Canadian Indian residential school system

1454: 66: 1441:. The TRC noted that most of the 90 Indigenous languages that still exist are at risk of disappearing, with great-grandparents as the only speakers of many such languages. It concluded that a failure of governments and Indigenous communities to prioritize the teaching and preservation of traditional languages ensured that despite the closure of residential schools, the eradication of Indigenous culture desired by government officials and administrators would inevitably be fulfilled "through a process of systematic neglect". In addition to the forceful eradication of elements of Indigenous culture, the schools trained students in the patriarchal dichotomies then common in British and Canadian society and useful to state institutions, such as the domesticization of female students through imbuing 'stay-at-home' values and the militarization of male students through soldierlike regimentation. 1172: 1710:, Pope Francis reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church, with hundreds of Indigenous people and government officials in attendance, for its members' role in administrating many of the residential schools on behalf of the government and for abuse that occurred at the hand of Catholic priests and religious sisters. At the Pope's apologietic address given at Maskwacis, Chief Wilton Littlechild expressed hope for the future, saying: "You have said that you come as a pilgrim, seeking to walk together with us on the pathway of truth, justice, healing, reconciliation, and hope. We gladly welcome you to join us on this journey ... we sincerely hope that our encounter this morning, and the words you share with us, will echo with true healing and real hope throughout many generations to come." 1275: 1517:

sorry... To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian Residential Schools in which The United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology. You did nothing wrong. You were and are the victims of evil acts that cannot under any circumstances be justified or excused... We are in the midst of a long and painful journey as we reflect on the cries that we did not or would not hear, and how we have behaved as a church...we commit ourselves to work toward ensuring that we will never again use our power as a church to hurt others with attitudes of racial and spiritual superiority. We pray that you will hear the sincerity of our words today and that you will witness the living out of our apology in our actions in the future.

1933:. He acknowledged that students experienced multiple forms of abuse linking their treatment to the colonial thinking that shaped the school system. Trudeau's apology was received on behalf of residential school survivors by Toby Obed, who framed the apology as a key part of the healing process that connected survivors from Newfoundland and Labrador with school attendees from across the country. Members of the Innu nation were less receptive, rejecting the apology ahead of the ceremony. Grand Chief Gregory Rich noted in a released statement that he was "not satisfied that Canada understands yet what it has done to Innu and what it is still doing", indicating that members felt they deserved an apology for more than their experiences at residential schools. 2458: 1680:

experienced in Canada’s Indian Residential Schools. Many Catholic religious communities and dioceses participated in this system, which led to the suppression of Indigenous languages, culture and spirituality, failing to respect the rich history, traditions and wisdom of Indigenous Peoples. We acknowledge the grave abuses that were committed by some members of our Catholic community; physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, cultural, and sexual." Assembly of First Nations Chief RoseAnne Archibald stated she felt conflicted, saying "On one hand, their unequivocal apology is welcomed," but that she was disappointed that the bishops had not issued a formal request for the pope to visit Canada in person. The Catholic bishops also stated

1779:, the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England and the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, undertook a five-day visit to Canada, during which he apologized for the "terrible crime" he said the Anglican Church committed in running residential schools and for the Church of England's "grievous sins" against the Indigenous peoples of Canada. He continued, "I am so sorry that the Church participated in the attempt—the failed attempt, because you rose above it and conquered it—to dehumanise and abuse those we should have embraced as brothers and sisters." The Archbishop spent time visiting reserves, meeting with First Nations leaders and Anglicans, and listening to former residential school students. 2380:

health supports, a commemoration component and a strategy for litigation. As explained by the TRC, the ADR was designed as a "voluntary process for resolution of certain claims of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and forcible confinement, without having to go through the civil litigation process". It was created by the Canadian government without consultation with Indigenous communities or former residential school students. The ADR system also made it the responsibility of the former students to prove that the abuse occurred and was intentional, resulting in former students finding the system difficult to navigate, re-traumatizing, and discriminatory. Many survivor advocacy groups and Indigenous political organizations such as the

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church administrators to provide higher quality instruction and support to the students in their care. Although the government was willing to, and did, purchase schools from the churches, many were acquired for free given that the rampant disrepair present in the buildings resulted in their having no economic value. Schools continued to be maintained by churches in instances where they failed to reach an agreement with government officials with the understanding that the government would provide support for capital costs. The understanding ultimately proved complicated due to the lack of written agreements outlining the extent and nature of that support or the approvals required to undertake expensive renovations and repairs.

1527: 674:, Superintendent of Welfare and Training in the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal Department of Mines and Resources, opposed the expansion of new schools, noting in 1936 that "to build educational institutions, particularly residential schools, while the money at our disposal is insufficient to keep the schools already erected in a proper state of repair, is, to me, very unsound and a practice difficult to justify." He proposed the expansion of day schools, an approach to educating Indigenous children that he would continue to pursue after being promoted to director of the welfare and training branch in 1945. The proposal was resisted by the United Church, the Anglican Church, and the 2422:(IRSSA), announced on May 8, 2006, and implemented in September 2007. At the time, there were about 86,000 living victims. The IRSSA included funding for the AHF, for commemoration, for health support, and for a Truth and Reconciliation program, as well as an individual Common Experience Payment (CEP). Any person who could be verified as having resided at a federally run Indian residential school in Canada was entitled to a CEP. The amount of compensation was based on the number of years a particular former student resided at the residential schools: $ 10,000 for the first year attended (from one night residing there to a full school year) plus $ 3,000 for every year thereafter. 519: 44: 2244: 1445:

Indigenous peoples had for maintaining their languages in the same way Indian boarding school survivor memoir, literature, and testimony do from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This absence may exemplify how school newspapers carefully created an English-only fantasy for readers, but may also attest to the success of students' secrecy: perhaps official school documents did not report that students still knew Indigenous languages because schools were unaware of this. Government reports, if read contrapuntally, were more forthcoming in how students continued to speak their language, though they framed such resistance as failure."

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support initiatives discerned locally with Indigenous partners. Furthermore, we invite the Indigenous Peoples to journey with us into a new era of reconciliation, helping us in each of our dioceses across the country to prioritize initiatives of healing, to listen to the experience of Indigenous Peoples, especially to the survivors of Indian Residential Schools, and to educate our clergy, consecrated men and women, and lay faithful, on Indigenous cultures and spirituality. We commit ourselves to continue the work of providing documentation or records that will assist in the memorialization of those buried in unmarked graves.

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adjudicator. The IAP became available to all former students of residential schools on September 19, 2007. Former students who experienced abuse and wished to pursue compensation had to apply by themselves or through a lawyer of their choice to receive consideration. The deadline to apply for the IAP was September 19, 2012. This gave former students of residential schools four years from the implementation date of the IRSSA to apply for the IAP. Claims involving physical and sexual abuse were compensated up to $ 275,000. By September 30, 2016, the IAP had resolved 36,538 claims and paid $ 3.1

878: 897:, be financially independent a few years after opening. The government believed through the industrial system and cheap labour costs of missionary staff it could "operate a residential school system on a nearly cost-free basis." Students "were expected to raise or grow and prepare most of the food they ate, to make and repair much of their clothing, and to maintain the schools." Most schools did this through a system where students studied for half the day and did "vocational training" for the other half. This system failed and the schools never became self-supporting. 418:, a conclusion that echoed the words of historian John S. Milloy, who argued that the system's aim was to "kill the Indian in the child." Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. As the system was designed as an immersion program, Indigenous children were in many schools prohibited from, and sometimes punished for, speaking their own languages or practising their own faiths. The primary goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity and acculturate them. 286: 1113: 1670: 1015:, urban teenagers, or the promotion of a Christian ethic, that was used as a sign of successful assimilation. There was no indication that school attendees achieved greater financial success than those who did not go to school. As the father of a pupil who attended Battleford Industrial School, in Saskatchewan, for five years explained: "he cannot read, speak or write English, nearly all his time having been devoted to herding and caring for cattle instead of learning a trade or being otherwise educated. Such employment he can get at home." 979: 1057: 1470:

sending their children to the residential schools. Many protested the lack of decent educational opportunities available, but the government took little action until after World War I, when European-Canadians first began to acknowledge discriminatory treatment towards Indians." Indigenous resistance is defined, in the words of Anishinaabe scholar-artist Leanne Simpson as "a radical and complete overturning of the nation-state's political formations." During this time Native people found ways to resist this colonial endeavor.

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Another poll conducted in 2021 showed that only 10% of Canadians were very familiar with the history of the residential school system and that 68% say they were unaware of the severity of abuses or completely shocked by it, and that so many children could die. A majority of Canadians believe that educational provincial curricula does not include enough about residential schools, that the education level should increase, and that the framing of the residential school system has been downplayed in the education system.

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deaths or missing children, in part because of the practice of burying students in unmarked graves. The work is further complicated by a pattern of poor record keeping by school and government officials, who neglected to keep reliable numbers about the number of children who died or where they were buried. While most schools had cemeteries on site, their location and extent remain difficult to determine as cemeteries that were originally marked were found to have been later razed, intentionally hidden or built over.

371: 1077: 1952:. Class action lawsuits have been brought against the Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario governments for the harm caused to victims of the large-scale adoption scheme that saw thousands of Indigenous children forcibly removed from their parents in the 1960s. Indigenous leaders responded by insisting that while apologies were welcomed, action—including a federal apology, reunification of families, compensation, and counselling for victims—must accompany words for them to have real meaning. 1474:

entered the labour market and competed with Euro-American workers." The Canadian government was displeased with this; as one minister for Indian Affairs noted in 1897, "we are educating these Indians to compete industrially with our own peoples, which seems to me a very undesirable amount of public money." The government, perceiving Indian education as too generous, reduced the services available to First Nations peoples beginning in 1910 and emphasized low cost schooling thereafter.

1092: 2951:, while recounting the views of an unidentified American general who believed "that the only good Indian is a dead one," of which Pratt wrote: "In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Mark Abley writes that in a Canadian context "kill the Indian in the child" has been erroneously attributed to former deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs, 2756: 710:. Often taken without the consent of their parents or community elders, some children were placed in state-run child welfare facilities, increasingly operated in former residential schools, while others were fostered or placed up for adoption by predominantly non-Indigenous families throughout Canada and the United States. While the Indian and Northern Affairs estimates that 11,132 children were adopted between 1960 and 1990, the actual number may be as high as 20,000. 734: 702:. With no requirement for specialized training regarding the traditions or lifestyles of the communities they entered, provincial officials assessed the welfare of Indigenous children based on Euro-Canadian values that, for example, deemed traditional diets of game, fish and berries insufficient and grounds for taking children into custody. This period resulted in the widespread removal of Indigenous children from their traditional communities, first termed the 12229: 406:. With the threat of invasion by American forces minimized, Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies but as barriers to permanent settlement. This change was also associated with the transfer of responsibility for interactions with Indigenous communities from military officials, familiar with and sympathetic to their customs and way of life, to civilian representatives concerned only with permanent colonial settlement. 742:

schools, including the increase of centrally located day schools to improve access to their children, and made repeated requests for improvements to the quality of education, food, and clothing being provided at the schools. Demands for answers in regards to claims of abuse were often dismissed as a ploy by parents seeking to keep their children at home, with government and school officials positioned as those who knew best.

941:, milk production among the schools dairy herds was reduced by 50%. The federal government refused to fund construction for an additional barn to increase milk production and isolate the sick animals. Even among other schools dairy herds, funding was so low that milk was separated with "skimmed milk served to the children" and the fat turned to dairy products sold to fund the schools. In 1939, the Presbyterian school in 450:. The approach of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience: the government provided facilities and maintenance, while the churches provided teachers and their own lesson-planning. As a result, the number of schools per denomination was less a reflection of their presence in the general population, but rather their legacy of missionary work. 1646:, Fontaine stated in regards to the pope's acknowledgement of the suffering of the school survivors "I think in that sense, there was that apology that we were certainly looking for." Many argue that Pope Benedict XVI's statement was not a full apology. In the 2015 Report from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC), Action 58 called for the pope to issue an apology similar to Pope Benedict XVI's 2010 2723:, and on September 30, 2013—the time of the year when Indigenous children were taken away to residential schools—they encouraged students in schools in the area to wear an orange shirt in memory of the victims of the residential school system. The observance of the holiday spread quickly across Canada, and in 2017 the Canadian government encouraged all Canadians to participate in the observance of Orange Shirt Day. 1405:

offspring) are also at greater risk for poor well-being." 37.2% of adults with at least one parent who attended a boarding school contemplated committing suicide in their lifetimes, compared to 25.7% of people whose parents did not attend residential boarding schools. Higher levels of depression symptoms and psychological trauma were evident among Indian residential school survivors' children.

2784: 484:, it consolidated all previous laws placing Indigenous communities, land and finances under federal control. As explained by the TRC, the act "made Indians wards of the state, unable to vote in provincial or federal elections or enter the professions if they did not surrender their status, and severely limited their freedom to participate in spiritual and cultural practices." 1417:, suppressing their languages and culture was a key tactic used to assimilate Indigenous children. Many students spoke the language of their families fluently when they first entered residential schools. The schools strictly prohibited the use of these languages even though many students spoke little to no English or French. Traditional and spiritual activities including the 789:; in one school, the death rate reached 69 percent. Federal policies that tied funding to enrollment numbers led to sick children being enrolled to boost numbers, thus introducing and spreading disease. The problem of unhealthy children was further exacerbated by the conditions of the schools themselves – overcrowding and poor ventilation, water quality and sewage systems. 158:, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the remote nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families, residential schools were the only way to comply. The schools were intentionally located at substantial distances from Indigenous communities to minimize contact between families and their children. Indian Commissioner 2069: 750:

school examinations. It was changed to children between 6 and 15 years of age in 1908. The introduction of mandatory attendance at a day school on the reserve was the result of pressure from missionary representatives. Reliant on student enrolment quotas to secure funding, they were struggling to attract new students due to increasingly poor school conditions.

1088:, highlighted that the "Indian population of Canada has a mortality rate of more than double that of the whole population, and in some provinces more than three times". Among the list of causes he noted the infectious disease of tuberculosis and the role residential schools played in spreading the disease by way of poor ventilation and medical screening. 2384:(AFN) worked to have the ADR system dissolved. In 2004 the Assembly of First Nations released a report critical of the ADR underscoring, among other issues, the failure of survivors to automatically receive the full amount of compensation without subsequent ligation against the church and failure to compensate for lost family, language and culture. The 2541:: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party. 1100:

1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published

2639:, the pole tells the story of the residential school system prior to, during and after its operation. It features thousands of copper nails, used to represent the children who died in Canadian residential schools, and depictions of residential school survivors carved by artists from multiple Indigenous communities, including Canadian 2320:

them to communicate and develop mutual understanding. In 2014, the federal government ceased to contribute funds to Indigenous health organizations such as the AHF and the National Aboriginal Health Organization. Since then, more pressure has been placed on churches to sustain their active participation in these healing efforts.

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Métis residential school survivors, who were not included in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and were not given a symbolic apology from the prime minister. Archibald said she remained hopeful the King would apologize for colonization and the Church of England's role in the residential school system. Simon told

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provinces and territories of Canada, an "opt-out" period occurred. During this time, the former students of residential schools could reject the agreement if they did not agree with its dispositions. This opt-out period ended on August 20, 2007, with about 350 former students opting out. The IRSSA was the largest

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The churches have also engaged in reconciliation initiatives such as the Returning to Spirit: Residential School Healing and Reconciliation Program, a workshop that aims to unite Indigenous and non-Indigenous people through discussing the legacy of residential schools and fostering an environment for

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in April of that year.) Archibald said that the Prince "acknowledged" failures by Canadian governments in handling the relationship between the Crown and Indigenous people, which she said "really meant something". Royal correspondent Sarah Campbell noted, "on this brief tour, there has been no shying

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On September 24, 2021, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a formal apology for residential schools stating "We, the Catholic Bishops of Canada, gathered in Plenary this week, take this opportunity to affirm to you, the Indigenous Peoples of this land, that we acknowledge the suffering

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for a public apology to all survivors of the residential school system, rather than the expression of sorrow issued by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. Trudeau invited the pope to issue the apology in Canada. Although no commitment for such an apology followed the meeting, he noted that the pope pointed to

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I apologize for the pain and suffering that our church's involvement in the Indian Residential School system has caused. We are aware of some of the damage that this cruel and ill-conceived system of assimilation has perpetrated on Canada's First Nations peoples. For this we are truly and most humbly

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However, Indigenous children in boarding schools were not deterred, and continued to speak and practice their language in an attempt to keep it alive. Assistant Professor in Professional Communication, Jane Griffith, said, "Predictably, nineteenth-century government texts do not reveal the strategies

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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission wrote that the policy of Indian Affairs was to refuse to return the bodies of children home due to the associated expense, and to instead require the schools to bear the cost of burials. The TRC concluded that it may be impossible to ever identify the number of

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stated per capita costs for "well-run institutions" ranged between $ 313 and $ 541; Canada was paying 57.5% of the minimum figure. Changes in per capita costs did not occur until the 1950s and were seen as insignificant. In 1966, Saskatchewan residential schools per capita costs ranged from $ 694 and

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as "assimilated" citizens that removed their legal identity as Indians. Disconnected from their families and culture and forced to speak English or French, students often graduated being unable to fit into their communities but remaining subject to racist attitudes in mainstream Canadian society. The

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During the 2022 National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill, as well as buildings across Canada, were illuminated to honour those affected by the Canadian residential school system. They were lit up in orange throughout the evening of September 30, 2022, from 7:00pm

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Education or awareness of the residential school system or its abuses is low among Canadians. A 2020 survey suggested that nearly half of Canadians never learned about the residential schools when they were students, with 34% of those who were taught by teachers being provided a positive assessment.

