Camelots du Roi - Knowledge

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attackers wore Action Française armbands and insignia", and Blum's hat was found in the premises of the royalist movement Three Action Française suspects were arrested thanks to an amateur film seized by the police on which the insignia on the jackets can be seen, but not formally the one striking Léon Blum. On 24 April 1936, Louis-Gaston Courtois, former warrant officer, 38-year-old employee in an insurance company and Camelot du Roi, was sentenced to 3 months in prison and Léon Andurand was sentenced to 15 days by the

495:, Méric, Merle (du Merle blanc), Delannoy, designer of the Men of the day, and about thirty trade unionists, strong and hard that Georges tried to convince. One day, a mad fight! I arrive just in time to see Bernanos taken by the throat by a giant who, his fist raised, was about to crush his face. I jumped up, grabbed a chair, and, my strength increased tenfold by rage, broke it on the beefy man's head, who collapsed. General fight. The guards run up with their revolvers. Everyone is put in a cell. 351:

Public Instruction. In November 1908, the Council of Professors of the Faculty of Letters, chaired by Dean Alfred Croiset, authorized Thalamas, who did not have the title of Doctor of Letters, to provide a free course once a week throughout the winter on history pedagogy. This course was divided into twelve small courses. Trained by Maxime Real del Sarte, the Camelots du Roi decide to interrupt the lesson given by the professor every Wednesday, even if it meant resorting to violence.

944:. When it was created, the Faisceau stole 1800 adherents from the Action française between December 1925 and April 1926 in Paris alone. As a repeat offence, the Camelots du Roi sabotaged a meeting of the University Beam at the Salle d'Horticulture in Paris on 15 December 1925 by routing Georges Valois. Consequently, René Bardy, a former communist, was instructed by Georges Valois "to set up a security service capable of facing both Maurras's troops and those of the Communist Party". 543:, the Camelots du Roi helped the victims in various ways: soup kitchens, distribution of coal and clothing, ferries to cross or bring the victims to safety, collection of donations. The Camelots du Roi imagine themselves "in the most working-class neighborhoods, in the reddest suburbs of the outskirts with a certain guts, sometimes expelled by a stubborn police commissioner, as in Javel, or by a mayor like in Issy-les-Moulineaux ». In the suburbs of 44: 1135:, suspected of sympathy with the right-wing leagues. On 6 February 1934, Édouard Daladier presented the new government to the National Assembly. At the same time, a large demonstration was organized in Paris, Place de la Concorde, at the call of several right-wing leagues including the Camelots du Roi on the theme: "Down with thieves!" 1645:

on the bulk of the royalist troops". Lucien Lacour's slap in the face of Aristide Briand at the end of 1910 also accentuated the tensions between Action Française and the Duke of Orléans. Eventually, the Duc d'Orléans' political office came under the control of Action Française, and remained in its hands for a quarter of a century.

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be "integral" insofar as it intended to respond to all the problems of French nationalists. For this, the Camelots du Roi gave themselves the right to use "violence in the service of reason" in accordance with the formula of Lucien Lacour Indeed, the Camelots du Roi are part of a strategy of conquest of power developed by

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rhythm and ensure meetings, such as in Bordeaux, Toulouse, Marseille, Nogent le Perreux, Rouen, Angers, Montpellier, Chambéry, Nantes, Riom and Saint Germain en Laye. The sections of Vannes, Nîmes, Lorient, Laval, Saint Denis, Nancy, Saint Nazaire, Tours manage to bring together members and activists from time to time.

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attendance at the annual Parisian banquet of the medical profession. From January to March 1935, the Camelots du Roi took an active part in the strike movement to protest against the “invasion of the medical profession” by foreign immigrants. These demonstrations are best known for the remarkable participation of

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improving relations with the German Empire and to the military training of reservists. The Camelots du Roi and the leaguers take part in numerous contradictory conferences as well as demonstrations in several cities: Bordeaux, Nice, Toul, Epinal, Toulouse, Limoges, Dijon, Orléans, Lille, Lyon, Rennes.

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In 1912, Marius Plateau created the commissioners of Action française in charge of policing meetings. This organization, directly affiliated with the Camelots du Roi groups, made it possible to form "combat groups" of 16 to 20 people. These marshals had to have two types of canes: an ordinary one and

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In 1912, the Camelots du Roi were subjected to a discipline "more severe than the simple leaguers of AF". Activists are forced to sell the newspaper at least twice a month, the absence of response to two summons is worth exclusion and political meetings are held weekly. Activists were responsible for

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The Camelots were the instrument of a policy of tumult on the part of Action Française. They were much more an armed force than a force of political proposal. The idea was to stir up trouble to remind public opinion of the royalist cause and thus bring in new recruits. The members of Les Camelots had

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published an interview with the Duke of Orléans, who denounced the violence of the King's Camelots, and who brandished the threat of a formal disavowal if their militants "continued not to distinguish between friends and enemies, and if a persistent error of maneuver pushed them to direct their fire

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The Camelots du Roi also lend a hand to other organizations. On Easter Sunday 1925, they ensured the order of a Catholic meeting; in March 1926, they defended a meeting of the Catholic Federation in Marseille; provide security for René Benjamin, attacked during his conferences by teachers' unions he

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developed by Charles Maurras at the beginning of the 20th century. This anti-republican and anti-democratic nationalism defended the establishment of a monarchy summed up in the "Maurrassian quadrilateral" as decentralized, hereditary, traditional and antiparliamentary. This nationalism was said to

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undertook to devote a free course to her in the middle of the Sorbonne, in the Guizot amphitheater. He traced in front of his listeners a historical picture, comparing the state of France in the XVth century with that of his time. He was wrapping up when a peace officer, followed by a Captain of the

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The Action française and the Camelots du Roi then seized on the affair, denouncing “the Bayonne scandal”. From a banal scam, the "Stavisky affair" became a politico-financial scandal that affected all circles of the established republic, in particular the radical party. Popular indignation leads to

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The Camelots du Roi also used stratagems. It happened that during a parade the Camelots at the head of the procession would go back to the tail of the procession to parade a second time, which they did, for example, on 28 November 1926, during the pilgrimage celebrating the dead of Action French in

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In 1913, faced with the threat of an armed conflict with the German Empire, Action Française decided to support the extension of the duration of military service under the Three Year Law. The Camelots du Roi clashed with left-wing activists who were unfavorable to this measure and more inclined to

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The first trial against a Camelot du Roi took place on 24 December: Serge Real del Sarte, a student at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, was accused of "violence against an agent". The same day, a group of 500 demonstrators, led by his brother Maxime and the Camelots, headed for the Senate and invaded the

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In 1904, the history professor Amédée Thalamas enjoyed a small reputation for having relativized the political role of Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War and questioned her virtue as well as the supernatural character of the virgin of Orleans. He had received a reprimand from the Minister of

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Every day we saw the streets, the courtrooms invaded by gangs eager for violence and disorder; one saw statues of honest republicans worthy of veneration, stained, insulted; one felt that the electoral battle was going to take place in this atmosphere of hostility; the workers moved away from the

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Acting as both the Action Française security service, shock troops and activists of the movement, they fairly quickly caught the concerned attention of those in power, and above all of Aristide Briand who saw in them and in their violence poses serious dangers to the order and maintenance of the

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The Camelots du Roi come "on the one hand from the fairly discreet "volunteer sellers" of Action Française, which has become a daily newspaper, and on the other from the Students of AF". The movement brought together very different individuals: students from the upper classes (the three Real del

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of 1933 inflamed the debate by restricting the practice of medicine to French citizens without excluding naturalized people. In 1935, tensions were exacerbated and amplified by the propaganda of the Camelots du Roi. That year, Action française had at least 1,500 doctors in its ranks according to

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The Camelots are divided into local sections comprising approximately 40 men. At the end of 1909, there were 65 throughout France. In 1911, the Action française claimed 95 sections and 65 subsections, then 200 sections a year later. In 1931, the National Federation of Camelots du Roi claimed 50

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In the early 1930s, French doctors attributed their difficulties to a supposedly excessive number of doctors, that "would exceed the solvent demand for care". Action française, which exertex a great attraction in the medical community thanks to the rallying of eminent members of the profession,

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In 1914, the Camelots du Roi sought to maintain their meetings although attendance was down due to the war and the call-up of many militants. In September 1915, the Action française decided to suspend the activity of the Camelots du Roi. In 1916, some sections nevertheless managed to maintain a

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and several Camelots du Roi were arrested while heckling the play. Each performance gives rise to demonstrations of Action Française. On 3 March, the play is deprogrammed. On 4 March, Maurice Pujo was sentenced to one month in prison and a 25 franc penalty, César Berthollet to eight days and 16

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Left-wing forces retaliated by organizing a large anti-fascist demonstration. On 15 February 1936, the Socialists ransacked the office of the French Action section of the 14th arrondissement and injured a leaguer in the eye.The investigation into the attack on Léon Blum shows that "most of the

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sums up the spirit of the Camelots du Roi: "A cane in your hand and a book in your pocket". Mostly students, the King's Camelots show a pronounced taste for provocative farce, royalist folklore (they include the repertoire of Chouan songs) and confrontations with left-wing students and their

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Foreigners, especially Jews, could study medicine in France thanks to the law of 30 November 1892 which opened up the practice of medicine to any holder of a French doctorate, regardless of nationality. This displeased some medical students and doctors who referred to them as "wogs".

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In the 1920s, the success of royalism among students was such that the term "Camelot" came to designate any active member. The active members of the Camelots generally remained so for the time of their studies, and a certain number of them then entered the ranks of Action française.

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political opponents. Capable of mobilizing quickly and massively, Camelots often appear to outnumber them. Although their brutality earns them criticism, it inspires respect in their opponents. Their determination and taste for action give their action a revolutionary character.

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On the night of November 19 to 20, 1910, Camelots plastered the walls of Brest with a poster entitled Les Gloires de la République, which depicted a fat Jewish woman — wearing a Phrygian cap and Masonic garb, and attacked with virulence the Chairman of the Board

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as a writer and as a politician. He was their indisputable master, even if some gradually marginalized their position within Action Française, without however questioning their affiliation with this movement. The first president of the King's Camelots was named

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monitoring the actions of the Camelots du Roi as a kind of internal police and for reporting to the steering committee the threats against certain militants. Their obligations are heavy: they must be ready for all parades or demonstrations, and of course sell

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decreed in the hours following the dissolution "of the de facto associations and groups, hereinafter referred to as: the French Action League, the National Federation Camelots du Roi and the National Federation of French Action Students" on the basis of the

1394:, former Camelots du Roi, some of whom had already broken with Action Française before the war. Individual choices were also made in relation to Charles Maurras, some distanced themselves from him, others broke with him and others maintained their loyalty. 1631:, the Camelots du Roi embarrassed the right side almost as well. Their audacity, the violence of their polemics and their taste for street battles scandalized the royalists who had remained faithful to the conservative and legalistic spirit of Orleanism. 358:

grabbed Thalamas and slapped him. He fled. The young people left the room, spread out on the boulevard Saint-Michel, broke through the police roadblocks, crossed the Seine, and arrived at the statue of Joan of Arc, where they laid a wreath of flowers.

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thanks to a hoax telephone call to the Director of the prison. For this plan, Charlotte Montard delegates to a dozen Camelots du Roi, including André Real del Sarte and Pierre Lecœur, the responsibility of saturating the prison telephone lines.

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and Paul Guérin. Pierre Lecœur managed to baffle his detractors, who resigned. Several other resignations followed in Paris and in the provinces, and settling of accounts with “cane strokes on the premises of the newspaper” were reported by

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recalls that "the press campaigns carried out by groups of moderate republicans, the creation a little later of the Federation of the Lefts on the eve of the legislative elections of 1914 had, without a doubt, a greater repercussion".

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spoke at a meeting in the hall of learned societies against "French fascism". However, the Camelots du Roi attacked the three men by beating them and coating them with tar and printing ink. The victims narrowly escaped treatment with

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The campaign against Thalamas lasted three months, with numerous arrests for insults and violence against agents: in addition to those of Maurice Pujo and Maxime Real del Sarte, his brother Yves, Henry des Lyons, Marius Plateau,

292:. They were recruited on the one hand from the royalist group of the XVIIe district of Paris organized by Henry des Lyons to sell newspapers at church doors, and on the other hand from among the royalist workers and employees of 1153:, of the Jewish faith, whom the Camelots du Roi succeeded in putting into early retirement; or the intervention of Maurice Pujo bursting into a university classroom and dismissing the lecturer to give a lesson on French Action. 1436:, the anti-Semitic and anti-republican vision of the Camelots was at its peak and their actions reached a new level of violence. They led violent campaigns with renewed ardor, denouncing a republic led by "the jew Léon Blum". 468:

was arrested on 14 January, 8 February and 10 March 1909. During his last arrest, he was sentenced to 10 days in prison and a 25-franc fine. He recounted his incarceration and his fraternization with revolutionary militants:

1187:, the student propaganda organ of Action Française, published a whole series of articles hostile to foreign students starting in 1925 and reported "xenophobic incidents reported in the faculties or services of hospitals". 1091:

Gustave Tissier was arrested for fraud and putting into circulation false bearer bonds for an amount of 25 million francs. It was quickly discovered that Tissier ws only the executor of the founder of the Communal Credit,

1544:, who describes the 24 May gathering of young people who were members of the Camelots du Roi and the Action française like a "spectacle so rare in our Parisian streets, this virile elegance, this beauty, this nobility…". 338:, Armand du Tertre, Lucien Martin, Léon Géraud, Jean Dorange were appointed delegates. The man who decided the relationship of the Camelots with the central organization of Action Française, as well as discipline, was 1482:

This kept away those who were tempted to register with us in the sole hope of obtaining material relief the lazy, the voluntary unemployed where the police so easily recruit their informants did not last long with

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In 1930, the Camelots du Roi and the Ligue d'Action française waged a fratricidal war within the Action Française. Pierre Lecœur, secretary general of the Camelots du Roi, was accused of being a police informant by

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In the Seine department in 1912, out of 776 Camelots du Roi there were 253 employees, 173 students, 75 shopkeepers, 64 workers, 40 unemployed, 10 professors, 9 publicists, 3 pensioners, 3 engineers, 1 lawyer.

703:. As soon as the first performance was announced, the Camelots du Roi put up posters reproducing a letter in which Henry Bernstein boasted of having deserted During the second performance on 21 February 1911, 374:

courtyard of the palace to cries of "Down with the republic!" to make themselves known. The Camelots du Roi did not hesitate to be voluntarily arrested in order to appear in a public trial and to get press.

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On 6 December 1910, Lucien Lacour was sentenced to three years in prison. He was finally released on 16 January 1912 after 422 days in prison. On 23 April 1912, the Camelots of King Henri Bourgoin and

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In April 1926, the Faisceau beat the Action française in the Paris region with 15 127 members against 13,500. The Camelots du Roi acted as agents provocateurs to sabotage the rise of the Faisceau.

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The year 1931 marked a new impetus in the activity of the Camelots du Roi. On November 27, 1931, the Camelots disturbed the International Disarmament Congress, organized by the School of Peace of

567: 1191: 399:, tried to obstruct the Camelots du Roi. This episode is part of a period of "mythification" of Joan of Arc in French nationalist circles; it was one of the first feats of the Camelots du roi. 1097: 483:

There were all the same some hitches between the Camelots du Roi and anarchists, as illustrated by the testimony of the Camelot du Roi Georges Moyrizot, which nuances this prison friendship:

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On 22 June 1911, Henry Bernstein feeling offended by an article by Léon Daudet, the two men faced off in a duel. On 26 July 1911, a second duel pitted Maurice Pujo against Henry Bernstein.

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Goyard, Claude (1979). "Un aspect de la police politique sous la Troisième République : l'enquête et le rôle de la Sûreté générale dans l'affaire Stavisky". In Jacques Aubert (ed.).

418:, Théodore de Fallois, Armand du Tertre, Marius Plateau, Henri des Lyons and Jean de Barrau, member of the directing committee of the National Federation, and particular secretary of the 1338:

injured him. Despite the brutality of the attack, the doctors at the Hôtel-Dieu noted "a damaged ear and a ruptured arteriole". The President of the Council and Minister of the Interior

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speaks of a "vaillant troop but lamentable leadership". The action plans are lost a few days before the demonstrations and the event finds very little support in the provinces.

1107:, head of the financial section of the Paris prosecutor's office, uncovers the many relationships maintained by the scammer in the police, press and justice circles: the deputy 967:. On 30 May 1927, during the Joan of Arc Parade, the Camelots disrupted rival Catholic groups by transmitting counter-orders through clandestine hookups to the telephone line. 1029:. From June 9, 1927, Léon Daudet took refuge in the premises of Action française, rue de Rome, to evade justice. The Camelots du Roi and the leaguers barricaded the place like 5282: 615:, another imprisoned activist. They phone the director of the Central House of Clairvaux pretending to be the President of the Council. The stratagem will inspire telephonist 4863: 3537: 1236: 3762: 1593: 1582: 1577:

a second weighted one or a truncheon. Sometimes, political meetings give rise to real melee between Camelots du Roi and political adversaries. On 11 April 1934, a communist

1183: 869: 1478:, Maurice Pujo authorized membership of the King's Camelots only from the age of 18 in 1909 and demanded an investigation into the profession and the resources rookies. 865:, asked the government to reaffirm its republican character. Because of this aggression, the Camelots du Roi were nicknamed the "Apaches du Roy" in several press titles 3174: 823: 473:

At La Santé, where we stayed, we fraternally shared our provisions with the navvies, we sang together, everything to everything: Long live Henry IV or L'Internationale.

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During the winter of 1908 to 1909, the Camelots du Roi damaged or even destroyed statues erected in Paris or in the provinces representing Dreyfusards or Republicans.

245: 651: 547:, the Action Française soup kitchen provided a thousand meals a day and the Camelots du Roi provided regular assistance to 172 families for a total of 882 people. 2280: 1460: 938:. This short-lived group intentionally overshadowed Action Française. Indeed, when he left Maurras, Georges Valois allegedly took with him the subscriber list of 3278: 1911: 1421:. From their creation, the Camelots du Roi engaged in virulent nationalist and anti-republican campaigns, with the avowed intention of bringing down the regime. 1371: 785:

At the end of the First World War, 10 of the 12 secretaries general and assistants of the Action française students between 1909 and 1914 were killed in action.

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every Sunday. Sales of the newspaper often give rise to brawls with right-wing and left-wing opponents, the outcome of which can sometimes be tragic, such as

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Despite the official dissolution, the Camelots du Roi, somewhat disorganized by the turn of events, did not disappear and maintained their activities.

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Few in number at the start, the first police reports mention about fifty members in January 1909. At the end of 1909, the police counted around 400.

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drove through the procession, boulevard Saint-Germain, in Paris. Recognizing the socialist deputy, a group of Camelots du Roi led by the hooded

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The Thalamas affair aroused passionate reactions; the thalamist and anti-thalamist camps confronted each other again during the year 1909. The

2600: 2536: 1284:, Jean Bouvyer, Michel Bernollin and Paul Bassompierre. On January 11, 1936, Eugène Deloncle and seven other people were officially excluded. 986:, at the Trocadéro in Paris and brought together several thousand people from around forty different countries. The Camelots, allied with the 52: 5439: 5414: 661: 4188: 3798: 3100: 3997: 3659: 3626: 3350: 252:"Unworthy magistrates and forgers, it will not be said that a Frenchman will not spit in your face your forfeiture and your infamy !" 3228: 2998:

Callu, Agnès; Gillet, Patricia (16 October 2020). "Les hommes de terrain : Lucien Lacour, Marius Plateau et Maxime Réal Del Sarte".

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stormed the tribune and expelled the personalities who occupied it. They had to evacuate the room to successfully get the Camelots out.

4392: 2905:. L’Action française. Culture, société, politique (in French). Vol. III. Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 267–280. 601:

Down with the Republic! Long live the king ! Down with Briand, supporter of Lafferre, the fichards and Israel against our country!

5444: 4401: 3529: 821:. Beheaded, the Camelots du Roi unleashed their fury by ransacking the offices and printing presses of three left-wing newspapers: 380:

On 16 February 1909, the professor was spanked in the middle of class, which became a "true feat of arms for the Camelots du Roi".

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Balace, Francis (2019). "Les Camelots du Roi. Une jeunesse contestataire et dérangeante dans le roman français : 1908-1914".

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During the first lesson, on 2 December 1908, students and Camelots invaded the Michelet amphitheater and caused a hellish uproar.

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had complimented Action française: "It would not have been possible without the Camelots du Roi". A probably apocryphal quote.

464:. Activists from both sides sympathized in prison and discovered a common enemy: the Republic. For example, the Camelot du Roi 211:

active from 1908 to 1936. It is best known for taking part in many right-wing demonstrations in France in the 1920s and 1930s.

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On 14 November 1926, the situation degenerated once again. Le Faisceau organized a punitive expedition to the premises of the

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sections, including 22 in the Bouches-du-Rhône. In 1934, the group declared 75 sections, including 32 for Bouches-du-Rhône.

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and the rhetoric of Charles Maurras' "four Confederate States". This position provoked many fights between militants of the

1640:, whose director, Arthur Meyer was close to the duke. This traditional royalism seemed to have won when, on 20 March 1910, 1603:, in response to one of his articles in a Rouen republican newspaper : "It's not your idea that I despise, it's you". 1634:

This tendency was massively represented in the political office of Duke Philippe d'Orléans, and was found in the pages of

419: 224: 4948: 4747: 4494: 4032: 3400: 2274: 244:, the young Real del Sarte decided to attack the judges by interrupting a hearing interrupted by the public prosecutor 4812: 3272: 1905: 5424: 4125: 4090: 4055: 3825: 3375: 3323: 3202: 1736: 1168: 835:. Following the attacks, the public opinion was not in favor of the violence and destruction caused by the Camelots. 288:, newsagents. The name of the group means "street-hawkers of the king" and does not refer to the legendary locale of 4550: 4181: 4817: 3850:

La ligue d'action française : mode d'organisation et pratiques culturelles, sociales et politiques (1905-1936)

280:. Their name originated from their first vocation, that of ensuring propaganda by selling mainly the issues of the 884:

Caricature relating to the attack on Marc Sangnier, Maurice Violette and Marius Moutet in L'Œuvre of June 3, 1923.

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when they were ordered to serve a prison sentence following the complaint of the taxi driver Bajot quoted in the

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However, the merit of the promulgation of this law does not belong solely to the Camelots du Roi. The historian

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D'une guerre l'autre. L'Action française et les Juifs, de l'Union sacrée à la Révolution nationale (1914-1944)

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In 1934 they participated in the troubles like the other extreme right leagues, but they lacked organization.

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The demonstration degenerated into violence. The police opened fire and killed 17 people. Three days later, a

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In November 1930, the Camelots du Roi and Action Française students prevented the holding of a meeting of the

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Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France : le faisceau de Georges Valois".

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and dozens of anonymous Camelots du Roi were arrested, then released after spending a fortnight in prison.

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Arrest of a Camelot du Roi on the feast day of Joan of Arc on the fore-court of Notre-Dame. Postcard, 1909.

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Some prominent figures report extremely virulent remarks such as those of Bernanos who wrote to Professor

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Valois, Georges (2020). "Chapitre IV. Une année de fascisme pendant la grande crise de l'État français".

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declares "French youth loves greatness". Some intellectuals emphasize this aspect, such as the historian

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increased the number of naturalizations, which was denounced by medical unions and the Action française.

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On December 25, 1933, on the orders of the sub-prefect Antelme, the director of the Municipal Credit of

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The law was finally adopted on 7 August 1913. Charles Maurras boasted that the President of the Council

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In 1933, the economic crisis of America affected France and was accompanied by a political crisis, the

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constantly refer to the vigor, beauty and purity of youth, essential to the monarchist struggle. Thus

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On December 9, 1935, 97 Camelots du Roi from the 17th team of the 16th arrondissement of Paris sent a

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On 31 December, Maxime Real del Sarte was sentenced to fifteen days in prison for "insulting agents".

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franc, while the other Camelots du Roi received suspended prison sentences and a few francs penalty.

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Created on 16 November 1908, the formula "Camelots du Roi" was used for the first time in the daily

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In 1908, the Action française sought to equip itself with a youth militant organization. Commander

4120:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 257–266. 4085:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 113–119. 4050:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 205–215. 276: 5129: 587:

nicknamed "Reinach Boule-de-Juif" (stings about his overweight, in reference to a short story by

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The Camelots du Roi followed different individual trajectories. Some engaged in resistance like

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La « première victime du fascisme » : retour sur l'assassinat de Joseph Fontaine

3334: 1026: 818: 700: 559:, the Camelots du Roi build and furnish twenty-five barracks for workers, with the help of the 370:

Guard and a line of soldiers, asked him to come out. The listeners dispersed without incident.

5094: 4777: 4349: 3222: 1203: 4958: 4787: 4468: 3948: 2867: 1659: 1355:

of Paris. The third individual named Édouard Aragon, a 50-year-old architect, was acquitted.

1269: 1139: 411: 355: 327: 237: 68: 4802: 1038: 58:

Camelots du Roi in front of the headquarters of Action Française, rue de Rome, 11 June 1927.

5194: 4727: 4499: 4325: 1664: 1403: 1096:, who organized this fraud under the complicit supervision of the Deputy Mayor of Bayonne, 841:

wrote: "someone (Germaine Berton) dared to turn the methods of the Camelots against them".

560: 155: 5034: 3224:

Les débuts de l'Action française (1899-1914) ou l'élaboration d'un nationalisme antisémite

1069: 8: 5363: 5199: 5179: 5104: 4908: 4797: 4782: 4674: 4634: 4533: 4519: 4505: 1600: 1149:

Other incidents occurred at the Sorbonne, such as the campaign against the law professor

1072:. This crisis weakened Action française not only in terms of staff but also financially. 1033:. After three days of siege which gave rise to major fights with the police, the prefect 991: 544: 461: 264: 4989: 4843: 4457: 4197: 3755:

Manipulating History : The Camelots du Roi's campaign to quash Dreyfusard monuments

1654: 1124: 951: 934:, a former member of Action Française, founded the first French fascist party, baptized 208: 171: 5336: 5296: 4873: 4425: 3333:

Levy, Richard S.; Bell, Dean Phillip; Donahue, William Collins; Madigan, Kevin (2005).

3294: 3244: 1592:

Their violence against their opponents is also verbal through their songs, notably the

1586: 1352: 1093: 196: 5169: 5134: 5069: 4868: 4684: 4629: 4435: 1273: 1037:

obtained the surrender of the two main madmen, who were immediately imprisoned in the

862: 449: 236:

prospected in the ranks of the army in search of a leader of men. In the end he chose

5308: 5174: 5154: 5109: 5019: 4594: 4579: 4430: 4218: 4121: 4086: 4051: 4028: 3987: 3954: 3921: 3920:. Documents et témoignages. Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 221–280. 3848: 3821: 3788: 3740: 3705: 3649: 3616: 3560: 3502: 3456: 3423: 3381: 3371: 3340: 3319: 3198: 3123: 3090: 3057: 3036: 3005: 2972: 2939: 2906: 2873: 1669: 1387: 1379: 1327: 1128: 1060: 849: 668: 633: 588: 556: 528: 410:

organizations or competing far-right organizations. They were originally directed by

5317: 5064: 4827: 4822: 4639: 4574: 1272:, accusing them of letting the movement collapse. The memorandum's signers included 908:

Caricature of Action française on its use of castor oil in L'Œuvre of June 17, 1923.

797:

Saccages de l’Ère nouvelle et de l’Œuvre par les Camelots du Roi le 23 janvier 1923.

5330: 5209: 5059: 5054: 4883: 4664: 4654: 4161: 3902: 3001:

Lettres à Charles Maurras : Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952

2529:"Les immigrés, éternels indésirables - Histoire analysée en images et œuvres d'art" 1533: 1468: 1143: 814: 492: 465: 415: 385: 5144: 2148: 2114: 2047: 2028: 1885: 1541: 1537: 1230:

Grève des étudiants dans le quartier latin dans L'Ami du Peuple du 3 février 1935.

445: 306:

On 21 November 1908, the Camelots du Roi disrupted a reading-tribute dedicated to

5250: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5024: 5014: 4994: 4953: 4933: 4893: 4807: 4669: 4415: 4336: 4309: 4233: 4113: 4078: 4043: 3915: 3871: 3815: 3699: 3676: 3554: 3450: 3417: 3117: 3051: 2999: 2966: 2933: 2900: 2720: 2218: 1716: 1408: 1288: 1257: 1116: 1081: 806: 692: 580: 566:

Previously, Action française had financed barracks to rehouse the victims of the

508: 322: 188: 5219: 5139: 3645:

La Cagoule: Histoire d'une société secrète du Front populaire à la Ve République

1177:

interfered in this debate by placing the blame on foreign doctors and students.

1112: 406:

their fief. The Camelots were involved in many brawls and street-fights against

5358: 5164: 5074: 5004: 4979: 4903: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4644: 4614: 4370: 4279: 4258: 4253: 4243: 1464: 1391: 1367: 1339: 931: 802: 584: 331: 241: 98: 5342: 4624: 4619: 4223: 3393:

Maitron, Jean; Davranche, Guillaume; Steiner, Anne (2020). "Berton Germaine".

1142:

in turn degenerated and killed four people. Édouard Daladier must give way to

1018: 810: 5403: 5289: 5114: 5039: 4732: 4704: 4599: 4238: 3906: 3701:

Les Camelots du roi au secours des sinistrés des inondations de Paris en 1910

3385: 1104: 1046: 853: 845: 762: 593: 403: 4943: 3394: 307: 5383: 5378: 5256: 5243: 5184: 5149: 5119: 5049: 5044: 4858: 4767: 4694: 4659: 4609: 4589: 4481: 4343: 4248: 4228: 3498: 1313:

Excerpts from film footage depicting the attack on Léon Blum, published in

1265: 1132: 1034: 987: 983: 837: 747:

Duel between Maurice Pujo and Henry Bernstein in Excelsior on July 27, 1911

704: 548: 457: 366: 362:

On 9 December, the royalists demonstrated more vigorously at the Sorbonne.

339: 1331: 1303: 997:

Between 1932 and 1933, pacifists and royalists clashed on many occasions.

735:

Duel between Léon Daudet and Henry Bernstein in Excelsior on June 22, 1911

5236: 5214: 5189: 5159: 5124: 4999: 4984: 4974: 4679: 4284: 1335: 1277: 1157: 1131:

as Chairman of the Board. He immediately dismisses the prefect of police

935: 204: 1585:

was killed by the Camelots du Roi during a private meeting organized in

1017:

In 1927, the Camelots du Roi actively participated in the protection of

5367: 4512: 1296: 1172:

Demonstration of Parisian students in front of the Faculty of Medicine.

858: 597:). The next day, Lucien Lacour managed to slap Briand twice, shouting: 515:, but the urgency of the war quickly put an end to this rapprochement. 285: 5324: 3004:(in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 179–227. 2418: 2416: 5099: 5029: 423: 407: 3587: 3336:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

2743: 1517:, killed on 3 February 1935 during a confrontation with communists. 4488: 4166: 2413: 2231: 1628: 1326:

On February 13, 1936, during the funeral of the royalist historian

801:

On January 22, 1923, the Secretary General of the Camelots du Roi,

487:

During the day we were in the political regime, with the people of

200: 160: 2556: 2554: 1857: 1855: 429:(1838–1894) and hence the Orleanist heir to the throne of France. 43: 3615:. Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique FeniXX). 3033:

Camelots du roi : les troupes de choc royalistes (1908-1936)

2225: 2155: 2121: 2054: 2035: 1892: 1723: 1589:. The Camelots du Roi are recognized in a state of self-defense. 1459:

Sarte brothers, Henry des Lyons, Armand du Tertre, de Lauriston,

1088: 872:

was created in homage to the exemplary legacy of Marius Plateau.

723:

Maurice Pujo is taken to the polisce station on February 20, 1911

289: 3214:

Cette vilaine affaire Stavisky, Histoire d'un scandale politique

3195:À l'école de l'Action française, un siècle de vie intellectuelle 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 4526: 2842: 2830: 2638: 2551: 2440: 2401: 2350: 2200: 2188: 2161: 2084: 1969: 1925: 1852: 1432:

and militants of Action Française during the 1930s. During the

1119:, the editors of newspapers Albert Dubarry and Camille Aymard. 1115:, the Minister for the Colonies and former Minister of Justice 144: 2794: 2782: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2255: 1378:

while others preferred to take the path of collaboration like

1287:

These activists then formed the National Revolutionary Party (

1218:

Manifestations des étudiants dans Excelsior du 3 février 1935.

917:

Attack on the premises of Action Française by the Faisceau in

4913: 4853: 4848: 3917:

L'homme contre l'argent : Souvenirs de dix ans 1918-1928

3530:"La haine et la ferveur. Léon Blum agressé - 13 février 1936" 1756: 1687: 4864:

Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain

2674: 2488: 4027:(in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. 2019. 2650: 2010: 1606: 649:

Caricature by Lucien Lacour correcting Aristide Briand in

4044:"Les jeunesses d'Action française avant la Grande Guerre" 1242:

La grève des étudiants dans Paris-Soir du 3 février 1935.

527:

The Camelots du Roi rebuild the houses of the flooded at

456:

In the 1910s, the Camelots du Roi briefly befriended the

2379: 2377: 2340: 2338: 2336: 1784: 1782: 957: 3392: 2770: 2691: 2689: 2237: 1959: 1957: 284:

newspaper in the streets of Paris, hence their name of

3422:(in French). Nouvelles Éditions Latines. p. 489. 3332: 2749: 2030:

Almanach de l'Action française de 1913, p. 59-76

1830: 1828: 1826: 1811: 1084:, with the rise of anti-parliamentarianism in France. 788: 687:

The Camelots du Roi at the courthouse on 4 March 1911.

402:

Recruited among the student population, they made the

4118:

L'Action française : culture, société, politique

4083:

L'Action française : culture, société, politique

4048:

L'Action française : culture, société, politique

4025:

L'Action française : culture, société, politique

3368:

l'Action française : culture, société, politique

2760: 2758: 2476: 2374: 2333: 2243: 2178: 2176: 2096: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1779: 1430:

International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism

1045:

escaped Léon Daudet, Joseph Delest and the communist

896:

Appearance of three Camelots du Roi on June 27, 1923.

365:

On 23 December, wanting to rehabilitate Joan of Arc,

2686: 2566: 2389: 2132: 2130: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1840: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1474:

After the incarceration of the 15-year-old militant

1163: 330:, while Henry des Lyons was the national secretary. 4162:

Lyrics of the Chanson des Camelots du roi 1908-1910

3119:

Mitterrand, entre Cagoule et Francisque (1935-1945)

3053:

Le rendez-vous manqué des relèves des années trente

2701: 2628: 2626: 2578: 2452: 2321: 2150:

Almanach de l'Action française de 1912, p. 102

2116:

Almanach de l'Action française de 1912, p. 101

2065: 2063: 1887:

Almanach de l'Action française de 1910, p. 54

1823: 1561:Aggression of anarchists by the Camelots du Roi in 1471:, Lucien Lacour, carpenter, Louis Fageau, butcher. 3731:Rasmussen, Anne (May 1997). "L'affaire Thalamas". 2931: 2818: 2806: 2755: 2662: 2509: 2464: 2428: 2362: 2261: 2173: 1993: 568:earthquake of June 11, 1909 in the South of France 3876:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 161. 2127: 2081:Letter from Lucien Lacour dated 21 November 1910. 1937: 1794: 5401: 4400: 3846: 3365: 2848: 2836: 2800: 2788: 2623: 2601:"L'attaque de Léon Blum par les Camelots du roi" 2560: 2446: 2422: 2407: 2356: 2206: 2194: 2167: 2090: 2060: 1981: 1975: 1931: 1867: 1861: 1773: 678: 4076: 3950:L'antifascisme en France: De Mussolini à Le Pen 3452:Maurras et notre temps: Entretiens et souvenirs 2503: 1053: 3853:(Thesis) (in French). Université de Lorraine. 3780: 3527: 2656: 2016: 1123:the fall of the radical socialist government. 4386: 4182: 925: 563:and the Association of Young Royalist Girls. 4079:"Les milieux médicaux et l'Action française" 3983:Histoire du Front populaire: L'échapée belle 3497:. Nouvelles biographies historiques. Paris: 3490: 3366:Leymarie, Michel; Prévotat, Jacques (2008). 3197:(in French). Paris: JC Lattès. p. 637. 2680: 2644: 2049:Almanac of French Action of 1910, p. 71 1552: 1402:The doctrine of the Camelots du Roi was the 1100:, who was sentenced to two years in prison. 970: 844:On the evening of 31 May 1923, the Catholic 573: 432: 4743:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne 3784:The New Nationalism and the First World War 3751: 2997: 1817: 1704: 1012: 393:Republican Federation of Students of France 4393: 4379: 4189: 4175: 1540:, despite being a Dreyfusard and close to 1424:The Camelots du Roi are also sensitive to 262:to designate the newspaper sellers of the 199:youth organization of the French militant 185:National Federation of the King's Camelots 4017:(in French). Paris: Hachette littérature. 3892: 3847:Schmidt-Trimborn, Anne-Catherine (2017). 3730: 3608: 3556:42, rue de la santé: Une prison politique 3552: 3419:L'Action française racontée par elle-même 3370:. Presses universitaires du Septentrion. 3211: 3035:(in French). Boulogne Billancourt: Défi. 3030: 2968:L'affaire Salengro: quand la colomnie tue 2482: 2383: 2344: 2102: 1846: 1444: 1299:, which carried out the attack on future 555:of 1911. From February 17 to April 20 in 4157:Audio of the Chanson des Camelots du roi 3739: 3641: 3192: 3089:. (Seghers) réédition numérique FeniXX. 2865: 2695: 2572: 1963: 1834: 1788: 1556: 1547: 1524:The organization strongly values youth. 1308: 1167: 1103:The investigation, led in particular by 999: 912: 792: 682: 551:gives an account of these events in the 522: 436: 223: 193:Fédération nationale des Camelots du Roi 5430:Youth organizations established in 1908 4924:National Council of European Resistance 3979: 3946: 3681:(in French). Paris: Ernest Flammarion. 3481: 3455:. (Perrin) réédition numérique FeniXX. 3262:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3227:(in French). London. pp. 695–718. 2964: 2869:Georges Bernanos, la colère et la grâce 2707: 2605:RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF 2584: 2327: 2249: 1607:A threat to order and to the right side 776: 631:Lucien Lacour slaps Aristide Briand in 14: 5402: 4111: 4041: 3913: 3813: 3553:Montagnon, Pierre (15 December 2012). 3515:from the original on 28 September 2021 3486:. Paris: Nouvelle librairie nationale. 3448: 3157: 3148: 3115: 3082: 2938:. Seuil (réédition numérique FeniXX). 2932:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1973). 2898: 2824: 2764: 2668: 2515: 2470: 2434: 2368: 2182: 2004: 1805: 4753:French and European Nationalist Party 4374: 4170: 4012: 3869: 3718:from the original on 10 November 2023 3685:from the original on 10 November 2023 3528:Monier, Frédéric (11 February 2016). 3436:from the original on 10 November 2023 3415: 2886:from the original on 10 November 2023 2595: 2593: 2395: 2238:Maitron, Davranche & Steiner 2020 2136: 1948: 1192:Law of August 10, 1927 on nationality 958:During the condemnation of the papacy 752: 90:Alain de la Rochefordière (1933-1936) 5440:Organizations disestablished in 1936 5415:Traditionalist Catholicism in France 4196: 3953:. Presses universitaires de Rennes. 3934:from the original on 18 October 2022 3895:Revue française de science politique 3768:from the original on 16 October 2022 3745:Le Royalisme, histoire et actualités 3697: 3674: 3585: 3403:from the original on 16 October 2022 3313: 3270: 3220: 3056:. Presses universitaires de France. 3049: 2919:from the original on 20 October 2022 2812: 2776: 2632: 2458: 2069: 1987: 1873: 1041:. On June 25, 1927, the telephonist 4077:Vergez-Chaignon, Bénédicte (2019). 4000:from the original on 4 October 2023 3834:from the original on 4 October 2023 3801:from the original on 4 October 2023 3752:Ronsenblatt, Brooke Stacey (2005). 3662:from the original on 4 October 2023 3629:from the original on 4 October 2023 3596:from the original on 4 October 2023 3573:from the original on 4 October 2023 3494:Léon Blum - la morale et le pouvoir 3469:from the original on 4 October 2023 3180:from the original on 6 October 2022 3136:from the original on 4 October 2023 3103:from the original on 4 October 2023 2952:from the original on 4 October 2023 1745:from the original on 4 October 2023 809:, an anarchist militant, to avenge 789:The assassination of Marius Plateau 27:French far-right youth organization 24: 4949:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms 4748:Federation of Nationalist Students 4495:French National-Collectivist Party 4134:from the original on 26 April 2022 4099:from the original on 26 April 2022 4064:from the original on 26 April 2022 3817:Les grandes catastrophes en France 3609:Petitfils, Jean-Christian (1987). 3540:from the original on 15 April 2021 3018:from the original on 26 April 2022 2590: 1530:Critical review of ideas and books 1075: 817:, and also to protest against the 507:This relationship deepened in the 345: 25: 5456: 4150: 3781:Rosenthal, L.; Rodic, V. (2014). 3534:Notes de la Fondation Jean-Jaurès 3399:. Maitron/Éditions de l'Atelier. 3153:. Genève: Droz. pp. 177–206. 1164:Xenophobic demonstrations of 1935 5445:1936 disestablishments in France 4818:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups 4114:"L'Action française en Provence" 3967:from the original on 23 May 2022 3880:from the original on 23 May 2022 3857:from the original on 31 May 2022 3704:(in French). Éditions de Flore. 3353:from the original on 23 May 2022 3281:from the original on 7 June 2022 3231:from the original on 31 May 2022 3070:from the original on 23 May 2022 2985:from the original on 23 May 2022 2731:from the original on 3 June 2022 2611:from the original on 31 May 2022 2539:from the original on 7 June 2022 1718:L'Action française du 16/11/1908 1418:Si le coup de force est possible 1235: 1223: 1211: 901: 889: 877: 740: 728: 716: 660: 642: 624: 51: 42: 4813:Rassemblement National Français 3167:Histoire des sciences médicales 2858: 2713: 2521: 2310:from the original on 8 May 2023 2294: 2283:from the original on 8 May 2023 2267: 2220:L'Action française du 14/7/1919 2212: 2142: 2108: 2075: 2041: 2022: 1914:from the original on 8 May 2023 1910:(in French), 25 December 1908, 1898: 1879: 1146:at the head of the government. 448:and syndicalists fraternize in 3873:Le Fascisme Français 1924-1933 3761:(MA). University of Maryland. 3277:(in French). pp. 97–124. 1729: 1710: 1453: 1439: 1361: 1321: 1293:Parti national révolutionnaire 553:Almanach de l'Action française 533:Almanach de l'Action française 518: 13: 1: 5435:1908 establishments in France 5275:Active publications and media 4545:Revolutionary Social Movement 3151:L'État et sa police en France 2902:Le maurrassisme et la culture 2866:Angelier, Françomois (2021). 1675: 1501: 979:devoted to "Germany and us". 679:Protests at Comédie-Française 105:Philippe Roulland (1930-1932) 4929:National Republican Movement 4464:Antisemitic League of France 4402:Far-right politics in France 3396:Dictionnaire des anarchistes 3221:Joly, Laurent (March 2006). 3160:"La loi du 30 novembre 1892" 2091:Leymarie & Prévotat 2008 1932:Leymarie & Prévotat 2008 1680: 1627:But if they antagonized the 1054:The great dissidence of 1930 1004:Surrender of Léon Daudet in 422:(1869–1926), the son of the 7: 4889:Equality and Reconciliation 4551:Service d'ordre légionnaire 4264:George de Villebois-Mareuil 3642:Bourdrel, Philippe (2017). 3193:Huguenin, François (1998). 2607:(in French). 10 July 2018. 2279:(in French), 28 June 1923, 1648: 1594:hymn of the Camelots du Roi 1467:, stock market errand boy, 1397: 10: 5461: 4793:Organisation Armée Secrète 4738:European Rally for Liberty 4042:Sanson, Rosemonde (2019). 3612:L'Extrême-droite en France 3592:(MA). Université de Caen. 3031:Cheneseau, Xavier (1997). 2727:(in French). 5 June 1936. 2306:(in French), 5 June 1923, 2017:Rosenthal & Rodic 2014 1247: 1206:under xenophobic banners. 926:The dissidence of Faisceau 870:Association Marius Plateau 219: 214: 5351: 5274: 5228: 4967: 4836: 4718: 4567: 4449: 4408: 4355:Nouvelle Action Royaliste 4318: 4297: 4272: 4211: 4204: 3491:Monier, Frédéric (2016). 3482:Maurras, Charles (1935). 3116:Gerber, François (2016). 1553:Violence and provocations 1262:Mémoire sur l'immobilisme 1006:Le Petit Journal illustré 971:Against interwar pacifism 919:Le Petit Journal illustré 574:The coup of Lucien Lacour 433:Exchanges with anarchists 167: 150: 140: 132: 124: 114: 103:Pierre Lecœur (1923-1930) 94: 86: 75: 64: 50: 41: 34: 5425:French far right leagues 5229:Ideologies and movements 3947:Vergnon, Gilles (2019). 3907:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652 3484:Enquête sur la monarchie 3314:Levy, Richard S (2005). 3212:Jankowski, Paul (2000). 3158:Hoerni, Bernard (1998). 3083:Franju, Jacques (1963). 2965:Bermond, Daniel (2011). 2935:Marc Sangnier, 1873-1950 1254:Memorandum on immobility 1094:Serge Alexandre Stavisky 1013:The siege of Rome street 868:On 22 January 1930, the 120:Jules Keller (1932-1936) 4758:Front Algérie Française 4112:Gaudin, Gérard (2019). 3318:(in French). ABC-CLIO. 2262:Barthélemy-Madaule 1973 1705:Callu & Gillet 2020 5388:Algiers putsch of 1961 5374:6 February 1934 crisis 4939:Rassemblement National 4879:Carrefour de l'Horloge 4540:National Popular Rally 4360:Philippe Daudet affair 3980:Vigreux, Jean (2016). 3870:Soucy, Robert (1989). 3698:Pujo, Maurice (2021). 3675:Pujo, Maurice (1933). 3449:Massis, Henri (1961). 3416:Marty, Albert (1968). 3271:Joly, Laurent (2012). 3050:Dard, Olivier (2002). 1738:Le Courrier de Tlemcen 1625: 1566: 1491: 1445:Organization structure 1345:law of 10 January 1936 1318: 1306:on February 13, 1936. 1292: 1268:, Georges Calzant and 1261: 1173: 1027:Philippe Daudet Affair 1009: 954:, in the rue de Rome. 922: 819:occupation of the Ruhr 805:, was assassinated by 798: 688: 603: 536: 503: 481: 453: 254: 229: 192: 118:André Guignard (-1932) 4469:Breton National Party 4013:Weber, Eugen (1997). 3814:Rouzet, Jean (2009). 2849:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2837:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2801:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2789:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2561:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2447:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2423:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2408:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2357:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2207:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2195:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 2168:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 1976:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 1862:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 1774:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017 1660:6 February 1934 riots 1614: 1560: 1548:The methods of action 1480: 1372:Jean Ebstein-Langevin 1312: 1270:Maxime Real del Sarte 1171: 1140:counter-demonstration 1003: 930:On 11 November 1925, 916: 796: 686: 599: 561:Marquise de Mac Mahon 526: 485: 471: 440: 412:Maxime Real del Sarte 356:Maxime Real del Sarte 328:Maxime Real del Sarte 321:great admiration for 250: 246:Alexis Ballot-Beaupré 238:Maxime Real del Sarte 227: 69:Maxime Real del Sarte 5263:Révolution nationale 4763:Groupe Union Défense 4728:Charles Martel Group 4558:Solidarité Française 4500:French Popular Party 3820:. Ixelles Éditions. 3586:Noël, David (2016). 2872:(in French). Seuil. 2721:"L'Action française" 2504:Vergez-Chaignon 2019 1665:Bloody Sunday (1926) 1579:counter-demonstrator 1565:of 12 February 1932. 1413:Henri Dutrait-Crozon 1404:integral nationalism 1317:of February 16, 1936 852:, and the socialist 777:During the Great War 652:L'Assiette au beurre 462:anarcho-syndicalists 460:, in particular the 156:Integral nationalism 5364:Franco-Prussian War 5110:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 4919:League of the South 4909:Generation Identity 4798:Party of New Forces 4778:Nouvelle Résistance 4534:Mouvement Franciste 4520:Ligue des Patriotes 4506:Jeunesses Patriotes 4350:La Nation française 3747:. Paris: Economica. 3678:Les Camelots du roi 2657:Monier@JJaurès 2016 1617:Republican Party... 1461:Théodore de Fallois 1426:State anti-Semitism 1204:François Mitterrand 1184:L'Étudiant français 992:Jeunesses patriotes 977:Human Rights League 921:of 28 November 1926 695:presented his play 673:of December 7, 1910 637:, December 4, 1910. 545:Issy-les-Moulineaux 5420:French Integralism 5283:Boulevard Voltaire 4803:Phalange Française 4015:L'Action française 3741:Renouvin, Bertrand 2779:, p. 156-157. 2647:, p. 118-121. 2533:histoire-image.org 2425:, p. 661-663. 1707:, p. 179-227. 1567: 1526:L'Action française 1510:L'Action française 1353:correctional court 1319: 1174: 1039:prison de la Santé 1010: 965:Vaugirard cemetery 941:L'Action française 923: 799: 753:The Three Year Law 691:In February 1911, 689: 619:a few years later. 613:Gabriel de Baleine 537: 500:Georges Moyrizot, 478:Georges Bernanos, 454: 277:L'Action française 259:L'Action française 230: 159: • 154: • 5397: 5396: 5205:Tixier-Vignancour 4773:L'Œuvre Française 4650:Drieu La Rochelle 4368: 4367: 4293: 4292: 4219:Jacques Bainville 3993:979-10-210-1357-5 3960:978-2-7535-6699-6 3927:978-2-7574-2740-8 3794:978-1-137-46278-7 3711:978-2-900689-19-6 3655:978-2-226-37760-9 3622:978-2-13-067881-6 3566:978-2-7564-0940-5 3508:978-2-200-35589-0 3462:978-2-262-09288-7 3429:978-2-7233-0325-5 3346:978-1-85109-439-4 3303:|periodical= 3253:|periodical= 3129:978-2-8098-2043-0 3096:978-2-232-14446-2 3063:978-2-13-051544-9 3011:978-2-7574-2124-6 2978:978-2-03-584841-3 2945:979-10-369-0448-6 2912:978-2-7574-2145-1 2879:978-2-02-137028-7 2681:Monier@Colin 2016 2645:Monier@Colin 2016 1670:Absolute monarchy 1622:Aristide Briand, 1476:Roger de Vasselot 1388:Robert Brasillach 1380:Jacques de Mahieu 1328:Jacques Bainville 1129:Camille Chautemps 1070:Jean de Fabrègues 1061:Bernard de Vesins 1043:Charlotte Montard 1008:of June 26, 1927. 701:Comédie-Française 667:Lucien Lacour in 634:Le Petit Parisien 617:Charlotte Montard 489:La Guerre sociale 298:Firmin Bacconnier 265:Gazette de France 183:, officially the 177: 176: 95:Secretary General 59: 16:(Redirected from 5452: 5410:Action Française 5331:Radio Courtoisie 5312: 4968:Post-1945 people 4899:The Nationalists 4884:Debout la France 4844:Action Française 4721:post-1945 groups 4458:Action Française 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4209: 4208: 4198:Action Française 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4038: 4018: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3910: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3648:. Albin Michel. 3638: 3636: 3634: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3389: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3329: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3216:. Paris: Fayard. 3208: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3164: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3086:Le grand canular 3079: 3077: 3075: 3046: 3027: 3025: 3023: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2750:Levy et al. 2005 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2125: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2045: 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4954:Terre et Peuple 4934:Party of France 4894:Europe-Jeunesse 4869:Cité catholique 4832: 4808:Radical Network 4720: 4714: 4568:Pre-1945 people 4563: 4475:Camelots du Roi 4450:Pre-1945 groups 4445: 4404: 4399: 4369: 4364: 4337:Je suis partout 4326:Acción Española 4314: 4310:Cercle Proudhon 4305:Camelots du Roi 4289: 4268: 4234:Charles Maurras 4200: 4195: 4153: 4148: 4137: 4135: 4128: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4067: 4065: 4058: 4035: 4023: 4003: 4001: 3994: 3970: 3968: 3961: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3883: 3881: 3860: 3858: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3688: 3686: 3665: 3663: 3656: 3632: 3630: 3623: 3599: 3597: 3576: 3574: 3567: 3543: 3541: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3472: 3470: 3463: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3406: 3404: 3378: 3356: 3354: 3347: 3326: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3205: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3162: 3139: 3137: 3130: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3043: 3021: 3019: 3012: 2988: 2986: 2979: 2955: 2953: 2946: 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18:Camelots du roi 15: 12: 11: 5: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5359:Dreyfus affair 5355: 5353: 5352:Notable events 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5318:Nouvelle École 5314: 5304:National-Hebdo 5300: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4904:French Renewal 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4828:Unité Radicale 4825: 4823:Troisième Voie 4820: 4815: 4810: 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Tallandier. 3977: 3959: 3944: 3926: 3911: 3890: 3867: 3844: 3826: 3811: 3793: 3778: 3749: 3737: 3728: 3710: 3695: 3672: 3654: 3639: 3621: 3606: 3583: 3565: 3550: 3525: 3507: 3488: 3479: 3461: 3446: 3428: 3413: 3390: 3376: 3363: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3311: 3268: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3190: 3155: 3146: 3128: 3122:. L'Archipel. 3113: 3095: 3080: 3062: 3047: 3041: 3028: 3010: 2995: 2977: 2962: 2944: 2929: 2911: 2896: 2878: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851:, p. 170. 2841: 2839:, p. 233. 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2754: 2742: 2712: 2700: 2685: 2683:, p. 146. 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2622: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2563:, p. 793. 2550: 2520: 2508: 2487: 2483:Jankowski 2000 2475: 2463: 2461:, p. 117. 2451: 2449:, p. 671. 2439: 2427: 2412: 2410:, p. 488. 2400: 2398:, p. 161. 2388: 2384:Petitfils 1987 2373: 2361: 2359:, p. 482. 2349: 2332: 2320: 2293: 2276:L'Ère nouvelle 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2211: 2209:, p. 284. 2199: 2197:, p. 274. 2187: 2172: 2170:, p. 220. 2160: 2141: 2126: 2107: 2103:Montagnon 2012 2095: 2093:, p. 334. 2083: 2074: 2059: 2040: 2021: 2009: 1992: 1980: 1978:, p. 172. 1968: 1953: 1936: 1934:, p. 219. 1924: 1897: 1878: 1866: 1864:, p. 164. 1851: 1847:Rasmussen 1997 1839: 1822: 1810: 1793: 1778: 1755: 1728: 1709: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1650: 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