27:
314:
873:
299:
259:"...like his predecessor Pascal, was interested in the construction of computing machines in the Metal. ... just as the calculus of arithmetic lends itself to a mechanization progressing through the abacus and the desk computing machine to the ultra-rapid computing machines of the present day, so the
288:
would perform
Leibniz's integral and differential calculus. In this way the meaning of the word, "ratiocinator" is clarified and can be understood as a mechanical instrument that combines and compares ratios.
241:"The history of the modern computing machine goes back to Leibniz and Pascal. Indeed, the general idea of a computing machine is nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's
627:
460:
900:
298:
505:
664:
620:
313:
915:
876:
613:
857:
828:
769:
568:
479:
70:
48:
41:
910:
752:
905:
466:
677:
659:
95:
895:
698:
378:
210:
636:
818:
35:
791:
742:
688:
654:
89:
is a theoretical universal logical calculation framework, a concept described in the writings of
280:
Leibniz constructed just such a machine for mathematical calculations, which was also called a "
747:
693:
222:
218:
166:
52:
566:
Fearnley-Sander, Desmond (1982). "Hermann
Grassmann and the Prehistory of Universal Algebra".
723:
808:
736:
514:
384:
8:
128:
518:
538:
526:
140:
225:. It is little appreciated in analytic philosophy. The synthetic view understands the
155:, which can be designed so as to grant primacy to calculations. That logic began with
779:
708:
530:
116:
112:
90:
542:
342:, would determine whether or not that formula were true as a statement of science".
729:
718:
581:
577:
522:
492:
488:
305:
281:
152:
148:
161:
596:
838:
758:
683:
550:
500:
474:
456:
350:
327:
230:
143:—an "algebra of logic". The analytic point of view understands that the
889:
713:
703:
558:
605:
534:
186:
555:
Cybernetics or the
Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
774:
214:
848:
465:. Translated by Rutherford, Donald. Paris: Felix Alcan. Archived from
335:
785:
764:
361:— were inseparable from Leibniz's encyclopedic project. Hence the
107:
There are two contrasting points of view on what
Leibniz meant by
421:
397:
170:
156:
132:
433:
369:, and encyclopedia form three pillars of Leibniz's project.
229:
as referring to a "calculating machine". The cybernetician
338:
which, when applied to the symbols of any formula of the
503:(1948). "Time, communication, and the nervous system".
409:
93:, usually paired with his more frequently mentioned
16:
Theoretical universal logical calculation framework
237:a forerunner to the modern day digital computer:
887:
565:
403:
635:
621:
477:(1963). "An Example in Mathematical Logic".
379:Algebraic logic § Calculus of relations
319:Contemporary replica of the stepped reckoner
181:. That part of formal logic relevant to the
628:
614:
506:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
330:saw a link between the two, defining the
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:
439:
427:
34:This article includes a list of general
209:A contrasting point of view stems from
901:Concepts in the philosophy of language
888:
549:
499:
473:
415:
272:
250:
173:intended his "concept script" to be a
609:
284:". As a computing machine, the ideal
263:of Leibniz contains the germs of the
193:is only a part (or a subset) of the
20:
169:'s writings on logic in the 1880s.
99:, a universal conceptual language.
13:
527:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1948.tb39853.x
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
927:
829:New Essays on Human Understanding
770:Transcendental law of homogeneity
590:
569:The American Mathematical Monthly
480:The American Mathematical Monthly
204:
872:
871:
312:
297:
122:
115:, the second is associated with
25:
448:
201:includes a "logical calculus".
111:. The first is associated with
582:10.1080/00029890.1982.11995404
493:10.1080/00029890.1963.11992146
127:The received point of view in
1:
858:Leibniz–Clarke correspondence
391:
601:Language as Universal Medium
345:A classic discussion of the
189:. From this perspective the
102:
7:
678:Characteristica universalis
660:Best of all possible worlds
372:
355:characteristica universalis
340:characteristica universalis
185:comes under the heading of
96:characteristica universalis
10:
932:
699:Identity of indiscernibles
353:, who maintained that the
304:Internal mechanism of the
916:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
869:
800:
643:
637:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
557:(2, paperback ed.).
267:, the reasoning machine."
199:universal characteristics
195:universal characteristics
179:universal characteristics
819:Discourse on Metaphysics
792:Well-founded phenomenon
743:Pre-established harmony
655:Alternating series test
55:more precise citations.
911:Mechanical calculators
404:Fearnley-Sander (1982)
278:
256:
223:general systems theory
219:electronic engineering
671:Calculus ratiocinator
597:Language as Calculus
462:La Logique de Leibniz
367:calculus ratiocinator
359:calculus ratiocinator
347:calculus ratiocinator
332:calculus ratiocinator
286:calculus ratiocinator
265:machina ratiocinatrix
261:calculus ratiocinator
257:
243:calculus ratiocinator
239:
235:calculus ratiocinator
233:considered Leibniz's
227:calculus ratiocinator
191:calculus ratiocinator
175:calculus ratiocinator
145:calculus ratiocinator
137:calculus ratiocinator
109:calculus ratiocinator
86:calculus ratiocinator
906:History of computing
809:De Arte Combinatoria
737:Mathesis universalis
665:Calculus controversy
385:Mathesis universalis
211:synthetic philosophy
519:1948NYASA..50..197W
475:Rogers, Hartley Jr.