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In June 2001, the government established Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada as an independent government department to manage the residential school file. In 2003, the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process was launched as part of a larger National Resolution Framework which included

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The bishops also stated "Pope Francis will encounter and listen to the Indigenous participants, so as to discern how he can support our common desire to renew relationships and walk together along the path of hope in the coming years" with some interpreting this visit as an important step that could

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We are fully committed to the process of healing and reconciliation. Together with the many pastoral initiatives already underway in dioceses across the country, and as a further tangible expression of this ongoing commitment, we are pledging to undertake fundraising in each region of the country to

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The elders present at the General Council expressly refused to accept the apology and chose to receive the apology, believing further work needed to be done. In 1998, the church apologized expressly for the role it played in the residential school system. On behalf of The United Church of Canada the

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Fearing their children would face racial discrimination in St. Paul, parents wished to see the school transferred to a private society that would operate it both as a school and a residence. The federal government had been open to such a transfer if the First Nations organization was structured as a

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million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied. The researchers concluded, after searching land near schools using satellite imagery and maps, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to

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In 1907, Bryce reported on the conditions of Manitoba and North-West residential schools: "we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be." In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and

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After the government closed most of the schools in the 1960s, the work of Indigenous activists and historians led to greater awareness by the public of the damage the schools had caused, as well as to official government and church apologies, and a legal settlement. These gains were achieved through

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skills. The work was arduous, and severely compromised the academic and social development of the students. School books and textbooks were drawn mainly from the curricula of the provincially funded public schools for non-Indigenous students, and teachers at the residential schools were often poorly

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The executive summary of the TRC concluded that the assimilation amounted to cultural genocide. The ambiguity of the phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The TRC was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as

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million to support the work of the AHF. Federal funding for the foundation was cut in 2010 by the Stephen Harper government, leaving 134 national healing-related initiatives without an operating budget. The AHF closed in 2014. Former AHF executive director Mike DeGagne has said that the loss of AHF

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In 1975, the Anglican, Roman Catholic and United Churches, along with six other churches, formed Project North, later known as the Aboriginal Rights Coalition (ARC), with the objective of "transformation of the relationship between Canadian society and Aboriginal peoples." The campaign's objectives

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and the German Moravian Missionaries. The government argued that because these schools were not created under the auspices of the Indian Act, they were not true residential schools. More than 1,000 former students disagreed and filed a class action lawsuit against the government for compensation in

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Boarding schools in Canada worked towards assimilation of Native students. Historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "Education for Indians was not mandatory in Canada until 1920, long after compulsory attendance laws were passed in the United States, although families frequently resisted

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of powerlessness and loss". This trauma has been used to explain the persistent negative social and cultural impacts of colonial rule and residential schools, including the prevalence of sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug addiction, lateral violence, mental illness and suicide among Indigenous peoples.

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required to obtain employment and integrate into Canadian society after graduation. In actuality, these goals were poorly and inconsistently achieved. Many graduates were unable to land a job due to poor educational training. Returning home was equally challenging due to an unfamiliarity with their

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in response to one of his agents recommending they only approve qualified teaching staff stated that that would require more funding and that Indian Affairs did not "entertain requests for increased grants to Indian boarding and industrial schools." The pay was so low relative to provincial schools

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of 1869 formed the foundations for this system prior to Confederation. These acts assumed the inherent superiority of French and British ways, and the need for Indigenous peoples to become French or English speakers, Christians, and farmers. At the time, many Indigenous leaders argued to have these

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reintroduced the bill to make Orange Shirt Day a national statutory holiday. Following the discovery of the remains of 215 children on the grounds of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School on May 24, 2021, Parliament agreed to pass the bill unanimously, and the bill received royal assent on

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explained that the recommendations were not aimed solely at prompting government action, but instead a collective move toward reconciliation in which all Canadians have a role to play: "Many of our elements, many of our recommendations and many of the Calls to Action are actually aimed at Canadian

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We are sorry and deeply regret the pain, suffering and alienation that so many experienced. We have heard their cries of distress, feel their anguish and want to be part of the healing process ... we pledge solidarity with the aboriginal peoples in their pursuit of recognition of their basic human

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Those that survived used their knowledge to speak back against colonialism, as historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "in Canada, the results of this system were more complicated than the government anticipated. Often students returned to their reserves to become leaders, while others

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and today they are unmarked graves... the machine has a 10 to 15 percent error...we do know there is at least 600... We cannot affirm that they are all children, but there are oral stories that there are adults in this gravesite... some may have went to the Church and from our local towns and they

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Visitation, for those who could make the journey, was strictly controlled by school officials in a manner similar to the procedures enforced in the prison system. In some cases schools denied parents access to their children altogether. Others required families to meet with them in the presence of

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Details of the mistreatment of students were published numerous times throughout the 20th century by government officials reporting on school conditions, and in the proceedings of civil cases brought forward by survivors seeking compensation for the abuse they endured. The conditions and impact of

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was often justified by a belief that it was the only way to save souls or punish and deter runaways – whose injuries or death sustained in their efforts to return home would become the legal responsibility of the school. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, inadequate heating, and a lack of medical

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made attendance at a day school, if there was a day school on the reserve on which the child resided, compulsory for status Indian children between 7 and 16 years of age. The changes included a series of exemptions regarding school location, the health of the children and their prior completion of

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Some parents and families of Indigenous children resisted the residential school system throughout its existence. Children were kept from schools and, in some cases, hidden from government officials tasked with rounding up children on reserves. Parents regularly advocated for increased funding for

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The government began purchasing church-run boarding schools in the 1920s. During this period capital costs associated with the schools were assumed by the government, leaving administrative and instructional duties to church officials. The hope was that minimizing facility expenditures would allow

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awarded 50 acres (200,000 m) of land to any Indigenous male deemed "sufficiently advanced in the elementary branches of education" and would automatically enfranchise him, removing any tribal affiliation or treaty rights. With this legislation, and through the creation of residential schools,

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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's 80th call to action was for the government to designate a National Day for Truth and Reconciliation that would become a statutory holiday to honour the survivors, their families, and communities. In August 2018, the government announced it was considering

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For many communities the buildings that formerly housed residential schools are a traumatic reminder of the system's legacy; demolition, heritage status and the possibility of incorporating sites into the healing process have been discussed. In July 2016, it was announced that the building of the

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on 6 May 2023, Simon organized a meeting between herself, the King, Archibald, President of the Métis National Council Cassidy Caron, and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami President Natan Obed, all of whom also attended the coronation. Afterward, Caron recounted that she raised the issue of recognition for

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We ask, also, for forgiveness from Aboriginal peoples. What we have heard we acknowledge. It is our hope that those whom we have wronged with a hurt too deep for telling will accept what we have to say. With God's guidance our Church will seek opportunities to walk with Aboriginal peoples to find

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when they were caught speaking their own language. The inability to communicate was further affected by their families' inabilities to speak English or French. Upon leaving residential school some survivors felt ashamed of being Indigenous as they were made to view their traditional identities as

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The IRSSA also proposed an advance payment for former students alive and who were 65 years old and over as of May 30, 2005. The deadline for reception of the advance payment form by IRSRC was December 31, 2006. Following a legal process, including an examination of the IRSSA by the courts of the

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to underscore four government responsibilities: "resolving land claims; improving the economic and social conditions on reserves; defining a new relationship between aboriginal peoples and governments; and addressing the concerns of Canada's aboriginal peoples in contemporary Canadian life." The

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On behalf of the university and all its people, I apologize to all of you who are survivors of the residential schools, to your families and communities and to all Indigenous people for the role this university played in perpetuating that system...We apologize for the actions and inaction of our

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We imposed our civilization as a condition of accepting the gospel. We tried to make you be like us and in so doing we helped to destroy the vision that made you what you were. As a result, you, and we, are poorer and the image of the Creator in us is twisted, blurred, and we are not what we are

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In the summer of 1970, members of Saddle Lake Cree Nation occupied the building and demanded the right to run it themselves. More than 1,000 people participated in the 17-day sit-in, which lasted from July 14 to 31. Their efforts resulted in Blue Quills becoming the first Indigenous-administered

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was largely abandoned by the 1690s. The political instability and realities of colonial life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited church resources, and colonists benefited from favourable relations with

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them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools. The number of school-related

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We apologize for the part we played in the cultural, ethnical, linguistic and religious imperialism that was part of the European mentality and, in a particular way, for the instances of physical and sexual abuse that occurred in these schools ... For these trespasses we wish to voice today our

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in the 1940s and 1950s, some bands, along with regional and national Indigenous organizations, wanted to maintain schools in their communities. Motivations for support of the schools included their role as a social service in communities that were suffering from extensive family breakdowns; the

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By 1891, the government cut already low salaries, stopped covering operating costs, and implemented a fixed amount of funding per student. This policy drove competition and encouraged the admission of students that were deemed "too young or too sick." The chronic underfunding developed a health

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for the harm done at residential schools. Affirming Ontario's commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, she acknowledged the school system as "one of the most shameful chapters in Canadian history". In a 105-minute ceremony, Wynne announced that the Ontario government would spend $

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I also feel shame ... sorrow and shame for the role that a number of Catholics, particularly those with educational responsibilities, have had in all these things that wounded you, and the abuses you suffered and the lack of respect shown for your identity, your culture and even your spiritual

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Preservation of documentation of the legacy of residential schools was also highlighted as part of the TRC's Calls to Action. Community groups and other stakeholders have variously argued for documenting or destroying evidence and testimony of residential school abuses. On April 4, 2016, the

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The IRSSA also included the Independent Assessment Process (IAP), a case-by-case, out-of-court resolution process designed to provide compensation for sexual, physical and emotional abuse. The IAP process was built on the ADR program and all IAP claims from former students are examined by an

1404:

In a 2014 article, Anishinaabe psychiatry researcher Amy Bombay reviewed research that relates to the intergenerational effects. She found that, "In addition to negative effects observed among those who attended IRS, accumulating evidence suggests that the children of those who attended (IRS

994:

systems based on 'look, listen, and learn' models. Corporal punishment and loss of privileges characterized the residential school system, while traditional Indigenous approaches to education favour positive guidance toward desired behaviour through game-based play, story-telling, and formal

925:

or missionary organizations, pay was relatively unimportant. Thus, almost all staff were poorly paid, and schools had trouble recruiting and retaining staff. In 1948, C.H. Birdsall, chair of the United Church committee responsible for the Edmonton school, in regard to the lack of funding for

873:

In addition to these three the Commission stated a national security element and quoted Andsell Macrae, a commissioner with Indian Affairs: "it is unlikely that any Tribe or Tribes would give trouble of a serious nature to the Government whose members had children completely under Government

685:

in 1951 that allowed federal officials to establish agreements with provincial and territorial governments and school boards regarding the education of Indigenous students in the public school system. These changes marked the government's shift in policy from assimilation-driven education at

399:, Ontario. Administered by the Anglican Church, the facility opened as the Mechanics' Institute, a day school for boys, in 1828 and became a boarding school four years later when it accepted its first boarders and began admitting female students. It remained in operation until June 30, 1970. 2107:(Elizabeth II's eldest son and then-heir to the Canadian Crown), said that it was an "important moment, with "Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly on the past, and to forge a new relationship for the future". The Prince and his wife, 469:

the jurisdiction of the provincial governments, the Indigenous peoples and their treaties fell under the jurisdiction of the federal government. As a condition of several treaties, the federal government agreed to provide for Indigenous education. Residential schools were funded under the

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In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to travel across Canada collecting the testimonies of people affected by the residential school system. About 7,000 Indigenous people told their stories. The TRC concluded in 2015 with the publication of a six volume,

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ritualized ceremonies. While at school, many children had no contact with their families for up to 10 months at a time, and in some cases had no contact for years. The impact of the disconnect from their families was furthered by students being discouraged or prohibited from speaking

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of Aboriginal Peoples, voiced disapproval of the final TRC report, saying that it had omitted the positives of the schools. Although Beyak's right to free speech was defended by some Conservative senators, her comments were widely criticized by members of the opposition, among them

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salaries, accommodations, and equipment, stated that it was "doubtful the present work with Indian Children could properly be called education." In 1948, Sechelt school staff were paying full-time staff a salary of $ 1800. In the 1960s, Christie school staff were paid $ 50 a month.

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Residential school deaths were common and have been linked to poorly constructed and maintained facilities. The actual number of deaths remains unknown due to inconsistent reporting by school officials and the destruction of medical and administrative records in compliance with

779:

Students in the residential school system were faced with a multitude of abuses by teachers and administrators, including sexual and physical assault. They suffered from malnourishment and harsh discipline that would not have been tolerated in any other Canadian school system.

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crisis within the schools and a financial crisis within the missionary groups. In 1911, in an attempt to alleviate the health crisis, the federal government increased per capita grant funding. However, the funding did not adjust for inflation. In the 1930s, throughout the

240:(TRC) was established to uncover the truth about the schools. The commission gathered about 7,000 statements from residential school survivors through various local, regional and national events across Canada. In 2015, the TRC concluded with the establishment of the 12003: 2497:

ruled that documents pertaining to IAP settlements will be destroyed in 15 years if individual claimants do not request to have their documents archived. This decision was fought by the TRC as well as the federal government, but argued for by religious representatives.

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in Alberta in a building designed by architect Roland Guerney Orr. From 1929 to 1971 the building housed Old Sun residential school, first run by the Anglicans and taken over by the federal government in 1969. It was converted to adult learning and stood as a campus of

1023:

Both academic research and the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee relay evidence that students were included in several scientific research experiments without their knowledge, their consent or the consent of their parents. These experiments include

260:

reiterated the apologies of the Catholic Church for its role, also acknowledging the system as genocide. In October 2022, the House of Commons unanimously passed a motion calling on the federal Canadian government to recognize the residential school system as genocide.

1104:

In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis. At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness.

2100:, "we talked about reconciliation and I did talk about the need for healing in our country and to have a better understanding and a better relationship between Indigenous people and other Canadians" and she felt the Queen was well informed on issues affecting Canada. 2477:

such a finding would imply a legal responsibility of the Canadian government that would be difficult to prove. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open.

725:. It is estimated that the number of residential schools reached its peak in the early 1930s with 80 schools and more than 17,000 enrolled students. About 150,000 children are believed to have attended a residential school over the course of the system's existence. 1223:. Some of these graves predated the establishment of the residential school. On June 24, 2021, Chief Cadmus Delorme of Cowessess First Nation held a virtual press conference. From June 2 to 23 they found an estimated 751 unmarked graves. Delorme went on to state: 1822:

issued an apology on behalf of the RCMP for its role in the Indian residential school system: "We, I, as Commissioner of the RCMP, am truly sorry for what role we played in the residential school system and the abuse that took place in the residential system."

657:

that the best course of action would be to make children "lead a life different from their parents and cause them to forget the customs, habits & language of their ancestors." In 1883 Parliament approved $ 43,000 for three industrial schools and the first,

2866:. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the system was established, specifically one in which 2088:, said she "joins with all Canadians ... to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive society". The same year, the Queen appointed 999:, even among themselves and outside the classroom, so that English or French would be learned and their own languages forgotten. In some schools, they were subject to physical violence for speaking their own languages or for practicing non-Christian faiths. 2183:

she was not certain there would be an apology and that she put more value in action, elaborating, "an apology is words, and it makes people feel good and deal with their trauma to some extent. But, if you don't have any action after that, it stays static".

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Crosby further pledged the need to "come again to that deep trust and solidarity that constitutes families. We recognize that the road beyond past hurt may be long and steep, but we pledge ourselves anew to journey with the Native Peoples on that road."

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On June 10, 2021, a delegation of Indigenous people were announced to meet with the pope later in the year to discuss the legacy of residential schools. On 29 June, the delegation was scheduled to take place from December 17 to 20, 2021, to comply with

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In 1992, The Anglican Church of Canada set up the Anglican Healing Fund for Healing and Reconciliation to respond to the ongoing need for healing related to residential schools. From 1992 to 2007, the fund funded over $ 8 million towards 705 projects.

909:, it was repeatedly reduced, and by 1937, the per capita grant averaged just $ 180 per student per year. For perspective, per-capita costs for comparable institutions included: Manitoba School for the Deaf: $ 642, Manitoba School for Boys: $ 550, U.S. 1963:, issued an apology as a ministerial statement on June 22, 2015, in a bid to begin to address the wrongs done by the province's previous ministries to the Indigenous peoples of Alberta and the rest of Canada. At the same time, Notley called on the 957:

argued that the schools should be moved farther from the reserves to make visiting more difficult. He also objected to allowing children to return home during school breaks and holidays because he believed the trips interrupted their assimilation.

