there are things people value other than increased resources. In some cases, maximizing resources may even be objectionable. As was recognized in the 1990

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The approach emphasizes functional capabilities ("substantive freedoms", such as the ability to live to old age, engage in economic transactions, or participate in political activities); these are construed in terms of the substantive freedoms people have reason to value, instead of

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In a series of papers, they have shown that both their primary data and some secondary datasets can be used to shed light on the production and distribution of life quality for working age adults, those in retirement, very young children, those vulnerable to domestic violence,

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whose treatment to ensure the fulfillment of basic capabilities may require dramatically more income compared to an able-bodied person. All sorts of differences, such as differences in age, gender, talents, etc. can make two people have extremely divergent opportunities of

485:, on person's well-being, is whether the person is choosing not to eat. In this example, the functioning is starving but the capability to obtain an adequate amount of food is the key element in evaluating well-being between individuals in the two states. In sum, having a 1139:—a development economist and past Director of The Human Development Report Office—differentiates between income poverty and human poverty. Human poverty can be interpreted as deprivations to lead a long healthy and creative life with a decent standard of living. 569:, with the ability to participate in economic, social, and political actions. Therefore, agency is crucial in assessing one's capabilities and any economic, social, or political barriers to one's achieving substantive freedoms. Concern for agency stresses that 292:

combine a range of ideas that were previously excluded from (or inadequately formulated in) traditional approaches to welfare economics. The core focus of the capability approach is improving access to the tools people use to live a fulfilling life.

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for exactly the same things that the HDI considers however the IHDI has all three dimensions (long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living) adjusted for inequalities in the distribution of each dimension across the population.

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and healthy life. Well-being will also be increased by institutions that enable citizens to feel that they control their own lives, and that investment of their time and resources will be rewarded. In turn, this will lead to higher incomes in a

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Currently the HDI continues to be used in the Human Development Report in addition to many other measures (based on theoretical perspectives of Capabilities) that have been developed and used by the United Nations. Among these indices are the

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people's capabilities, rather than happiness. It stresses the intrinsic importance of rights and freedoms when evaluating well-being, and it avoids overlooking deprivation by focusing on capabilities and opportunities, not state of mind.

692:. Being able to use imagination and thought in connection with experiencing and producing works and events of one's own choice, religious, literary, musical, and so forth. Being able to use one's mind in ways protected by guarantees of 553:

to mean a person acting on someone else's behalf. Agency depends on the ability to personally choose the functionings one values, a choice that may not correlate with personal well-being. For example, when a person chooses to engage in

1007:"bads" are not counted as a deduction in accounting systems (p. 11). Furthermore, natural resources are treated as limitless and negative outputs such as pollution and associated health risks, are not deducted from the measures. 928:

Well-being has several dimensions of which monetary factors are only one. They are nevertheless an important one, since richer economies are better placed to create and maintain other well-being-enhancing conditions, such as a clean

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opportunity and ability to generate valuable outcomes, taking into account relevant personal characteristics and external factors. The important part of this definition is the "freedom to achieve", because if freedom had only

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that people are only seen as consumers and not as potential producers, hence any products purchased by an individual are not seen as "being consumed in the productive process of turning out other goods" (p. 15)

513:. This book explores the interconnected concepts of person, responsibility and freedom in economics, moral philosophy and politics. It tries to reconcile the rationality and morality of individuals. It presents a 722:. Not having one's emotional development blighted by fear and anxiety. (Supporting this capability means supporting forms of human association that can be shown to be crucial in their development.) 2946:

Simon, Judit; Anand, Paul; Gray, Alastair; Rugkåsa, Jorun; Yeeles, Ksenija; Burns, Tom (2013-12-01). "Operationalising the capability approach for outcome measurement in mental health research".

347:(a popular measure of human development that captures capabilities in health, education, and income). Additionally, the approach has been operationalized to have a high income country focus by 562:. Sen explains that a person as an agent need not be guided by a pursuit of well-being; agency achievement considers a person's success in terms of their pursuit of the whole of their goals. 3198: 949:, the developer of GNP, cautioned against using the measure as an indicator of overall welfare, which speaks to the unintended use of output-based measures as indicators of human welfare. 2262: 1122:

In the 2013 Human Development Report the Gender Inequality Index, which was introduced in 2011, continues to adjust the GDI and the GEM. This composite measurement uses three dimensions:

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per-capita income. Moreover, it is noted that the HDI "is a weighted average of income adjusted for distributions and purchasing power, life expectancy, literacy and health" (p. 16)

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between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what" (p. 9).

