Canada in World War I

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in which positions were consolidated, the advance resumed. Shortly after 7:00 a.m., the 1st Canadian Division had taken half of its second objective, the Red Line, and moved a brigade forward to mount an attack on the remainder. The 2nd Canadian Division reported reaching the Red Line and capturing the town of Les Tilleuls at approximately the same time. Units at the 3rd Canadian Division reached their section of the Red Line at around 7:30 a.m. However, due to an exposed left flank caused by the failure of the 4th Canadian Division to capture the top of the ridge, the 3rd Canadian Division was forced to stop and establish a divisional defensive flank to its north. It was not until 11:00 a.m. that the defending German 79th Reserve Division mounted a counterattack, by which time only the 4th Canadian Division had not reached its objective.

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that about half of the CEF members who fought at the famous battle of Vimy Ridge were British immigrants. Moreover, their victory at the ridge involved close cooperation with artillery and other units recruited in the British Isles. 70 percent of the men who enlisted in the CEF were British immigrants, even though British immigrants were just 11 percent of Canada's population. Anglo-Saxon Canadians whose ancestors had lived in North America for generations had low enlistment rates similar to those seen in French Canadian communities.

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volunteered to knit socks, roll bandages, and wrap food parcels for the troops. Women put on variety shows and used the money to buy supplies that were needed overseas. The shortage of men made it necessary for women to work outside the home. They often took jobs that were known as men's work. They worked in banks, insurance firms, civil service, and as gas jockeys, street-car conductors and fish cannery workers. Even though they performed the same jobs as men, they were paid less. When prime minister

1923:, a Canadian government official, negotiated treaties with foreign countries such as Spain and France in the 1880s with only the token participation of British diplomats. These negotiations were precedents followed by Canadian diplomats after 1919, when Canada began to conduct its foreign relations without the involvement of British officials. In other words, Canada's gradual move towards independence was already underway before 1914, although this process may have been accelerated by World War I. 1823: 1214:

under a single command. Three consecutive rainless days between 3 and 5 November aided logistical preparations and reorganization of the troops for the next stage. The third stage began the morning of 6 November with the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions having taken over the front, relieving the 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions respectively. Less than three hours after the start of the assault, many units had reached their final objective lines and the town of Passchendaele had been captured.

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well as the Goudberg area near the Canadian Corps' northern boundary. The southern flank quickly captured Crest Farm and begun sending patrols beyond its objective line and into Passchendaele itself. The northern flank was again met with exceptional German resistance. The 3rd Canadian Division captured Vapour Farm at the corps' boundary, Furst Farm to the west of Meetcheele and the crossroads at Meetcheele, but remained short of its objective line.

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The 3rd Canadian Division captured the Wolf Copse and secured its objective line but was ultimately forced to drop a defensive flank to link up with the flanking division of the British Fifth Army. The 4th Canadian Division initially captured all its objectives, but gradually retreated from the Decline Copse due to German counterattacks and mis-communications between the Canadian and Australian units to the south.

6096: 6616: 1104:, had been captured. The advance briefly halted, the artillery barrage remaining stationary for 90 minutes to give troops time to consolidate the Blue Line and bring supporting machine guns forward. Shortly before 1 p.m., the advance recommenced with the Brown Line being secure around 2:00 p.m. By this point only the northern half of Hill 145 and "the Pimple", a fortified highpoint outside of 1072:, 9 April 1917 whereupon every artillery piece at the disposal of the Canadian Corps began firing. Light field guns laid down a barrage which advanced in predetermined increments, often 100 yards (91 m) every three minutes, while medium and heavy howitzers established a series of standing barrages further ahead, against known defensive systems. 1001:; as a result, the Newfoundlanders advanced as part of the 29th Division, not the Canadian Corps. The attack went very poorly for the Newfoundlanders, resulting in massive casualties – of the 801 men that made up the regiment just the day before, only 68 reported for roll call on 2 July, and every officer that had gone over the top had been killed. 1729: 1692:, who had worked as a policeman in India, had infiltrated the Ghadar Party to help to secure his release with a minor fine. Following the murder of two of Hopkinson's informants in the Ghadar Party, Bela Singh, was put on trial in Vancouver. On October 21, 1914, while Hopkinson was waiting outside a courtroom, he was assassinated by Mewa Singh. 1008:, France. In the major offensive which began at dawn on September 15 the Canadian Corps, on the extreme left of the attack, assaulted on a 2,200-yard sector west of the village of Courcelette. By November 11, the 4th Canadian Division finally secured most of the German trenches in Courcelette and then rejoined the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge. 679:(CLC) mainly poor Chinese men from the North who were told they would be in non-combatant roles. The Canadian government had restricted the arrival of all Asians and the CLC were secretly landed in Victoria, British Columbia. They were drilled in the old quarantine station at William Head and secretly shipped across Canada in cattle-trucks. 552:, although French-Canadian, spoke for the majority of English-Canadians when he proclaimed: "It is our duty to let Great Britain know and to let the friends and foes of Great Britain know that there is in Canada but one mind and one heart and that all Canadians are behind the Mother Country." However this did not stop Laurier along with 1108:, remained under German control. Fresh troops finally forced the remaining German troops from the northern half of Hill 145 at around 3:15 p.m. and by nightfall of 10 April, the only objective not yet achieved was the capture of "the Pimple". Supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 1959:

that Canadians emerged from the war alienated from, and disillusioned with, the imperial connection." He argues that most English-speaking Canadians "continued to believe that Canada was, and should continue to be, a "British" nation and that it should cooperate with the other members of the British

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While there is a consensus that on the eve of World War I, most White English-speaking Canadians had a hybrid imperial-national identity, the effects of the war on Canada's emergence as a nation are contested. The Canadian media often refer to World War I and, in particular, the Battle of Vimy Ridge,

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from cylinders dug into the forward edge of their trenches into a light northeast wind—the first use of chlorine gas in the war. As thick clouds of yellow-green chlorine drifted over their trenches the French colonial defences crumbled and the troops, completely overcome by this terrible weapon, died

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The second stage began on 30 October and was intended to capture the positions not captured in the previous stage and gain a base for the final assault on Passchendaele. The southern flank was to capture the strongly held Crest Farm while the northern flank was to capture the hamlet of Meetcheele as

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Throughout these three final months, the Canadian troops saw action in several areas. The first was near the enemy salient on August 8 where the Canadian Corps (along with the New Zealanders, Australians, French and British) was charged with the task of spearheading the assault on the German forces

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The first stage began on the morning of 26 October. The 3rd Canadian Division was assigned the northern flank which included the sharply rising ground of the Bellevue spur. South of the Ravebeek creek, the 4th Canadian Division would take the Decline Copse which straddled the Ypres-Roulers railway.

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in April 1915. The Canadian Corps operation was to be executed in series of three attacks each with limited objectives, delivered at intervals of three or more days. As the Canadian Corps position was directly south of the inter-army boundary between British Fifth and Second Army, the British Fifth

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The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions reported reaching and capturing their first objective, the Black Line, by 6:25 a.m. The 4th Canadian Division encountered a great deal of trouble in its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later. After a planned pause,

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Still other historians point out that the war’s impact on Canadians’ perception of their place in the world was limited by the simple fact that so many of the Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers were British-born rather than Canadians. Geoffrey Hayes, Andrew Iarocci, and Mike Bechthold point out

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To permit time to facilitate inter-divisional reliefs, there was a planned seven-day pause between the second and third stage. British Second Army was ordered to take over section of the British Fifth Army front adjoining the Canadian Corps, so that the central portion of the assault could proceed

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series, uses the war as a backdrop. The book chronicles the experiences of Anne and her family at home in Canada in the war while waiting for the return of Anne's three sons, all of whom are fighting overseas. The book is the only contemporary novel about the war from the perspective of Canadian

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A final successful action to gain the remaining high ground north of the village in the vicinity of Hill 52 was launched 11 November. This attack on 11 November brought to an end the long drawn-out Third Battle of Ypres. The Second Battle of Passchendaele cost the Canadian Corps 15,654 casualties

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Although the British were unable to exploit their advantage due to poor communication, it taught Canadians that artillery bombardment was too light to suppress the enemy trenches; that better artillery observation points were necessary; that reserves were too few to follow up success quickly; and

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and began to oppose Britain on substantive foreign policy issues, as it did in the 1956 Suez Crisis. Historian C.P. Champion argues that Canada's Britishness was not eliminated in the 1960s but survives to the present day in more subtle forms. He cites the new flag, whose red and white echo the

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arrived in France in 1915. Initially having three Canadian regiments and one British, in January 1916, it became an all-Canadian formation. The brigade was deployed separately from the Canadian Corps and was under the command of various British cavalry divisions. The brigade engaged in several

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During the First World War Canadian women took part in the war in a variety of ways, including home from factory work, fundraising and serving as nurses overseas. These women had a large impact on the war effort both from home and on the front lines. Others worked to support soldiers. They

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Of the 96,000 conscripts listed on strength with the CEF, 47,589 were sent overseas and 24,132 had joined units in France. They arrived in time to aid the rebuilding and reorganization of the Canadian Corps and through the Hundred Days campaign. Despite this, the rift between French- and

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All through the night, the Canadians fought to close this gap. On 24 April, the Germans launched another poison gas attack, this time at the Canadian line. In those 48 hours of battle, the Canadians suffered over 6,000 casualties, one man in every three, of whom more than 2,000 died.