1861:

On June 11, 2008, Harper issued a symbolic apology on behalf of the sitting Cabinet for past ministries' policies of assimilation. He did this in front of an audience of Indigenous delegates and in an address that was broadcast nationally on the

1601:, issued an apology for the actions of Jesuits in the Western missions and in the "ways the church was insensitive toward your tribal customs, language and spirituality ... The Society of Jesus is sorry for the mistakes it has made in the past". 689:

Despite the shift in policy from educational assimilation to integration, the removal of Indigenous children from their families by state officials continued through much of the 1960s and 70s. The removals were the result of the 1951 addition of

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released its own report in April 2005 finding the ADR to be "an excessively costly and inappropriately applied failure, for which the Minister and her officials are unable to raise a convincing defence". Within a month of the report's release a

8220: 4767: 2134:, where they also participated in an opening prayer, a drumming circle, and a feeding the fire ceremony. Elisabeth Penashue, an elder of the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation in Labrador, said it was "really important they hear our stories". 2718:

told her story. She recounted how her grandmother bought her a new orange shirt to go to school in, and when she arrived at the residential school, the shirt was stripped away from her and never returned. The other survivors founded the

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The fourth volume of the TRC's final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $

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Many of the government-funded residential schools were run by churches of various denominations. Between 1867 and 1939, the number of schools operating at one time peaked at 80 in 1931. Of those schools, 44 were operated by 16 Catholic

409:

Beginning in the late 1800s, the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) officially encouraged the growth of the residential school system as a valuable component in a wider policy of integrating Indigenous people into

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At a reception at Buckingham Palace, on the day before his coronation, 5 May 2023, King Charles III (left, foreground) meets with Governor General Mary Simon (right), who is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal

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values. For the deplorable conduct of these members of the Catholic Church, I ask for God's forgiveness and I want to say to you with all my heart, I am very sorry. And I join my brothers, the Canadian bishops, in asking your pardon.

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rights ... urge the federal government to assume its responsibility for its part in the Indian Residential Schools ... urge our faith communities to become better informed and more involved in issues important to aboriginal peoples

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in Canada. The Premier also stated her intent for the government to build relationships with provincial leaders of Indigenous communities and sought to amend the provincial curriculum to include the history of Indigenous culture.

669:

By the 1930s, government officials recognized that the residential school system was financially unsustainable and failing to meet the intended goal of training and assimilating Indigenous children into European-Canadian society.

3405: 1498:, Ontario. At the 1986 31st General Council, the United Church of Canada responded to the request of Indigenous peoples that it apologize to them for its part in colonization and adopted the apology. Rev. Bob Smith stated: 8512: 9457: 2688:. Following his death in October 2017, Downie's brother Mike said he was aware of 40,000 teachers who had used the material in their classrooms, and hoped to continue this. In December 2017, Downie was posthumously named 1866:. The Prime Minister apologized not only for the known excesses of the residential school system, but for the creation of the system itself. Harper delivered the speech in the House of Commons; the procedural device of a 1011:

culture and, in some cases, an inability to communicate with family members using their traditional language. Instead of intellectual achievement and advancement, it was often physical appearance and dress, like that of

5522: 9979: 8596: 1636:

His Holiness emphasized that acts of abuse cannot be tolerated in society. He prayed that all those affected would experience healing, and he encouraged First Nations Peoples to continue to move forward with renewed

10592: 10340: 5059: 316:'s (TRC) final report: "Underlying these arguments was the belief that the colonizers were bringing civilization to savage people who could never civilize themselves ... a belief of racial and cultural superiority." 10371: 7790: 3503: 2354:

In January 1998, the government made a "statement of reconciliation" – including an apology to those people who were sexually or physically abused while attending residential schools – and established the

2271:, the land dispute sparked a critical discussion about the Canadian government's complacency regarding relations with Indigenous communities and responses to their concerns. The action prompted then Prime Minister 9651: 7077: 3609: 2585:

hosted a two-day national forum at which Canadian university administrators, scholars and members of Indigenous communities discussed how Canadian universities can and should respond to the TRC's Calls to Action.

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applauded the compensation decision noting that the placement of children in the residential school system was "the single most harmful, disgraceful and racist act in our history". At an Ottawa news conference,

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Fontaine, a residential school survivor, later stated that he had sensed the pope's "pain and anguish" and that the acknowledgement was "important to and that was what was looking for". In an interview with

594: 1153:: "Missing children – that is the big surprise for me ... That such large numbers of children died at the schools. That the information of their deaths was not communicated back to their families." 9525: 5677: 962:

school officials and speak only in English; parents who could not speak in English were unable to talk to their children. The obstacles families faced to visit their children were further exacerbated by the

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to call for Orange Shirt Day to become a statutory holiday; the bill passed the House of Commons, but the next election was called before the bill could pass the Senate and become law. After the election,

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billion was paid to 78,750 former students, 98 per cent of the 80,000 who were eligible. In 2014, the IRSSA funds left over from CEPs were offered for educational credits for survivors and their families.

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The 2012 national report of the First Nations Regional Health Study found that respondents who attended residential schools were more likely than those who did not to have been diagnosed with at least one

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Between 1945 and 1955, the number of First Nations students in day schools run by Indian Affairs expanded from 9,532 to 17,947. This growth in student population was accompanied by an amendment to the

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Educational programs were not widely attempted again by religious officials until the 1820s, prior to the introduction of state-sanctioned operations. Included among them was a school established by

7308: 4775: 966:. Introduced by Reed, without legislative authority to do so, the pass system restricted and closely monitored the movement of Indigenous peoples off reserves. Launched in 1885 as a response to the 9835: 5860: 3472: 3367: 2985: 9242: 7378: 5492: 4129: 3640: 2346:

In the 2000s the United Church established the Justice and Reconciliation Fund to support healing initiatives and the Presbyterian Church has established a Healing & Reconciliation Program.

642:, before submitting his findings. In his report Davin concluded that the best way to assimilate Indigenous peoples was to start with children in a residential setting, away from their families. 206:

system ultimately proved successful in disrupting the transmission of Indigenous practices and beliefs across generations. The legacy of the system has been linked to an increased prevalence of

162:

argued for schools at greater distances to reduce family visits, which he thought counteracted efforts to assimilate Indigenous children. Parental visits were further restricted by the use of a

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The stigma the residential school system created against elders passing Indigenous culture on to younger generations has been linked to the over-representation of Indigenous languages on the

7911: 7705: 7640: 5319: 3907: 3670: 6820: 6179: 5829: 10426:

Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume One: Summary: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future By The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

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to examine the status of Indigenous peoples in Canada. In 1996, the Royal Commission presented a final report which first included a vision for meaningful and action-based reconciliation.

1332:. The NIB paper underscored the right of Indigenous communities to locally direct how their children are educated and served as the integral reference for education policy moving forward. 9812: 7469: 7828: 5799: 3413: 698:, which allowed for the application of provincial laws to Indigenous peoples living on reserves in instances where federal laws were not in place. The change included the monitoring of 10654: 7529: 1666:. Archbishop Richard Gagnon, president of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops spoke on the topic, stating "What the Pope said and did in Bolivia is what he will do in Canada." 847:

the persistent organizing and advocacy by Indigenous communities to draw attention to the residential school system's legacy of abuse, including their participation in hearings of the

7999: 918:$ 1,193, which is 7–36% of what other Canadian child-welfare institutions were paying ($ 3,300 and $ 9,855) and 5–25% of what U.S. residential care was paying ($ 4,500 and $ 14,059.) 8336: 327:. They were resisted by Indigenous communities who were unwilling to leave their children for extended periods. The establishment of day and boarding schools by groups including the 225:

Starting in the late 2000s, Canadian politicians and religious communities have begun to recognize, and issue apologies for, their respective roles in the residential school system.

11639: 11342: 10821: 10678: 9926: 9268: 7858: 2814: 1647: 552:

the government believed Indigenous peoples could eventually become assimilated into the general population. Individual allotments of farmland would require changes in the communal

9589: 8504: 7103: 5200: 142:, the government adopted the residential industrial school system of the United States, a partnership between the government and various church organizations. An amendment to the 9751: 9465: 8158: 7768: 7347: 1572:

that operated a majority of the Catholic residential schools in Canada, apologized on behalf of 1,200 Oblates then living in Canada, to approximately 25,000 Indigenous people at

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in 1969. In response, the government decided to close the school, convert the building into a residence, and enroll students in a public school 5 kilometres (3 mi) away in

8535: 8311: 6730: 5120: 4831:

Mosby, Ian (July 2013). "Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952".

713:

In 1969, after years of sharing power with churches, the DIA took sole control of the residential school system. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in

619:

was submitted to Ottawa on March 14, 1879, and made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the assimilation pursued by

9987: 9101: 8604: 8119: 6372: 5560: 5530: 2907: 10309: 10348: 5257: 5067: 1993: 801:

trained or prepared. During this period, Canadian government scientists performed nutritional tests on students and kept some students undernourished as the control sample.

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2007. By the time the suit was settled in 2016, almost a decade later, dozens of plaintiffs had died. Lawyers expected that up to 900 former students would be compensated.

1299:

provincial school division. The First Nations rejected this, saying that a transfer of First Nations education to the provincial authority was a violation of Treaty rights.

953:

Parents and family members regularly travelled to the schools, often camping outside to be closer to their children. So many parents made the trip that Indian Commissioner

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Realizing the historic rights of Aboriginal peoples as they are recognized in the Canadian constitution and upheld in the courts, including the right to self-determination

9356: 8250: 7613: 3701: 3617: 3191: 1453: 1376:, as the process through which "cumulative stress and grief experienced by Aboriginal communities is translated into a collective experience of cultural disruption and a 11185: 10894: 10401: 10009: 3018: 2396:

On November 23, 2005, the Canadian government announced a $ 1.9-billion compensation package to benefit tens of thousands of former students. National Chief of the AFN,

9716: 8391: 8058: 7968: 8481: 7552: 5415: 8566: 7737: 5350: 1372:

with a lasting and adverse effect on the transmission of Indigenous culture between generations. A 2010 study led by Gwen Reimer explained historic trauma, passed on

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ugly and dirty. Survivors also have to deal with the effects of cultural linguicide, which is defined as loss of language which eventually leads to loss of culture.

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has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the

2570:, noted: "Its presence will always be a reminder of colonization and the racism of the residential school system; one of the darkest chapters of Canadian history." 12611: 9628: 9566: 9299: 5392: 4878: 3527:"Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools" 3436: 2484:

that accompanied the conclusion of the TRC were recommendations to ensure that all Canadians are educated and made aware of the residential school system. Justice

792:

Until the late 1950s, when the federal government shifted to a day school integration model, residential schools were severely underfunded and often relied on the

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would be converted into an educational centre with exhibits on the legacy of residential schools. Ontario's Minister of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation,

2005: 1658:

a lifelong commitment of supporting marginalized people and an interest in working collaboratively with Trudeau and Canadian bishops to establish a way forward.

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The renewed interest in residential schools in the early 1800s can be linked to the decline in military hostility faced by the settlers, particularly after the

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meant by God to be. We ask you to forgive us and to walk together with us in the Spirit of Christ so that our peoples may be blessed and God's creation healed.

11405: 9693: 8930: 8088: 4642: 12686: 12496: 8417: 7574: 7195: 6760: 5711: 5621: 5157: 5098: 7046: 4706: 4249: 3333: 12082: 11629: 7316: 4985: 3480: 2481: 970:, and later replaced by permits, the system was designed to prevent Indigenous people from leaving reserves without a pass issued by a local Indian agent. 9843: 7408: 5872: 3375: 2978: 12030: 10889: 9246: 8712: 7798: 6789: 2720: 10217: 7370: 5500: 4159: 1795:

on June 5, recognizing its role in residential schools and seeking forgiveness. The confession was presented on October 8 during a ceremony in Winnipeg.

12433: 11988: 11497: 11347: 8743: 7438: 6595: 4137: 3648: 2331:(CCCB) agreed on the establishment of the Council for Reconciliation, Solidarity and Communion for the following year. In 2007, the council became the 477: 101: 17: 9782: 9018: 8980:"Recognition, Redistribution, and Representation: Assessing the Transformative Potential of Reparations for the Indian Residential Schools Experience" 5582: 3072: 2153:

for the wrongful acts committed in the past by the Crown and the church in relation to Indigenous peoples. (The Archbishop of Canterbury had, though,

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deepest sorrow and we ask your forgiveness and understanding. We hope that we can make up for it being part of the healing process wherever necessary.

1144:

but four were infected with tuberculosis". In one classroom, he found 16 ill children, many near death, who were being forced to sit through lessons.

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https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230411/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/aboriginal-heritage/Pages/residential-schools-bibliography-2009.aspx

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Orange Shirt Day pre-existed the government's efforts to make it a holiday. The day started in 2013, when at a residential school reunion, survivor

2415:

said: "We have made good on our shared resolve to deliver what I firmly believe will be a fair and lasting resolution of the Indian school legacy."

827:. In the 1990s, investigations and memoirs by former students revealed that many students at residential schools were subjected to severe physical, 12646: 7919: 6828: 6631: 5327: 4098: 3915: 3678: 2393:

decision granted school attendees the right to pursue class-action suits, which ultimately led to a government review of the compensation process.

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Instruction provided to students was rooted in an institutional and European approach to education. It differed dramatically from child rearing in

649:, who felt that while the likelihood of civilizing adults was low, there was hope when it came to Indigenous children. He explained in a letter to 6488: 6186: 6071:"The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement's Common Experience Payment and Healing: A Qualitative Study Exploring Impacts on Recipients" 5837: 4029: 2018:

apologise for the residential schools in Canada. Grand Chief of the council Sydney Garrioch sent a letter with this request to Buckingham Palace.

1632:

released an official expression of sorrow on the church's role in residential schools and "the deplorable conduct of some members of the Church":

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in Alberta. After several years of deteriorating conditions and administrative changes, parents protested against the lack of transparency at the

12066: 11659: 11168: 10884: 7670: 6407:

Griffith, Jane (2017). "Of Linguicide and Resistance: Children and English Instruction in Nineteenth-Century Indian Boarding Schools in Canada".

5776: 2419: 2400:, said the package was meant to cover "decades in time, innumerable events and countless injuries to First Nations individuals and communities". 10039: 7461: 12054: 11679: 7820: 6664: 5807: 4030:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1" 1968: 1870:

was used so that Indigenous leaders, who were not members of parliament, could be allowed to respond to the apology on the floor of the house.

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4,000-plus-page report detailing the testimonies of survivors and historical documents from the time. It resulted in the establishment of the

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apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Pope Francis said:

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Canada's Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials – The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

2903: 2798: 2685: 2470: 2214: 2119: 1261: 241: 9930: 9329: 9276: 9074: 9048: 8952: 8626: 7850: 4315: 3578: 2096:; Simon is the first Indigenous person to occupy the office. The Queen and Simon met in March 2022, after which the vicereine said to the 1128:

A. Corbett was commissioned to visit the schools in the west of the country, and found similar results to those reported by Bryce. At the

889:

The federal government sought to cut costs by adopting the residential industrial school system of the United States. Indian Commissioner

12616: 11037: 9809:"Years after release of TRC report, most Canadians want accelerated action to remedy damage done by residential school system, says poll" 6946: 2518: 1740:

I am sorry, more than I can say, that we tried to remake you in our image, taking from you your language and the signs of your identity.

495:

and referred to as the Bagot Report, is seen as the foundational document for the federal residential school system. It was supported by

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site, these are unmarked graves...in 1960, there may have been marks on these graves. The Catholic Church representatives removed these

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I accept and I confess before God and you, our failures in the residential schools. We failed you. We failed ourselves. We failed God.

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Further political assimilation, in hope that educated students would give up their status and not return to their reserves or families.

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introduced a mandatory course requirement for all undergraduate students focused on Indigenous culture and history. The same year the

859:

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission list three reasons behind the federal government's decision to establish residential schools.

