288:
31:
339:
495:
86:
250:
61:
389:. Opportunistic feeders, they also scavenge at garbage dumps, marinas and docks. They frequently beg for food at public beaches, parks and other locations where people will hand feed them. They have been known to steal food directly from people at picnics and outdoor restaurants. They may follow fishing boats or plows in fields for insects stirred up by this activity.
329:
Adults are similar in appearance to the herring gull, but with brown eyes, yellow legs, and a more rounded head. The body is mainly white with grey back and upper wings. The bill is yellow with a black ring and red spot near the tip. They have black primaries with white tips. Immature birds are also
539:
area. The South Bay
California gull population has grown from less than 1,000 breeding birds in 1982 to over 33,000 in 2006. This population boom has resulted in large resident flocks of gulls that will opportunistically prey on other species, particularly the eggs and nestlings of other birds.
330:
similar in appearance to immature herring gulls, with browner plumage than immature ring-billed gulls. Length can range from 46 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), the wingspan 122–137 cm (48–54 in) and body mass can vary from 430 to 1,045 g (0.948 to 2.304 lb).
527:, where it did not historically breed, and has undergone exponential population growth. These California gulls now inhabit large, remote salt-production ponds and levees and have a very large food source provided by nearby landfills from
366:. They nest in colonies, sometimes with other birds. The nest is a shallow depression on the ground lined with vegetation and feathers. The female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs. Both parents take turns feeding their chicks.
568:, are also preyed upon by the abnormally large flocks of California gulls. Efforts are underway to reduce habitat for this species and find other ways to disperse the large numbers of gulls.
506:, taken by William L. Finley and Herman Bohlman during a 1908 photograph trip to the area. Finley's and Bohlman's photographs would later help Malheur become a bird refuge in 1908.
1935:
1915:
385:
These birds forage in flight or pick up objects while swimming, walking or wading. They mainly eat insects, fish and the eggs and young of other birds, especially
1910:
1955:
1711:
1945:
1905:
1960:
1763:
1930:
1895:
775:
1925:
1675:
995:
1724:
1802:
688:
516:
1729:
541:
815:
712:
1940:
1854:
1768:
935:
1662:
1044:
887:
839:
979:
California Gull distribution, abundance, and predation on waterbird eggs and chicks in South San
Francisco Bay
1920:
1589:
1580:
1781:
585:
981:. Final Report, U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological and Research Center, Davis and Vallejo, CA.
634:
1859:
1605:
528:
487:
variation, they breed true and the low genetic divergence can be explained by separation during the
1950:
1776:
1219:
409:
39:
1755:
85:
1846:
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1142:
217:
196:
1833:
779:
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1613:
1542:
1525:
1448:
536:
1742:
805:
1828:
1189:
1184:
549:
355:
321:, but up and down the entire Western coast of North America, and has breeding ground inland.
310:
180:
1820:
287:
30:
1690:
1618:
1453:
1152:
1010:
943:
750:
532:
433:
429:
377:
coast in winter. It is only then that this bird is regularly found in western
California.
8:
1507:
1387:
1382:
1037:
656:
611:
445:
50:
978:
523:. However, in recent decades this species has begun to breed in the southern portion of
1392:
1347:
1301:
1266:
1194:
1162:
1117:
960:
916:
868:
553:
80:
1004:
1815:
1636:
1377:
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1367:
1352:
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1224:
1214:
1127:
1112:
1102:
811:
708:
684:
561:
524:
1872:
1641:
1489:
1357:
1177:
1132:
1057:
994:
Patuxent Bird
Identification InfoCenter: California gull information and pictures.
952:
908:
860:
629:
465:
425:
392:
California gulls are also known to eat various vegetables and fruits, particularly
314:
338:
1789:
1667:
1628:
1336:
1322:
1246:
1107:
999:
936:"Growth patterns of two races of California Gulls raised in a common environment"
557:
137:
1900:
1428:
1030:
494:
421:
370:
1889:
1737:
1565:
1296:
1209:
1167:
899:
851:
620:
351:
70:
65:
912:
1341:
1291:
1199:
1172:
1157:
1097:
977:
Ackerman, J. T., J. Y. Takekawa, C. Strong, N. Athearn, and A. Rex. (2006)
565:
545:
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477:
469:
1022:
1841:
1794:
1750:
1698:
1574:
1410:
1362:
1331:
1282:
1271:
1237:
1122:
519:
due to declining numbers at their historic
California breeding colony at
515:
In
California, the California gull at one time held the protected status
488:
449:
249:
1867:
1680:
1471:
1251:
964:
920:
872:
728:
359:
318:
1439:
1311:
1306:
1204:
1147:
520:
397:
386:
97:
1703:
1536:
956:
864:
1654:
1559:
1520:
484:
473:
393:
363:
117:
1600:
1075:
457:
453:
374:
147:
1807:
317:(though it may overlap in size with both). It lives not just in
503:
417:
107:
1649:
1088:
1066:
481:
347:
157:
840:"Geographic variation and evolution in the California Gull (
498:
Hand-painted glass slide of a colony of
California gulls at
480:. Although these subspecies are not well distinguishable by
1053:
603:
413:
306:
127:
810:. Reno, NV, USA: University of Nevada Press. p. 203.