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Three fresh brigades were moved up to the Red Line by 9:30 a.m., 10 April to support the advance whereupon they leapfrogged existing units occupying the Red line and advanced to the Blue Line. By approximately 11:00 a.m., the Blue Line, including Hill 135 and the town of

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on the United States. They argue that the war reduced the extent to which Canadians identified with the British Empire and intensified their sense of being Canadians first and British subjects second. These historians posit two possible mechanisms whereby World War I intensified

1287:. On September 27, 1918, the Canadian Corps broke through the Hindenburg Line by smashing through a dry section of the Canal du Nord. The operation ended in triumph on October 11, 1918, when the Canadian forces drove the Germans out of their main distribution centre in the 912:

were moved to reinforce the salient where the British and Allied line pushed into the German line in a concave bend. On 22 April, the Germans sought to eliminate this salient by using poison gas. Following an intensive artillery bombardment, they released 160 tons of

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The underlying tension between French and British Canada came to national attention during World War I. Prior to the war, the French Canadians did not see themselves obliged to serve the British interests. The issue reached its zenith when Canadian Prime Minister

1704:. While most of the rumours were false, Germany did consider several plans to damage Britain by attacking Canada from the United States. One proposal intended to use 100,000 German military reservists allegedly living in North America, who would join 250,000 1951:, that pride in Canada's accomplishments on the battlefield promoted Canadian patriotism; and that the war distanced Canada from Britain in that Canadians reacted to the sheer slaughter on the Western Front by adopting an increasingly anti-British attitude. 1954:

Other historians robustly dispute the view that World War I undermined the hybrid imperial-national identity of English-speaking Canada. Phillip Buckner writes that: "The First World War shook but did not destroy this Britannic vision of Canada. It is a

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ordered compulsory military service in May 1917, many women were called upon to run farms, build aircraft and ships, and work in munitions factories. By the end of the war they had earned the right to vote, and were gaining independence in society.

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to the north, the 10th Canadian Brigade attacked the hastily entrenched German troops and captured "the Pimple" on 12 April, bringing an end to the battle. By nightfall on 12 April 1917 the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge.

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Historian José Igartua argues that the hybrid imperialist-nationalist identity in English Canada collapsed in the 1950s and 1960s, not during or immediately after the First World War. It was in this period that Canada adopted

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Canada's sacrifices and contributions to the Great War changed its history and enabled it to become more independent, while also opening a deep rift between the French and English speaking populations. For the first time in

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as marking "the birth of a nation." Some historians consider the First World War to be Canada's "war of independence" and the most important event in Canadian history, ahead of World War II and comparable in effect to the

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under international law. Amazingly, the German government did not reject the proposal because of the impracticality, but because it did not wish to damage relations with the United States by violating American neutrality.

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600,000 men and women participated in the war by enlisting as nurses, soldiers and chaplains. In general, non-white people and those born in enemy nations were not welcomed into the military. When Black people from

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began in February 1917, but it was still not fully formed when it was broken up in February 1918 and its men used to reinforce the other four divisions. Although the corps was within and under the command of the

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Brennan, Patrick H (2005). "The Other Battle: Imperialist versus nationalist sympathies within the Officer Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919". In Buckner, Phillip; Francis, R. Douglas (eds.).

521:, Canadian forces fought as a distinct unit, first under a British commander but ultimately under a Canadian-born commander. The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the Great War came during the 1022:; for the remainder of the war they were brought along to head the assault in one great battle after another. Whenever the Germans found the Canadian Corps coming into the line they prepared for the worst." 1782:, Horn exploded some dynamite but failed to greatly damage the bridge. Von Papen next formed groups of German reservists in several American cities to attack Canadian bridges and, if the Japanese took the 674:

who served continued to be segregated during their tour, both on ships and in camps. A deal between the Chinese government and the allies resulted in the enlistment of thousands of Chinese who formed the

1771:. Von Papen identified several bridges and tunnels in western Canada as targets, but was advised to wait until the Japanese appeared. His agent, a Captain Böhm, recruited 10 people to enter Canada from 6099: 2225: 1420:

were planning to significantly expand the RCN, but it was decided that Canadian men would be permitted to enlist in either the Royal Navy or its Canadian counterpart, with many choosing the former.