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First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) 2008/10: National Report on Adults, Youth and Children living in First Nations Communities

4509: 3041: 2809: 2761: 2081: 608: 10879: 9109: 8127: 6379: 5987: 5800:"Abuse of Trust: What happened behind the walls of residential church schools is a tragedy that has left native victims traumatized" 5552: 4737: 4579: 843:, who in October 1990 publicly discussed the abuse he and others suffered while attending Fort Alexander Indian Residential School. 11910: 11555: 10468:

Canada's Residential Schools: The Métis Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 3

10317: 9491: 6880: 5265: 4676:"A history of residential schools in Canada: FAQs on residential schools, compensation and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 3937: 3771: 3267:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 2303:

Reversing the erosion of social rights, including rights to adequate housing, education, health care and appropriate legal systems;

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for government records. Research by the TRC revealed that at least 3,201 students had died, mostly from disease. TRC chair Justice

626:. Davin's report relied heavily on findings he acquired through consultations with government officials and representatives of the 5161: 11690: 11316: 10747: 7499: 5933: 4923: 2328: 2171: 1336: 805:

residential schools were also brought to light in popular culture as early as 1967, with the publication of "The Lonely Death of

274: 48: 12204: 10906: 10286: 10135: 9866: 8827: 8779: 8181: 8035: 7129: 6858: 12661: 11900: 11490: 10995: 10980: 10157: 9364: 9243:"Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development – Number 063 – 1st Session – 41st Parliament" 8242: 7605: 6976: 5643: 3709: 3273: 3199: 2281: 1882: 1881:

should not be held accountable for pre-Confederation actions. Residential schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were located in

1438: 848: 10405: 9389:(October 2, 2015). "Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada". 6106: 6070: 6043: 4347:"An Act to encourage the gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in this Province, and to amend the Laws respecting Indians" 3732: 3525:

McQuaid, Robyn Jane; Bombay, Amy; McInnis, Opal Arilla; Humeny, Courtney; Matheson, Kimberly; Anisman, Hymie (June 24, 2017).

1604:

In 2009, a delegation of 40 First Nations representatives from Canada and several Canadian bishops had a private meeting with

11785: 11684: 10936: 10605: 10581: 10560: 10539: 10518: 10497: 10476: 10455: 10434: 10017: 9720: 8384: 8066: 6307: 6147: 5956: 5458: 5034: 4891: 4623: 4474: 4418: 3982: 3891: 3747: 2175: 1886: 1562: 675: 8473: 8213:"NDP MP Angus working with Minister Bennett to convince Pope to apologize for Catholic Church's role in residential schools" 7544: 5423: 3303: 12458: 12076: 11599: 11560: 11113: 10657:

The Legacy of the Residential School System in Canada: A Selective Bibliography (August 2009). Library and Archives Canada.

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confronted the government about its failure to honour Indigenous land claims and recognize traditional Mohawk territory in

1743:

I am sorry, more than I can say, that in our schools so many were abused physically, sexually, culturally and emotionally.

1724:, stated, "it was common to complain that the Pope’s apology was not an institutional apology from the Church as a whole." 1414: 615:

to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States. Now known as the Davin Report, the

190: 10186: 8273: 6269: 6017: 5742: 12641: 12428: 10926: 10781: 10447:

Canada's Residential Schools: The Legacy: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5

9952: 9216: 8660: 7941: 2563: 1663: 1335:

Few other former residential schools have converted to independently operated community schools for Indigenous children.

1025: 910: 388: 374: 9307: 9139: 7942:"Ontario apologizes for residential Schools: government releases action plan for reconciliation with Indigenous peoples" 5894: 5128: 4897: 3444: 12681: 12601: 12060: 11748: 11565: 11441: 10975: 10901: 10776: 10104: 8979: 3106: 2803: 1902: 1625: 1271:

significance of the schools as employers; and the inadequacy of other opportunities for children to receive education.

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I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family.

1693:

On April 1, 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of First Nations representatives and the pope at the Vatican,

12656: 12537: 12266: 11483: 11010: 10965: 9743: 8120:"Canadian professor calls on Queen to apologise for historic injustices after mass unmarked graves of children found" 7015: 5230: 4797: 4200: 3174: 2276:

actions of the Mohawk community members led to, in part, along with objections from Indigenous leaders regarding the

2200:

apologized to the TRC for the institution's role in educating people who operated the residential school system. The

2097: 1211:

On June 23, 2021, ground-penetrating radar suggested the presence of an estimated 751 unmarked graves on the site of

1200:. The site was located with the assistance of a ground-penetrating radar specialist and Tk’emlups te Secwepemc Chief 332: 9194: 4683: 4374: 2711:

three possible dates as the new national holiday. After consultation, Orange Shirt Day was selected as the holiday.

12562: 12192: 11940: 11649: 11594: 11577: 11535: 11530: 11239: 11061: 10663: 8096: 6547:"Raymond J. de Souza: Historically inaccurate to suggest Catholic Church hasn't apologized for residential schools" 4650: 1309: 135: 31: 11306: 8447: 8413: 7233: 6764: 5719: 5186: 5060:"Canadian government withheld food from hungry aboriginal kids in 1940s nutritional experiments, researcher finds" 2158:

away from acknowledging and highlighting the scandalous way many indigenous peoples have been treated in Canada."

1102:

The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921.

1066: 869:

Schools were "engines of cultural and spiritual change" where "'savages' were to emerge as Christian 'white men'".

201:. Conditions in the schools led to student malnutrition, starvation, and disease. Students were also subjected to 121:

deaths remains unknown due to incomplete records. Estimates range from 3,200 to over 30,000, mostly from disease.

12438: 12214: 11760: 11256: 8682: 7521: 4714: 4256: 3341: 2409: 2206:

believed it to be the first time a Canadian university has apologized for playing a role in residential schools.

1976: 1894: 1850:

headed by Harper refused, stating an apology was not part of the agreement. On May 1, 2007, Member of Parliament

1839: 1707: 1398: 1204:

wrote that the site was undocumented and that work was underway to determine if related records were held at the

1073:

has suggested that the number of deaths may exceed 6,000. The vast majority of deaths occurred before the 1950s.

914: 253: 6213:"The Intergenerational Effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the Concept of Historical Trauma" 5000: 12621: 12124: 11847: 11634: 11376: 10826: 7400: 6713: 4955:"First Nation reserves prior to 1960s were 'open-air prisons,' says Saskatoon filmmaker behind The Pass System" 2689: 2590: 2589:

On April 1, 2017, a 17-metre (56 ft) pole, titled "Reconciliation Pole", was raised on the grounds of the

2210: 2050: 1548:, Canadian bishops and leaders of religious orders that participated in the schools issued an apology stating: 963: 620: 496: 392: 280: 163: 35: 9744:"'There was nothing good': Anglican church disputes Senator's claim that residential schools contained 'good'" 8720: 8337:"Prince Charles and Camilla's tour ends in the Northwest Territories today. Latest updates on the royal visit" 6797: 2122:

in 2019, in memory of former residential school students—and, two days later, at the Ceremonial Circle in the

1197: 717:, closed in 1997. Residential schools operated in every Canadian province and territory with the exception of 12187: 11955: 10990: 10960: 10710: 10225: 8801: 7255: 4163: 2356: 2034: 1815: 1788: 1714:, the former chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, found the apology "insultingly insufficient". 1390: 1205: 929:

The per capita grant system severely decreased the education quality. British Columbia Indian Superintendent

270: 30:"Aboriginal residential schools" redirects here. For the residential school system in the United States, see 12004:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

11032: 8750: 8505:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon reflects on the King's coronation and whether Charles could apologize for colonialism" 7430: 6606: 6343: 5957:"Claiming Remnants: Intergenerational Representations and the Vicarious Pasts of Indian Residential Schools" 4354:. S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, Law Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. 1857. pp. 84–88. 12651: 12631: 12259: 12139: 12114: 10695: 10248:"Government of Canada Encourages Participation in Orange Shirt Day to Honour Residential Schools Survivors" 10078: 9026: 2867: 2839: 2506: 2364: 2229:. Ono apologised for UBC's training of policymakers and administrators who operated the system and stated: 2149:, appealed directly to the Prince for an apology from the Queen in her capacity as monarch and head of the 2108: 1984: 1855: 1389:. A sample of 127 survivors revealed that half have criminal records; 65 per cent have been diagnosed with 1274: 937:

Federal cuts to funding during the Great Depression resulted in students paying the price. By 1937, at the

882: 759:

in 1945 stipulated that school-aged children had to be enrolled in school for families to qualify for the "

659: 297: 109: 93: 11321: 6523: 6437:(September 1992). "Domesticity in the Federal Indian Schools: the Power of Authority over Mind and Body". 5583:"Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc says decision on whether to excavate unmarked graves in Kamloops still unresolved" 4289: 4070: 3080: 12671: 11935: 11795: 11669: 9904: 9191:"Schedule 'D' Independent Assessment Process (IAP) For Continuing Indian Residential School Abuse Claims" 5464: 3839: 2513: 2494: 2213:(UBC) opened the Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre as a West Coast complement to the 2038: 1814:

In 2004, immediately before signing the first Public Safety Protocol with the Assembly of First Nations,

1430: 1249: 840: 542: 7641:"Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation" 6638: 4224: 4221:"Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada, laid before the Legislative Assembly, 20th March, 1845" 4106: 3504:"Nutrition researchers saw malnourished children at Indian Residential Schools as perfect test subjects" 2363:

million to fund community-based healing projects addressing the legacy of physical and sexual abuse. In

2312:

Opposing development and military projects that threaten Aboriginal communities and the environment; and

1996:. It was further announced that the first week of November would be known as Treaties Recognition Week. 1360:

was passed in the Alberta Legislature recognizing Old Sun Community College as a First Nations College.

12626: 12232: 11000: 9458:"Canada must confront 'cultural genocide' of residential schools, Truth and Reconciliation report says" 6494: 4480: 4036: 2582: 2093: 2014:, representing 30 northern Manitoba Indigenous communities, requested on February 21, 2008, that Queen 820: 155: 10813: 3406:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools" 2234:

predecessors and renew our commitment to working with all of you for a more just and equitable future.

1526: 414:

society. The TRC found that the schools, and the removal of children from their families, amounted to

12552: 12373: 11624: 11150: 11071: 10047: 7671:"Prime Minister delivers apology to former students of Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools" 4288:(Letter to George Vardon, Assistant Superintendent of Indian Affairs). Indian Affairs. Archived from 2381: 2373: 2336: 2146: 2041:, were vandalized and toppled; the head of the Queen Victoria statue was removed and thrown into the 1874: 1768: 1609: 1344: 1313: 1136:, Alberta, he found that 50 percent of the children had tuberculosis. At Sarcee Boarding School near 996: 439: 113: 10341:"Liberal government tables bill to make Sept. 30 a national holiday to remember residential schools" 6679: 6581:

The Lord's Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia

2862:

is used here because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name, as with

2309:

Clarifying the moral and spiritual basis for action towards Aboriginal and social justice in Canada;

678:, who believed that the solution to the system's failure was not restructuring but intensification. 12542: 12238: 11965: 11362: 11296: 11145: 11066: 10719: 10629: 9717:"There was nothing good: An open letter to Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak – Anglican Church of Canada" 4286:"Statistics Respecting Residential Schools, Appendix A: Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools" 2731: 2252: 2104: 1832: 1776: 1608:

to obtain an apology for abuses that occurred in the residential school system. Then leader of the

1531: 1340: 536: 341: 226: 202: 8866: 7285: 4550: 2947:

The phrase "kill the Indian in the child" originates from a letter written by American Lieutenant

1948:

became, on June 18, 2015, the first politician to issue an apology for past cabinets' role in the

367:

as a way to ensure they would not return to their original, nomadic ways of life upon graduation.

252:

on the grounds of former residential schools, though no human remains have been exhumed. During a

12572: 12301: 12159: 11945: 11369: 11044: 10919: 10914: 2875: 2538: 2390: 2058: 1573: 1491: 1283: 930: 443: 364: 10594:

Pupils at Indian residential schools: 1911 Wikwemikong, 1921 Spanish and Carleton Ontario census

9333: 9078: 9052: 8956: 7104:"Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools" 5614:"Hundreds of bodies reported found in unmarked graves at former Saskatchewan residential school" 3582: 2696:, in part because of his work with reconciliation efforts for survivors of residential schools. 2306:

Seeking reconciliation between Aboriginal peoples, the Christian community and Canadian society;

421: 12144: 12095:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

11743: 11674: 11540: 11475: 11434: 11005: 10985: 10970: 10798: 10573:

Sleeping Giant Awakens: Genocide, Indian Residential Schools, and the Challenge of Conciliation

8630: 8274:"Gov. Gen. Mary Simon says she and the Queen discussed reconciliation, Canada's 'real history'" 7043:"Statement of Apology by the Catholic Bishops of Canada to the Indigenous Peoples of This Land" 4323: 2829: 2681: 2578: 2193: 2062: 2046: 1926: 1878: 1867: 1569: 1426: 1353: 1220: 1216: 1129: 1084:

The 1906 Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, submitted by chief medical officer

459: 348: 125: 105: 8474:"National Indigenous leaders hope to renew relationship with Crown after meeting King Charles" 6954: 4405: 2457: 2161: 2118:

and Indigenous leaders at Heart Garden—which had been opened on the grounds of the provincial

1992:

million on education initiatives and would also rename the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs the

1171: 921:

Government officials believed that since many staff members belonged to religious orders with

12666: 12149: 11770: 11572: 11326: 11108: 10836: 9386: 6434: 4346: 3965: 2952: 2833: 2131: 1621: 1594: 1490:

In 1986, the first apology for residential schools by any institution in Canada was from the

991: 945:

began charging students 10 cents a loaf until their Indian agent ordered the school to stop.

835:

by school staff members and by older students. Among the former students to come forward was

654: 627: 387:

Although many of these early schools were open for only a short time, efforts persisted. The

207: 117: 78: 10571: 10529: 10508: 10487: 10466: 10445: 10424: 9980:"Reconciliation Pole at UBC nails the past to confront harsh reality of residential schools" 9499: 7170: 6313: 5678:"Cowessess First Nation says 751 unmarked graves found near former Sask. residential school" 5385:"Aboriginal children at residential schools often buried in unmarked graves, report reveals" 5158:

Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, for the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1906

5027:

The circle game: shadows and substance in the Indian residential school experience in Canada

4611: 4404: 4345: 3964: 3880: 3879: 3163: 3162: 1393:; 21 per cent have been diagnosed with major depression; 7 percent have been diagnosed with 877: 12466: 12418: 12119: 11830: 11719: 11582: 11083: 10953: 10218:"Orange Shirt Day: How Phyllis Webstad's 1st day at residential school inspired a movement" 8567:"'Failing to confront a heinous history:' UBC apologizes to victims of residential schools" 7912:"Kathleen Wynne officially apologizes to Indigenous communities for 'generations of abuse'" 5523:"Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says" 4370: 3966:"'No blanket to be worn in school': The education of Indians in nineteenth-century Ontario" 2890:

is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.

2652: 2573:

Reconciliation efforts have also been undertaken by several Canadian universities. In 2015

2526: 2435: 2386:

Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development

2226: 1964: 1819: 1613: 1373: 1192:

In May 2021, a possible burial site was found in the Kamloops Indian Residential School in

1121: 1003: 983: 967: 755: 722: 646: 612: 179: 97: 52: 4517: 3045: 1236:

could have been buried here as well... We are going to put names on these unmarked graves.

796:

of their students to maintain their facilities, although it was presented as training for

8: 12486: 11825: 11724: 11545: 11291: 11118: 5995: 4799:

Project of the Heart: Illuminating the hidden history of Indian Residential Schools in BC

4768:"Carmacks, Yukon: A Northern Tutchone Homeland – 2.3 K'uch'an Adäw: Churches and Schools" 4745: 3165:

A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986

2948: 2574: 2202: 2174:

on September 8, 2022, upon which Charles acceded to the Canadian throne. Two days before

2068: 1942: 1720: 1241: 1140:, he noted that all 33 students were "much below even a passable standard of health" and 828: 781: 518: 466: 359:. Protestant missionaries also opened residential schools in what is now the province of 336: 174:, closed in 1997. Schools operated in every province and territory with the exception of 6887: 3941: 3786: 2243: 1356:

from 1971 to 1978, at which point the Siksika Nation took over operations. In 1988, the

447: 12443: 12209: 12199: 11800: 11765: 11709: 11550: 11301: 7969:"Kathleen Wynne offers indigenous people 'a formal apology for the abuses of the past'" 6237: 6212: 5091:"First Nation infants subject to "human experimental work" for TB vaccine in 1930s–40s" 3641:"After Pope called residential schools 'genocide,' House of Commons should too: NDP MP" 3551: 3526: 2825: 2676:'s escape and death. It was accompanied by a graphic novel and animated film, aired on 2372:

support has created a gap in dealing with mental health crises such as suicides in the

2260: 2142: 2085: 1956: 1922: 1482:

Acknowledgment of the wrongs done by the residential school system began in the 1980s.

1343:

from 1973 until its closure in 1998, after being run by the Oblates from 1884 to 1969.

1112: 411: 309: 198: 186: 10279:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday" 10128:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation may be Canada's next new statutory holiday" 9874: 9775:"Nearly half of Canadians never learned about residential schools as students: survey" 8923:"Head of defunct Aboriginal Healing Foundation laments loss of mental-health programs" 7008:"Indigenous leaders secure papal audience to set stage for residential school apology" 4931: 2883: 12035: 11644: 11507: 11459: 11427: 11261: 11140: 11054: 10803: 10725: 10601: 10577: 10556: 10535: 10514: 10493: 10472: 10451: 10430: 9439: 8834: 8243:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation" 7070:"Catholic Bishops of Canada apologize to Indigenous peoples over residential schools" 6709: 6303: 6242: 5454: 5040: 5030: 4887: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4619: 4470: 4414: 4196: 3978: 3887: 3743: 3556: 3170: 2736: 2727: 2636: 2533:. The Anglican Church also raised concerns stating in a release co-signed by bishops 2462: 2277: 2150: 2042: 1847: 1605: 1386: 1377: 1369: 1325: 1291: 604: 435: 415: 245: 139: 108:. The school system was created to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of 11880: 10693: 10164: 8304:"Prince Charles, Camilla depart St. John's as Day 1 of Canadian Royal Tour wraps up" 6984: 6373:"The Survivors Speak: A Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 5651: 5320:"Identities, bodies of children who died in residential schools may be lost forever" 12504: 12164: 12134: 12129: 12088: 12010: 11837: 11525: 11283: 11049: 10948: 9429: 9398: 7791:"Manitoba apology for '60s Scoop 'only the first step toward total reconciliation'" 6446: 6416: 6232: 6224: 6121: 6077: 6047: 4840: 4216: 3829: 3753: 3546: 3538: 2705: 2600: 2510: 2401: 1890: 1462: 1394: 1368:

Survivors of residential schools and their families have been found to suffer from

1321: 1149: 902: 699: 686:

residential schools to the integration of Indigenous students into public schools.

623: 391:, the oldest continuously operated residential school in Canada, opened in 1834 on 352: 319:

Assimilation efforts began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French

147: 9434: 9417: 9402: 6450: 6420: 6154: 5964: 5770:"182 unmarked graves found near former residential school outside Cranbrook, B.C." 4851: 3368:"Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says" 3169:. Manitoba Studies in Native History. Vol. 11. University of Manitoba Press. 1669: 691: 662:, opened on December 1 of that year. By 1900, there were 61 schools in operation. 222:, and intergenerational trauma which persist within Indigenous communities today. 12476: 12072: 11511: 11383: 11123: 11076: 10841: 10791: 10636: 10550: 9526:"Aboriginals push to save former Ontario residential school known as 'mush hole'" 7851:"Text of Alberta Premier Rachel Notley's apology to residential school survivors" 6916:"Trudeau asks Pope Francis to apologise to indigenous people for church's abuses" 6487:

Manitowabi, Susan (2020). "History of the Apology from United Church of Canada".

4612: 4281: 3307: 2863: 2715: 2644: 2522: 2485: 1711: 1495: 1201: 1070: 1045: 527: 504: 215: 89: 74: 10737: 10443: 9621:"Lynn Beyak calls removal from Senate committee 'a threat to freedom of speech'" 9168: 5897:. University nuhelot’įne thaiyots’į nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills. Archived from 5743:"'We have hit 751 unmarked graves': Cowessess First Nation Chief Cadmus Delorme" 3192:"Lost Lives, Lost Culture: The Forgotten History of Indigenous Boarding Schools" 1116:

Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921–1965)

12481: 12388: 12383: 12353: 12182: 12154: 11995: 11842: 11810: 11775: 11736: 10769: 10372:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation" 10194: 7698:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland" 7606:"N.L. residential school survivors' lawyers reach $ 50M settlement with Ottawa" 7462:"Read Justin Trudeau's apology to residential school survivors in Newfoundland" 6300:

Response, responsibility and renewal: Canada's truth and reconciliation journey

6021: 5746: 5553:"Update on suspected Tke̓ mlúps burial site as nation signs historic agreement" 4614:

Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada

4188: 3574: 3011:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups" 2914:

is capitalized when discussing peoples, beliefs or communities in the same way

2819: 2789: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2272: 2221:

apologized to residential school victims and dignitaries including Grand Chief

2049:

Kimberley Ducey called for Queen Elizabeth II to apologize for the role of the

2030: 2011: 1980: 1910: 1863: 1843: 1558: 1348: 922: 863:

Provide Aboriginal people with skills to participate in a market-based economy.

806: 631: 553: 511:. This letter was published in 1898 as an appendix to a larger report entitled 229: 167: 70: 43: 9956: 9220: 6632:"An apology to the First Nations of Canada by the Oblate Conference of Canada" 2549: 1076: 1028:

which involved intentional malnourishment of children, vaccine trials for the

760: 363:, spreading Christianity and working to encourage Indigenous peoples to adopt 12595: 11805: 11589: 11413: 11397: 11276: 11135: 11128: 10786: 10464: 10422: 9443: 8991: 7259: 6378:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 30, 2015. Archived from 6228: 5898: 4876: 4607: 4250:"Egerton Ryerson, the Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation" 3834: 3542: 3272:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. Archived from 3114: 2775: 2412: 2397: 2340: 2197: 1960: 1949: 1945: 1764: 1032:, as well as studies on extrasensory perception, vitamin D diet supplements, 1007: 894: 890: 836: 793: 718: 703: 488: 285: 175: 9652:"Conservatives disavow Tory senator's positive views of residential schools" 5044: 3908:"A timeline of residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 12471: 12368: 12363: 12338: 11619: 11355: 10831: 10510:

A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System

9927:"Building Reconciliation: Universities answering the TRC's Calls to Action" 9332:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. December 14, 2015. Archived from 9167:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. 2007. Archived from 7037: 7035: 7033: 6246: 6185:(Report). First Nations Information Governance Centre. 2012. Archived from 5233:. First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada. Archived from 4578:. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2010. Archived from 3772:"Aboriginal Residential Schools Before Confederation: The Early Experience" 3738:. In White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie; Beavon, Dan; Spence, Nicholas (eds.). 3560: 2594: 2567: 2404: 2015: 1851: 1772: 1694: 1673: 1654: 1106: 1091: 1012: 906: 832: 815: 786: 771: 714: 650: 508: 257: 171: 11815: 8627:"Highlights from the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples" 5234: 4986:"Residential Schools: The Intergenerational Impacts on Aboriginal Peoples" 4844: 4806: 4378: 2461:

Justice Murray Sinclair at the 2015 Shingwauk Gathering and Conference at

2251:, British Columbia. Formerly standing on the traditional territory of the 2065:, meaning they had no direct responsibility in residential school policy. 1831:

After the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement was accepted by

1465:, on behalf of the Canadian Jewish Humanitarian and Relief Committee, 2009 1002:

Most schools operated with the stated goal of providing students with the

763:", further coercing Indigenous parents into having their children attend. 185:

The residential school system harmed Indigenous children significantly by

12514: 12393: 12348: 12282: 11714: 11420: 10874: 9686:"Senator dumped from aboriginal issues committee for controversial views" 6596:"Healing the Generations Residential School: Section 5: Church Apologies" 5183: 5153: 4193:

Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times

3970: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2530: 2264: 2222: 2138: 1835: 1617: 1509: 1085: 1029: 954: 733: 671: 500: 403: 301: 194: 159: 8059:"Winnipeg police investigating toppling of queen statues at legislature" 7030: 5160:(Report). Department of Indian Affairs. pp. 272–284. Archived from 1650:

issued from the Vatican, but be delivered by the Pope on Canadian soil.

244:

and released a report that concluded that the school system amounted to

12343: 12333: 12169: 11852: 11311: 10731: 9559:"Survivors push to turn former Manitoba residential school into museum" 8741: 8597:"Alert Bay residential school survivors gather for demolition ceremony" 8439: 7731:"Innu Nation won't accept PM's apology for residential schools in N.L." 7225: 7162: 5861:"Blue Quills celebrates new status as Indigenous-controlled university" 5187:

Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories

4707:"Escape and resist: An untold history of residential schools in Quebec" 4130:"Archbishop won't commit to asking Pope for residential school apology" 3579:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools" 2534: 2502: 2268: 2115: 2089: 2054: 2026: 1566: 1228: 1041: 472: 370: 328: 324: 320: 211: 151: 130: 12251: 9867:"Making history: Indigenous studies now mandatory at two universities" 8955:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. May 27, 2015. Archived from 8744:"2008 Plenary Assembly Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB)" 8686: 6490:

Historical and Contemporary Realities: Movement Towards Reconciliation

2076:, is the first Indigenous person to be appointed to the viceregal post 12529: 12509: 12423: 12413: 12398: 12358: 11820: 11790: 11731: 11266: 10071:"Gord Downie named Canadian Press Newsmaker for 2nd consecutive year" 9590:"Documents of residential school abuse can be destroyed, court rules" 9219:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from 9193:. Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. Archived from 8151:"The key role of The Queen and her representatives in Reconciliation" 7371:"Government Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools" 7196:"Archbishop of Canterbury apologises to Indigenous peoples of Canada" 6886:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from 5830:"First Nations transform residential school into Blue Quills college" 5712:"751 unmarked graves found at former Saskatchewan residential school" 5493:"Remains of 215 children found at former Kamloops residential school" 4035:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. Archived from 2936:

Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools

2248: 2218: 2053:

in the establishment of residential schools, though sovereigns since

1545: 1422: 1232: 1133: 1037: 1033: 810: 639: 396: 308:

and cultural practices, and a concept of land ownership based on the

305: 289: 10531:

Residential Schools and Reconciliation: Canada Confronts its History

7575:"Ottawa agrees to pay survivors of Newfoundland residential schools" 434:

and about three dozen Catholic communities; 21 were operated by the

12311: 11780: 11390: 9929:. Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Archived from 9715:

Hiltz, Frank; MacDonald, Mark; Thompson, Michael (March 20, 2017).

8865:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. September 30, 2014. Archived from 7130:"Reactions to the Pope's apology show Canadians are over symbolism" 4411:

Reconciling Canada: Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress

3017:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017. Archived from 2648: 2438:

settlement in Canadian history. By December 2012, a total of $ 1.62

2180: 2022: 1930: 1898: 1746:

On behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada, I present our apology.

1643: 1629: 1418: 1193: 635: 356: 11216:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

8805: 7882:"How Alberta intends to follow up on its apology to First Nations" 4643:"Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system" 2832:

descent who were removed from their families by the Government of

1767:

apologized to former residential school students on behalf of the

1544:

In 1991, at the National Meeting on Indian Residential Schools in

292:, in what is now Canada, trading with an Indigenous person in 1777 12448: 12403: 12378: 12323: 12285: 11753: 11640:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

11103: 10103:. Indigenous Corporate Training. January 18, 2019. Archived from 7284:. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. January 24, 2012. Archived from 6347: 2815:

Media portrayals of the Canadian Indian residential school system

1842:

in 2005, activists called for Martin's successor, Prime Minister

1792: 1653:

On May 29, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked the current

1179:

erected in 1975 marking the Battleford Industrial School cemetery

1147:

In 2011, reflecting on the TRC's research, Justice Sinclair told

1137: 1095:

Death rates per 1,000 students in residential schools (1869–1965)

1056: 824: 797: 775:

St. Paul's Indian Industrial School, Middlechurch, Manitoba, 1901

431: 360: 219: 170:. The last federally-funded residential school, Kivalliq Hall in 11505: 6881:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action" 6338: 6336: 6334: 6107:"The Residential School Experience: Syndrome or Historic Trauma" 5289:"This is not just an aboriginal issue. This is a Canadian issue" 5025:

Chrisjohn, Roland D.; Young, Sherri L.; Maraun, Michael (1997).

4463:

Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2 – 1939 to 2000

3671:"Motion to call residential schools genocide backed unanimously" 3531:

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie

2297:"The recognition of Aboriginal land and treaty rights in Canada; 2045:. Following this event, associate professor of sociology at the 1858:, introduced a motion for an apology, which passed unanimously. 1109:, the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943. 978: 728: 556:

system, something fiercely opposed by First Nations governments.

12580: 12519: 12408: 12328: 12293: 11931:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

11209: 10489:

Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School

10040:"Gord Downie's brothers open up about his childhood and legacy" 9357:"TRC report charts path to 'true reconciliation,' says Trudeau" 7821:"Greg Selinger, Manitoba premier, apologizes for Sixties Scoop" 6298:. In Younging, Gregory; Dewar, Jonathan; DeGagné, Mike (eds.). 6293:"Reconciliation and the Revitalization of Indigenous Languages" 4573:"Child Welfare Services in Canada: Aboriginal & Mainstream" 3940:. Anglican Church of Canada. September 23, 2008. Archived from 2127: 2111:, participated in moments of reflection and prayer, first with 1760: 1312:

in Canada. Following the success of the Blue Quills effort the

942: 8629:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 1996. Archived from 8414:"The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Canada" 8385:"Prince Charles and Camilla wrap up whirlwind visit to N.W.T." 8001:

Ontario's Commitment to Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples

6346:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from 4223:. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from 2908:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

2606: 2335:. On November 30, 1999, the CCCB signed an agreement with the 1306:

University nuhelotʼįne thaiyotsʼį nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills

934:

that many of the teachers lacked any teaching qualifications.

10549:

Loyie, Larry; Spear, Wayne K.; Brissenden, Constance (2014).

10101:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation – the date debate" 9269:"Residential school settlement offers $ 3K education credits" 8893:"Funding cuts a catastrophe for residential school survivors" 7761:"Manitoba Premier Greg Selinger issues sixties scoop apology" 7309:"RCMP mostly unaware of abuse at residential schools: report" 6331: 2879: 2640: 2627: 2073: 1918: 1624:

were in attendance. The Indigenous delegation were funded by

1590: 1176: 232:

offered a public apology on his behalf and that of the other

6947:"Trudeau meets Pope, looking for residential school apology" 4880:

What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation

4735: 3740:

Aboriginal Education: Current Crisis and Future Alternatives

2699: 12315: 12067:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

11186:

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

10552:

Residential Schools: With the Words and Images of Survivors

7492:"PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools" 7256:"More Healing & Reconciliation: The Confession of 1994" 6731:"Canadian First Nations Delegation Meets Pope Benedict XVI" 6522:. United Church of Canada. January 21, 2016. Archived from 6146:

Wesley-Esquimaux, Cynthia C.; Smolewski, Magdalena (2004).

5201:"New documents may shed light on residential school deaths" 3882:

Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools

2123: 1914: 1080:

Tuberculosis death rates in residential schools (1869–1965)

482:

An Act to amend and consolidate the laws respecting Indians

8713:"$ 700K raised so far this year for Anglican Healing Fund" 6851:"Pope expresses 'sorrow' for abuse at residential schools" 4738:"Regulations relating to the education of Indian children" 4516:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from 3524: 3079:. UBC First Nations and Indigenous Studies. Archived from 2553:

Raising of the Reconciliation Pole on UBC Vancouver campus

638:, Manitoba. He visited only one industrial day school, in 10444:

Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (2016).

8749:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from 8182:"Long Live the Queen? Statue of Queen Victoria Torn Down" 7045:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from 6637:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from 6145: 5992:

Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800–1950

5644:"Canada: 751 unmarked graves found at residential school" 5258:"Beechwood ceremony to honour medical officer's tenacity" 4303:– via National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 4162:. Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from 3107:"Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing" 2615: 2603: 2037:, and that of Queen Elizabeth II in the garden of nearby 1759:

On August 6, 1993, at the National Native Convocation in

1278:

Students at the Blue Quills residential school in Alberta

10310:"Indigenous stat holiday bill destined to die in Senate" 9077:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from 9051:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from 7226:"Charles' message of listening, learning and reflecting" 6266:

Shingwauk Narratives: Sharing Residential School History

4406:"Appendix A: Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools" 4375:

Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds

2934:

is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the

1413:

Although some schools permitted students to speak their

1304:

school in the country. It continues to operate today as

617:

Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds

507:, who was then the Chief Superintendent of Education in 10404:. Canadian Heritage. September 21, 2021. Archived from 10010:"Reconciliation Pole installed on UBC Vancouver campus" 6910: 6908: 5932:(8). Aboriginal Multi-Media Society: 18. Archived from 4469:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. 3067: 3065: 3063: 2006:

Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada

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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2016).

10423:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).

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4195:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 309. 2446: 2367:, the Canadian government committed an additional $ 40 2103:

In his first speech of his royal tour in 2022, Prince

1791:

adopted a confession at its 120th General Assembly in

1320:

that responded, in part, to the Canadian Government's

1282:

In the 1960s, a major confrontation took place at the

530:'s letter "Report by Dr Ryerson on Industrial Schools" 499:, who had been impressed by industrial schools in the 128:, but it was primarily active from the passage of the 9416:

Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015).

9245:. Parliament of Canada. March 7, 2013. Archived from 8860:"Aboriginal Healing Foundation closes after 16 years" 8089:"2 statues of queens toppled at Manitoba Legislature" 6593: 4219:; Davidson, John; Hepburn, William (March 20, 1845). 4215: 2624: 2618: 2155:

already apologized on behalf of the Church of England

1999: 1255: 11630:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

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Henderson, Jennifer; Wakeham, Pauline, eds. (2013).

4092: 4090: 4088: 3581:. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from 3060: 2979:"Terminology Guide: Research on Aboriginal Heritage" 2922:

is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.

2751: 2612: 1530:

Students of St. Anne's Indian Residential School in

12677:

Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America

12055:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

11406:

Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child

10642: 9674: 8440:"Canada's indigenous leaders ask for royal apology" 7628: 7123: 7121: 6482: 6480: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3816:Gordon, Catherine E.; White, Jerry P. (June 2014). 3742:. Thompson Educational Publishing. pp. 13–14. 3733:"A Short History of Aboriginal Education in Canada" 3473:"Natives died in droves as Ottawa ignored warnings" 3334:"341 students died at Northern residential schools" 2057:have had their powers constrained by the tenets of 1994:

Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation

1979:, on May 30, 2016, the serving Premier of Ontario, 1294:. The TRC report pertaining to this period states: 706:by Patrick Johnston, the author of the 1983 report 8653:"Aboriginal Rights Coalition Project North Arc-PN" 6761:"Canada – Communiqué of the Holy See Press Office" 6367: 6365: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 1208:. As of May 2024, no remains have been excavated. 124:The system had its origins in laws enacted before 12083:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 11465:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians 10600:(Updated ed.). Library and Archives Canada. 9553: 9551: 9415: 9132:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement" 9102:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement" 8462: 7725: 7723: 7673:. Queen's Printer for Canada. November 24, 2017. 7219: 7217: 7092: 6784: 6782: 6402: 6400: 6100: 6098: 5487: 5485: 5189:(Report). Government Printing Bureau. p. 18. 4886:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 4255:. Ryerson University. August 2010. Archived from 4085: 2137:At a reception hosted by the Governor General at 973: 893:aspired to have the residential schools, through 577: Investigations underway as of July 30, 2021 12593: 10590: 10308:Somos, Christy; Aiello, Rachel (June 21, 2019). 9802: 9800: 9519: 9517: 9485: 9483: 8742:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (2008). 8706: 8704: 7522:"Harper apologizes for residential school abuse" 7118: 6574: 6572: 6477: 5798:O'Hara, Jane; Treble, Patricia (June 26, 2000). 5797: 5705: 5703: 4637: 4635: 4402: 4183: 4181: 3975:Indian Education in Canada, Volume 1: The Legacy 3610:"Pope Francis offers historic apology in Canada" 3327: 3325: 2113:Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador 1809: 1771:. Almost 30 years later, in April to May, 2022, 1425:were also banned. Some survivors reported being 12612:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Canada 11989:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 11660:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 9330:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 8833:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from 8804:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from 7401:"MPs vote 257–0 for residential school apology" 7258:. Presbyterian Church in Canada. Archived from 7068:Jiang, Kevin; Spurr, Ben (September 24, 2021). 6665:"Apology to Native Americans for Past Mistakes" 6362: 6153:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from 6076:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Archived from 4805:. BC Teachers' Federation. 2015. Archived from 4427: 3991: 3298: 3296: 3294: 2420:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 1800:healing and wholeness together as God's people. 1408: 565:. This map can be expanded and interacted with. 312:. As explained in the executive summary of the 11680:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 10513:(2nd ed.). University of Manitoba Press. 9772: 9548: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8536:"U of M sorry for role in residential schools" 8361:. Queen's Printer for Canada. 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The foundation was provided with $ 350 2315:Promoting Aboriginal justice within Jubilee." 1163:Canadian Indian residential school gravesites 729:Parental resistance and compulsory attendance 314:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 248:. Ongoing efforts since 2021 have identified 238:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 12687:Violence against Indigenous people in Canada 12558:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School 11665:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 11655:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 10643:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 10639:Indian Residential School Survivors Society. 9903:. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from 7603: 4774:. Canadian Museum of History. Archived from 4744:. Government Printing Bureau. Archived from 3708:. Canadian Museum of History. 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University of British Columbia Press. 3331: 3306:. University of Manitoba. Archived from 3044:. University of Manitoba. Archived from 2973: 2971: 2548: 2456: 2242: 2160: 2067: 1708:penitential pilgrimage to western Canada 1668: 1599:Superior General of the Society of Jesus 1525: 1521: 1452: 1273: 1170: 1111: 1090: 1075: 1060:Chief medical officer Peter Bryce (1890) 1055: 977: 876: 785:care led to high rates of influenza and 770: 732: 517: 420: 369: 284: 64: 42: 12647:Indigenous child displacement in Canada 12281: 12031:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 10630:How do I reach the 24 Hour Crisis Line? 10339:Ballingall, Alex (September 29, 2020). 10215: 9977: 9806: 9523: 9489: 8978:Petoukhov, Konstantin (February 2013). 8953:"Timeline – Indian Residential Schools" 8710: 8223:from the original on September 27, 2022 8192:from the original on September 25, 2022 7944:. Office of the Premier. May 30, 2016. 7368: 7190: 7188: 7080:from the original on September 25, 2021 6663:Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans (June 3, 1993). 6578: 5740: 5317: 5286: 4532: 4280: 3822:International Indigenous Policy Journal 3731:White, Jerry P.; Peters, Julie (2009). 3214: 2846: 2329:Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops 2084:, on September 30, 2021, Elizabeth, as 275:Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples 14: 12594: 11901:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 10527: 10506: 10369: 10068: 9865:Macdonald, Nancy (November 19, 2015). 9741: 9684:Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 5, 2017). 9587: 8891:Rolbin-Ghanie, Maya (March 20, 2010). 8533: 8314:from the original on September 8, 2022 8117: 8056: 7966: 7758: 7708:from the original on December 16, 2017 7677:from the original on December 17, 2017 7651:from the original on December 17, 2017 7555:from the original on December 21, 2016 7306: 7140:from the original on September 3, 2022 6977:"Justin Trudeau asks Pope for apology" 6703: 6457: 6290: 6210: 6068: 5919: 5858: 5675: 4952: 4704: 4665: 4498: 4313: 4096: 3962: 3877: 3769: 3702:"Population – Religious Congregations" 3638: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3573: 3501: 3365: 3332:Schwartz, Daniel (December 15, 2015). 3160: 2282:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 2267:. Referred to by media outlets as the 1925:former students and their families in 1804: 1439:list of endangered languages in Canada 849:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 590: Other Indian Residential Schools 561:Map of residential schools, including 55:, Assiniboia, North-West Territories, 12255: 11786:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 11685:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 11479: 10667: 10276: 10125: 9833: 9300:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 9297: 9019:"School abuse victims getting $ 1.9B" 8564: 8253:from the original on October 18, 2021 7997: 7948:from the original on October 26, 2016 7740:from the original on December 6, 2017 7542: 7337: 7161: 7102:Stefanovich, Olivia (April 1, 2022). 7006:Stefanovich, Olivia (June 29, 2021). 6818: 6728: 6545:de Souza, Raymond J. 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McGill-Queen's University Press. 10277:Hwang, Priscilla (March 27, 2019). 10069:Friend, David (December 19, 2017). 9565:. December 16, 2015. Archived from 9354: 9025:. November 23, 2005. Archived from 8711:Folkins, Tali (November 16, 2017). 8603:. February 18, 2015. Archived from 8472:Stefanovich, Olivia (May 4, 2023). 8365:from the original on April 11, 2022 8284:from the original on August 9, 2022 8161:from the original on August 2, 2022 8149:Tidridge, Nathan (March 19, 2016). 8034:. February 21, 2008. 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Archived from 9742:Hopper, Tristan (March 20, 2017). 9650:Galloway, Gloria (March 9, 2017). 9619:Ballingall, Alex (April 6, 2017). 9524:Vincent, Donovan (June 13, 2015). 9275:. January 24, 2014. Archived from 8565:Baker, Rafferty (April 10, 2018). 8394:from the original on June 28, 2022 8272:Zimonjic, Peter (March 17, 2022). 8180:Blondeau, Abraham (July 6, 2021). 7771:from the original on July 25, 2016 7616:from the original on June 25, 2016 7585:from the original on June 10, 2016 7532:from the original on July 9, 2008. 7472:from the original on March 7, 2023 7441:from the original on March 7, 2023 7381:from the original on July 26, 2021 7128:McCullough, J.J. (July 28, 2022). 5954: 5593:from the original on June 25, 2024 5563:from the original on June 25, 2024 4921: 4705:Dupuis, Josée (October 27, 2016). 4507: 4352:Statutes of the Province of Canada 4320:Concordia's Thursday Report Online 4314:Comeau, Sylvain (March 23, 2003). 4097:Miller, J. R. (October 10, 2012). 3677:. October 28, 2022. Archived from 3366:Tasker, John Paul (May 29, 2015). 2870:were homogeneously referred to as 2593:(UBC) Vancouver campus. Carved by 2000:Calls for the monarch to apologize 1903:International Grenfell Association 1826: 1626:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada 1363: 1318:Indian Control of Indian Education 1256:Self-governance and school closure 1246:Kootenay Indian Residential School 1244:reported 182 unmarked graves near 1213:Marieval Indian Residential School 1067:retention and disposition policies 1051: 1018: 939:Kamloops Indian Residential School 607:, Prime Minister of what was then 25: 18:Canadian Indian residential school 12703: 12692:Education controversies in Canada 12637:First Nations education in Canada 12538:Anishinabek Educational Institute 12089:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 11203:An Act to amend the Criminal Code 10623: 9978:Griffin, Kevin (March 31, 2017). 8776:"Justice and Reconciliation Fund" 8534:Martin, Nick (October 26, 2011). 8515:from the original on May 19, 2023 8450:from the original on May 19, 2022 7979:from the original on May 30, 2016 7411:from the original on May 18, 2014 7350:from the original on June 2, 2014 7236:from the original on May 19, 2022 6944: 6302:. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. 6259: 6105:Robertson, Lloyd Hawkeye (2006). 5741:Delorme, Cadmus (June 24, 2021). 5710:Skjerven, Kelly (June 24, 2021). 5318:Barrera, Jorge (April 22, 2017). 5207:. January 7, 2014. Archived from 5182: 5089:Blackburn, Mark (July 24, 2013). 5057: 4549:. October 6, 2017. Archived from 3502:Daniel, Allison (June 28, 2021). 2938:issued by Stephen Harper in 2008. 2238: 2098:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1612:Grand Chief Phil Fontaine of the 351:, an Anglican missionary, at the 187:removing them from their families 12607:Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada 12228: 12227: 11941:Government of the Sakha Republic 11650:Indigenous Environmental Network 11531:Free, prior and informed consent 11062:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet 10394: 10363: 10332: 10301: 10270: 10240: 10209: 10179: 10150: 10119: 10093: 10062: 10032: 10016:. March 30, 2017. Archived from 10002: 9971: 9955:. Spirit Gallery. Archived from 9945: 9919: 9889: 9858: 9827: 9807:Cercado, Celso (June 15, 2022). 9766: 9735: 9708: 9643: 9612: 9581: 9450: 9409: 9379: 9355:Mas, Susan (December 15, 2015). 9348: 9322: 9291: 9261: 9235: 9209: 9183: 9157: 9124: 9093: 9067: 9041: 8971: 8945: 8929:. April 13, 2016. Archived from 8915: 8884: 8852: 8820: 8794: 8768: 8735: 8675: 8645: 8619: 8589: 8558: 8527: 8496: 8432: 8416:. Clarence House. May 19, 2022. 8406: 8377: 8351: 8296: 8265: 8235: 8204: 8173: 8142: 8118:Taylor, Rebecca (July 2, 2021). 8111: 8081: 8050: 8020: 7998:Wynne, Kathleen (May 30, 2016). 7991: 7960: 7934: 7904: 7873: 7861:from the original on May 7, 2017 7843: 7813: 7783: 7752: 7689: 7663: 7597: 7567: 7536: 7514: 7484: 7453: 7423: 7393: 7369:Parrott, Zach (April 24, 2015). 7362: 7331: 7300: 7274: 7248: 7224:Campbell, Sarah (May 19, 2022). 7061: 6999: 6969: 6938: 6873: 6857:. April 29, 2009. Archived from 6843: 6812: 6796:. April 29, 2009. Archived from 6753: 6722: 6697: 6656: 6624: 6587: 6538: 6427: 6284: 6253: 6204: 5985: 5836:. March 25, 2014. Archived from 5676:Taylor, Brooke (June 24, 2021). 5416:"Where are the children buried?" 5287:Edwards, Peter (June 10, 2011). 4928:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 4682:. March 21, 2016. Archived from 2804:Native American boarding schools 2782: 2768: 2754: 2599: 1901:. These schools were run by the 1266:When the government revised the 571: Ground anomaly discoveries 254:penitential pilgrimage to Canada 96:. The network was funded by the 32:American Indian boarding schools 12215:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 12077:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 11761:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 11257:British Columbia Treaty Process 10591:Pouliot-Thisdale, Eric (2016). 10576:. University of Toronto Press. 10534:. University of Toronto Press. 10429:. James Lorimer & Company. 10187:"The Story of Orange Shirt Day" 9588:Perkel, Colin (April 4, 2016). 8359:"The 2022 Royal Tour itinerary" 8057:Bergen, Rachel (July 2, 2021). 7967:Benzie, Robert (May 30, 2015). 7797:. June 17, 2015. Archived from 7759:Murray, James (June 20, 2015). 7543:Smith, Joanna (June 13, 2008). 7498:. June 11, 2008. Archived from 6172: 6139: 6062: 6036: 6010: 5979: 5948: 5913: 5887: 5852: 5822: 5791: 5761: 5734: 5650:. June 24, 2021. Archived from 5636: 5605: 5575: 5545: 5515: 5438: 5407: 5342: 5311: 5280: 5249: 5223: 5193: 5176: 5113: 5082: 5051: 5018: 4977: 4946: 4915: 4833:Histoire Sociale/Social History 4824: 4790: 4760: 4729: 4698: 4565: 4413:. University of Toronto Press. 4396: 4338: 4307: 4274: 4242: 4209: 4152: 4121: 4054: 3956: 3930: 3900: 3886:. University of Toronto Press. 3763: 3724: 3693: 3663: 3632: 3567: 3518: 3495: 3428: 3073:"The Residential School System" 2925: 2187: 1977:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1782: 1616:in British Columbia, and Chief 1399:borderline personality disorder 915:Child Welfare League of America 885:, Carpenter's shop. circa 1894. 340:Indigenous peoples in both the 193:, and exposing many of them to 12125:2009 Peruvian political crisis 11635:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 10555:. Indigenous Education Press. 9834:Brown, Louise (July 2, 2016). 9464:. June 2, 2015. Archived from 9418:"Canada and colonial genocide" 9298:Moran, Ry (December 7, 2017). 9136:Residential Schools Settlement 8802:"Healing & Reconciliation" 8095:. July 1, 2021. Archived from 7918:. May 30, 2015. Archived from 7880:Tait, Carrie (June 26, 2015). 7435:Facing History & Ourselves 7338:Curry, Bill (March 27, 2007). 6983:. May 29, 2017. Archived from 6922:. May 29, 2017. Archived from 6819:Curry, Bill (April 29, 2009). 6594:Nishnawbe Aski Nation (2002). 6344:"Residential Schools Timeline" 5768:Kotyk, Alyse (June 30, 2021). 5529:. May 28, 2021. Archived from 5499:. May 28, 2021. Archived from 4649:. June 4, 2021. Archived from 4128:Grant, Tavia (June 30, 2021). 3914:. May 16, 2008. Archived from 3304:"Residential Schools Overview" 3183: 3105:Luxen, Micah (June 24, 2016). 3042:"Briefing Note on Terminology" 3033: 3003: 2893: 2853: 2690:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year 2591:University of British Columbia 2225:and Canadian Justice Minister 2211:University of British Columbia 2029:, July 1, 2021, the statue of 1983:, apologized on behalf of the 1316:(NIB) released the 1972 paper 1310:Indigenous-governed university 974:Instruction style and outcomes 621:President of the United States 497:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin 393:Six Nations of the Grand River 281:History of education in Canada 236:leaders. On June 1, 2008, the 146:in 1894, under Prime Minister 134:in 1876, under Prime Minister 36:Indian school (disambiguation) 13: 1: 12662:Residential schools in Canada 12389:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake") 11956:Council of Indigenous Peoples 10370:Bryden, Joan (June 3, 2021). 9435:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580 9403:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583 9217:"Information: IAP Statistics" 9138:. May 8, 2006. Archived from 6729:Dolha, Lloyd (May 25, 2009). 6451:10.1525/ae.1993.20.2.02a00010 6421:10.1080/00309230.2017.1293700 3878:Miller, James Rodger (1996). 3435:Moran, Ry (October 5, 2020). 3040:McKay, Celeste (April 2015). 2962: 2836:and state government agencies 2357:Aboriginal Healing Foundation 2339:, represented by Grand Chief 2154: 2035:Manitoba Legislative Building 1936: 1816:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1810:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1789:Presbyterian Church in Canada 1535: 1391:posttraumatic stress disorder 1206:Royal British Columbia Museum 766: 476:by what was then the federal 378: 271:Settler colonialism in Canada 73:Indian Residential School in 56: 12548:Canadian residential schools 12140:Expulsion of the Chagossians 10696:Indigenous peoples in Canada 10570:MacDonald, David B. (2019). 9490:Woolley, Pieta (June 2015). 9422:Journal of Genocide Research 9391:Journal of Genocide Research 9075:"Common Experience Payments" 9049:"Indian Residential Schools" 8211:Rana, Abbas (May 14, 2018). 6708:. Loyola Press. p. 43. 6579:McNally, Vincent J. (2000). 4618:. Portage & Main Press. 3706:Virtual Museum of New France 2868:Indigenous peoples in Canada 2840:Christianity and colonialism 2109:Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall 1856:Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation 1477: 1409:Loss of language and culture 883:Battleford Industrial School 660:Battleford Industrial School 104:and administered by various 102:Department of Indian Affairs 7: 11936:Government of Bashkortostan 11801:American Indian reservation 11670:Native American Rights Fund 11317:Old-growth logging protests 4984:Partridge, Cheryle (2010). 2910:. In the Canadian context, 2747: 2495:Court of Appeal for Ontario 2333:Catholic Aboriginal Council 2259:In the summer of 1990, the 1727: 1561:, then presidential of the 1314:National Indian Brotherhood 1250:Cranbrook, British Columbia 841:Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs 745:In 1894, amendments to the 543:Gradual Enfranchisement Act 10: 12708: 12642:Former education in Canada 11891:Fundação Nacional do Índio 11084:Judge David William Ramsay 10486:Haig-Brown, Celia (2002). 8984:McGill Sociological Review 4993:Native Social Work Journal 3963:Wilson, J. Donald (1986). 2703: 2583:University of Saskatchewan 2450: 2003: 1967:to hold an inquiry on the 1873:Harper's apology excluded 1751:Archbishop Michael Peers, 1648:pastoral letter to Ireland 1259: 1194:Kamloops, British Columbia 1160: 854: 839:, then Grand Chief of the 821:Indians of Canada Pavilion 634:, and church officials in 611:, commissioned politician 478:Department of the Interior 442:; 13 were operated by the 278: 268: 264: 189:, depriving them of their 29: 12682:Christianity and children 12602:Anglican Church of Canada 12571: 12553:Hannahville Indian School 12528: 12495: 12457: 12310: 12292: 12223: 12107: 12044: 12019: 11976: 11868: 11861: 11702: 11625:Assembly of First Nations 11610: 11518: 11455: 11335: 11275: 11238: 11229: 11205:for trafficking of minors 11194: 11159: 11096: 11072:Saskatoon freezing deaths 11019: 10935: 10863: 10854: 10812: 10756:Residential school system 10746: 10709: 10702: 9897:"Building Reconciliation" 9304:The Canadian Encyclopedia 9106:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7375:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4547:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4103:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4067:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3441:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2430:billion in compensation. 2382:Assembly of First Nations 2374:Attawapiskat First Nation 2337:Assembly of First Nations 2147:Assembly of First Nations 1875:Newfoundland and Labrador 1769:Anglican Church of Canada 1610:Assembly of First Nations 1387:chronic medical condition 1345:Old Sun Community College 1288:Blue Quills Indian School 1189:accidental disturbance". 609:post-Confederation Canada 461:British North America Act 446:, and 2 were operated by 440:Anglican Church of Canada 12657:Native American genocide 12563:U.S. residential schools 12543:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School 12115:Chechen–Russian conflict 11966:Bureau of Indian Affairs 11146:Walking With Our Sisters 11067:Killing of Chantel Moore 10961:Winnipeg serial killings 10720:Gradual Civilization Act 10507:Milloy, John S. (2017). 10450:. McGill-Queen's Press. 8004:(Speech). Archived from 6704:Letson, Douglas (1995). 6291:Galley, Valerie (2009). 6229:10.1177/1363461513503380 6217:Transcultural Psychiatry 5920:LaRose, Stephen (1999). 4772:Virtual Museum of Canada 4742:Peel's Prairie Provinces 4377:(Report). Archived from 4189:Dickason, Olive Patricia 3835:10.18584/iipj.2014.5.3.6 3543:10.1177/0706743717702075 3161:Milloy, John S. (1999). 2672:, a concept album about 2145:, National Chief of the 2105:Charles, Prince of Wales 1913:delivered an apology to 1777:Archbishop of Canterbury 1341:Star Blanket Cree Nation 753:The introduction of the 549:Gradual Civilization Act 537:Gradual Civilization Act 304:centred around European 12160:Little Danes experiment 11946:Government of Tatarstan 11613:political organizations 11322:Trans Mountain pipeline 11045:Gustafsen Lake standoff 10650:. CBC Digital Archives. 8990:: 73–91. Archived from 8683:"Anglican Healing Fund" 7431:"Are Apologies Enough?" 7167:"A step along the path" 4999:: 33–62. Archived from 4063:"Duncan Campbell Scott" 3785:: 13–40. Archived from 3770:Carney, Robert (1995). 2680:. Proceeds went to the 2545:Educational initiatives 2391:Supreme Court of Canada 2288:Ecclesiastical projects 2059:constitutional monarchy 1492:United Church of Canada 1486:United Church of Canada 1461:receives a plaque from 931:Arthur Wellesley Vowell 444:United Church of Canada 365:subsistence agriculture 344:and military pursuits. 296:Attempts to assimilate 234:federal political party 138:. Under Prime Minister 12359:Grand Medicine Society 12145:High Arctic relocation 12047:Declarations of Rights 11744:Cultural appropriation 11675:Survival International 11297:Caledonia land dispute 11151:Women's Memorial March 10911:Healthcare inequality 10799:High Arctic relocation 10492:. arsenal pulp press. 9901:Aboriginal Initiatives 8659:. 2014. Archived from 8249:. September 30, 2021. 7795:Saskatoon Star Phoenix 7437:. September 20, 2019. 6435:Lomawaima, K. Tsianina 6262:"Indigenous Languages" 5859:Narine, Shari (2015). 5121:"Canada's Dark Secret" 4514:Indigenous Foundations 3077:Indigenous Foundations 2682:University of Manitoba 2579:University of Winnipeg 2554: 2465: 2350:Financial compensation 2280:, the creation of the 2256: 2236: 2209:On April 9, 2018, the 2194:University of Manitoba 2167: 2077: 2063:responsible government 2047:University of Winnipeg 1927:Happy Valley-Goose Bay 1879:28th Canadian Ministry 1877:on the basis that the 1868:committee of the whole 1802: 1763:, Ontario. Archbishop 1748: 1704: 1687: 1676: 1639: 1583: 1570:religious congregation 1555: 1541: 1519: 1505: 1466: 1301: 1279: 1240:On June 30, 2021, the 1238: 1221:Cowessess First Nation 1217:Marieval, Saskatchewan 1196:, on the lands of the 1180: 1117: 1096: 1081: 1061: 987: 886: 776: 738: 531: 454:Government involvement 426: 384: 293: 203:forced enfranchisement 81: 62: 34:. For other uses, see 12622:Cultural assimilation 12150:Human rights in Tibet 11877:Aotearoa-New Zealand 11771:Fortress conservation 11573:Traditional knowledge 11536:Intellectual property 10996:Jean Virginia Sampare 10981:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon 10635:May 31, 2021, at the 10528:Miller, J.R. (2017). 10289:on September 29, 2021 10197:on September 29, 2021 10167:on September 30, 2021 10138:on September 29, 2021 9959:on September 27, 2020 9310:on September 29, 2021 9249:on September 17, 2016 8994:on September 12, 2016 8872:on September 14, 2016 8840:on September 28, 2016 8808:on September 16, 2016 7736:. November 23, 2017. 7647:. November 24, 2017. 7049:on September 25, 2021 6831:on September 19, 2016 6409:Paedagogica Historica 6350:on September 28, 2016 6160:on September 14, 2016 6069:Reimer, Gwen (2010). 5988:"Orr, Roland Guerney" 5967:on September 17, 2016 5810:on September 18, 2016 5745:. CBC. Archived from 5361:on September 19, 2016 5268:on September 15, 2016 5211:on September 23, 2016 5006:on September 18, 2017 4845:10.1353/his.2013.0015 4686:on September 11, 2016 4371:Davin, Nicholas Flood 4230:on September 28, 2016 4099:"Residential Schools" 4061:McDougall, Robert L. 3918:on September 16, 2016 3447:on September 29, 2021 2953:Duncan Campbell Scott 2830:Australian Aboriginal 2732:private member's bill 2552: 2460: 2410:Deputy Prime Minister 2327:In October 1997, the 2261:Mohawks of Kanesatake 2246: 2231: 2192:On October 27, 2011, 2164: 2132:Northwest Territories 2071: 2004:Further information: 1797: 1787:On June 9, 1994, the 1753:A Step Along the Path 1732: 1699: 1682: 1672: 1634: 1595:Peter Hans Kolvenbach 1578: 1550: 1529: 1522:Roman Catholic Church 1514: 1500: 1456: 1337:White Calf Collegiate 1296: 1277: 1225: 1174: 1161:Further information: 1115: 1094: 1079: 1059: 1026:nutrition experiments 992:traditional knowledge 981: 880: 774: 736: 655:Hector-Louis Langevin 628:Five Civilized Tribes 547:acts overturned. The 521: 480:. Adopted in 1876 as 424: 373: 288: 269:Further information: 208:post-traumatic stress 150:, made attendance at 68: 46: 12419:Seven fires prophecy 12174:Residential schools 12120:Sri Lankan Civil War 11862:Legal representation 11831:Urban Indian reserve 11720:Internal colonialism 11611:Non-governmental and 11566:in the United States 11377:Missing and Murdered 10937:Missing and Murdered 10777:Forced sterilization 10081:on December 20, 2017 9877:on February 25, 2017 9468:on September 6, 2016 9223:on November 10, 2016 8933:on December 23, 2016 8903:on December 23, 2016 8607:on February 20, 2015 6987:on September 5, 2021 6957:on December 27, 2017 6926:on December 23, 2017 6439:American Ethnologist 6211:Bombay, Amy (2014). 6083:on September 9, 2016 6050:on September 3, 2016 5901:on February 19, 2017 5426:on November 10, 2016 5395:on November 17, 2016 5299:on November 28, 2016 5070:on February 13, 2021 4965:on November 28, 2016 4934:on November 28, 2016 4717:on December 12, 2016 4585:on November 23, 2015 3944:on November 14, 2016 3842:on November 30, 2015 3614:Catholic News Agency 3514:on October 30, 2022. 2847:Notes on terminology 2716:Phyllis Jack Webstad 2527:New Democratic Party 2525:, and leader of the 2253:‘Namgis First Nation 2227:Jody Wilson-Raybould 2092:to represent her as 1846:, to apologize. The 1820:Giuliano Zaccardelli 1818:(RCMP) Commissioner 1614:First Nations Summit 1589:On May 16, 1993, in 1576:, Alberta, stating: 1415:Indigenous languages 997:Indigenous languages 984:Regina, Saskatchewan 968:North-West Rebellion 756:Family Allowance Act 723:Prince Edward Island 647:Vital-Justin Grandin 613:Nicholas Flood Davin 302:imperial colonialism 180:Prince Edward Island 12652:Institutional abuse 12632:Education in Canada 12439:Traditional beliefs 11725:Settler colonialism 11292:Burnt Church Crisis 11119:Moose Hide campaign 10991:Helen Betty Osborne 10890:Criminal sentencing 10864:Structural violence 10711:Settler colonialism 10376:Winnipeg Free Press 10050:on October 21, 2017 9815:on October 30, 2022 9785:on October 30, 2022 9754:on October 20, 2021 9387:MacDonald, David B. 9197:on October 14, 2016 9112:on October 19, 2019 9100:Marshall, Tabitha. 8540:Winnipeg Free Press 7502:on January 14, 2017 7134:The Washington Post 6706:The Jesuit Mystique 6644:on October 25, 2016 6557:on October 20, 2021 6385:on January 10, 2016 6319:on October 24, 2016 6120:(1). Archived from 5955:Miłosz, Magdalena. 5871:(1). Archived from 5420:Winnipeg Free Press 4812:on February 1, 2021 4553:on November 4, 2019 4520:on October 10, 2018 4109:on October 19, 2019 3759:on October 3, 2016. 3681:on October 29, 2022 3651:on October 30, 2022 3048:on October 25, 2016 2949:Richard Henry Pratt 2726:On March 21, 2019, 2575:Lakehead University 2203:Winnipeg Free Press 2176:Charles' coronation 1805:Canadian government 1721:The Washington Post 1706:During a July 2022 1374:intergenerationally 1358:Old Sun College Act 1354:Mount Royal College 1284:Saddle Lake Reserve 1242:Lower Kootenay Band 1004:vocational training 782:Corporal punishment 737:Enrolment 1869–1960 467:education in Canada 191:ancestral languages 136:Alexander MacKenzie 98:Canadian government 12672:Total institutions 12472:Birch bark scrolls 12444:Underwater panther 12210:Stolen Generations 12011:BBNJ ABS Committee 11766:Discovery doctrine 11710:Civilizing mission 11551:Self-determination 11302:Clayoquot protests 10895:Mass incarceration 10868:and discrimination 10382:on August 16, 2021 10351:on August 13, 2021 10320:on August 15, 2021 10191:OrangeShirtDay.org 10161:OrangeShirtDay.org 9907:on January 8, 2017 9656:The Globe and Mail 9569:on August 13, 2016 9536:on August 15, 2016 9171:on August 17, 2016 9029:on October 1, 2016 8601:The Globe and Mail 8341:The Globe and Mail 8008:on January 1, 2017 7892:on August 26, 2016 7886:The Globe and Mail 7579:The Globe and Mail 7344:The Globe and Mail 7313:The Globe and Mail 7165:(August 6, 2013). 6825:The Globe and Mail 6735:First Nations Drum 6192:on August 25, 2016 6127:on August 26, 2016 5865:Alberta Sweetgrass 5589:. March 28, 2024. 5587:The Globe and Mail 5497:The Globe and Mail 5355:Canadian Mennonite 5324:APTN National News 5164:on August 29, 2016 5064:The Globe and Mail 4959:Regina Leader-Post 4922:Titley, E. Brian. 4778:on August 18, 2016 4134:The Globe and Mail 3792:on August 14, 2016 3779:Historical Studies 3700:Gourdeau, Claire. 3675:The Globe and Mail 3645:The Globe and Mail 3483:on August 27, 2016 3477:The Globe and Mail 3416:on August 26, 2016 3196:The New York Times 3015:Translation Bureau 2826:Stolen Generations 2555: 2514:Standing Committee 2466: 2257: 2168: 2143:RoseAnne Archibald 2080:On Canada's first 2078: 1965:federal government 1957:Premier of Alberta 1677: 1628:. Afterwards, the 1542: 1467: 1280: 1219:, on the lands of 1181: 1120:In 1920 and 1922, 1118: 1097: 1082: 1062: 1044:, bedwetting, and 988: 887: 777: 739: 532: 427: 385: 310:discovery doctrine 298:Indigenous peoples 294: 156:industrial schools 106:Christian churches 94:Indigenous peoples 82: 69:Study period at a 63: 12627:Cultural genocide 12589: 12588: 12249: 12248: 12234:Indigenous rights 12103: 12102: 12036:Indigenous Caucus 11977:Intergovernmental 11826:Russian republics 11796:Autonomous okrugs 11645:Cultural Survival 11473: 11472: 11460:Indigenous rights 11451: 11450: 11307:Keystone Pipeline 11262:Yukon Land Claims 11225: 11224: 11141:Sisters in Spirit 11092: 11091: 10976:Pamela Holopainen 10850: 10849: 10804:RCMP dog killings 10726:Numbered Treaties 10607:978-1-988411-10-1 10583:978-1-4875-2269-8 10562:978-0-9939371-0-1 10541:978-1-4875-0218-8 10520:978-0-88755-519-0 10499:978-1-55152-335-4 10478:978-0-7735-9823-2 10457:978-0-7735-9828-7 10436:978-1-4594-1067-1 10408:on July 11, 2022. 9984:The Vancouver Sun 9502:on April 20, 2016 9367:on April 16, 2017 9279:on March 25, 2016 9145:on April 11, 2019 8633:on April 30, 2017 7857:. June 23, 2015. 7827:. June 18, 2015. 7528:. June 11, 2008. 7114:on April 1, 2022. 6309:978-1-897285-72-5 6024:on August 7, 2016 5998:on August 8, 2017 5936:on April 25, 2015 5926:Saskatchewan Sage 5875:on August 3, 2016 5840:on April 28, 2017 5618:The National Post 5460:978-0-7735-9825-6 5237:on April 16, 2016 5101:on April 26, 2021 5036:978-0-919441-85-9 5029:. Theytus Books. 4893:978-0-660-02073-0 4748:on August 8, 2016 4625:978-1-55379-689-3 4476:978-0-7735-9819-5 4420:978-1-4426-1168-9 4262:on April 29, 2016 4217:Rawson, Rawson W. 3984:978-0-7748-5313-2 3893:978-0-8020-7858-2 3749:978-1-55077-185-5 3620:on August 1, 2022 3577:(June 11, 2008). 3310:on April 20, 2016 3021:on August 8, 2017 2737:Steven Guilbeault 2728:Georgina Jolibois 2463:Algoma University 2278:Meech Lake Accord 2172:Elizabeth II died 2151:Church of England 2043:Assiniboine River 1985:Executive Council 1606:Pope Benedict XVI 1449:Native resistance 1378:collective memory 1370:historical trauma 1292:St. Paul, Alberta 949:Family visitation 605:John A. Macdonald 603:In January 1879, 597: 436:Church of England 416:cultural genocide 412:European Canadian 355:in what is today 246:cultural genocide 140:John A. Macdonald 110:their own culture 88:was a network of 16:(Redirected from 12699: 12505:Birchbark biting 12316:myth and stories 12276: 12269: 12262: 12253: 12252: 12231: 12230: 12165:Mapuche conflict 12135:Chiapas conflict 12130:Alta controversy 12108:Historical cases 11866: 11865: 11848:Rainbow Warriors 11838:Manifest destiny 11526:Ancestral domain 11500: 11493: 11486: 11477: 11476: 11408: 11370:Highway of Tears 11327:Unistʼotʼen Camp 11284:Water protection 11282: 11243: 11236: 11235: 11157: 11156: 11050:Ipperwash Crisis 11024: 11021:Police brutality 11011:Lisa Marie Young 11001:Loretta Saunders 10966:Immaculate Basil 10949:Highway of Tears 10941:Indigenous Women 10940: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10842:Indian hospitals 10738:Role of the RCMP 10707: 10706: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10599: 10587: 10566: 10545: 10524: 10503: 10482: 10461: 10440: 10410: 10409: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10378:. Archived from 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10347:. Archived from 10345:The Toronto Star 10336: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10316:. Archived from 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10285:. Archived from 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10224:. Archived from 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10193:. Archived from 10183: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10163:. Archived from 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10134:. Archived from 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10077:. Archived from 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9986:. Archived from 9975: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9873:. Archived from 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9842:. Archived from 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9804: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9781:. Archived from 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9750:. 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Archived from 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9055:on June 29, 2016 9045: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9015: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8899:. Archived from 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8871: 8864: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8782:on July 16, 2016 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8756:on July 12, 2021 8755: 8748: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8723:on July 12, 2021 8719:. Archived from 8717:Anglican Journal 8708: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8663:on July 12, 2021 8649: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8577:on July 27, 2021 8573:. Archived from 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8546:on March 4, 2016 8542:. Archived from 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8446:. May 19, 2022. 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8390:. May 19, 2022. 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8347:on May 19, 2022. 8343:. Archived from 8333: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8310:. May 17, 2022. 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8126:. Archived from 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8099:on July 12, 2021 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8065:. Archived from 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8038:on July 27, 2021 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7973:The Toronto Star 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7888:. Archived from 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7801:on June 20, 2016 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7645:The Toronto Star 7637: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7581:. May 10, 2016. 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7549:The Toronto Star 7540: 7534: 7533: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7319:on March 8, 2021 7315:. Archived from 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7173:on March 7, 2016 7159: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7110:. 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Archived from 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6526:on June 29, 2016 6516: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6497:on June 26, 2021 6484: 6475: 6474: 6473:. pp. 1–15. 6466: 6455: 6454: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6312:. Archived from 6297: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6240: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5994:. Archived from 5986:Hill, Robert G. 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5963:. Archived from 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5806:. Archived from 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5775:. 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Archived from 3606: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3510:. Archived from 3508:The Conversation 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3479:. Archived from 3468: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443:. Archived from 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3412:. Archived from 3401: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374:. Archived from 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3340:. Archived from 3329: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3202:on July 19, 2021 3198:. Archived from 3187: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3158: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3117:on July 25, 2016 3113:. Archived from 3102: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3083:on July 19, 2021 3069: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2929: 2923: 2897: 2891: 2886:peoples. Use of 2857: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2706:Orange Shirt Day 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2441: 2429: 2402:Justice Minister 2370: 2362: 2120:Government House 2094:governor general 2051:British monarchy 2039:Government House 2033:in front of the 1991: 1943:Manitoba Premier 1891:North West River 1755: 1622:Tlʼaztʼen Nation 1563:Oblate of Canada 1540: 1537: 1463:Avrum Rosensweig 1395:anxiety disorder 1322:1969 White Paper 1187: 1150:The Toronto Star 1143: 1127: 903:Great Depression 624:Ulysses S. Grant 593: 591: 589: 585: 583: 578: 576: 572: 570: 540:of 1857 and the 526:1898, including 383: 380: 353:Red River Colony 148:Mackenzie Bowell 90:boarding schools 61: 58: 21: 12707: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12567: 12524: 12491: 12453: 12306: 12288: 12280: 12250: 12245: 12240:Minority rights 12219: 12205:San controversy 12099: 12073:Nagoya Protocol 12046: 12040: 12023: 12021: 12015: 11978: 11972: 11870: 11857: 11698: 11612: 11606: 11514: 11512:minority rights 11504: 11474: 11469: 11447: 11404: 11384:The Pass System 11331: 11280: 11277:Land protection 11271: 11252:Specific claims 11241: 11231: 11221: 11190: 11161: 11155: 11124:REDress Project 11088: 11077:Neil Stonechild 11022: 11015: 10954:list of victims 10938: 10931: 10902:Food insecurity 10865: 10856: 10846: 10808: 10792:Kimelman Report 10742: 10698: 10692: 10661: 10637:Wayback Machine 10626: 10621: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10597: 10584: 10563: 10542: 10521: 10500: 10479: 10458: 10437: 10418: 10416:Further reading 10413: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10337: 10333: 10323: 10321: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10258:on June 2, 2021 10246: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10228:on July 7, 2021 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10170: 10168: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10107:on June 2, 2021 10099: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10008: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9991: 9990:on May 18, 2017 9976: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9936: 9934: 9933:on May 18, 2017 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9846:on July 3, 2016 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9805: 9798: 9788: 9786: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9696:on May 21, 2017 9682: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9662:on May 11, 2017 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9586: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9557: 9556: 9549: 9539: 9537: 9522: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9496:The UC Observer 9488: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9414: 9410: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9336:on May 16, 2017 9328: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9296: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9226: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9098: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9081:on May 16, 2017 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9017: 9016: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8959:on May 16, 2017 8951: 8950: 8946: 8936: 8934: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8709: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8689:on July 6, 2016 8681: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8657:Wiser Directory 8651: 8650: 8646: 8636: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8563: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8532: 8528: 8518: 8516: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8470: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8335: 8334: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8130:on July 2, 2021 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8069:on July 4, 2021 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7922:on July 3, 2016 7910: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7765:Net News Ledger 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7639: 7638: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7541: 7537: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7442: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7407:. May 1, 2007. 7399: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7288:on June 3, 2012 7280: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7262:on May 18, 2017 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7160: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7119: 7100: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7041: 7040: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7018:on July 5, 2021 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6945:Smith, Joanna. 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6612:on June 4, 2021 6609: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6577: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6520:"The Apologies" 6518: 6517: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6485: 6478: 6467: 6458: 6432: 6428: 6405: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6272:on June 2, 2021 6258: 6254: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5779:on July 1, 2021 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5708: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5624:on July 6, 2021 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5533:on July 6, 2021 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184:Bryce, Peter H. 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5154:Bryce, Peter H. 5151: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5131:on May 20, 2018 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5052: 5037: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4883: 4875: 4852: 4839:(91): 145–172. 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4605: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4543:"Sixties Scoop" 4541: 4540: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4510:"Sixties Scoop" 4506: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4486:on May 10, 2021 4483: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4428: 4421: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4384:on May 29, 2016 4381: 4368: 4359: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4186: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4166:on July 2, 2021 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4140:on July 1, 2021 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4073:on June 3, 2021 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4042:on May 13, 2021 4039: 4032: 4028: 4027: 3992: 3985: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3876: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3814: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3712:on July 8, 2016 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3608: 3607: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3585:on May 16, 2017 3575:Harper, Stephen 3572: 3568: 3523: 3519: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3378:on May 18, 2016 3364: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3344:on July 9, 2018 3330: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3279:on May 30, 2021 3276: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3159: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3103: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2930: 2926: 2898: 2894: 2864:Indian hospital 2858: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2806:(United States) 2788: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2744:until sunrise. 2708: 2702: 2645:Zacharias Kunuk 2602: 2598: 2547: 2523:Carolyn Bennett 2501:In March 2017, 2486:Murray Sinclair 2482:Calls to Action 2455: 2449: 2439: 2427: 2368: 2365:its 2005 budget 2360: 2352: 2290: 2241: 2190: 2086:Queen of Canada 2008: 2002: 1989: 1939: 1909:Prime Minister 1829: 1827:Federal Cabinet 1812: 1807: 1785: 1757: 1750: 1730: 1716:J.J. McCullough 1712:Murray Sinclair 1538: 1524: 1488: 1480: 1451: 1411: 1366: 1364:Lasting effects 1264: 1258: 1202:Rosanne Casimir 1185: 1165: 1159: 1141: 1125: 1071:Murray Sinclair 1054: 1052:Mortality rates 1046:dermatoglyphics 1021: 1019:Experimentation 976: 951: 923:vows of poverty 857: 769: 731: 601: 600: 599: 598: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 574: 573: 568: 567: 566: 528:Egerton Ryerson 522:Front cover of 505:Egerton Ryerson 456: 381: 300:were rooted in 283: 277: 267: 216:substance abuse 75:Fort Resolution 59: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12705: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12534: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12482:Ottawa dialect 12479: 12474: 12469: 12463: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12384:Medicine wheel 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12354:Gitche Manitou 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12298: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12279: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12256: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12155:Indian removal 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12091: 12085: 12079: 12069: 12063: 12057: 12050: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12020:Indigenous-led 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12006: 11998: 11996:Arctic Council 11993: 11992: 11991: 11985:African Union 11982: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11881:Te Puni Kōkiri 11874: 11872: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Plastic shaman 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11811:Indian reserve 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11783: 11778: 11776:Green grabbing 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11749:Sports mascots 11741: 11740: 11739: 11737:Bioprospecting 11729: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11712: 11706: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11600:in New Zealand 11597: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11522: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11506:International 11503: 11502: 11495: 11488: 11480: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11248: 11246: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11212: 11210:Project E-Pana 11207: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11029: 11027: 11025:and misconduct 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10945: 10943: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10927:Long-term DWAs 10924: 10923: 10922: 10920:Joyce Echaquan 10917: 10915:Brian Sinclair 10909: 10904: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10887: 10885:Climate change 10882: 10877: 10871: 10869: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10770:Chanie Wenjack 10763: 10752: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10728: 10723: 10715: 10713: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10645: 10640: 10625: 10624:External links 10622: 10620: 10619: 10606: 10588: 10582: 10567: 10561: 10546: 10540: 10525: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10483: 10477: 10462: 10456: 10441: 10435: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10393: 10362: 10331: 10300: 10269: 10239: 10208: 10178: 10149: 10118: 10092: 10061: 10031: 10020:on May 3, 2017 10001: 9970: 9944: 9918: 9888: 9857: 9826: 9796: 9765: 9734: 9707: 9673: 9642: 9611: 9580: 9547: 9513: 9479: 9449: 9428:(4): 373–390. 9408: 9397:(4): 411–431. 9378: 9347: 9321: 9290: 9260: 9234: 9208: 9182: 9156: 9123: 9092: 9066: 9040: 9005: 8970: 8944: 8914: 8883: 8851: 8819: 8793: 8767: 8734: 8700: 8674: 8644: 8618: 8588: 8557: 8526: 8495: 8461: 8431: 8405: 8376: 8350: 8325: 8295: 8264: 8234: 8217:The Hill Times 8203: 8172: 8141: 8110: 8080: 8049: 8019: 7990: 7959: 7933: 7903: 7872: 7842: 7812: 7782: 7751: 7719: 7688: 7662: 7627: 7596: 7566: 7535: 7513: 7483: 7452: 7422: 7392: 7361: 7330: 7299: 7282:"RCMP apology" 7273: 7247: 7213: 7184: 7151: 7117: 7091: 7060: 7029: 6998: 6968: 6937: 6904: 6872: 6842: 6811: 6778: 6752: 6721: 6714: 6696: 6655: 6623: 6586: 6568: 6537: 6508: 6476: 6456: 6445:(2): 227–240. 6426: 6415:(6): 763–782. 6396: 6361: 6330: 6308: 6283: 6260:Lemay, Jenna. 6252: 6223:(3): 320–338. 6203: 6171: 6138: 6094: 6061: 6035: 6009: 5978: 5947: 5912: 5886: 5851: 5821: 5790: 5760: 5733: 5699: 5665: 5635: 5604: 5574: 5544: 5514: 5481: 5459: 5437: 5406: 5372: 5341: 5310: 5279: 5262:Ottawa Citizen 5248: 5222: 5192: 5175: 5142: 5112: 5081: 5050: 5035: 5017: 4976: 4945: 4924:"Reed, Hayter" 4914: 4892: 4850: 4823: 4789: 4759: 4728: 4697: 4664: 4631: 4624: 4608:Vowel, Chelsea 4596: 4564: 4531: 4508:Hanson, Erin. 4497: 4475: 4426: 4419: 4395: 4357: 4337: 4306: 4273: 4241: 4208: 4201: 4177: 4151: 4120: 4084: 4053: 3990: 3983: 3955: 3929: 3899: 3892: 3853: 3803: 3762: 3748: 3723: 3692: 3662: 3631: 3596: 3566: 3537:(6): 422–430. 3517: 3494: 3458: 3427: 3389: 3355: 3321: 3290: 3213: 3182: 3175: 3128: 3094: 3059: 3032: 3002: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2940: 2924: 2892: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2828:, children of 2823: 2820:Native schools 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2790:Schools portal 2779: 2765: 2749: 2746: 2740:June 3, 2021. 2704:Main article: 2701: 2698: 2694:Canadian Press 2678:CBC Television 2674:Chanie Wenjack 2635:) (Edenshaw), 2546: 2543: 2539:Mark MacDonald 2509:member of the 2451:Main article: 2448: 2445: 2351: 2348: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2273:Brian Mulroney 2240: 2239:Reconciliation 2237: 2189: 2186: 2031:Queen Victoria 2012:Tribal Council 2001: 1998: 1981:Kathleen Wynne 1938: 1935: 1911:Justin Trudeau 1844:Stephen Harper 1833:Prime Minister 1828: 1825: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1784: 1781: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1559:Douglas Crosby 1557:In July 1991, 1523: 1520: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1459:Rodney Monague 1450: 1447: 1410: 1407: 1365: 1362: 1349:Siksika Nation 1257: 1254: 1227:This is not a 1158: 1155: 1053: 1050: 1020: 1017: 975: 972: 950: 947: 871: 870: 867: 864: 856: 853: 807:Chanie Wenjack 768: 765: 730: 727: 632:Washington, DC 592: 560: 559: 558: 455: 452: 266: 263: 256:in July 2022, 230:Stephen Harper 227:Prime Minister 71:Roman Catholic 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12704: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12434:Turtle Island 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12374:Little people 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12277: 12272: 12270: 12265: 12263: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12235: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12193:United States 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12096: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12084: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12068: 12064: 12062: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12022:international 12018: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11975: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11867: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11806:Indian colony 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11609: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11590:Treaty rights 11588: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11501: 11496: 11494: 11489: 11487: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11444: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11414:Rustic Oracle 11411: 11409: 11407: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11398:Quiet Killing 11395: 11393: 11392: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11237: 11234: 11228: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162:and inquiries 11158: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:Red handprint 11134: 11130: 11129:Red Dress Day 11127: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11018: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Amber Tuccaro 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10971:Tina Fontaine 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10880:Child poverty 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10862: 10859: 10853: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10837:Indian agents 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10787:Sixties Scoop 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10609: 10603: 10596: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10324:September 27, 10319: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10293:September 27, 10288: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10122: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9948: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9814: 9810: 9803: 9801: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9748:National Post 9745: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9711: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9680: 9678: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9584: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9518: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9486: 9484: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9314:September 10, 9309: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9116:September 10, 9111: 9107: 9103: 9096: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8868: 8861: 8855: 8836: 8829: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8705: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8576: 8572: 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7334: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7218: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7084:September 25, 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7053:September 25, 7048: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6889: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6556: 6552: 6551:National Post 6548: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6483: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6401: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6044:"Our History" 6039: 6023: 6019: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5704: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4808: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4557:September 10, 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4202:0-19-541358-X 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4113:September 10, 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3176:0-88755-646-9 3172: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876:First Nations 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2822:(New Zealand) 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2780: 2777: 2776:Canada portal 2766: 2763: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480:Among the 94 2478: 2474: 2472: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2413:Anne McLellan 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398:Phil Fontaine 2394: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2358: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2341:Phil Fontaine 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2198:David Barnard 2195: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2141:, in Ottawa, 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126:community of 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Rachel Notley 1959:at the time, 1958: 1953: 1951: 1950:Sixties Scoop 1947: 1946:Greg Selinger 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Michael Peers 1762: 1756: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1718:, writing in 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1574:Lac Ste. Anne 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1429:or forced to 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326:land treaties 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1008:social skills 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 985: 980: 971: 969: 965: 959: 956: 946: 944: 940: 935: 932: 927: 924: 919: 916: 913:: $ 350. 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