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Flynn, Terry N.; Chan, Phil; Coast, Joanna; Peters, Tim J. (2011-09-01). "Assessing quality of life among British older people using the ICEPOP CAPability (ICECAP-O) measure".

1037: 1237:). Sen argues that we may "want to pay attention not just to "aggregate" magnitudes, but also to extents of inequalities in happiness". Sen also argues that while the 2510:

Klasen, Stephan; Schüler, Dana (2011). "Reforming the gender-related development index and the gender empowerment measure: implementing some specific proposals".

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Hinchliffe, G. (2006). Beyond Key Skills: Exploring Capabilities. Presentation given on 16 June 2006 to Networking Day for Humanities Careers Advisers in London.

240: 2384: 2195: 921: 4337: 4104:, vol. 1, Amsterdam New York New York, N.Y., U.S.A: North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co, pp. 2–23, 2672:; Kovacevic, Milorad; Twigg, Sarah; Zambrano, Eduardo (2010). "3: Introducing the gender inequality index - 3.1: Selection of dimensions and indicators". In 983:

distribution of needs for the varying circumstances of people, for example a pregnant woman needs more resources than a non-pregnant woman or a single man.

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Being able to have attachments to things and people outside ourselves; to love those who love and care for us, to grieve at their absence; in general, to

680:. Being able to use the senses, to imagine, think, and reason—and to do these things in a "truly human" way, a way informed and cultivated by an adequate 974:

and hence are important in measuring well-being. Development policies strive to create an environment for people to live long, healthy creative lives.

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Coast, Joanna; Smith, Richard D.; Lorgelly, Paula (2008-10-01). "Welfarism, extra-welfarism and capability: The spread of ideas in health economics".

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Walker, M. (2006). Higher Education Pedagogies. The Society for Research into Higher Education. Maidenhead: Open University Press and McGraw-Hill.

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Walker, M. (2006). Higher Education Pedagogies. The Society for Research into Higher Education. Maidenhead: Open University Press and McGraw-Hill.

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set — the functionings they were able to do. Yet, functionings can also be conceptualized in a way that signifies an individual's capabilities.

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Anand, Paul (April 2011). "New directions in the economics of welfare: Special issue celebrating Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen's 75th birthday".

3507:"Violent crime, gender inequalities and well-being: models based on a survey of individual capabilities and crime rates for England and Wales" 3140:

Young, M. (2008). Bringing Knowledge Back In: From Social Constructivism to Social Realism in the Sociology of Education. Abingdon: Routledge.

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treated as a contingent negotiated relation in tension with other virtues such as justice, equality and rights. Both propositions cannot hold.

1351: 1357: 1335: 770:. (Protecting this capability means protecting institutions that constitute and nourish such forms of affiliation, and also protecting the 348: 3662: 2643:, ed. (2013). "Chapter 1: The state of human development (progress of nations, equity and human development): Gender and women's status". 524:

thought) with the aim to re-humanise the person, through actions, and through the values and norms that lead to corresponding rights and

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Amartya Sen defines an agent as someone who acts and brings about change, whose achievement can be evaluated in terms of his or her own

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Lorgelly, Paula K. (2015-04-11). "Choice of Outcome Measure in an Economic Evaluation: A Potential Role for the Capability Approach".

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and non-humiliation; being able to be treated as a dignified being whose worth is equal to that of others. This entails provisions of

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Gandjour, Afschin (1 December 2007). "Mutual dependency between capabilities and functionings in Amartya Sen's capability approach".

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agents. In summary, the agency aspect is important in assessing what a person can do in line with his or her conception of the good.

108: 2615:, ed. (2011). "Statistical annex: technical notes - technical note 2: calculating the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index". 4286: 2588:

Schischka, John (9–10 September 2002), "The capabilities approach as a metric for economic development: an application in Nepal",

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Different amounts of income are needed for different individuals to enjoy similar capabilities, such as an individual with severe

1438:. Amsterdam New York New York, N.Y., U.S.A: North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co. 4460: 226: 3158:

Bustin R (2019) Geography Education's Potential and the Capability Approach: GeoCapabilities and schools, Palgrave MacMillan.