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most importantly, that the procedure of transmitting information and sending orders to the advanced troops was slow and difficult, and that the systems of communication were much too vulnerable.

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forces, but she returned to Halifax permanently in July 1915 when she was declared no longer fit for service and was converted to a depot ship. She was heavily damaged in the December 1917

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by Indian immigrants and nationalists was turned around by the Canadian authorities. Upon returning to India, a mixed force of police and soldiers confronted them on September 27, 1914 in

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won 153 seats, nearly all from English Canada. The Liberals won 82 seats. Although the Union government won a large majority of seats, the Union government won only 3 seats in Quebec.

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On Sept. 20, 1917, women gained a limited right to vote. The nursing sisters at the Canadian hospital in France were among the first group of women to vote in any general election

774:, giving the corps its first Canadian commanders. In the later stages of the war, the Canadian Corps was among the most effective and respected of the military formations on the 1317:, two minutes before the armistice took effect at 11 am. on November 11. He is traditionally recognized as being the last British soldier and second last soldier killed in 1120:

The corps had suffered 10,602 casualties; 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded. The German Sixth Army suffered an unknown number of casualties with an approximate 4,000 men becoming

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on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele. It was virtually the same front as had been occupied by the

814: 617:, had been planning for a mass mobilization of Canadian Militia for some time, the mobilization plans were scrapped in favour of mobilizing a completely new land force, the 2414: 1911:

Some historians suggest that Canada was already beginning to move toward greater autonomy from Britain well before 1914. They note that Canada’s government established a

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The impact of the First World War on the evolution of Canada's identity is debated by historians. There is general agreement that in the early twentieth century, most

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Though incredibly successful, this period was also very costly, as the Canadian Corps suffered 46,000 casualties in the final hundred days of the Great War. The last

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volunteered their services, they were told, "This is not for you fellows, this is a white man's war." Nonetheless, some segregated units were formed. In 1915,

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Bechthold, Mike (2007), "In the Shadow of Vimy Ridge: The Canadian Corps in April and May 1917", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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spent the first three years of the war patrolling the Pacific; however, the lack of German threat saw them reposted to Halifax in 1917. With their tender,

1435:, although these patrols became less important following the elimination of the German naval threat in the Pacific with the December 1914 defeat of Admiral 7236: 5104: 1516:(the RCN's service flag). Arriving in Halifax on 17 October 1917, they were declared unfit for service and never patrolled again, being scrapped in 1920. 456: 93: 3642: 5099: 4802: 2059: 1052:

For the first time, all four Canadian divisions were to be assembled to operate in combat as a corps. The Canadian divisions were joined by the British

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The Battle of the Somme claimed more than 24,000 Canadian casualties. But it also gave Canadian units the reputation of a formidable assault force. As

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included black soldiers from both Canada and the United States, the latter having crossed into Canada in order to participate. The over one thousand

1915:, or de facto foreign ministry, in 1909. However, these historians also stress that the Department worked closely with British diplomats. Historian 548:

Canadians of British descent—the majority—gave widespread support arguing that Canadians had a duty to fight on behalf of their Motherland. Indeed,

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showed that there were relatively few dissenters from this view in English-speaking Canada. In 1914, most English-speaking Canadians had a hybrid

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Campbell, David (2007), "The 2nd Canadian Division: A 'Most Spectacular Battle'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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The Department of External Affairs and Canadian Autonomy, 1899-1939/Le ministère des Affaires extérieures et l'autonomie canadienne, 1899–1939

1804:. This news discouraged the volunteers and ended the mission. The German government continued to create such plans, however, resulting in the 7039: 5171: 1186:

would advance to protect the right flank. The execution dates of the phases were tentatively given as 26 October, 30 October and 6 November.

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or broke and fled, leaving a gaping four-mile hole in the Allied line. The Canadians were the only division that were able to hold the line.

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in England, the Canadian forces were instructed to prevent the Germans from reinforcing the sector of Neuve Chapelle. This would allow the

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Association in British Columbia put forward a volunteer reserve force of 227 men, some of whom were later admitted into the military. The

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and blow up five eastern bridges, but cancelled the mission after only three appeared at the rendezvous point and agreed to the plan.