491:
and renewed contact in
Montana during more recent times.
1205:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
934:
Jehl, Joseph R. Jr.; Francine, J; Bond, S. I. (1990).
886:
Karl, S. A.; Zink, R. M.; Jehl, Joseph R. Jr. (1987).
609:
396:. As a result, in some areas it may be regarded as a
1936:
Natural history of the
Channel Islands of California
1916:
Native birds of the West Coast of the United States
683:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
635:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694321A132542511.en
464:with a more northerly distribution, ranging from
1887:
933:
1079:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
540:Seriously threatened birds that share the same
535:and other urban areas, all the way up into the
1911:Native birds of the Northwestern United States
1038:
885:
729:"Food Habits of the California Gull in Utah"
1052:
888:"Allozyme analysis of the California Gull (
333:
1257:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
1045:
1031:
726:
248:
59:
29:
633:
552:, while less-threatened birds, including
444:There are two subspecies recognized, the
1956:Least concern biota of the United States
971:
927:
831:
699:
697:
493:
337:
286:
38:California gull at Palo Alto Duck Pond,
799:
797:
510:
432:commemorates this event, known as the "
1888:
1358:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
768:
1946:Taxa named by George Newbold Lawrence
1906:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
1541:
1540:
1026:
803:
694:
517:California Species of Special Concern
420:settlers in dealing with a plague of
1961:Least concern biota of North America
879:
837:
794:
751:"Larus californicus California gull"
722:
720:
346:Their breeding habitat is lakes and
1931:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
1896:IUCN Red List least concern species
621:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
586:"Duck Pond, Palo Alto Yacht Harbor"
13:
1926:Fauna of the Western United States
743:
674:
14:
1972:
988:
717:
681:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
460:, and the slightly larger, paler
313:, but larger on average than the
590:Palo Alto Historical Association
84:
1005:California Gull Species Account
739:(5): 302–308 – via JSTOR.
727:Greenhalgh, Clifton M. (1952).
610:BirdLife International (2018).
649:
578:
324:
309:, smaller on average than the
291:California gull, in California
1:
1007:at Cornell Lab of Ornithology
707:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
571:
439:
403:
257:Range of the California gull
838:Jehl, Joseph R. Jr. (1987).
703:Sibley, David Allen (2000):
240:Great Plains California gull
7:
416:, remembered for assisting
380:
225:Great Basin California gull
10:
1977:
998:December 16, 2018, at the
778:. Utah.gov. Archived from
373:, with most moving to the
358:, Canada south to eastern
342:Winter plumage, California
1549:
1516:
1498:
1480:
1462:
1437:
1419:
1401:
1320:
1280:
1235:
1086:
1065:
705:The Sibley Guide to Birds
628:: e.T22694321A132542511.
256:
247:
209:
204:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
37:
28:
23:
1220:Lesser black-backed gull
1148:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
807:Birds of the Great Basin
334:Distribution and habitat
40:Baylands Nature Preserve
1941:Birds described in 1854
1143:Great black-backed gull
804:Ryser, Fred A. (1985).
1526:Hybridisation in gulls
1449:Black-legged kittiwake
507:
343:
292:
44:Palo Alto, California
1829:Paleobiology Database
1190:American herring gull
1185:European herring gull
913:10.1093/auk/104.4.767
550:California least tern
497:
356:Northwest Territories
341:
290:
1454:Red-legged kittiwake
1153:Glaucous-winged gull
1015:Animal Diversity Web
755:Animal Diversity Web
544:habitat include the
511:Status in California
434:Miracle of the Gulls
350:in interior western
305:) is a medium-sized
172:L. californicus
1921:Fauna of California
1508:Swallow-tailed gull
1383:Slender-billed gull
554:black-necked stilts
51:Conservation status
1873:Larus-californicus
1581:Larus californicus
1551:Larus californicus
1267:Mediterranean gull
1195:Yellow-legged gull
1163:Yellow-footed gull
890:Larus californicus
842:Larus californicus
614:Larus californicus
508:
462:L. c. albertaensis
344:
302:Larus californicus
293:
230:L. c. albertaensis
213:L. c. californicus
190:Larus californicus
1883:
1882:
1816:Open Tree of Life
1543:Taxon identifiers
1534:
1533:
1521:Gull eggs as food
1378:Black-headed gull
1373:Brown-headed gull
1368:Black-billed gull
1353:Brown-hooded gull
1215:Slaty-backed gull
1128:Short-billed gull
1113:Black-tailed gull
776:"Utah State Bird"
689:978-0-8493-4258-5
657:"Gulls (Laridae)"
525:San Francisco Bay
285:
284:
280: Nonbreeding
241:
237:
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222:
74:
1968:
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1606:7FCE8A431E5E5ECB
1596:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1388:Bonaparte's gull
1133:Ring-billed gull
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1023:
982:
975:
969:
968:
940:
931:
925:
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644:
642:
637:
607:
601:
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598:
596:
582:
558:American avocets
466:Great Slave Lake
315:ring-billed gull
279:
274: Year-round
273:
267:
261:
252:
239:
235:
232:
224:
220:
215:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
33:
24:California gull
21:
20:
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1967:
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1965:
1951:Symbols of Utah
1886:
1885:
1884:
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1840:
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1793:
1790:Observation.org
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1762:
1754:
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1723:
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1697:
1691:california-gull
1689:
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1558:
1545:
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1530:
1512:
1494:
1476:
1458:
1433:
1415:
1397:
1393:Saunders's gull
1348:Hartlaub's gull
1337:Red-billed gull
1323:Chroicocephalus
1316:
1302:Franklin's gull
1276:
1247:White-eyed gull
1231:
1138:California gull
1118:Heermann's gull
1082:
1061:
1051:
1020:
1011:California Gull
1000:Wayback Machine
991:
986:
985:
976:
972:
957:10.2307/1368692
938:
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865:10.2307/4087540
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661:The World Birds
655:
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592:
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574:
562:Forster's terns
513:
442:
422:Mormon crickets
406:
383:
336:
327:
297:California gull
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269:
268: Migration
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138:Charadriiformes
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
43:
17:
16:Species of bird
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11:
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1812:
1799:
1786:
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1721:
1708:
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1597:
1586:
1571:
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1546:
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1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:Audouin's gull
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:Heuglin's gull
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Belcher's gull
1100:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1002:
990:
989:External links
987:
984:
983:
970:
951:(3): 732–738.