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The following are a few of the major indices that were created based on the theoretical grounds of Capabilities Approach.

4307: 2393:. Paris: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 2373:. Massachusetts: Political Economy Research Institute - PERI, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Working paper no. 127. 1023:

These accounting measures also fail to capture all forms of work and only focus on "engagement in work 'for pay or profit

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Being able to live with and toward others, to recognize and show concern for other humans, to engage in various forms of

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Young, M., & Lambert, D. (2014). Knowledge and the Future School: Curriculum and Social Justice. London: Bloomsbury.

1155:. It is seen as an alternative to existing preference-based measures of health-related quality of life (for example the 4739: 3088: 2324:"Counting for something! Recognising women's contribution to the global economy through alternative accounting systems" 2081: 2006: 2678:

Human development research paper 2010/46 - Measuring key disparities in human development: the gender inequality index

1922: 933:, the likelihood that the average person will have a right to 10 years or more of education, and lead a comparatively 4265: 4243: 4222: 4189: 4163: 4109: 3933: 3914: 3893: 3859: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3776: 3712: 3656: 3637: 3582: 3563: 3251: 3224: 2652: 2624: 2477: 2402: 2297: 2215: 2034: 1981: 1957: 1940:

Crocker, David A (1995), "Functioning and capability: the foundations of Sen's and Nussbaum's development ethic", in

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In 1990, the UN Human Development report published the first such exercise which focused on health, education and

2906:"Operationalising the capability approach as an outcome measure in public health: The development of the OCAP-18" 1245:

to claims of rights and freedoms, some people value these things independently of their contribution to utility.

570: 558:, they are exercising their ability to pursue a goal they value, though such a choice may not positively affect 4880: 4870: 4475: 3038:

Gandjour, A. (28 October 2013). "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care Based on the Capability Approach".

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that concentrates on the actual capability of persons to achieve lives they value rather than solely having a

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view of individual well-being can be easily swayed by mental conditioning and peoples' happiness adapting to

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functionings is inherently tied together with an understanding of capabilities, as defined by this approach.

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Lorgelly, Paula K.; Lorimer, Karen; Fenwick, Elisabeth A. L.; Briggs, Andrew H.; Anand, Paul (2015-10-01).

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Klasen, Stephan (2006). "UNDP's gender-related measures: some conceptual problems and possible solutions".

1758:, Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre, pp. 22–48, 1407: 1234: 3671:(November 1992). "Functioning and capability: the foundations of Sen's and Nussbaum's development ethic". 4799: 4714: 4687: 4574: 4505: 4428: 4346: 3594:"Teachers' Professional Capabilities and the Pursuit of Quality in Sub-Saharan African Education Systems" 1152: 605:), has been much discussed in philosophy, and is increasingly influential in a range of social sciences. 161: 4875: 4719: 4707: 1372: 1160: 1111: 1057: 842:

Being able to participate effectively in political choices that govern one's life; having the right of

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For the purposes of the capability approach, agency primarily refers to a person's role as a member of

194: 403:. In significant respects, the approach is consistent with the handling of choice within conventional 1345: 608:

More recently, the approach has been criticized for being grounded in the liberal notion of freedom:

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Conference proceedings - promoting women's capabilities, examining Nussbaum's capabilities approach

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design, contrary to earlier doubts about the ability to operationalise the capabilities approach.

995: 4829: 4749: 4646: 4636: 4624: 4614: 4387: 1367: 1081: 1061: 963: 893: 843: 832: 602: 344: 4281: 813:

Being able to live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants, and the world of nature.