213:and fields such as
129:analytic philosophy
724:Leibniz's notation
141:mathematical logic
896:Concepts in logic
883:
882:
861:(1715–1716)
780:Universal science
753:Sufficient reason
709:Law of continuity
197:, and a complete
117:computer hardware
113:computer software
91:Gottfried Leibniz
81:
80:
73:
923:
875:
874:
862:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
730:Lingua generalis
630:
623:
616:
607:
606:
585:
562:
546:
496:
470:
443:
437:
431:
430:, chapters 3, 4.
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
316:
306:stepped reckoner
301:
282:stepped reckoner
276:
254:
153:computer program
149:inference engine
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
51:this article by
42:inline citations
29:
28:
21:
931:
930:
926:
925:
924:
922:
921:
920:
886:
885:
884:
879:
865:
860:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
796:
648:
646:
645:Mathematics and
639:
634:
593:
588:
551:Wiener, Norbert
501:Wiener, Norbert
457:Couturat, Louis
451:
446:
440:Couturat (1901)
438:
434:
428:Couturat (1901)
426:
422:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
375:
363:characteristics
357:— and thus the
325:
324:
323:
320:
317:
308:
302:
277:
271:
255:
249:
207:
162:Begriffsschrift
125:
105:
77:
66:
60:
57:
47:Please help to
46:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
929:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
881:
880:
870:
867:
866:
864:
863:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
804:
802:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
759:Salva veritate
755:
750:
745:
740:
733:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Compossibility
681:
674:
667:
662:
657:
651:
649:
644:
641:
640:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
604:
603:
592:
591:External links
589:
587:
586:
576:(3): 161–166.
563:
547:
513:(4): 197–219.
497:
487:(9): 929–945.
471:
469:on 2012-08-14.
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:
432:
420:
418:, p. 934.
408:
406:, p. 164.
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
381:
374:
371:
351:Louis Couturat
328:Hartley Rogers
322:
321:
318:
311:
309:
303:
296:
293:
292:
291:
269:
253:, p. 214)
247:
231:Norbert Wiener
206:
205:Synthetic view
203:
135:, is that the
124:
121:
104:
101:
79:
78:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
928:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
878:
868:
859:
856:
851:
850:
846:
841:
840:
836:
831:
830:
826:
821:
820:
816:
811:
810:
806:
805:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
787:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:Leibniz's gap
717:
715:
714:Leibniz wheel
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Individuation
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
642:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
602:
600:
595:
594:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
564:
560:
559:The MIT Press
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
441:
436:
429:
424:
417:
416:Rogers (1963)
412:
405:
400:
396:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
315:
310:
307:
300:
295:
294:
290:
287:
283:
275:, p. 12)
274:
268:
266:
262:
252:
246:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:as well as a
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
123:Analytic view
120:
118:
114:
110:
100:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
784:
757:
735:
728:
676:
670:
669:
598:
573:
567:
554:
510:
504:
484:
478:
467:the original
461:
449:Bibliography
442:, chapter 5.
435:
423:
411:
399:
383:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
339:
331:
326:
285:
279:
273:Wiener (1965
264:
260:
258:
251:Wiener (1948
242:
240:
234:
226:
208:
198:
194:
190:
187:proof theory
182:
178:
174:
160:
147:is a formal
144:
139:anticipates
136:
126:
108:
106:
94:
85:
84:
82:
67:
58:
39:
18:
775:Rationalism
349:is that of
215:cybernetics
167:C.S. Peirce
131:and formal
53:introducing
890:Categories
849:Monadology
689:Difference
647:philosophy
392:References
36:references
839:Théodicée
748:Plenitude
336:algorithm
103:Two views
877:Category
786:Vis viva
765:Theodicy
694:Dynamism
553:(1965).
543:28452205
535:18886381
459:(1901).
373:See also
270:—
248:—
183:calculus
159:'s 1879
61:May 2010
515:Bibcode
334:as "an
49:improve
853:(1714)
843:(1710)
833:(1704)
823:(1686)
813:(1666)
599:versus
541:
533:
221:, and
38:, but
801:Works
539:S2CID
171:Frege
157:Frege
133:logic
83:The
531:PMID
165:and
578:doi
523:doi
489:doi
151:or
892::
574:89
572:.
537:.
529:.
521:.
511:50
509:.
485:70
483:.
365:,
245:."
217:,
119:.
629:e
622:t
615:v
584:.
580::
561:.
545:.
525::
517::
495:.
491::
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
