1741:
42:
1612:
1808:(1663–1705) presented, to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, a report on his invention: a wheel that was made to turn by heat. The wheel was mounted vertically. Around the wheel's hub were water-filled chambers. Air-filled chambers on the wheel's rim were heated by a fire under one side of the wheel. The heated air expanded and, via tubes, forced water from one chamber to another, unbalancing the wheel and causing it to turn.
1903:
stated by
Chambers to have been unsuccessful, owing to mechanical defects and to “the unforeseen accumulation of heat, not fully extracted by the sieves or small passages in the cool part of the regenerator, of which the external surface was not sufficiently large to throw off the unrecovered heat when the engine was working with highly compressed air.”
1919:
greater benefits on civilized life than any that has ever preceded it. For the object of it is the production of mechanical power by the agency of heat, at an expenditure of fuel so exceedingly small, that man will have an almost unlimited mechanical force at his command, in regions where fuel may now be said hardly to exist".
1655:
1910:
In 1829 Arnott patented his air expansion machine where a fire is placed on a grate near the bottom of a close cylinder, and the cylinder is full of fresh air recently admitted. A loose piston is pulled upwards so that all the air in the cylinder above will be made to pass by a tube through the fire,
1918:
Ericsson built his third hot air engine (the caloric engine) in 1833 "which excited so much interest a few years ago in
England; and which, if it should be brought into practical operation, will prove the most important mechanical invention ever conceived by the human mind, and one that will confer
1925:
So far all these air engines have been unsuccessful, but the technology was maturing. In 1842, James
Stirling, the brother of Robert, build the famous Dundee Stirling Engine. This one at least lasted 2–3 years but then was discontinued due to improper technical contrivances. Hot air engines is a
1902:
Stirling patented a second hot air engine, together with his brother James, in 1827. They inverted the design so that the hot ends of the displacers were underneath the machinery and they added a compressed air pump so the air within could be increased in pressure to around 20 atmospheres. It is
1914:
He is followed the next year (1830) by
Captain Ericsson who patented his second hot air engine. The specification describes it more particularly, as consisting of a “circular chamber, in which a cone is made to revolve on a shaft or axis by means of leaves or wings, alternately exposed to the
1906:
Parkinson and
Crossley, English patent, 1828 came up with their own hot air engine. In this engine the air-chamber is partly exposed, by submergence in cold water, to external cold, and its upper portion is heated by steam. An internal vessel moves up and down in this chamber, and in so doing
1907:
displaces the air, alternately exposing it to the hot and cold influences of the cold water and the hot steam, changing its temperature and expansive condition. The fluctuations cause the reciprocation of a piston in a cylinder to whose ends the air-chamber is alternately connected.
1895:, stored heat from the hot portion of the engine as the air passed to the cold side, and released heat to the cooled air as it returned to the hot side. This innovation improved the efficiency of Stirling's engine and should be present in any air engine that is properly called a
1926:
story of trials and errors, and it took another 20 years before hot air engines could be used on an industrial scale. The first reliable hot air engines were built by Shaw, Roper, Ericsson. Several thousands of them were built.
1934:
Hot engines found a market for pumping water (mainly to a household water tank) as the water inlet provided the cold required to maintain the temperature difference, though they did find other commercial uses.
1331:
1915:
pressure of steam; these wings or leaves being made to work through slits or openings of a circular plane, which revolves obliquely to, and is thereby kept in contact with the side of the cone.”
1866:
type engine (Mead termed it the transferrer). It is unlikely that either of these patents resulted in an actual engine and the earliest workable example was probably the open cycle
1658:
Illustration of a low temperature differential (LTD) hot air engine. 1. Power piston, 2. Cold end of cylinder, 3.Displacer piston 4. Hot end of cylinder Q1. Heat in, Q2. Heat out.
1166:
1111:
1056:
863:
816:
731:
684:
596:
549:
767:
635:
1001:
1859:
1851:
500:
839:
792:
707:
660:
572:
525:
1800:
describes devices that might be used to automatically open temple doors when a fire was lit on a sacrificial altar. Devices called hot air engines, or simply
1641:
2893:
1342:
1230:
2682:
464:
1776:, in which heat is added to the working fluid by combustion of fuel within the working cylinder. Continuous combustion types, such as
2849:
1862:, an engineer from Sculcoats Yorkshire (English patent 979 of 1791), the latter in particular containing the essential elements of a
1320:
3055:
1911:
and will receive an increased elasticity tending to the expansion or increase of volume, which the fire is capable of giving it.
1353:
3207:
1922:
1838 sees the patent of
Franchot hot air engine, certainly the hot air engine that was best following the Carnot requirements.
923:
1753:
1634:
1221:
890:
457:
335:
273:
3345:
2886:
2510:
2442:. 1→2 accomplishes both the heat rejection and the compression. Originally developed for use in reciprocating engines.
2358:. Originally developed for use in reciprocating engines. The external combustion version of this cycle is known as the
1710:
1405:
1379:
900:
354:
3121:
2830:
2730:
2666:
2557:
306:
1819:(Means of conveniently substituting the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to move machines),
1458:
929:
328:
3159:
2359:
1817:"Moyen de substituer commodement l'action du feu, Ă la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"
1627:
1558:
90:
17:
1453:
2879:
1963:
1533:
1306:
283:
3106:
2021:
1945:
W.H. Bailey & Co, Salford. Engines for pumping domestic water and operating stable machinery c1885-1887
918:
121:
111:
126:
116:
3309:
3200:
3020:
2910:
2490:
2416:
2073:
1773:
1410:
1374:
152:
86:
1835:(fire mill) is explained on pages 123-126; his machine is illustrated on the plate following page 126.
1448:
3174:
1203:
951:
397:
210:
200:
1891:(patented in 1816) was the first air engine put to practical work. The economiser, now known as the
1740:
3375:
3267:
2935:
1816:
3154:
3139:
3129:
3085:
2412:
1615:
1443:
1240:
1121:
1066:
1011:
943:
882:
418:
407:
73:
845:
798:
713:
666:
578:
531:
2686:
2627:
1954:
1548:
1265:
349:
103:
78:
2644:
1843:
1468:
749:
614:
3193:
3000:
2960:
1986:
1892:
1483:
1060:
373:
219:
68:
1939:
Hayward, Tyler & Co of London. Engines for pumping water and working
Punkahs c1876-1883.
971:
3262:
3144:
2854:
1996:(at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source or sink)
1563:
1488:
1478:
278:
140:
1840:
Historical and
Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam-engines and of Their Inventors and Improvers
8:
3356:
3282:
3257:
3149:
3050:
2902:
2495:
2288:
2259:
2033:
1982:
1976:
1761:
1508:
1270:
292:
258:
253:
166:
1957:& Co, Delamater Iron Works, New York. 'Rider' and 'Ericsson' type engine. 1870s-1898
1503:
482:
3227:
3006:
2505:
2120:
2081:
2017:
1993:
1867:
1805:
1793:
1597:
1260:
1255:
1208:
824:
777:
692:
645:
557:
510:
440:
424:
311:
263:
248:
238:
47:
41:
3169:
2991:
2826:
2726:
2662:
2553:
2473:
2173:
2011:
2005:
1752:, Germany, and powered by a miniature hot air engine. It is now in the collection of
1721:
1592:
1553:
1543:
1115:
913:
741:
243:
233:
175:
1951:
Norris & Henty, London. Resellers of 'Robinson' type pumping engines. c1898-1901
1942:
Hayward-Tyler & Co of London. Domestic water supply (Rider's patent) c1888-1901.
3380:
3111:
1999:
1765:
1513:
1498:
1438:
1433:
1250:
1245:
895:
363:
228:
3304:
3232:
3134:
2485:
2464:
2234:
1896:
1884:
1729:
1706:
1690:
1463:
1311:
965:
606:
429:
190:
157:
1838:
For an account of
Amontons' fire-powered wheel in English, see: Robert Stuart,
3101:
3060:
3045:
3030:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2860:
2391:
2296:
2266:
2217:
2127:
1777:
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1518:
1288:
388:
268:
205:
195:
63:
33:
2609:
2591:
3369:
3314:
3292:
3277:
3164:
3080:
3035:
2996:
2970:
2940:
2500:
2384:
2326:
2241:
2194:
2149:
1871:
1855:
1769:
1702:
1698:
1587:
905:
474:
435:
147:
2573:
3327:
3287:
3070:
3065:
3040:
2986:
2945:
2423:
2367:
2166:
2103:
1745:
1714:
1654:
1538:
1523:
1473:
956:
3332:
3252:
3237:
3216:
2044:
Some examples (not all hot air cycles, as defined above) are as follows:
1781:
1678:
1493:
301:
1760:
The term "hot air engine" specifically excludes any engine performing a
3272:
3247:
3075:
2871:
2447:
2355:
1948:
Adam
Woodward & Sons, Ancoats, Manchester. Robinson's patent. c1887
1582:
1528:
1846:; an illustration of the machine appears on around the time when the
1720:
In a typical implementation, air is repeatedly heated and cooled in a
3297:
2439:
2408:
2351:
1863:
1749:
180:
2706:
2347:
2037:
1847:
1296:
1213:
1005:
413:
185:
2025:
402:
1792:
The expansive property of heated air was known to the ancients.
3185:
2659:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history, page 56
2343:
1725:
1724:
and the resulting expansion and contraction are used to move a
2024:(no heat is added or removed from the working fluid - and the
2823:
Stirling and Vuilleumier heat pumps: design and applications
2530:
2866:
1831:, which was published in 1732. The operation of Amontons'
378:
2531:"An Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century"
1887:'s air engine of 1818, which incorporated his innovative
1682:
27:
External combustion engine using air as the working fluid
2720:
1850:
were first set out, and early patents include those of
1685:
under the influence of a temperature change to convert
2709:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history
2550:
Hot air caloric and stirling engines. Vol.1, A history
1842:(London, England: Wightman and Cramp, 1829), vol. 1,
1829:
Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, année 1699
1697:
encompassing both open cycle devices such as those of
2014:(no heat is added or removed from the working fluid)
1804:, have been recorded from as early as 1699. In 1699,
1709:. Hot air engines are distinct from the better known
1124:
1069:
1014:
974:
848:
827:
801:
780:
752:
716:
695:
669:
648:
617:
581:
560:
534:
513:
485:
2867:
Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century
1989:(typically 4). The processes can be any of these:
1160:
1105:
1050:
995:
857:
833:
810:
786:
761:
725:
701:
678:
654:
629:
590:
566:
543:
519:
494:
1960:Rider Engine Company, Walden, New York. 1879-1898
3367:
2861:Apparatus for the Method of Heat Differentiation
2620:
2820:
3201:
2887:
2661:(1st Edition (Revised) ed.). L.A. Mair.
2552:(1st Edition (Revised) ed.). L.A. Mair.
1858:Shropshire (English patent 739 of 1759) and
1693:. These engines may be based on a number of
1635:
2656:
2547:
1929:
1681:that uses the expansion and contraction of
3208:
3194:
2894:
2880:
2602:
2584:
1821:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
1642:
1628:
40:
1694:
2901:
2523:
2286:
2071:
1739:
1653:
3056:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
2850:Introduction to Stirling-Cycle Machines
2725:. Professional Engineering Publishing.
1985:can (ideally) be made out of 3 or more
1970:
1764:in which the working fluid undergoes a
14:
3368:
3189:
2875:
1784:, could be seen as borderline cases.
2566:
2144:The second Ericsson cycle from 1853
1754:Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
2721:Finkelstein, T; Organ, A.J (2001).
1870:gas engine of the English inventor
24:
3346:Timeline of heat engine technology
2511:Timeline of heat engine technology
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
355:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
3392:
2843:
2610:"Stirling's life and Air Engines"
2592:"Ericsson's life and Air Engines"
2313:Differs from Otto cycle in that V
1772:. Also excluded are conventional
3215:
1711:internal combustion based engine
1611:
1610:
930:Table of thermodynamic equations
2814:
2799:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2714:
2700:
2574:"Cayley's life and Air Engines"
1780:'s Ready Motor and the related
1705:and the closed cycle engine of
1406:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
2857:(Select the desired biography)
2855:Pioneers in Air Engine Designs
2810:. 26 January 1901. p. 59.
2750:. 30 November 1877. p. 4.
2707:Detailed contents of the book
2675:
2650:
2638:
2541:
1140:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1030:
1018:
990:
978:
13:
1:
2795:. 3 December 1887. p. 4.
2748:Friend of India and Statesman
2516:
2417:continuous detonation engines
2006:isometric / isochoric process
1964:Rider-Ericsson Engine Company
1874:
1735:
1307:Mechanical equivalent of heat
2765:. 14 March 1896. p. 64.
2022:reversible adiabatic process
1854:, Vicar of High Ercall near
919:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
2961:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
2780:. 10 July 1886. p. 64.
2479:
2472:Yet another example is the
2287:Power cycles normally with
2072:Power cycles normally with
1774:internal combustion engines
1411:Entropy as energy dispersal
1222:"Perpetual motion" machines
1161:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1106:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1051:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
3397:
2491:Thermoacoustic heat engine
1974:
1787:
858:{\displaystyle \partial T}
811:{\displaystyle \partial V}
726:{\displaystyle \partial p}
679:{\displaystyle \partial V}
591:{\displaystyle \partial T}
544:{\displaystyle \partial S}
3354:
3341:
3323:
3223:
3120:
3094:
3019:
2979:
2920:
2909:
2683:"Stirling engine history"
2465:Gasoline / petrol engines
2255:isochoric then adiabatic
2098:A reversed Brayton cycle
1966:, Walden, New York. 1898-
1332:An Inquiry Concerning the
1930:Commercial Manufacturers
1815:Amontons (20 June 1699)
1748:made by Ernst Plank, of
1666:(historically called an
1345:Heterogeneous Substances
762:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
630:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
2821:Wurm, Jaroslav (1991).
2723:Chapter 2.2 Air Engines
2076:- or heat pump cycles:
2628:"Amontons' Fire Wheel"
2002:(at constant pressure)
1823:, pages 112-126. The
1757:
1659:
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
996:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
496:
475:Specific heat capacity
79:Quantum thermodynamics
3288:Steam (reciprocating)
1743:
1657:
1343:On the Equilibrium of
1163:
1108:
1061:Helmholtz free energy
1053:
998:
860:
836:
813:
789:
764:
728:
704:
681:
657:
632:
593:
569:
546:
522:
497:
3145:Regenerative cooling
3023:combustion / thermal
2922:Without phase change
2913:combustion / thermal
2903:Thermodynamic cycles
2657:Robert Sier (1999).
2548:Robert Sier (1999).
2360:first Ericsson cycle
2260:Manson-Guise engines
2064:Heat rejection, 4→1
2008:(at constant volume)
1971:Thermodynamic cycles
1695:thermodynamic cycles
1356:Motive Power of Fire
1122:
1067:
1012:
972:
924:Bridgman's equations
901:Fundamental relation
846:
825:
799:
778:
750:
714:
693:
667:
646:
615:
579:
558:
532:
511:
483:
3357:Thermodynamic cycle
3268:Pistonless (Rotary)
3258:Photo-Carnot engine
2496:Manson-Guise Engine
2289:internal combustion
2074:external combustion
2058:Heat addition, 2→3
2048:
2034:isenthalpic process
1983:thermodynamic cycle
1977:Thermodynamic cycle
1762:thermodynamic cycle
1728:and produce useful
1334:Source ... Friction
1266:Loschmidt's paradox
458:Material properties
336:Conjugate variables
2863:Vuilleumier patent
2506:Carnot heat engine
2121:Carnot heat engine
2047:
2018:isentropic process
1994:isothermal process
1883:It is likely that
1806:Guillaume Amontons
1794:Hero of Alexandria
1758:
1660:
1598:Order and disorder
1354:Reflections on the
1261:Heat death paradox
1158:
1103:
1048:
993:
855:
831:
808:
784:
759:
723:
699:
676:
652:
627:
588:
564:
541:
517:
495:{\displaystyle c=}
492:
465:Property databases
441:Reduced properties
425:Chemical potential
389:Functions of state
312:Thermal efficiency
48:Carnot heat engine
3363:
3362:
3183:
3182:
3160:Vapor-compression
3086:Staged combustion
3015:
3014:
2980:With phase change
2632:hotairengines.org
2614:hotairengines.org
2596:hotairengines.org
2578:hotairengines.org
2535:hotairengines.org
2474:Vuilleumier cycle
2470:
2469:
2202:variable pressure
2055:Compression, 1→2
2012:adiabatic process
1981:A hot air engine
1872:Sir George Cayley
1699:Sir George Cayley
1652:
1651:
1593:Self-organization
1418:
1417:
1116:Gibbs free energy
914:Maxwell relations
872:
871:
868:
867:
834:{\displaystyle V}
787:{\displaystyle 1}
742:Thermal expansion
736:
735:
702:{\displaystyle V}
655:{\displaystyle 1}
601:
600:
567:{\displaystyle N}
520:{\displaystyle T}
448:
447:
364:Process functions
350:Property diagrams
329:System properties
319:
318:
284:Endoreversibility
176:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
3388:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3155:Vapor absorption
2918:
2917:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2685:. Archived from
2679:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2235:Stirling engines
2049:
2046:
2000:isobaric process
1879:
1876:
1766:phase transition
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1321:Key publications
1302:
1301:("living force")
1251:Brownian ratchet
1246:Entropy and life
1241:Entropy and time
1192:
1191:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
896:Clausius theorem
891:Carnot's theorem
864:
862:
861:
856:
840:
838:
837:
832:
817:
815:
814:
809:
793:
791:
790:
785:
772:
771:
768:
766:
765:
760:
732:
730:
729:
724:
708:
706:
705:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
661:
659:
658:
653:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
628:
597:
595:
594:
589:
573:
571:
570:
565:
550:
548:
547:
542:
526:
524:
523:
518:
505:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
471:
470:
344:
343:
163:
162:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3376:Hot air engines
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3337:
3319:
3219:
3214:
3184:
3179:
3116:
3090:
3022:
3011:
3001:Organic Rankine
2975:
2929:
2926:hot air engines
2923:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2825:. McGraw-Hill.
2819:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2793:Widnes Examiner
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2486:Stirling engine
2482:
2320:
2316:
2203:
2061:Expansion, 3→4
1979:
1973:
1932:
1897:Stirling engine
1885:Robert Stirling
1877:
1790:
1738:
1730:mechanical work
1707:Robert Stirling
1691:mechanical work
1648:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1570:
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1428:
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1419:
1398:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1256:Maxwell's demon
1218:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
973:
970:
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968:
966:Internal energy
961:
946:
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935:
910:
885:
875:
874:
873:
847:
844:
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823:
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715:
712:
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694:
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664:
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643:
616:
613:
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607:Compressibility
580:
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576:
559:
556:
555:
533:
530:
529:
512:
509:
508:
484:
481:
480:
460:
450:
449:
430:Particle number
383:
342:
331:
321:
320:
279:Irreversibility
191:State of matter
158:Isolated system
143:
133:
132:
131:
106:
96:
95:
91:Non-equilibrium
83:
58:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3394:
3384:
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3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:Thermoacoustic
3307:
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3300:
3290:
3285:
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3255:
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3038:
3033:
3027:
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3009:
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2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
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2845:
2844:External links
2842:
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2798:
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2003:
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1975:Main article:
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1955:C.H. Delamater
1952:
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1943:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1881:
1880:
1848:laws of gasses
1836:
1827:appear in the
1789:
1786:
1778:George Brayton
1768:, such as the
1737:
1734:
1687:thermal energy
1664:hot air engine
1650:
1649:
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1377:
1375:Thermodynamics
1371:
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1340:
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1329:
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1304:
1292:
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1289:Caloric theory
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1263:
1258:
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745:
738:
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686:
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672:
662:
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610:
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602:
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587:
584:
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563:
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540:
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527:
516:
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469:
468:
467:
461:
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295:
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288:
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281:
276:
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269:Free expansion
266:
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241:
236:
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223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
206:Control volume
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196:Phase (matter)
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66:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:The classical
45:
37:
36:
34:Thermodynamics
26:
18:Caloric engine
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3393:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3315:Manson engine
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:Steam turbine
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
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3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Carnot engine
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3176:
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3151:
3150:Transcritical
3148:
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3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Hampson–Linde
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:Refrigeration
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
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3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Gas-generator
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Brayton/Joule
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
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2941:Brayton/Joule
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2927:
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2874:
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2862:
2859:
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2848:
2847:
2834:
2832:0-07-053567-1
2828:
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2817:
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2794:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2732:1-86058-338-5
2728:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2689:on 2009-09-20
2688:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2668:0-9526417-0-4
2664:
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2559:0-9526417-0-4
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2536:
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2522:
2512:
2509:
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2504:
2502:
2501:Vacuum engine
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2385:Diesel engine
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2209:
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2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
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2168:
2167:Steam engines
2165:
2162:
2159:
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
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1984:
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1947:
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1857:
1856:Coalbrookdale
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:pages 130-132
1841:
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1770:Rankine cycle
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1703:John Ericsson
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1588:Self-assembly
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1559:van der Waals
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1497:
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1487:
1485:
1484:von Helmholtz
1482:
1480:
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1199:
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920:
917:
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912:
911:
907:
906:Ideal gas law
904:
902:
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894:
892:
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842:
828:
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638:
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621:
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486:
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476:
473:
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466:
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459:
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453:
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436:Vapor quality
434:
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421:
420:
415:
412:
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3328:Beale number
3283:Split-single
3242:
3217:Heat engines
3007:Regenerative
2936:Bell Coleman
2925:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
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2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2677:
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2471:
2082:Bell Coleman
2043:
2040:is constant)
2028:is constant)
1980:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1839:
1833:moulin Ă feu
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1759:
1746:praxinoscope
1719:
1715:steam engine
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1449:Carathéodory
1380:Heat engines
1352:
1341:
1330:
1312:Motive power
1297:
957:Free entropy
928:
428:
427: /
417:
416: /
408:introduction
401:
400: /
339:
302:Heat engines
89: /
3333:West number
3253:Minto wheel
3238:Gas turbine
3175:Ionocaloric
3170:Vuilleumier
2992:Hygroscopic
2362:from 1833.
2258:Manson and
2174:Hygroscopic
2117:isothermal
1893:regenerator
1878: 1807
1860:Thomas Mead
1802:air engines
1782:gas turbine
1679:heat engine
1271:Synergetics
952:Free energy
398:Temperature
259:Quasistatic
254:Isenthalpic
211:Instruments
201:Equilibrium
153:Open system
87:Equilibrium
69:Statistical
3370:Categories
3273:Rijke tube
3140:Pulse tube
3112:Mixed/dual
2806:"Advert".
2791:"Advert".
2776:"Advert".
2761:"Advert".
2746:"Advert".
2693:2007-07-09
2517:References
2461:isochoric
2458:isentropic
2452:isentropic
2440:Pulse jets
2409:Shcramjets
2402:isentropic
2396:isentropic
2381:isochoric
2310:isochoric
2307:isentropic
2301:isentropic
2252:isothermal
2246:isothermal
2231:isochoric
2228:isothermal
2222:isothermal
2210:isochoric
2204:and volume
2138:isothermal
2132:isothermal
2114:isentropic
2111:isothermal
2108:isentropic
1889:Economiser
1852:Henry Wood
1798:Pneumatica
1736:Definition
1668:air engine
1583:Nucleation
1427:Scientists
1231:Philosophy
944:Potentials
307:Heat pumps
264:Polytropic
249:Isentropic
239:Isothermal
3298:Aeolipile
3135:Kleemenko
3021:Internal
2455:isochoric
2436:isobaric
2433:adiabatic
2430:isochoric
2405:isobaric
2399:isochoric
2378:adiabatic
2372:adiabatic
2348:turbojets
2340:isobaric
2337:adiabatic
2331:adiabatic
2304:isochoric
2280:isobaric
2277:adiabatic
2271:adiabatic
2249:isochoric
2225:isochoric
2207:adiabatic
2199:adiabatic
2187:isobaric
2184:adiabatic
2178:adiabatic
2163:isobaric
2160:adiabatic
2154:adiabatic
2141:isobaric
2095:isobaric
2092:adiabatic
2086:adiabatic
1987:processes
1864:displacer
1750:Nuremberg
1677:) is any
1564:Waterston
1514:von Mayer
1469:de Donder
1459:Clapeyron
1439:Boltzmann
1434:Bernoulli
1395:Education
1366:Timelines
1150:−
1095:−
883:Equations
850:∂
803:∂
754:α
718:∂
671:∂
625:−
619:β
583:∂
536:∂
244:Adiabatic
234:Isochoric
220:Processes
181:Ideal gas
64:Classical
3305:Stirling
3233:Fluidyne
3102:Combined
3061:Humphrey
3046:Expander
3031:Atkinson
2966:Stoddard
2956:Stirling
2951:Ericsson
2911:External
2645:page 351
2480:See also
2392:Humphrey
2375:isobaric
2334:isobaric
2297:Atkinson
2274:isobaric
2267:Stoddard
2218:Stirling
2181:isobaric
2157:isobaric
2135:isobaric
2128:Ericsson
2089:isobaric
2038:enthalpy
1825:MĂ©moires
1722:cylinder
1616:Category
1554:Thompson
1464:Clausius
1444:Bridgman
1298:Vis viva
1280:Theories
1214:Gas laws
1006:Enthalpy
414:Pressure
229:Isobaric
186:Real gas
74:Chemical
57:Branches
3381:Engines
3243:Hot air
3165:Siemens
3081:Scuderi
2997:Rankine
2356:-shafts
2344:Ramjets
2327:Brayton
2195:Scuderi
2150:Rankine
2026:entropy
1868:furnace
1788:History
1673:caloric
1539:Smeaton
1534:Rankine
1524:Onsager
1509:Maxwell
1504:Massieu
1209:Entropy
1204:General
1195:History
1185:Culture
1182:History
406: (
403:Entropy
340:italics
141:Systems
3278:Rocket
3263:Piston
3071:Miller
3066:Lenoir
3041:Diesel
2987:Kalina
2971:Manson
2946:Carnot
2829:
2729:
2665:
2556:
2424:Lenoir
2413:pulse-
2368:Diesel
2354:, and
2352:-props
2317:< V
2242:Manson
2104:Carnot
2067:Notes
2052:Cycle
1726:piston
1675:engine
1529:Planck
1519:Nernst
1494:Kelvin
1454:Carnot
744:
609:
477:
419:Volume
334:Note:
293:Cycles
122:Second
112:Zeroth
3095:Mixed
2808:Field
2778:Field
2763:Field
2036:(the
1811:See:
1689:into
1577:Other
1544:Stahl
1499:Lewis
1489:Joule
1479:Gibbs
1474:Duhem
167:State
127:Third
117:First
3107:HEHC
3076:Otto
2827:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2448:Otto
2415:and
1713:and
1701:and
1549:Tait
379:Heat
374:Work
104:Laws
3248:Jet
1796:'s
1683:air
1670:or
1392:Art
338:in
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