4629: 4599: 4567: 4510: 4420: 2593: 2112: 88: 2394: 2388: 1472: 1466: 1044:(HDR)commissioned by the UNDP set out to create a distribution-sensitive development measure. 4754: 4702: 4677: 4485: 4465: 3419: 3194: 3080: 3074: 2050: 1320: 990:, which includes child rearing and the societal advantages that result from a mother's work. 747: 693: 486: 410:, although its conceptual foundations enable it to acknowledge the existence of claims, like 329: 103: 22: 3996:(2003). "Sen's capability approach and gender inequality: selecting relevant capabilities". 4839: 4819: 4759: 4594: 4542: 3707:. Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre. 1325: 1205:, in which the most desirable action is the one that best increases peoples' psychological 751: 209: 93: 3700: 1751: 588: 8: 4824: 4619: 4522: 4448: 4443: 4410: 4154:

Readings in human development: concepts, measures and policies for a development paradigm

2055:"Creating Capacities for Human Flourishing: An Alternative Approach to Human Development" 1666: 1123: 967: 930: 771: 739: 697: 671: 639: 559: 381: 352:

range of social scientists, including those with a particular interest in human health.

126: 3731:(2003). "The human development paradigm: operationalizing Sen's ideas on capabilities". 1719:. New York Oxford New York: Russell Sage Foundation Clarendon Press Oxford Univ. Press. 1654: 1553:

Anand, Paul; Santos, Cristina; Smith, Ron (2009), "The measurement of capabilities", in

1064:(GII) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), both adopted in 2010. 343:

in debates concerning human development; his research inspired the creation of the UN's

4604: 4547: 4152: 4147: 4077: 4045: 4013: 3960: 3760: 3748: 3728: 3688: 3616: 3406: 3344: 3319: 3306: 3015: 2983:"Development of a self-report measure of capability wellbeing for adults: the ICECAP-A" 2982: 2886: 2792: 2694: 2645:

Human development report 2013: the rise of the South: human progress in a diverse world

2567: 2527: 2443: 2346: 2171: 2130: 1840: 1713: 1635: 1530: 1136: 959: 790: 786: 763: 647: 459: 214: 204: 70: 3506: 3383: 3278: 2465: 2461: 2383: 2285: 2194: 628:; not dying prematurely, or before one's life is so reduced as to be not worth living. 4814: 4734: 4672: 4665: 4495: 4261: 4239: 4218: 4185: 4159: 4143: 4105: 4097: 3985: 3964: 3929: 3910: 3889: 3855: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3764: 3708: 3692: 3652: 3633: 3578: 3559: 3468: 3439: 3384:"Capabilities and well-being: evidence based on the Sen–Nussbaum approach to welfare" 3349: 3247: 3084: 3055: 3020: 3002: 2963: 2928: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2835: 2827: 2784: 2776: 2741: 2648: 2620: 2531: 2473: 2447: 2398: 2350: 2293: 2211: 2134: 2077: 2030: 2002: 1977: 1953: 1895: 1868: 1803: 1797: 1759: 1720: 1670: 1625: 1566: 1534: 1476: 1439: 1377: 1190: 1040:, or KDIs as measures of development, including employee development. In 1990 in the 971: 775: 689: 667: 542: 308:

Individual differences in the ability to transform resources into valuable activities

278: 65: 45: 4017: 3752: 3620: 3435: 3310: 2959: 2924: 2796: 2737: 2571: 2323: 2175: 1844: 4682: 4093: 4069: 4049: 4037: 4005: 3981: 3952: 3740: 3705:

An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency

3680: 3608: 3542: 3521: 3493: 3460: 3431: 3410: 3398: 3370: 3339: 3331: 3298: 3274: 3047: 3010: 2994: 2955: 2920: 2890: 2862: 2819: 2768: 2733: 2706: 2559: 2519: 2435: 2338: 2203: 2163: 2122: 1832: 1756:

An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency

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The Journal of Socio-Economics: Special Section - the Socio-Economics of Happiness

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The core capabilities Nussbaum argues should be supported by all democracies are:

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Amartya Sen's capability approach theoretical insights and empirical applications

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Human development report 2011: sustainability and equity: a better future for all

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Clark, David (2006), "Capability approach (definition)", in Clark, David (ed.),

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Ballet, Jérôme; Bazin, Damien; Dubois, Jean-Luc; Mahieu, François-Régis (2014).

3497: 2697:(1999). "What does feminization of poverty mean? It isn't just lack of income". 2126: 4041: 4025: 3993: 3302: 2905: 2319: 1330: 1202: 1198: 991: 663: 514: 404: 377: 4315: 3956: 3402: 3374: 2998: 2772: 2563: 2439: 2231: 2167: 1952:, Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, pp. 153–199, 1836: 1526: 700:. Being able to have pleasurable experiences and to avoid non-beneficial pain. 658:. Being able to move freely from place to place; to be secure against violent 30: 4859: 4774: 4729: 4692: 4480: 4370: 4177: 3668: 3451:

Anand, Paul (December 2005). "QALYs and capabilities: a comment on Cookson".