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Hayes, Geoffrey (2007), "The 3rd Canadian Division: Forgotten Victory", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

4503:(2007a), "The 4th Canadian Division: 'Trenches Should Never be Saved'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), 4334: 400: 344: 4700: 6557: 1937:

on the site of the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Canadian media has occasionally referred to the battle as marking "the birth of a nation".

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as well as others. In total, about 3,500 Indigenous people served with the Canadian Forces, but this figure has been disputed. The

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to train and recruit an army for overseas service. At the time, Canada had a regular army of only 3,110 men and a fledgling navy.

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was deliberately sunk by a U-boat which machine gunned survivors on the water. In terms of the number of dead, the sinking was

1330: 81: 4386: 6678: 6646: 5094: 2421: 1854: 1790:. The saboteurs did not have uniforms, however, and the general staff told the foreign office on 11 February 1915 that wearing 1779: 1749: 1080: 1053: 4461: 7074: 7013: 6583: 5522: 4550: 4514: 4451: 4416: 4376: 4356: 4207: 4136: 3800: 3773: 3746: 3713: 3599: 3569: 3542: 3045: 3018: 2991: 2960: 2933: 2878: 2831: 2804: 2754: 2725: 2695: 2659: 2632: 2605: 2569: 2542: 2515: 2449: 2394: 2342: 2315: 2288: 2261: 2193: 2166: 2139: 2112: 2079: 974:

from the latter half of 1916. Initially launched as a campaign to relieve pressure from the beleaguered French forces at the

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saw no conflict between their identity as British subjects and their identities as Canadians. In fact, the British World or

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where conscription was most vociferously denounced. Leading the campaign against conscription was Quebec nationalist

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Other historians add that Canadian nationalism and belief in independence from the British Empire was strongest in

1817: 1537: 981: 951: 659: 498: 151: 115: 4654: 3474: 3069: 2898: 7018: 6068: 4876: 4713:– Canadian Cities during the Great War. This University of Victoria site currently includes data on Victoria BC. 1961: 1930: 1701: 1700:

From the start of the war, the Canadian government investigated many rumours of a large German attack across the

825: 595: 122: 7231: 6983: 6978: 6837: 6619: 6547: 6216: 6087: 5288: 4585: 3951: 3817: 3639: 2049: 1908:. Bourassa’s resignation is widely regarded as involving a clash between imperialism and Canadian nationalism. 1752: 1608: 1158: 1145: 1109: 1057: 1056:, and reinforced by artillery, engineer and labour units. The Canadian Corps was supported to the north by the 718:

was formed as a field formation of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in September 1915 after the arrival of the

610: 530: 7139: 7119: 6998: 6578: 6532: 5960: 5204: 4632: 4085:. The Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, Department of National Defence. p. 22. 1592: 1296: 382: 1041: 7099: 7003: 6973: 6947: 6942: 6886: 6459: 6170: 5390: 5157: 4830: 1552: 850: 667: 655: 618: 591: 510: 71: 1205: 873:, to successfully push through German lines and establish a new Allied front line on conquered territory. 7129: 7049: 6697: 6140: 4972: 1756: 1573: 1283:

Between August 26 and September 2, the Canadian Corps launched multiple attacks near the German front at

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by Douglas Culham. The painting depicts a nighttime supply column traversing the muddy conditions of the

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The battle began on 1 July 1916, and among the first troops to leave their trenches were the men of the

545:, out of an expeditionary force of 620,000 people mobilized (39 per cent of mobilized were casualties). 7164: 7109: 7069: 7059: 7054: 6911: 6484: 6185: 6028: 5372: 5063: 4952: 4840: 4811: 4710: 2846: 1530: 931: 767: 518: 506: 276: 196: 103: 38: 5363: 4676: 3849:

Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924

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Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War: Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919

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declared a war between Canada and Germany. The Militia was not mobilized and instead an independent

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Ethnic Armies: Polyethnic Armed Forces from the Time of the Habsburgs to the Age of the Superpowers

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Passchendaele: Canada's Triumph and Tragedy on the Fields of Flanders : an Illustrated History

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Passchendaele: Canada's Triumph and Tragedy on the Fields of Flanders : an Illustrated History

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wrote, "The Canadians played a part of such distinction that thenceforward they were marked out as

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had the freedom to determine the country's level of involvement in the war. On August 4, 1914, the

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Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region/Revue d'histoire de la region atlantique

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The Canadian Corps entered the battle in September when it was tasked to secure the small town of

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may be the best-known poem among Canadians. Written after the Second Battle of Ypres, it and the

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forces for valour, were awarded. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even in the

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Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914–1918

2362: 1877:. Many Canadians defined their country as the part of North America that owed allegiance to the 1150: 7134: 7084: 7044: 7034: 6896: 6829: 6607: 6588: 6190: 6133: 5354: 5336: 5309: 5012: 5007: 4912: 4864: 4854: 3437: 2595: 2410: 2054: 1787: 1659: 1628: 1556: 1523: 1461: 1253: 1238: 1012: 896: 886: 833: 798: 266: 110: 88: 4597:

Shoebottom, Brad. "The First World War and the Homefront in Canada: Broadening the Analysis."

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One who did not appear, Werner Horn, thus did not know that the mission was cancelled. In the

1611:, Borden was able to convince enough English-speaking Liberals to vote for his party, and the 1578: 1271: 1091: 7114: 6988: 6504: 6438: 6373: 6221: 6200: 5623: 5605: 5551: 5408: 5345: 5298: 4947: 4922: 4917: 4886: 4697: 3589: 3035: 3008: 2923: 2868: 2821: 2649: 2622: 2532: 2384: 2251: 2156: 2129: 1744:

Taken more seriously was the proposal to sabotage trains carrying Japanese troops which, the

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Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great Wars

2019: 2015: 1948: 1745: 1689: 1036: 676: 526: 502: 349: 246: 181: 2557: 2467:"'It would be best to leave us alone': First Nations Responses to the Canadian War Effort" 1896:, whereas imperialism was strongest in English-speaking Canada. These historians focus on 1248:

in Amiens. In the subsequent battle, the morale of the German forces was badly shaken. In

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river and by the advancing XVII Corps to the south. The attack began at 5:43 a.m. on

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were mostly volunteers, as conscription was not implemented until the end of the war (see

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and tasked with making additional advances on Passchendaele. The Canadian Corps relieved

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and foreign office were convinced, would soon arrive in France through Canada. Despite

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Quarantined: Life and Death at William Head Station 1872–1959. By Peter Johnson. 2013.

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The home front encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II

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Canadian soldiers survey a destroyed German bunker during the battle of Passchendaele.

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At the outbreak of the First World War on 5 August 1914, two government vessels, CGS

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Kitchen, Martin (May 1985). "The German Invasion of Canada in the First World War".

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Army would mount subsidiary operations on the Canadian Corps' left flank while the

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The C.A.M.C. with the Canadian Corps during the Last Hundred Days of the Great War

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Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War, 1914–1919, Vol I Part 2

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Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War, 1914–1919, Vol I Part I

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The sense of power : studies in the ideas of Canadian imperialism, 1867–1914

3689: 3646: 3622: 2852: 2003: 1901: 1764: 1709: 1607:, who argued that the war pitted Canadians against each other. In the subsequent 1265: 862: 671: 549: 251: 176: 4181:

The other quiet revolution : national identities in English Canada, 1945–71

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Dominions’ Military Relationship to Great Britain 1902-1914 (British Dominions)

3497:"Feature Articles – The Canadian Expeditionary Force: Central Ontario Regiment" 2624:

The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: A Study of Failure in High Command

1977: 1920: 1897: 1886: 1870: 1800: 1600: 1595:. Although some farmers and factory workers opposed the legislation, it was in 1413: 1311: 1174: 1166: 959: 858: 759: 715: 703: 693: 621:, to be based on numbered battalions and reporting to a separate ministry, the 553: 474: 281: 4307:

Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War: The Medical Services

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s crew were posted to the east coast for the remainder of the war and by 1917

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Vancouver & Beyond: Pictures and Stories from the Postcard Era, 1900–1914

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Mohawks on the Nile: Natives Among the Canadian Voyageurs in Egypt, 1884–1885

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Hell's corner : an illustrated history of Canada's Great War, 1914–1918

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No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War

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Enemy aliens, prisoners of war: internment in Canada during the Great War

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stops a liner for contraband inspection off the American coast, 1914–1915

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Canadian officers' British identity as well as their Canadian identity.

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M. Honoré France; María del Carmen Rodríguez; Geoffrey G. Hett (2012).

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from leading the opposition to conscription three years later in 1917.

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Canada and the First World War: essays in honour of Robert Craig Brown

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Imperialism and nationalism, 1884–1914: a conflict in Canadian thought

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Perspectives on the Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest

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English-speaking Canadians was indelible and lasted for many years.

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