926:
907:(4): 767–769.
878:
859:(3): 421–428.
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430:Salt Lake City
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262: Breeding
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1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:Sabine's gull
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
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1461:
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1327:
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1319:
1313:
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1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Laughing gull
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
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1240:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Armenian gull
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:Thayer's gull
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
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1168:Glaucous gull
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1421:Rhodostethia
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1403:Hydrocoloeus
1402:
1342:Huahine gull
1321:
1292:Dolphin gull
1281:
1236:
1200:Caspian gull
1173:Iceland gull
1158:Western gull
1137:
1108:Olrog's gull
1098:Pacific gull
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821:. Retrieved
806:
784:. Retrieved
780:the original
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589:
580:
546:snowy plover
514:
500:Malheur Lake
478:South Dakota
470:Great Plains
461:
443:
408:This is the
407:
391:
384:
368:
345:
328:
311:herring gull
301:
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158:
18:
1842:SeaLifeBase
1777:Neotropical
1751:NatureServe
1699:iNaturalist
1575:Wikispecies
1429:Ross's gull
1411:Little gull
1363:Andean gull
1332:Silver gull
1283:Leucophaeus
1272:Relict gull
1238:Ichthyaetus
1123:Common gull
641:14 November
489:Pleistocene
472:of western
452:to central
450:Great Basin
325:Description
236:, 1987
221:, 1854
205:Subspecies
1890:Categories
1868:Xeno-canto
1472:Ivory gull
1252:Sooty gull
1060:: Laridae)
760:13 October
733:The Condor
572:References
537:Sacramento
440:Subspecies
410:state bird
404:State bird
360:California
319:California
1464:Pagophila
1312:Grey gull
1307:Lava gull
823:11 August
786:11 August
542:South Bay
521:Mono Lake
468:onto the
448:from the
398:crop pest
387:ducklings
371:migratory
369:They are
354:from the
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1756:2.100812
1743:22694321
1717:10886057
1619:22694321
1614:BirdLife
1560:Wikidata
1500:Creagrus
996:Archived
666:10 March
595:10 March
533:San Jose
485:allozyme
474:Manitoba
446:nominate
426:monument
394:cherries
381:Behavior
364:Colorado
218:Lawrence
197:Lawrence
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1681:2481146
1601:Avibase
1566:Q953999
1076:Species
965:1368692
921:4087291
873:4087540
458:Wyoming
454:Montana
375:Pacific
348:marshes
154:Genus:
148:Laridae
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1860:343907
1834:335306
1821:119602
1808:343907
1782:calgul
1769:126681
1730:176829
1688:GNAB:
1663:EURING
1655:calgul
1629:calgul
1594:calgul
1058:family
963:
944:Condor
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564:, and
504:Oregon
418:Mormon
278:
272:
266:
260:
199:, 1854
1901:Larus
1855:WoRMS
1847:75064
1795:73051
1712:IRMNG
1650:eBird
1642:3SBPY
1626:BOW:
1440:Rissa
1089:Larus
1067:Genus
1054:Gulls
961:JSTOR
939:(PDF)
917:JSTOR
895:(PDF)
869:JSTOR
847:(PDF)
482:mtDNA
159:Larus
1803:OBIS
1764:NCBI
1738:IUCN
1725:ITIS
1704:4385
1676:GBIF
1668:5930
1482:Xema
825:2014
812:ISBN
788:2014
762:2021
709:ISBN
685:ISBN
668:2022
643:2021
626:2018
597:2022
548:and
476:and
456:and
424:. A
414:Utah
362:and
307:gull
295:The
234:Jehl
128:Aves
1637:CoL
1590:ABA
1013:at
953:doi
909:doi
905:104
900:Auk
861:doi
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630:doi
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