3286: 3262: 3239: 3006: 2874: 2831: 2780: 2423: 1918: 1747: 1499: 946: 869: 735: 584: 396: 151: 3335: 2710: 2103:(2003). "Capabilities as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice". 388:

government oppression, lack of financial resources, or false consciousness.

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Gender, development, and globalization: economics as if all people mattered

2258:(Motion picture). Canada: National Film Board of Canada (NFB) and Studio B. 2207: 1639: 1611: 1565:, vol. 1, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 283–310, 1554: 1285: 782: 166: 136: 3593: 3525: 1229:, and other non-utility concerns; and adaptation and mental conditioning. 4490: 4405: 4231: 4210: 4202: 4173: 4139: 4118: 4089: 4057: 3943:

Riddle, Christopher A (2013). "Well-Being and the capability of health".

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The importance of real freedoms in the assessment of a person's advantage

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Riddle, Christopher A (2010). "Indexing, capabilities, and disability".

2619:. New York Basingstoke: United Nations Palgrave Macmillan. p. 169. 1621: 1159:) that focus on functioning, and can be applied within the framework of 339:, Sen has helped propel the capabilities approach to appear as a policy 4660: 4562: 4395: 4081: 2059:

Cultures of Sustainability and Wellbeing: Theories, Histories, Policies

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The capability approach is being developed and increasingly applied in

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offer a number of critiques. Critics in these fields typically discuss

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to do so. It was conceived in the 1980s as an alternative approach to

4809: 3464: 1506:; Anand, Paul; Hunter, Graham; Carter, Ian; Guala, Francesco (2009). 1414:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 1278: 1218: 1206: 934: 794: 743: 726: 715: 681: 643: 574: 546: 361: 312: 262: 156: 4252: 4073: 3854:. Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. 2823: 2810:

Cookson, Richard (2005-08-01). "QALYs and the capability approach".

2680:. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme. pp. 9–10. 2639: 2611: 2054: 4834: 4470: 3484:(April 2006). "Capabilities and achievements: an empirical study". 3205:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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An extension of the capabilities approach was published in 2013 in

482: 441: 340: 2647:. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme. p. 31. 2290:

Global tensions: challenges and opportunities in the world economy

4302: 3651:, Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 32–44, 3422:(January 2005). "Introduction: Equity, capabilities and health". 3244:

Valuing freedoms: Sen's capability approach and poverty reduction

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Al-Janabi, Hareth; Flynn, Terry N.; Coast, Joanna (2011-05-20).

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Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics

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Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics

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Handbook of human development: concepts, measures, and policies

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The well-being of nations: the role of human and social capital

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Sen initially argued for five components to assess capability:

1950:

Women, culture, and development: a study of human capabilities

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do can be developed and used to generate a range of insights.

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Disability and justice: The capabilities approach in practice

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD

1750:(2009), "The human development and capability approach", in 1563:

Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen

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and judging development, has traditionally been to focus on

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Concern for the distribution of opportunities within society

4296: 2076:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 33–34. 2029:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 19–20. 1233:

else being equal, more materially equal societies assuming

707: 521: 395:

emphasizes the importance of freedom of choice, individual

335:, development economist Sudhir Anand and economic theorist 2464:(2003), "Paid and unpaid labor: meanings and debates", in 470:, in and of itself, is of direct importance to a person's 376:). An approach to wellbeing using utility can be found in 4028:(2005). "The capability approach: a theoretical survey". 3928:. Lexington: Lexington Books / Rowman & Littlefield. 2667: 1184: 4297:

Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI)

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Anand, Paul; Hunter, Graham; Smith, Ron (October 2005).

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with respect to both political and artistic speech, and

321:

and nonmaterialistic factors in evaluating human welfare

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and goals. This differs from a common use of the term "

414:, which normatively dominate utility-based claims (see 3907:

Women and human development: the capabilities approach

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Another common approach in conventional economics, in

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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The multi-variate nature of activities giving rise to

4260:. New York: Oxford University Press for the U.N.D.P. 2945: 2074: