C (programming language)

1578: 5720: 83: 3471: 545: 5083: 4147:) to store matrices. The structure of the C array is well suited to this particular task. However, in early versions of C the bounds of the array must be known fixed values or else explicitly passed to any subroutine that requires them, and dynamically sized arrays of arrays cannot be accessed using double indexing. (A workaround for this was to allocate the array with an additional "row vector" of pointers to the columns.) C99 introduced "variable-length arrays" which address this issue. 5571: 10467: 8620: 5706: 3840: 4963: 3787: 10439: 4772:

both allocation and deallocation. The persistent nature of static objects is useful for maintaining state information across function calls, automatic allocation is easy to use but stack space is typically much more limited and transient than either static memory or heap space, and dynamic memory allocation allows convenient allocation of objects whose size is known only at run-time. Most C programs make extensive use of all three.

4087:); or they may be directly assigned an unsafe value using a cast, union, or through another corrupt pointer. In general, C is permissive in allowing manipulation of and conversion between pointer types, although compilers typically provide options for various levels of checking. Some other programming languages address these problems by using more restrictive 3961:. The run-time representation of a pointer value is typically a raw memory address (perhaps augmented by an offset-within-word field), but since a pointer's type includes the type of the thing pointed to, expressions including pointers can be type-checked at compile time. Pointer arithmetic is automatically scaled by the size of the pointed-to data type. 746: 4071:) point to objects of unspecified type, and can therefore be used as "generic" data pointers. Since the size and type of the pointed-to object is not known, void pointers cannot be dereferenced, nor is pointer arithmetic on them allowed, although they can easily be (and in many contexts implicitly are) converted to and from any other object pointer type. 4839:, which contains the prototypes of the functions contained within the library that may be used by a program, and declarations of special data types and macro symbols used with these functions. For a program to use a library, it must include the library's header file, and the library must be linked with the program, which in many cases requires 3023:

affected when C implementations started supporting these extensions to the programming language. Some standard headers do define more convenient synonyms for underscored identifiers. Some of those words were added as keywords with their conventional spelling in C23 and the corresponding macros were removed.

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C has a very mature and broad ecosystem, including libraries, frameworks, open source compilers, debuggers and utilities, and is the de facto standard. It is likely the drivers already exist in C, or that there is a similar CPU architecture as a back-end of a C compiler, so there is reduced incentive

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Conversely, it is possible for memory to be freed, but is referenced subsequently, leading to unpredictable results. Typically, the failure symptoms appear in a portion of the program unrelated to the code that causes the error, making it difficult to diagnose the failure. Such issues are ameliorated

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by implementations of other languages. This approach may be used for portability or convenience; by using C as an intermediate language, additional machine-specific code generators are not necessary. C has some features, such as line-number preprocessor directives and optional superfluous commas at

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for an example of dynamically allocated arrays.) Unlike automatic allocation, which can fail at run time with uncontrolled consequences, the dynamic allocation functions return an indication (in the form of a null pointer value) when the required storage cannot be allocated. (Static allocation that

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Careless use of pointers is potentially dangerous. Because they are typically unchecked, a pointer variable can be made to point to any arbitrary location, which can cause undesirable effects. Although properly used pointers point to safe places, they can be made to point to unsafe places by using

4668:), an expression of array type is automatically converted to a pointer to the array's first element. This implies that an array is never copied as a whole when named as an argument to a function, but rather only the address of its first element is passed. Therefore, although function calls in C use 2065:

After the ANSI/ISO standardization process, the C language specification remained relatively static for several years. In 1995, Normative Amendment 1 to the 1990 C standard (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995, known informally as C95) was published, to correct some details and to add more extensive support for

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Heap memory allocation has to be synchronized with its actual usage in any program to be reused as much as possible. For example, if the only pointer to a heap memory allocation goes out of scope or has its value overwritten before it is deallocated explicitly, then that memory cannot be recovered

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Where possible, automatic or static allocation is usually simplest because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change in size at runtime, and since static

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These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve slightly more overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for

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Most of the recently reserved words begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter, because identifiers of that form were previously reserved by the C standard for use only by implementations. Since existing program source code should not have been using these identifiers, it would not be

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Expressions can use a variety of built-in operators and may contain function calls. The order in which arguments to functions and operands to most operators are evaluated is unspecified. The evaluations may even be interleaved. However, all side effects (including storage to variables) will occur

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to test for equality. The similarity between these two operators (assignment and equality) may result in the accidental use of one in place of the other, and in many cases, the mistake does not produce an error message (although some compilers produce warnings). For example, the conditional

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The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves

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The use of pointers and the run-time manipulation of these means there may be two ways to access the same data (aliasing), which is not determinable at compile time. This means that some optimisations that may be available to other languages are not possible in C. FORTRAN is considered

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allow for efficient code to be generated, but can sometimes produce unexpected results. For example, a comparison of signed and unsigned integers of equal width requires a conversion of the signed value to unsigned. This can generate unexpected results if the signed value is negative.

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Unless otherwise specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever

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In 2007 work began on another revision of the C standard, informally called "C1X" until its official publication of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on 2011-12-08. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit the adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations.

5027:. A common practice is to use Lint to detect questionable code when a program is first written. Once a program passes Lint, it is then compiled using the C compiler. Also, many compilers can optionally warn about syntactically valid constructs that are likely to actually be errors. 4108:

types in C are traditionally of a fixed, static size specified at compile time. The more recent C99 standard also allows a form of variable-length arrays. However, it is also possible to allocate a block of memory (of arbitrary size) at run-time, using the standard library's

2498:: "C, like any other language, has its blemishes. Some of the operators have the wrong precedence; some parts of the syntax could be better." The C standard did not attempt to correct many of these blemishes, because of the impact of such changes on already existing software. 979:

indexing is a secondary notation, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Whole arrays cannot be assigned or compared using a single built-in operator. There is no "array" keyword in use or definition; instead, square brackets indicate arrays syntactically, for example

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C2Y is a temporary informal name for the next major C language standard revision, after C23 (C2X), that is hoped to be released later in the 2020s decade, hence the '2' in "C2Y". An early working draft of C2Y was released in February 2024 as N3220 by the working group

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were not performed, although some compilers would issue a warning message if a local function was called with the wrong number of arguments, or if different calls to an external function used different numbers or types of arguments. Separate tools such as Unix's

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allocations (and automatic allocations before C99) must have a fixed size at compile-time, there are many situations in which dynamic allocation is necessary. Prior to the C99 standard, variable-sized arrays were a common example of this. (See the article on

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C enables programmers to create efficient implementations of algorithms and data structures, because the layer of abstraction from hardware is thin, and its overhead is low, an important criterion for computationally intensive programs. For example, the

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C is often used in low-level systems programming where escapes from the type system may be necessary. The compiler attempts to ensure type correctness of most expressions, but the programmer can override the checks in various ways, either by using a

1465:. Pointers, the ability to generate pointers to other types, arrays of all types, and types to be returned from functions were all also added. Arrays within expressions became pointers. A new compiler was written, and the language was renamed C. 2245:

C23 is the informal name for the next (after C17) major C language standard revision. It was informally known as "C2X" through most of its development. C23 is expected to be published in early 2024 as ISO/IEC 9899:2024. The standard macro

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The original example code will compile on most modern compilers that are not in strict standard compliance mode, but it does not fully conform to the requirements of either C89 or C99. In fact, C99 requires that a diagnostic message be

5364:, are both written in C. These web servers interact with the operating system, listen on TCP ports for HTTP requests, and then serve up static web content, or cause the execution of other languages handling to 'render' content such as 2046:

with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as

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Published in June 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018, C17 is the current standard for the C programming language. It introduces no new language features, only technical corrections, and clarifications to defects in C11. The standard macro

4707:. Note, that if only a pointer to the first element is available as it is often the case in C code because of the automatic conversion described above, the information about the full type of the array and its length are lost. 1749:/* Another function declaration. Because this is an early version of C, there is an implicit 'int' type here. A comment shows where the explicit 'int' type specifier would be required in later versions. */ 4803:, which might not even represent a valid value for that type). If the program attempts to access an uninitialized value, the results are undefined. Many modern compilers try to detect and warn about this problem, but both 4150:

The following example using modern C (C99 or later) shows allocation of a two-dimensional array on the heap and the use of multi-dimensional array indexing for accesses (which can use bounds-checking on many C compilers):

7522: 4929:. A stream is from this perspective a data flow that is independent of devices, while a file is a concrete device. The high-level I/O is done through the association of a stream to a file. In the C standard library, a 3621:

can be located using a search strategy that prefers headers provided with the compiler to other headers having the same name, as opposed to double quotes which typically include local or project-specific header files.

1761:/* This is a function definition, including the body of the code following in the { curly brackets }. Because no return type is specified, the function implicitly returns an 'int' in this early version of C. */ 4866:

may provide only a subset of the standard library). This library supports stream input and output, memory allocation, mathematics, character strings, and time values. Several separate standard headers (for example,

6405: 1983:(ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the 5145:

The language supports a rich set of operators, including bit manipulation, for integer arithmetic and logic, and perhaps different sizes of floating point numbers – it can process appropriately-structured data

2473:"; sequence points include the end of each expression statement, and the entry to and return from each function call. Sequence points also occur during evaluation of expressions containing certain operators ( 1709:" to which C programmers restricted themselves when maximum portability was desired, since many older compilers were still in use, and because carefully written K&R C code can be legal Standard C as well. 5015:

A number of tools have been developed to help C programmers find and fix statements with undefined behavior or possibly erroneous expressions, with greater rigor than that provided by the compiler. The tool

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specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters

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Since the code generated by the compiler contains few checks itself, there is a burden on the programmer to consider all possible outcomes, to protect against buffer overruns, array bounds checking,

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With its rich set of operators, the C language can use many of the features of target CPUs. Where a particular CPU has more esoteric instructions, a language variant can be constructed with perhaps

646:. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages, with C 5671:: syntax that involves preprocessing, expressions, function declarations, and function calls is inherited from C, while the syntax for object-oriented features was originally taken from Smalltalk. 967:) allow related data elements to be accessed and assigned as a unit. The contents of whole structs cannot be compared using a single built-in operator (the elements must be compared individually). 4139:

within the type system to declare arrays of arrays, which effectively accomplishes the same thing. The index values of the resulting "multi-dimensional array" can be thought of as increasing in

2491:). This permits a high degree of object code optimization by the compiler, but requires C programmers to take more care to obtain reliable results than is needed for other programming languages. 2042:

C89 is supported by current C compilers, and most modern C code is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any

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The generated code after compilation has relatively straightforward needs on the underlying platform, which makes it suitable for creating operating systems and for use in embedded systems.

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conventions; different byte ordering within larger integers (including endianness). In many language implementations, some of these options may be handled with the preprocessor directive

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The language makes it easy to overlay structures onto blocks of binary data, allowing the data to be comprehended, navigated and modified – it can write data structures, even file systems.

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extending the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as

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C has direct control over memory allocation and deallocation, which gives reasonable efficiency and predictable timing to memory-handling operations, without any concerns for sporadic

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and linker structures are commonly used in conjunction with other high-level languages, with calls both to C and from C supported – it interoperates well with other high-level code.

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compiler to facilitate porting to new machines. However, few utilities were ultimately written in B because it was too slow and could not take advantage of PDP-11 features such as

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can be used within the loop. Break is used to leave the innermost enclosing loop statement and continue is used to skip to its reinitialisation. There is also a non-structured

1946:, together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K&R specification, led to the necessity of standardization. 7514: 4921:

File input and output (I/O) is not part of the C language itself but instead is handled by libraries (such as the C standard library) and their associated header files (e.g.

8658: 4933:(a memory area or queue) is temporarily used to store data before it is sent to the final destination. This reduces the time spent waiting for slower devices, for example a 6403: 5911:: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of." 4897:

Since many programs have been written in C, there are a wide variety of other libraries available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient

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for parameter declarations was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K&R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code.

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ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group

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The use of pointers and the direct manipulation of memory means corruption of memory is possible, perhaps due to programmer error, or insufficient checking of bad data.

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macro can be used to split the code into Standard and K&R sections to prevent the use on a K&R C-based compiler of features available only in Standard C.

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Languages and compilers for parallel computing : 16th international workshop, LCPC 2003, College Station, TX, USA, October 2–4, 2003 : revised papers

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of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as

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to explicitly convert a value from one type to another, or by using pointers or unions to reinterpret the underlying bits of a data object in some other way.

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kernel, and his requirements shaped the direction of the language development. Through to 1972, richer types were added to the NB language: NB had arrays of

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that can mitigate against some of the drawbacks. Contemporary C compilers include checks which may generate warnings to help identify many potential bugs.

4941:. Low-level I/O functions are not part of the standard C library but are generally part of "bare metal" programming (programming that is independent of any 4124:

as an option. Array bounds violations are therefore possible and can lead to various repercussions, including illegal memory accesses, corruption of data,

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C89 has 32 reserved words, also known as keywords, which are the words that cannot be used for any purposes other than those for which they are predefined:

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C99 is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has

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In 1971 Ritchie started to improve B, to use the features of the more-powerful PDP-11. A significant addition was a character data type. He called this

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C is a fairly small language, with only a handful of statements, and without too many features that generate extensive target code – it is comprehensible.

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and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in

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because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability. It is no longer common practice for web development to be done in C, and many other

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The C language statements and expressions typically map well on to sequences of instructions for the target processor, and consequently there is a low

4040:, or as an error indication from functions returning pointers. In appropriate contexts in source code, such as for assigning to a pointer variable, a 5924: 1890:

In the years following the publication of K&R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT&T (in particular

10130: 8651: 5967: 5596:. The most pervasive influence has been syntactical; all of the languages mentioned combine the statement and (more or less recognizably) expression 1984: 8147: 5368:, which is itself primarily written in C. C's close-to-the-metal approach allows for the construction of these high-performance software systems. 5264:

the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other

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standard. In 1989, the C standard was ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming Language C". This version of the language is often referred to as

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functionality with a C-like syntax. C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits

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as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single "archive" file. Each library typically has a

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can hide troubling effects such as double evaluation and worse. This facility for tricky code has been celebrated with competitions such as the

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new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords.

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The C standard was further revised in the late 1990s, leading to the publication of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in 1999, which is commonly referred to as "

2358:, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as 1423:. The official description of BCPL was not available at the time, and Thompson modified the syntax to be less wordy and similar to a simplified 10526: 2002: 669: 9331: 6093: 4452:// Caution: checks should be made to ensure N*M*sizeof(float) does NOT exceed limitations for auto VLAs and is within available size of stack. 6594: 5034:

There are also compilers, libraries, and operating system level mechanisms for performing actions that are not a standard part of C, such as

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Newline indicates the end of a text line; it need not correspond to an actual single character, although for convenience C treats it as one.

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of C that permits object-oriented programming using a hybrid dynamic/static typing paradigm. Objective-C derives its syntax from both C and

10137: 8644: 5873:: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort." 3736:, but it is silently discarded since it is not used. (A more careful program might test the return value to determine whether or not the 6655: 6627: 6499: 6120: 2005:(ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which is sometimes called C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language. 10455: 9717: 8093: 6777: 6679: 9954: 9326: 7618: 3957:

to access data stored at the address pointed to, or to invoke a pointed-to function. Pointers can be manipulated using assignment or

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indicates that the value that is returned to the invoker (in this case the run-time environment) as a result of evaluating the

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must be declared if used before the function definition; functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return type

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were two different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as

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objects linked together using pointers. Pointers to other pointers are often used in multi-dimensional arrays and arrays of

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in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.

8140: 6474: 5725: 5336:(CGI) as a "gateway" for information between the web application, the server, and the browser. C may have been chosen over 3492:, has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks. The program prints "hello, world" to the 1887:

utility were developed that (among other things) could check for consistency of function use across multiple source files.

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is error prone. Bugs include: Memory leaks when memory is allocated but not freed; and access to previously freed memory.

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Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language to support exotic features such as

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libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte

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There is limited standardisation in support for low-level variants in generated code, for example: different function

4901:; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like 2425:

statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted.

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C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and

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Automated source code checking and auditing are beneficial in any language, and for C many such tools exist, such as

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statement was required.) This is interpreted by the run-time system as an exit code indicating successful execution.

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with type systems, data models or large-scale program structures that differ from those of C, sometimes radically.

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are completely or partially written in C. Many languages support calling library functions in C, for example, the

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to be executed based on the value of an integer expression. Different from many other languages, control-flow will

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Thompson wanted a programming language for developing utilities for the new platform. At first he tried to write a

784: 7571: 8441: 8350: 8133: 7717: 5118:) can be configured and used with code written in C – it allows fullest control of the platform it is running on. 3896: 3059: 2798: 2166: 1908: 1878:

Since K&R function declarations did not include any information about function arguments, function parameter

963: 6150: 4727: 4036:. Null pointer values are useful for indicating special cases such as no "next" pointer in the final node of a 10470: 10402: 10275: 10157: 9222: 8559: 6015: 5178: 4984: 3946: 3887: 3808: 3483: 3365: 3341: 2386: 2335:

do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside

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explicitly points to no valid location. Dereferencing a null pointer value is undefined, often resulting in a

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was extensively re-implemented in C. By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as

199: 10445: 10423: 10377: 10350: 10325: 10285: 9658: 9518: 6390: 5930:. The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University. June 3, 2010. Archived from 5305: 5244: 4910: 4593:// no need to free(p) since it will disappear when the function exits, along with the rest of the stack frame 3863: 3105: 3063: 2824: 2777: 2394: 1921: 1191: 898: 506: 1875:

type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&R C, but are required in later standards.

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standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as

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and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three principal ways to allocate memory for objects:

4673: 4136: 4088: 3950: 2664: 2343: 1416: 1393:, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a 1203: 1171: 1167: 1024: 931: 864: 722:. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A 695: 482: 478: 5959: 4740:, and this space is automatically freed and reusable after the block in which they are declared is exited. 10392: 10387: 10330: 10310: 8888: 8589: 8574: 8280: 7578: 5711: 5646: 5615: 5593: 5552: 5377: 5313: 5281: 5162: 4902: 4733: 4015: 3631: 1737:/* This is a function declaration, so the compiler can know the name and return type of this function. */ 1705:

Even after the publication of the 1989 ANSI standard, for many years K&R C was still considered the "

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compiler, but he soon gave up the idea. Instead, he created a cut-down version of the recently developed

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is a structure with overlapping members; it allows multiple data types to share the same memory location.

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Feuer, Alan R.; Gehani, Narain H. (March 1982). "Comparison of the Programming Languages C and Pascal".

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In cases where code must be compilable by either standard-conforming or K&R C-based compilers, the

2032: 1606: 1175: 656: 534: 530: 486: 402: 89: 2131:, as in BCPL or C++. Many of these had already been implemented as extensions in several C compilers. 10345: 10300: 9968: 9508: 8584: 8290: 8187: 8182: 8177: 6067: 5683: 5627: 5604: 5184: 4891: 4883: 4804: 4753: 4743: 3969: 3965: 3891: 3284: 2716: 2587: 2240: 2217: 2190: 1492: 1348: 1335: 1321: 1151: 1090: 997: 604: 462: 205: 180: 38: 5031:

is a proprietary set of guidelines to avoid such questionable code, developed for embedded systems.

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One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing

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to specify the manipulations to be performed while evaluating that expression. C has operators for:

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Another common set of C library functions are those used by applications specifically targeted for

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Additional multi-byte encoded characters may be used in string literals, but they are not entirely

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to an expression of array type. The size of an element can be determined by applying the operator

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attempt to count the ways C etc. has vulnerabilities, along with recommendations for mitigation.

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The basic C execution character set contains the same characters, along with representations for

2590:) allows multi-national Unicode characters to be embedded portably within C source text by using 2147: 1550: 1527: 1510:

and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and

1117: 1058: 811: 326: 1112:), these can be implemented or emulated, often through the use of external libraries (e.g., the 10251: 9949: 9550: 9203: 8445: 8387: 6258: 5426: 5380:

applications. However, such applications can also be written in newer, higher-level languages.

5232: 5206:, and may be called from assembly language – it interoperates well with other lower-level code. 5125:, and can be invoked from some boot code in a straightforward manner – it is simple to execute. 3855: 3249: 3092: 2454: 2398: 2293: 2282: 2155: 1005: 944: 924: 780: 760: 691: 687: 683: 680: 345: 237: 115: 111: 107: 7034: 2154:, and other C compilers now support many or all of the new features of C99. The C compiler in 619:

has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest

9807: 9295: 9089: 8893: 8086: 6841: 6644: 6616: 6503: 6500:"Rationale for American National Standard for Information Systems – Programming Language – C" 5883: 5800: 5548: 5514: 5341: 5260: 4413: 3999: 3981: 3867: 3707: 3605:

standard header, which contains declarations for standard input and output functions such as

3392:(used in mathematics to express equality) to indicate assignment, following the precedent of 2151: 2112: 2108: 1884: 1027:(subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an empty return type 914: 651: 7119: 6770: 6672: 1072:

together, with control over which functions and data objects are visible to other files via

10180: 9977: 9789: 9672: 9616: 9527: 9453: 9415: 9236: 9180: 8971: 8688: 8407: 7608: 6713: 6435: 6355: 5499: 5437: 5337: 5188: 4946: 3728:

character, which on output signifies the end of the current line. The return value of the

3114: 2583: 2543: 1788:/* Again, note that 'int' is not required here. The 'int' type specifier */ 1562: 819: 727: 616: 335: 98: 5399:

While C has been popular, influential and hugely successful, it has drawbacks, including:

4756:; these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function 4143:. Multi-dimensional arrays are commonly used in numerical algorithms (mainly from applied 3953:

that records the address or location of an object or function in memory. Pointers can be

1226:

with underlying type systems, data models, and semantics that can be radically different.

548: 8: 10256: 9388: 8422: 8417: 8379: 8270: 5758: 5650: 5638: 5463: 5210: 5091: 5058: 4832: 3672: 3433: 2548: 1891: 1640: 1566: 1094: 1065: 1039: 948: 322: 245: 144: 8079: 7423: 7181: 5539:

standard library functions have been used to implement a try-catch mechanism via macros.

4726:: space for the object is provided in the binary at compile-time; these objects have an 4116:

Since arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically

2621:

support for extended character sets has increased with each revision of the C standard.

1794:/* The 'register' keyword indicates to the compiler that this variable should */ 1533:

Unix was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than

745: 9996: 9990: 9865: 9686: 9634: 9596: 9267: 9244: 9198: 9193: 9131: 8994: 8836: 8808: 8803: 8716: 8488: 8253: 8218: 7976: 6948: 6705: 6284: 6272: 6242: 5691: 5522: 5498:

There are few guards against inappropriate use of language features, which may lead to

5492: 5488:

using the standard library is code-intensive, with explicit memory management required.

5357: 5136: 4926: 4851: 4788: 4784: 4076: 4033: 3958: 2671: 2602:

denotes a hexadecimal character), although this feature is not yet widely implemented.

2043: 2028: 2020: 1961: 1943: 1558: 1215: 1069: 1035: 803: 699: 370: 264: 134: 8636: 5284:

that is not C, and those compilers support front ends for many languages including C.

2894:

C11 reserved seven more words: (‡ is an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)

1960:

During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for a wide variety of

1433:. He described B as "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax". Like BCPL, B had a 10236: 9985: 9735: 9591: 9571: 9188: 8770: 8321: 8316: 8285: 8228: 8047: 8028: 8009: 7990: 7964: 7950: 7938: 7912: 7886: 7857: 7820: 7706: 7688: 7678: 7655: 7645: 7203: 7155: 7145: 7040: 7010: 6911: 6907: 6847: 6721: 6463: 6443: 6363: 6276: 6173: 5851: 5642: 5485: 5422: 5203: 5192: 5139:

to exploit those instructions – it can use practically all the target CPU's features.

5115: 5106:

The C language permits platform hardware and memory to be accessed with pointers and

5047: 4938: 4925:). File handling is generally implemented through high-level I/O which works through 4631:. Taking advantage of the compiler's knowledge of the pointer type, the address that 4100: 3879: 3866:. There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned, 3186: 2886: 2879: 2853:

C99 reserved five more words: (‡ is an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)

2838: 2709: 2264: 2009: 1534: 1378: 1001: 871: 7234: 6288: 3635:

function serves a special purpose in C programs; the run-time environment calls the

1514:. Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements: 10069: 9766: 9396: 8766: 7812: 7778: 7762: 7613: 6952: 6940: 6733: 6268: 5202:

Depending on the linker and environment, C code can also call libraries written in

5095: 4942: 4863: 4800: 4080: 3994: 3922: 3470: 3098: 3036:, which describes what became known as C89, Kernighan and Ritchie wrote, "The ... 2805: 2791: 2688: 2630: 2445: 2289: 1163: 1073: 859: 600: 568: 252: 7800: 7484: 6309:

A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986

5482:

calling convention. But the directive and options are not consistently supported.

2539:! " # % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? ^ _ { | } ~ 82: 10024: 9875: 9727: 9545: 9277: 9060: 8939: 8823: 8432: 8392: 8300: 8114: 8060: 7841: 7030: 6421: 6409: 6341: 5845: 5329: 5099: 5039: 5035: 5024: 5017: 4716: 4624: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4105: 3977: 3914: 3883: 3691: 3493: 3475: 3374: 2859: 2702: 2647: 2614: 2088: 1931: 1597: 1586: 1014: 987: 976: 788: 772: 711: 628: 624: 241: 122: 5960:"The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet" 4811:

for later reuse and is essentially lost to the program, a phenomenon known as a

3925:. (Ritchie's idea was to declare identifiers in contexts resembling their use: " 1618:

of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as "

1614:

from the initials of its authors, the book served for many years as an informal

799:

is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced.

9756: 9629: 9311: 9015: 8882: 8775: 8605: 8450: 8412: 8338: 8238: 7845: 7805:

The Second ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages (HOPL-II)

7746: 6814: 6425: 6345: 6307: 6246: 5947:

1980s: Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language

5807:

to be supported, which is special treatment not afforded to any other function.

5503: 5433: 5425:, and the type checking can be trivially or inadvertently circumvented. It is 5196: 5154: 5122: 4662:

Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of

4144: 4120:

checked against the underlying array size, although some compilers may provide

4011: 3706:

to know the length of the string).The NULL character can be also written as an

3699: 3684: 3358: 3086: 3040:, formerly reserved but never used, is no longer reserved." and "The stillborn 2606: 2488: 2470: 2390: 2336: 2311: 2120: 2104: 1934:(previously, preprocessor definitions for integer fixed values were used, e.g. 1601: 1590: 1503: 1485: 1469: 1397:. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language. 1386: 1046: 749: 719: 612: 608: 596: 351: 257: 127: 9137: 7924: 7898: 7067: 6979: 5578:

graph, showing a comparison of the popularity of various programming languages

4730:(or lifetime) as long as the binary which contains them is loaded into memory. 660:, co-authored by the original language designer, served for many years as the 10485: 10355: 10054: 9903: 9883: 9761: 9699: 9663: 9606: 9285: 9249: 9208: 9079: 9027: 9009: 8865: 8854: 8793: 8731: 8508: 8498: 8437: 7878: 7853: 7659: 7159: 6717: 6439: 6359: 6280: 5991:"After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming | Toptal" 5418: 5082: 5043: 4840: 4669: 3851: 3683:(provided with) a single argument, the address of the first character in the 3599:. This causes the compiler to replace that line with the entire text of the 3220: 2770: 2560: 2554: 2385:, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a 1987: 1969: 1879: 1546: 1473: 1454: 1434: 1211: 940: 847: 620: 544: 10032: 7692: 7642:

Pillars of computing : a compendium of select, pivotal technology firms

7009:. Bangkok, Thailand: SE-EDUCATION PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED. pp. 225–230. 6467: 5300:

of other programming languages are often implemented in C. For example, the

1918:

types (previously only a single pointer, integer or float could be returned)

1214:(hardware description languages). These languages have drawn many of their 1134:

Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including

1104:

While C does not include certain features found in other languages (such as

829:

The language has a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of

10407: 10246: 10064: 9944: 9751: 9321: 9290: 9147: 8934: 8831: 8761: 8701: 8478: 8243: 8074: 7339: 6303: 5588:

C has both directly and indirectly influenced many later languages such as

5389:

the power of assembly language and the convenience of ... assembly language

5107: 4855: 4084: 4027: 3592: 3465: 3320: 2751: 1965: 1797:/* ideally be stored in a register as opposed to within the stack frame. */ 1390: 1086: 830: 815: 753: 715: 340: 7816: 7767: 7750: 7144:(6th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 6944: 6553: 6525: 5630:; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler. 4871:) specify the interfaces for these and other standard library facilities. 4052:

macro defined by several standard headers or, since C23 with the constant

1218:

and other basic features from C. Most of them also express highly similar

733:

Since 2000, C has consistently ranked among the top four languages in the

294: 278: 10111: 9929: 9924: 9850: 9680: 9576: 9481: 9461: 9433: 9380: 9316: 9106: 8943: 8929: 8842: 8696: 8569: 8125: 6899: 5679: 5660: 5623: 5575: 5526: 5353: 5236: 4930: 4898: 4836: 4813: 4037: 3847: 3654:

The opening curly brace indicates the beginning of the definition of the

3080: 2001:

In 1990 the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the

1222:

to C, and they tend to combine the recognizable expression and statement

1179: 1054: 920:

Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions.

768: 734: 454: 233: 228: 10149: 5653:

via templates. Nearly a superset of C, C++ now supports most of C, with

4464:// auto VLA is held on the stack, and sized when the function is invoked 4079:; the objects they point to may continue to be used after deallocation ( 863:. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of 10315: 10116: 10106: 10014: 9934: 9691: 9581: 9438: 9171: 9050: 8756: 8213: 8192: 5570: 5551:, in an attempt to reduce the opportunity for bugs. Databases such as 4987: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4934: 4737: 3811: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3755:

function, unlike any other function, will implicitly return a value of

3262: 3070: 2845: 2566: 2276: 2052: 1569:

served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms.

1159: 1093:

manipulation, and mathematical functions are consistently delegated to

970: 853: 776: 470: 8082:, publicly available official C documents, including the C99 Rationale 7710: 5884:"N3221 – Editor's Report, Post January 2024 Strasbourg France Meeting" 3839: 10412: 9893: 9860: 9827: 9797: 9639: 9555: 9476: 9127: 9084: 9076: 9071: 9004: 8919: 8898: 8860: 8847: 8711: 6589: 6146: 5668: 5663:

was originally a very "thin" layer on top of C, and remains a strict

4879: 3980:

to the data type of the data to be stored. Many data types, such as

3651:

as a parameter list indicates that this function takes no arguments.

3207: 2831: 2610: 2092: 1899: 1523: 1522:

of parameterless macros. Soon after that, it was extended, mostly by

807: 664:

standard for the language. C has been standardized since 1989 by the

639: 145:

ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 22 (Subcommittee 22)

7398:"After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming" 6795: 5705: 4962: 3968:

are commonly manipulated using pointers into arrays of characters.

3786: 2506:

The basic C source character set includes the following characters:

1712:

In early versions of C, only functions that return types other than

10006: 9888: 9842: 9822: 9812: 9709: 9644: 9586: 9466: 9443: 9428: 9259: 9156: 9141: 9121: 9112: 9037: 9022: 8785: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8706: 8513: 8503: 8483: 8328: 8295: 8233: 7544: 5664: 5597: 5530: 5293: 5062: 4643:

bytes, but rather is defined to be the base address incremented by

3074: 2866: 2723: 2305: 2116: 2036: 2016: 1646: 1274: 1223: 841: 703: 647: 642:

by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on

406: 8120: 6530:. International Organization for Standardization. March 30, 1995. 6384: 5543:

For some purposes, restricted styles of C have been adopted, e.g.

5251:

uses C for the high-performance and hardware-interacting aspects.

2084:". It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda. 2015:

One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a

1526:

and then by John Reiser, to incorporate macros with arguments and

10305: 10295: 10059: 9898: 9624: 9503: 9471: 8870: 8736: 8197: 6846:(3rd ed.). Otsego, MI: PageFree Publishing Inc. p. 20. 5803:. The ISO C standard (section 5.1.2.2.1) requires both forms of 5544: 5268:

specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as

5028: 4007: 3724: 3601: 3393: 2812: 2572: 2366:

specify built-in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces (

2170: 2159: 1681:) to remove the semantic ambiguity created by constructs such as 1538: 1412: 1207: 1143: 1113: 955: 526: 438: 414: 374: 6980:"Security Features: Compile Time Buffer Checks (FORTIFY_SOURCE)" 4882:

systems, especially functions which provide an interface to the

1468:

The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in

10372: 10340: 10224: 10087: 10079: 9939: 9855: 9817: 9601: 9535: 9423: 9045: 8989: 8979: 8948: 8914: 8468: 8365: 8360: 8167: 6959: 6739: 5240: 5221: 5066: 4949:). With few exceptions, implementations include low-level I/O. 4859: 4778: 4764: 4758: 4748: 4664: 3921:

Some find C's declaration syntax unintuitive, particularly for

3667: 3307: 3299: 3030:

was reserved as a keyword. In the second edition of their book

2784: 1995: 1973: 1955: 1627: 1622:". As this was released in 1978, it is now also referred to as 1394: 1289: 474: 140: 5292:

A consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that

5065:

and linking with libraries containing special versions of the

3747:

The closing curly brace indicates the end of the code for the

2346:. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as 1791:/* in the comment would be required in later versions of C. */ 577: 10280: 10270: 10241: 10219: 9780: 9560: 9152: 8999: 8984: 8875: 8813: 8726: 8721: 8679: 8554: 8493: 8473: 8397: 8345: 8333: 6867: 6751: 5675: 5634: 5619: 5589: 5361: 5248: 4887: 4048:, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, as the 4003: 3859: 3440:

binds more tightly than (is executed prior to) the operators

3401: 2510:

Lowercase and uppercase letters of ISO Basic Latin Alphabet:

2124: 1991: 1554: 1424: 1382: 1135: 764: 514: 442: 330: 63: 4886:. These functions are detailed in various standards such as 4056:. In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to 3751:

function. According to the C99 specification and newer, the

3702:(ASCII value 0) character to mark the end of the array (for 2285:, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. 825:

The C language also exhibits the following characteristics:

10362: 10046: 9908: 9832: 9540: 9226: 8355: 5687: 5608: 5491:

The language does not directly support object orientation,

5309: 5277: 5158:

garbage collection events – it has predictable performance.

5077: 4906: 4875: 3397: 2730: 2435: 2296:, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. 1542: 1511: 1489: 1438: 1420: 1374: 1183: 643: 490: 430: 410: 398: 378: 8087:"C99 with Technical corrigenda TC1, TC2, and TC3 included" 7120:"Purify: Fast Detection of Memory Leaks and Access Errors" 6071: 5121:

The code generated after compilation does not demand many

1942:

The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a

1373:

The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the

752:(right), the inventor of the C programming language, with 10397: 10367: 9802: 9406: 8172: 7455:"Pragma directives and the __pragma and _Pragma keywords" 6249:(1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System". 5365: 5317: 5269: 4796: 3241: 3237: 2483: 2081: 2075: 1307: 1187: 494: 446: 434: 7519:

Intel C++ Compiler Classic Developer Guide and Reference

3639:

function to begin program execution. The type specifier

994:

keyword. They are freely interconvertible with integers.

737:, a measure of the popularity of programming languages. 8666: 3878:

is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a

907:

Function return values can be ignored, when not needed.

382: 6315:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. p. 10. 139. 1479: 8109: 4083:); they may be used without having been initialized ( 1976:, as its popularity began to increase significantly. 1000:

are not a distinct data type, but are conventionally

779:(also called "functions", though not in the sense of 587: 574: 7328:. U.S.: Miller Freeman, Inc. November–December 1995. 5701: 3984:, are commonly implemented as dynamically allocated 3763:

that terminates the function. (Formerly an explicit

3698:, set up automatically by the compiler with a final 3436:

is not always intuitive. For example, the operator

2439:

statement which branches directly to the designated

2381:

to specify actions. The most common statement is an

2127:), and support for one-line comments beginning with 7424:"Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On" 7367:"Web development in C: crazy? Or crazy like a fox?" 5132:

demand on system resources – it is fast to execute.

4699:. Thus, the number of elements in a declared array 4610: 3998:) are useful for passing functions as arguments to 3459: 2165:In addition, the C99 standard requires support for 1561:made further changes to the language to facilitate 795:, i.e. the address of the first item in the array. 571: 87:Logotype used on the cover of the first edition of 7984: 7296:"What is PHP? How to Write Your First PHP Program" 6998: 5844:Prinz, Peter; Crawford, Tony (December 16, 2005). 5603:Several C or near-C interpreters exist, including 5161:C permits the use and implementation of different 4131:C does not have a special provision for declaring 3486:" example, which appeared in the first edition of 1626:. The second edition of the book covers the later 7906: 7332: 5839: 5837: 5069:can help uncover runtime errors in memory usage. 4635:points to is not the base address (pointed to by 4410:And here is a similar implementation using C99's 3536:A standard-conforming "hello, world" program is: 3496:, which is usually a terminal or screen display. 2494:Kernighan and Ritchie say in the Introduction of 2327:until the end of the line. Comments delimited by 923:Variables may be defined within a function, with 10483: 7840: 6965: 6873: 6801: 6757: 6745: 6340: 6121:"Annotated C / A Bibliography of the C Language" 5495:, run-time expression evaluation, generics, etc. 5323: 5254: 4791:, before the program can even begin execution.) 1903:functions (i.e., functions with no return value) 714:and language constructs that map efficiently to 7699: 6582: 5637:programming language (originally named "C with 5287: 3858:, which makes it similar to the type system of 3671:, which in this case is supplied from a system 2288:In 2008, the C Standards Committee published a 2087:C99 introduced several new features, including 1453:(NB). Thompson started to use NB to write the 1123: 1017:is possible by converting machine addresses to 7932: 7004: 6703: 6241: 6210:""A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C" 6016:"C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating" 5834: 3625:The next line indicates that a function named 2181:) and suggests support for raw Unicode names. 2035:, and preprocessor enhancements. Although the 2003:International Organization for Standardization 1427:known as SMALGOL. Thompson called the result 670:International Organization for Standardization 10165: 8652: 8141: 6971: 6771:"ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft" 5843: 5478:, and some with additional keywords e.g. use 5447:Some of the standard library functions, e.g. 4060:, while all other pointer values evaluate to 3972:is performed using pointers; the result of a 8022: 5799:, respectively, which can be used to handle 5222:Used for computationally-intensive libraries 5020:was the first such, leading to many others. 4916: 1506:was introduced around 1973 at the urging of 1444: 1377:operating system, originally implemented in 8003: 7672: 7639: 7023: 6977:For example, gcc provides _FORTIFY_SOURCE. 6930: 6763: 6237: 6235: 5102:applications. This is for several reasons: 3964:Pointers are used for many purposes in C. 2254:to indicate that C23 support is available. 2231:to indicate that C17 support is available. 2208:to indicate that C11 support is available. 2200:compatibility with C++. The standard macro 2146:to indicate that C99 support is available. 23: 10532:Programming languages with an ISO standard 10438: 10172: 10158: 9179: 8659: 8645: 8155: 8148: 8134: 7985:Griffiths, David; Griffiths, Dawn (2012). 7933:Harbison, Samuel; Steele, Guy Jr. (2002). 7907:Banahan, M.; Brady, D.; Doran, M. (1991). 7705: 7452: 7318: 6462: 6112: 6086: 5403:The standard dynamic memory handling with 4847:, shorthand for "link the math library"). 4672:semantics, arrays are in effect passed by 4647:multiplied by the size of an element that 3882:. There are also derived types including 1894:) and some other vendors. These included: 1659:Compound assignment operators of the form 24: 10179: 7909:The C Book: Featuring the ANSI C Standard 7766: 7139: 7117: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6697: 6414: 6334: 6262: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 5376:C has also been widely used to implement 5229:GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library 5003:Learn how and when to remove this message 4736:: temporary objects can be stored on the 3827:Learn how and when to remove this message 3591:The first line of the program contains a 3404:and its derivatives. C uses the operator 1565:of the Unix operating system. Johnson's 674:International Electrotechnical Commission 668:(ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the 8006:C Programming: Absolute Beginner's Guide 7606: 7142:Programming and problem solving with C++ 7039:(3rd ed.). MIT Press. p. 432. 6833: 6807: 6617:"WG14-N3132 : Revised C23 Schedule" 6386:FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual 6232: 5611:, which can also be used for scripting. 5569: 5371: 5081: 5078:Rationale for use in systems programming 4783:is too large is usually detected by the 4691:to any dereferenced element of an array 3838: 3665:(diverts execution to) a function named 3469: 2173:in the form of escaped characters (e.g. 1693:by 10) instead of the possibly intended 1576: 1557:) in 1961. In around 1977, Ritchie and 744: 634:A successor to the programming language 32:This is an accepted version of this page 9342:Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone 8041: 7877: 7745: 7569: 7465:from the original on September 24, 2022 7364: 7068:"Man Page for lint (freebsd Section 1)" 7029: 6898: 6839: 6815:"10 Common Programming Mistakes in C++" 6665: 6661:from the original on February 26, 2024. 6389:(FreeBSD 13.0 ed.). May 30, 2011. 6302: 6153:from the original on September 18, 2024 6060: 6055: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5870: 5864: 5749:International Obfuscated C Code Contest 5509:International Obfuscated C Code Contest 5328:Historically, C was sometimes used for 1068:: files can be compiled separately and 901:may be performed in a single statement. 14: 10537:Statically typed programming languages 10484: 8110:comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions 8099:from the original on October 25, 2007. 7640:O'Regan, Gerard (September 24, 2015). 7621:from the original on February 15, 2017 7346:from the original on February 13, 2010 7232: 6879: 6783:from the original on December 22, 2017 6685:from the original on February 25, 2021 6645:"WG14-N3220 : Working Draft, C2y" 6564:from the original on February 12, 2018 6322:from the original on November 11, 2017 6207: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180:from the original on December 12, 2019 6038: 5970:from the original on November 17, 2022 5584:List of C-family programming languages 5421:, but it does not apply to areas like 5177:; a more sophisticated mechanism with 1990:1003 to become the basis for the 1988 1636:introduced several language features: 1130:List of C-family programming languages 10527:Programming languages created in 1972 10153: 8640: 8129: 8023:Deitel, Paul; Deitel, Harvey (2015). 7723:from the original on February 2, 2019 7666: 7633: 7600: 7588:from the original on January 15, 2017 7214:from the original on November 5, 2012 7133: 7060: 6924: 6821:from the original on October 21, 2008 6637: 6609: 6576: 6518: 6456: 6393:from the original on January 21, 2021 6376: 6296: 6165: 5791:function actually has two arguments, 5754:List of C-based programming languages 5272:. Also, contemporary major compilers 3647:function, is an integer. The keyword 2138:implicitly assumed. A standard macro 1981:American National Standards Institute 1234: 870:It has a large number of arithmetic, 666:American National Standards Institute 650:available for practically all modern 8075:ISO C Working Group official website 7958: 7377:from the original on October 4, 2014 7293: 7275:from the original on August 12, 2013 7233:Conrad, Michael (January 22, 2018). 6986:from the original on January 7, 2007 6583:Andrew Binstock (October 12, 2011). 6546: 6480:from the original on August 24, 2014 6208:Jensen, Richard (December 9, 2020). 6118: 6026:from the original on August 22, 2022 5914: 5726:Free and open-source software portal 5565: 5110:, so system-specific features (e.g. 4985:adding citations to reliable sources 4956: 4710: 4113:function, and treat it as an array. 3809:adding citations to reliable sources 3780: 3448:(bitwise OR) in expressions such as 2389:of the evaluation, functions may be 2027:pointers, support for international 961:Heterogeneous aggregate data types ( 593:general-purpose programming language 59:General-purpose programming language 8668:Integrated development environments 7801:"The Development of the C Language" 7776: 7775:By courtesy of the author, also at 7751:"The Development of the C Language" 7607:McMillan, Robert (August 1, 2013). 7570:Roberts, Eric S. (March 21, 1989). 7525:from the original on April 10, 2022 7434:from the original on April 12, 2022 7365:Perkins, Luc (September 17, 2013). 7342:. linuxjournal.com. March 1, 2005. 7306:from the original on August 4, 2022 7204:"1. Extending Python with C or C++" 7180:. November 13, 2018. Archived from 7140:Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip (2014). 6597:from the original on August 2, 2013 6220:from the original on March 28, 2022 6192: 6171: 6094:"TIOBE Programming Community Index" 5890:. Open Standards. February 21, 2024 5744:Comparison of programming languages 5559: 4805:false positives and false negatives 4752:from a region of memory called the 3740:function succeeded.) The semicolon 3690:. The string literal is an unnamed 3062:, which are symbols used within an 2421:iterative execution (looping). The 1949: 1480:Structures and Unix kernel re-write 958:) and compound types are possible. 208:(N3220) / February 21, 2024 56: 8004:Perry, Greg; Miller, Dean (2013). 7871: 7495:from the original on June 17, 2002 7235:"An overview of the Perl 5 engine" 6633:from the original on June 9, 2023. 6534:from the original on July 25, 2018 6273:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x 5850:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 3. 5820:(not shown) slightly differs, too. 5436:, memory exhaustion, and consider 2405:... conditional execution and by 2377:As an imperative language, C uses 910:Function and data pointers permit 818:are used to group statements into 726:-compliant C program written with 147:/ WG 14 (Working Group 14) (ISO C) 57: 10553: 8068: 7545:"In praise of the C preprocessor" 7395: 7245:from the original on May 26, 2022 7174:"C – the mother of all languages" 6068:"Programming Language Popularity" 5988: 4952: 4850:The most common C library is the 3992:objects. Pointers to functions ( 3777:C variable types and declarations 3613:. The angle brackets surrounding 2940:C23 reserved fifteen more words: 2629:The following reserved words are 2624: 1488:, released in November 1973, the 595:. It was created in the 1970s by 10522:Structured programming languages 10517:Procedural programming languages 10512:High-level programming languages 10466: 10465: 10437: 8619: 8618: 8121:C Library Reference and Examples 7961:C Programming: A Modern Approach 7489:GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection 7421: 7294:Para, Michael (August 3, 2022). 6147:"TIOBE Index for September 2024" 5964:the c programming language sound 5718: 5704: 4961: 4831:The C programming language uses 4611:Array–pointer interchangeability 3785: 2501: 1998:, Standard C, or sometimes C89. 1685:, which had been interpreted as 1537:. Earlier instances include the 1366: 1278: 1265: 654:and operating systems. The book 638:, C was originally developed at 567: 543: 81: 7563: 7537: 7507: 7477: 7446: 7415: 7389: 7358: 7287: 7257: 7226: 7196: 7166: 7111: 7086: 6492: 6139: 5810: 5781: 5771: 5452: 5172: 5166: 4972:needs additional citations for 3796:needs additional citations for 3456:if that is the coder's intent. 3413:might mistakenly be written as 2178: 2174: 1604:published the first edition of 930:A function may call itself, so 7911:(2 ed.). Addison-Wesley. 7673:Rauchwerger, Lawrence (2004). 7572:"Implementing Exceptions in C" 7485:"Pragmas (The C Preprocessor)" 7005:เอี่ยมสิริวงศ์, โอภาศ (2016). 6966:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988) 6874:Kernighan & Ritchie (1978) 6802:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988) 6758:Kernighan & Ritchie (1978) 6746:Kernighan & Ritchie (1988) 6119:Ward, Terry A. (August 1983). 6008: 5982: 5966:. English Chinese Dictionary. 5952: 5876: 5383: 5347: 4683:can be determined by applying 2066:international character sets. 1085:Complex functionality such as 787:are passed by value, although 13: 1: 10542:Systems programming languages 10502:C programming language family 9140:(aka Espresso, superseded by 7885:(1 ed.). Prentice Hall. 7711:"A History of C++: 1979–1991" 7453:corob-msft (March 31, 2022). 7340:"Using C for CGI Programming" 5827: 5521:C lacks standard support for 5324:Once used for web development 5255:C as an intermediate language 5165:schemes, including a typical 4799:happens to be present in the 3770: 3417:, which will be evaluated as 2270: 1541:system (which was written in 763:, procedural language in the 9332:Visual Web Developer Express 7963:(2 ed.). W. W. Norton. 7118:Hastings, Reed; Joyce, Bob. 6585:"Interview with Herb Sutter" 5645:as an approach to providing 5288:Other languages written in C 5052:automatic garbage collection 4854:, which is specified by the 4826: 4821:automatic garbage collection 3934:usual arithmetic conversions 3047: 2119:floating point, support for 1572: 1417:systems programming language 1124:Relations to other languages 767:tradition. It has a static 7: 8889:Rational Software Architect 7799:Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993). 7579:DEC Systems Research Center 7208:Python 3.10.7 documentation 7036:The New Hacker's Dictionary 5712:Computer programming portal 5697: 5694:are nearly supersets of C. 5616:object-oriented programming 5282:intermediate representation 5217:to choose another language. 5067:memory allocation functions 4734:Automatic memory allocation 4679:The total size of an array 4128:, and run-time exceptions. 3940: 3474:"Hello, World!" program by 3452:, which must be written as 2323:, or (since C99) following 1670:) were changed to the form 1630:standard, described below. 1038:to a program with calls to 947:; all data has a type, but 740: 157:; 52 years ago 10: 10558: 8532:Compatibility of C and C++ 7850:The C Programming Language 7739: 7609:"Is Java Losing Its Mojo?" 6468:Sibling rivalry: C and C++ 6431:The C Programming Language 6351:The C Programming Language 5739:Comparison of Pascal and C 5734:Compatibility of C and C++ 5628:source-to-source compilers 5618:languages became popular, 5581: 5502:code. In particular, the 5259:C is sometimes used as an 5086:Some software written in C 4098: 3774: 3744:terminates the statement. 3499:The original version was: 3463: 3051: 3033:The C Programming Language 2586:. The latest C standard ( 2496:The C Programming Language 2303: 2274: 2238: 2215: 2188: 2073: 1953: 1607:The C Programming Language 1583:The C Programming Language 1404: 1229: 1127: 657:The C Programming Language 185:; 6 years ago 90:The C Programming Language 61: 10433: 10210: 10187: 10125: 10096: 10078: 10045: 10023: 10005: 9976: 9967: 9917: 9874: 9841: 9788: 9779: 9744: 9726: 9708: 9671: 9657: 9615: 9526: 9517: 9509:R Tools for Visual Studio 9494: 9452: 9414: 9405: 9379: 9304: 9276: 9258: 9235: 9221: 9170: 9098: 9059: 9036: 8970: 8961: 8907: 8822: 8784: 8687: 8674: 8614: 8598: 8545: 8522: 8459: 8378: 8309: 8261: 8252: 8206: 8163: 7269:Ruby Programming Language 7094:"CS107 Valgrind Memcheck" 6554:"JTC1/SC22/WG14 – C" 6473:(Report). AT&T Labs. 6408:January 21, 2021, at the 5529:for error checking. The 5302:reference implementations 5195:, or integrated with the 5038:for arrays, detection of 4917:File handling and streams 4892:Single UNIX Specification 4744:Dynamic memory allocation 4659:th element of the array. 4623:designates a pointer) is 4094: 3970:Dynamic memory allocation 3342:reference and dereference 3058:C supports a rich set of 2299: 2241:C23 (C standard revision) 2218:C17 (C standard revision) 2191:C11 (C standard revision) 1707:lowest common denominator 1472:, which is also known as 1445:New B and first C release 1064:There is a basic form of 802:C program source text is 540: 425: 420: 393: 388: 365: 358: 321: 313: 273: 263: 251: 227: 223: 198: 173: 169: 151: 133: 121: 97: 80: 10492:C (programming language) 7989:(1 ed.). O'Reilly. 7265:"To Ruby From C and C++" 6840:Schultz, Thomas (2004). 5764: 5440:, thread isolation, etc. 5334:Common Gateway Interface 5112:Control/Status Registers 4724:Static memory allocation 4419: 4153: 4133:multi-dimensional arrays 3927:declaration reflects use 3870:, and enumerated types ( 3538: 3501: 1725: 1407:B (programming language) 1362: 702:. It was designed to be 62:Not to be confused with 39:latest accepted revision 18:C (Programming Language) 10507:Cross-platform software 9866:Visual Studio Community 9828:VisualFBEditor / WinFBE 9268:Visual Studio Community 9118:Sun Java Studio Creator 8809:Visual Studio Community 8799:Oracle Developer Studio 8046:(2 ed.). Manning. 8027:(8 ed.). Pearson. 7937:(5 ed.). Pearson. 7402:Toptal Engineering Blog 5995:Toptal Engineering Blog 5072: 4615:The subscript notation 4135:, but rather relies on 3722:that C translates to a 3593:preprocessing directive 3272:increment and decrement 3044:keyword is withdrawn." 2461:unless terminated by a 2339:or character literals. 2115:, improved support for 1528:conditional compilation 1240:Timeline of C language 1118:Boehm garbage collector 1059:conditional compilation 874:, and logic operators: 8537:Comparison with Pascal 8157:C programming language 8042:Gustedt, Jens (2019). 7883:The Standard C Library 6673:"TR 18037: Embedded C" 6096:. 2009. Archived from 6070:. 2009. Archived from 5888:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 5801:command-line arguments 5579: 5397: 5233:GNU Scientific Library 5183:; or a version for an 5087: 4000:higher-order functions 3945:C supports the use of 3868:floating-point numbers 3843: 3694:with elements of type 3629:is being defined. The 3479: 3460:"Hello, world" example 3429:after the assignment. 3366:subexpression grouping 3238:conditional evaluation 3054:Operators in C and C++ 2399:Structured programming 2294:fixed-point arithmetic 2283:fixed-point arithmetic 2257: 2234: 2211: 2184: 2142:is defined with value 2113:flexible array members 2109:variable-length arrays 2069: 1593: 1581:The cover of the book 1553:(which was written in 1547:Master Control Program 990:are possible with the 781:functional programming 756: 692:lexical variable scope 688:structured programming 652:computer architectures 210:; 6 months ago 10181:Programming languages 9808:Microsoft Small Basic 7935:C: A Reference Manual 7817:10.1145/154766.155580 7768:10.1145/155360.155580 7326:Dr. Dobb's Sourcebook 6982:. fedoraproject.org. 6945:10.1145/356869.356872 6933:ACM Computing Surveys 6710:C: A Reference Manual 6704:Harbison, Samuel P.; 6654:. February 21, 2024. 5925:"Verilog HDL (and C)" 5573: 5515:Underhanded C Contest 5387: 5372:End-user applications 5352:The two most popular 5342:web development tools 5338:interpreted languages 5261:intermediate language 5090:C is widely used for 5085: 4703:can be determined as 4042:null pointer constant 3842: 3675:. In this call, the 3473: 2544:Whitespace characters 2443:within the function. 2393:and variables may be 2023:(borrowed from C++), 1580: 915:run-time polymorphism 748: 686:language, supporting 9955:Visual Basic Express 9327:Visual Basic Express 7811:. pp. 201–208. 7033:(October 11, 1996). 6804:, pp. 192, 259. 6714:Englewood Cliffs, NJ 6436:Englewood Cliffs, NJ 6356:Englewood Cliffs, NJ 4981:improve this article 4947:embedded programming 3862:descendants such as 3805:improve this article 3732:function is of type 3421:unless the value of 3388:C uses the operator 3115:augmented assignment 2598:encoding (where the 2537:Graphic characters: 2383:expression statement 2156:Microsoft Visual C++ 2123:(macros of variable 1906:functions returning 1641:Standard I/O library 1585:, first edition, by 1400: 1057:file inclusion, and 1013:Low-level access to 949:implicit conversions 775:is contained within 716:machine instructions 617:application software 603:code (especially in 346:Microsoft Visual C++ 10497:American inventions 9389:Adobe Flash Builder 9367:Express for Windows 9357:Express for Desktop 8117:, by Dennis Ritchie 8008:(3 ed.). Que. 7959:King, K.N. (2008). 7842:Kernighan, Brian W. 7777:Ritchie, Dennis M. 7761:(3). ACM: 201–208. 7755:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 7178:ICT Academy at IITK 6422:Kernighan, Brian W. 6342:Kernighan, Brian W. 6251:Bell System Tech. J 6074:on January 16, 2009 5937:on November 6, 2013 5759:List of C compilers 5651:generic programming 5464:calling conventions 5211:calling conventions 5137:intrinsic functions 5092:systems programming 4705:sizeof A / sizeof A 3434:operator precedence 2021:function prototypes 1962:mainframe computers 1567:Portable C Compiler 1241: 785:Function parameters 718:, all with minimal 265:Filename extensions 152:First appeared 77: 29:Page version status 9991:Visual Studio Code 9635:Visual Studio Code 9597:Visual Studio Code 9347:Visual C++ Express 9245:Visual Studio Code 9194:Visual Studio Code 9012:Community Edition 8925:Visual C++ Express 8804:Visual Studio Code 7846:Ritchie, Dennis M. 7747:Ritchie, Dennis M. 7707:Stroustrup, Bjarne 7127:Pure Software Inc. 7007:Programming with C 6464:Stroustrup, Bjarne 6426:Ritchie, Dennis M. 6383:"C manual pages". 6346:Ritchie, Dennis M. 6022:. August 9, 2016. 5692:Unified Parallel C 5641:") was devised by 5580: 5523:exception handling 5423:variadic functions 5358:Apache HTTP Server 5320:are written in C. 5193:interrupt handlers 5088: 4852:C standard library 4819:in languages with 4651:points to. Thus, 4077:pointer arithmetic 4044:can be written as 4034:segmentation fault 3959:pointer arithmetic 3844: 3759:upon reaching the 3574:"hello, world 3519:"hello, world 3480: 3444:(bitwise AND) and 3248:equality testing: 2103:type to represent 1594: 1559:Stephen C. Johnson 1354:ISO/IEC 9899:2024 1340:ISO/IEC 9899:2018 1327:ISO/IEC 9899:2011 1313:ISO/IEC 9899:1999 1299:ISO/IEC 9899:1990 1239: 1235:Early developments 1216:control structures 1114:GLib Object System 1110:garbage collection 1106:object orientation 757: 700:static type system 586:– like the letter 371:Unified Parallel C 75: 35: 10479: 10478: 10461:Non-English-based 10147: 10146: 10041: 10040: 9963: 9962: 9775: 9774: 9653: 9652: 9490: 9489: 9375: 9374: 9352:Visual C# Express 9337:Visual J# Express 9217: 9216: 9166: 9165: 8957: 8956: 8634: 8633: 8374: 8373: 8064: 8025:C: How to Program 7981: 7955: 7929: 7903: 7783:www.bell-labs.com 7551:. August 13, 2007 7046:978-0-262-68092-9 7016:978-616-08-2740-4 6917:978-1-4493-2714-9 6853:978-1-58961-237-2 6727:978-0-13-089592-9 6449:978-0-13-110362-7 6369:978-0-13-110163-0 6348:(February 1978). 6172:Ritchie, Dennis. 5643:Bjarne Stroustrup 5566:Related languages 5472:structure packing 5266:C-based languages 5247:-based framework 5204:assembly language 5163:memory allocation 5096:operating systems 5013: 5012: 5005: 4939:solid-state drive 4711:Memory management 4639:) incremented by 4101:C string handling 4081:dangling pointers 3995:function pointers 3923:function pointers 3880:Boolean data type 3874:). Integer type 3837: 3836: 3829: 3263:calling functions 2469:before the next " 2265:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2010:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 1695:i = -10 1687:i =- 10 1379:assembly language 1371: 1370: 1008:character arrays. 797:Pass-by-reference 615:, but its use in 601:operating systems 557: 556: 229:Typing discipline 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 10549: 10469: 10468: 10441: 10440: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10151: 10150: 10070:Powerflasher FDT 9974: 9973: 9786: 9785: 9718:Delphi Community 9669: 9668: 9524: 9523: 9412: 9411: 9397:Powerflasher FDT 9233: 9232: 9177: 9176: 8968: 8967: 8685: 8684: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8637: 8622: 8621: 8259: 8258: 8254:Standard library 8150: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8091: 8058: 8057: 8038: 8019: 8000: 7975: 7974: 7949: 7948: 7923: 7922: 7897: 7896: 7867: 7852:(2nd ed.). 7837: 7835: 7833: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7772: 7770: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7715: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7587: 7576: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7098:web.stanford.edu 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7031:Raymond, Eric S. 7027: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6896: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6712:(5th ed.). 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6649: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6626:. June 4, 2023. 6621: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6506:on July 17, 2024 6502:. Archived from 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6434:(2nd ed.). 6418: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6354:(1st ed.). 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6266: 6257:(6): 2021–2048. 6239: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6205: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6174:"BCPL to B to C" 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6064: 6058: 6053: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5841: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5655:a few exceptions 5537: 5533: 5525:and only offers 5481: 5477: 5454: 5450: 5410: 5406: 5395: 5296:, libraries and 5280:both feature an 5176: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5094:in implementing 5008: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4965: 4957: 4943:operating system 4924: 4870: 4864:embedded systems 4846: 4781: 4767: 4761: 4751: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4112: 4070: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 3991: 3987: 3975: 3907: 3899: 3877: 3873: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3789: 3781: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3688:"hello, world\n" 3678: 3670: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3371: 3361: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3285:member selection 3281: 3277: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2527:Decimal digits: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401:is supported by 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2290:technical report 2253: 2249: 2248:__STDC_VERSION__ 2230: 2226: 2225:__STDC_VERSION__ 2207: 2203: 2202:__STDC_VERSION__ 2180: 2176: 2145: 2141: 2140:__STDC_VERSION__ 2137: 2130: 2102: 2098: 2089:inline functions 2061: 2026: 1972:, including the 1950:ANSI C and ISO C 1944:standard library 1937: 1932:enumerated types 1927: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755:calling_function 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1719: 1715: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1649: 1521: 1517: 1498: 1464: 1460: 1441:addressability. 1297:ANSI X3.159-1989 1242: 1238: 1095:library routines 1081: 1076: 1040:library routines 1030: 993: 988:Enumerated types 983: 966: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 862: 856: 850: 844: 838: 629:embedded systems 625:microcontrollers 623:to the smallest 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 573: 547: 354: 348: 338: 309: 306: 304: 302: 300: 298: 296: 291: 288: 286: 284: 282: 280: 218: 216: 211: 193: 191: 186: 183:/ June 2018 165: 163: 158: 123:Designed by 85: 78: 74: 21: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10429: 10206: 10183: 10178: 10148: 10143: 10121: 10092: 10074: 10037: 10019: 10001: 9959: 9913: 9870: 9837: 9771: 9740: 9722: 9704: 9662: 9649: 9611: 9513: 9486: 9448: 9401: 9371: 9362:Express for Web 9300: 9272: 9254: 9213: 9162: 9130:(superseded by 9120:(superseded by 9094: 9055: 9032: 8953: 8940:Borland Turbo C 8903: 8818: 8780: 8670: 8665: 8635: 8630: 8610: 8594: 8547: 8541: 8525:other languages 8524: 8523:Comparison with 8518: 8455: 8393:Borland Turbo C 8370: 8310:Implementations 8305: 8248: 8202: 8159: 8154: 8102: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8071: 8054: 8035: 8016: 7997: 7971: 7945: 7919: 7893: 7874: 7872:Further reading 7864: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7798: 7787: 7785: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7685: 7671: 7667: 7652: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7459:Microsoft Learn 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7396:Munoz, Daniel. 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7184:on May 31, 2021 7172: 7171: 7167: 7152: 7138: 7134: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6897: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6728: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6410:Wayback Machine 6396: 6394: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6240: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5989:Munoz, Daniel. 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5847:C in a Nutshell 5842: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5700: 5674:In addition to 5647:object-oriented 5586: 5568: 5535: 5531: 5486:String handling 5479: 5475: 5457:buffer overruns 5448: 5438:race conditions 5434:stack overflows 5408: 5404: 5396: 5393: 5386: 5374: 5350: 5330:web development 5326: 5290: 5257: 5224: 5173: 5167: 5123:system features 5100:embedded system 5080: 5075: 5040:buffer overflow 5036:bounds checking 5009: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4978: 4966: 4955: 4922: 4919: 4868: 4844: 4829: 4777: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4663: 4656: 4655:designates the 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625:syntactic sugar 4620: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4141:row-major order 4126:buffer overruns 4122:bounds checking 4110: 4103: 4097: 4068: 4067:Void pointers ( 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4012:dispatch tables 3989: 3985: 3973: 3943: 3905: 3895: 3875: 3871: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3802: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3720:escape sequence 3715: 3711: 3708:escape sequence 3703: 3695: 3687: 3676: 3666: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3595:, indicated by 3589: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3547:<stdio.h> 3546: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3494:standard output 3476:Brian Kernighan 3468: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411:if (a == b + 1) 3410: 3405: 3389: 3378: 3375:type conversion 3369: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321:order relations 3312: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2627: 2615:carriage return 2599: 2595: 2591: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2302: 2279: 2273: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2121:variadic macros 2105:complex numbers 2100: 2096: 2078: 2072: 2059: 2024: 1958: 1952: 1936:#define GREEN 3 1935: 1925: 1913: 1907: 1898: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1645: 1598:Brian Kernighan 1587:Brian Kernighan 1575: 1551:Burroughs B5000 1519: 1515: 1496: 1482: 1462: 1458: 1447: 1409: 1403: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1254: 1249: 1237: 1232: 1132: 1126: 1079: 1074: 1028: 1015:computer memory 1006:null-terminated 991: 981: 962: 945:weakly enforced 939:Data typing is 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 858: 852: 846: 840: 834: 773:executable code 743: 720:runtime support 613:protocol stacks 570: 566: 350: 344: 334: 316:implementations 293: 292: 277: 219: 214: 212: 209: 200:Preview release 194: 189: 187: 184: 161: 159: 156: 93: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10555: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10177: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10134: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10011: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9980: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9794: 9792: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9757:Virtual Pascal 9754: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9732: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9675: 9666: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9630:PythonAnywhere 9627: 9621: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9420: 9418: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9391: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9312:Xamarin Studio 9308: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9230: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9145: 9135: 9125: 9115: 9110: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9016:Android Studio 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883:LabWindows/CVI 8880: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8857: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8834: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8664: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8606:Dennis Ritchie 8602: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8281:Dynamic memory 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8153: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8115:A History of C 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8103:(3.61 MB) 8083: 8070: 8069:External links 8067: 8066: 8065: 8053:978-1617295812 8052: 8039: 8034:978-0133976892 8033: 8020: 8015:978-0789751980 8014: 8001: 7996:978-1449399917 7995: 7982: 7970:978-0393979503 7969: 7956: 7944:978-0130895929 7943: 7930: 7918:978-0201544336 7917: 7904: 7892:978-0131315099 7891: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7862: 7838: 7825: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7749:(March 1993). 7741: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7698: 7684:978-3540246442 7683: 7665: 7651:978-3319214641 7650: 7632: 7599: 7562: 7536: 7506: 7476: 7445: 7414: 7388: 7357: 7331: 7317: 7286: 7256: 7239:Opensource.com 7225: 7195: 7165: 7151:978-1449694289 7150: 7132: 7110: 7085: 7074:. May 24, 2001 7059: 7045: 7022: 7015: 6997: 6970: 6968:, p. 122. 6958: 6923: 6916: 6908:O'Reilly Media 6904:21st Century C 6878: 6866: 6852: 6843:C and the 8051 6832: 6817:. Cs.ucr.edu. 6806: 6794: 6762: 6750: 6748:, p. 192. 6738: 6736:grammar for C. 6726: 6706:Steele, Guy L. 6696: 6664: 6636: 6608: 6575: 6545: 6517: 6491: 6455: 6448: 6428:(March 1988). 6413: 6375: 6368: 6333: 6304:McIlroy, M. D. 6295: 6247:Ritchie, D. M. 6243:Johnson, S. C. 6231: 6191: 6164: 6138: 6111: 6100:on May 4, 2009 6085: 6059: 6056:Ritchie (1993) 6037: 6007: 5981: 5951: 5913: 5909:Ritchie (1993) 5901: 5875: 5871:Ritchie (1993) 5863: 5856: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5809: 5780: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5715: 5699: 5696: 5582:Main article: 5567: 5564: 5541: 5540: 5519: 5504:C preprocessor 5500:unmaintainable 5496: 5489: 5483: 5460: 5455:, can lead to 5445: 5441: 5430: 5417:There is some 5415: 5412: 5394:Dennis Ritchie 5391: 5385: 5382: 5373: 5370: 5349: 5346: 5325: 5322: 5289: 5286: 5256: 5253: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5197:virtual memory 5187:that may suit 5159: 5155:stop-the-world 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5057:Tools such as 5050:tracking, and 5048:dynamic memory 5011: 5010: 4969: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4953:Language tools 4951: 4918: 4915: 4841:compiler flags 4828: 4825: 4769: 4768: 4741: 4731: 4712: 4709: 4612: 4609: 4420: 4154: 4145:linear algebra 4096: 4093: 4020:event handlers 3942: 3939: 3835: 3834: 3793: 3791: 3784: 3775:Main article: 3772: 3769: 3685:string literal 3661:The next line 3617:indicate that 3539: 3502: 3461: 3458: 3454:(x and 1) == 0 3450:x & 1 == 0 3415:if (a = b + 1) 3386: 3385: 3372: 3363: 3355: 3339: 3318: 3303: 3295: 3282: 3269: 3260: 3246: 3235: 3218: 3208:bitwise shifts 3205: 3184: 3112: 3103: 3052:Main article: 3049: 3046: 3026:Prior to C89, 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2927:_Static_assert 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631:case sensitive 2626: 2625:Reserved words 2623: 2577: 2576: 2555:horizontal tab 2541: 2535: 2525: 2503: 2500: 2489:comma operator 2471:sequence point 2312:formal grammar 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2275:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2250:is defined as 2239:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2227:is defined as 2216:Main article: 2213: 2210: 2204:is defined as 2189:Main article: 2186: 2183: 2152:Solaris Studio 2091:, several new 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 2029:character sets 1970:microcomputers 1954:Main article: 1951: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1929: 1919: 1904: 1851:other_function 1743:other_function 1726: 1703: 1702: 1657: 1651: 1643: 1602:Dennis Ritchie 1591:Dennis Ritchie 1574: 1571: 1549:(MCP) for the 1486:Version 4 Unix 1481: 1478: 1470:Version 2 Unix 1446: 1443: 1405:Main article: 1402: 1399: 1387:Dennis Ritchie 1369: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263:first release 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1083: 1062: 1043: 1034:Memory can be 1032: 1022: 1011: 1010: 1009: 995: 985: 974: 968: 954:User-defined ( 952: 937: 936: 935: 928: 921: 918: 908: 902: 897:More than one 895: 868: 791:are passed as 750:Dennis Ritchie 742: 739: 672:(ISO) and the 621:supercomputers 609:device drivers 597:Dennis Ritchie 555: 554: 553: 552: 538: 537: 423: 422: 418: 417: 391: 390: 386: 385: 363: 362: 356: 355: 319: 318: 311: 310: 275: 271: 270: 267: 261: 260: 258:Cross-platform 255: 249: 248: 231: 225: 224: 221: 220: 204: 202: 196: 195: 179: 177: 175:Stable release 171: 170: 167: 166: 153: 149: 148: 137: 131: 130: 128:Dennis Ritchie 125: 119: 118: 104:Multi-paradigm 101: 95: 94: 86: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10554: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10472: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10356:Object Pascal 10354: 10353: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10170: 10168: 10163: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10055:IntelliJ IDEA 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904:Liberty BASIC 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9884:Visual Studio 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9762:Borland Kylix 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9700:PascalABC.NET 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9664:Object Pascal 9660: 9656: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9607:DevEco Studio 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286:Visual Studio 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9250:PascalABC.NET 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9209:DevEco Studio 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9080:IntelliJ IDEA 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9028:DevEco Studio 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9010:IntelliJ IDEA 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8866:IntelliJ IDEA 8864: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8856: 8855:Visual Studio 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8794:DevEco Studio 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8732:GNOME Builder 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8655: 8650: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8627: 8626: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8509:Visual Studio 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8499:GNOME Builder 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8438:Visual Studio 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7879:Plauger, P.J. 7876: 7875: 7865: 7863:0-13-110362-8 7859: 7855: 7854:Prentice Hall 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7828: 7826:0-89791-570-4 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7584: 7581:. SRC-RR-40. 7580: 7573: 7566: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7499:September 24, 7494: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7469:September 24, 7464: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6875: 6870: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6787:September 16, 6779: 6772: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6718:Prentice Hall 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6681: 6678:. ISO / IEC. 6674: 6668: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6640: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6476: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6440:Prentice Hall 6437: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6360:Prentice Hall 6357: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6318: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6264:10.1.1.138.35 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6184:September 10, 6179: 6175: 6168: 6157:September 20, 6152: 6148: 6142: 6127:. p. 268 6126: 6122: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6025: 6021: 6020:Developer.com 6017: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5859: 5857:9780596550714 5853: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5813: 5802: 5784: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5716: 5713: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493:introspection 5490: 5487: 5484: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419:type checking 5416: 5413: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5381: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191:, use within 5190: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116:I/O registers 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044:serialization 5041: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5007: 5004: 4996: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4970:This section 4968: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4948: 4945:such as most 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670:pass-by-value 4666: 4660: 4626: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085:wild pointers 4082: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3831: 3828: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3794:This section 3792: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3745: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3710:, written as 3709: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3633: 3623: 3603: 3594: 3537: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3457: 3435: 3430: 3403: 3400:, but unlike 3399: 3395: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3343: 3340: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3313:typeof_unqual 3309: 3304: 3301: 3297:object size: 3296: 3286: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3222: 3221:Boolean logic 3219: 3209: 3206: 3188: 3187:bitwise logic 3185: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3045: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2996:typeof_unqual 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2976:static_assert 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2933:_Thread_local 2931: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2526: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2502:Character set 2499: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2313: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2255: 2242: 2232: 2219: 2209: 2197: 2192: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2097:long long int 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:working group 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:minicomputers 1963: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1933: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1806:some_function 1731:some_function 1724: 1723:For example: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1674: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:specification 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1474:Research Unix 1471: 1466: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1435:bootstrapping 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:SystemVerilog 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 989: 986: 978: 975: 972: 969: 965: 960: 959: 957: 953: 951:are possible. 950: 946: 942: 938: 934:is supported. 933: 929: 926: 922: 919: 916: 913: 909: 906: 905: 903: 900: 896: 873: 869: 866: 861: 855: 849: 843: 837: 832: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 755: 751: 747: 738: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 582: 565: 561: 550: 549:C Programming 546: 542: 541: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389:Influenced by 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 347: 342: 337: 332: 328: 324: 320: 317: 312: 308: 290: 276: 272: 268: 266: 262: 259: 256: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 232: 230: 226: 222: 207: 203: 201: 197: 182: 178: 176: 172: 168: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 100: 96: 92: 91: 84: 79: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 10456:Generational 10446:Alphabetical 10442: 10422: 10265: 10247:Visual Basic 10136: 10129: 10065:Sublime Text 9950:Visual Basic 9945:SharpDevelop 9918:Discontinued 9752:Turbo Pascal 9745:Discontinued 9393:FlashDevelop 9322:SharpDevelop 9305:Discontinued 9109:Pro for Java 9099:Discontinued 8935:SharpDevelop 8908:Discontinued 8702:Code::Blocks 8675: 8623: 8479:Code::Blocks 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Retrieved 7804: 7786:. Retrieved 7782: 7758: 7754: 7725:. Retrieved 7701: 7677:. Springer. 7674: 7668: 7644:. Springer. 7641: 7635: 7623:. Retrieved 7612: 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7565: 7553:. Retrieved 7548: 7539: 7527:. Retrieved 7518: 7509: 7497:. Retrieved 7488: 7479: 7467:. Retrieved 7458: 7448: 7436:. Retrieved 7427: 7422:Metz, Cade. 7417: 7407:November 17, 7405:. Retrieved 7401: 7391: 7379:. Retrieved 7370: 7360: 7348:. Retrieved 7334: 7325: 7320: 7308:. Retrieved 7300:freeCodeCamp 7299: 7289: 7277:. Retrieved 7268: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7238: 7228: 7216:. Retrieved 7207: 7198: 7186:. Retrieved 7182:the original 7177: 7168: 7141: 7135: 7126: 7113: 7101:. Retrieved 7097: 7088: 7076:. Retrieved 7071: 7062: 7050:. Retrieved 7035: 7025: 7006: 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6973: 6961: 6939:(1): 73–92. 6936: 6932: 6926: 6903: 6900:Klemens, Ben 6876:, p. 6. 6869: 6859:February 10, 6857:. Retrieved 6842: 6835: 6823:. Retrieved 6809: 6797: 6785:. Retrieved 6765: 6760:, p. 3. 6753: 6741: 6709: 6699: 6687:. Retrieved 6667: 6652:open-std.org 6651: 6639: 6624:open-std.org 6623: 6611: 6601:September 7, 6599:. Retrieved 6588: 6578: 6566:. Retrieved 6557: 6548: 6536:. Retrieved 6526: 6520: 6508:. Retrieved 6504:the original 6494: 6482:. Retrieved 6458: 6430: 6416: 6395:. Retrieved 6385: 6378: 6350: 6336: 6324:. Retrieved 6308: 6298: 6254: 6250: 6222:. Retrieved 6214:Ars Technica 6213: 6182:. Retrieved 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6141: 6129:. Retrieved 6124: 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6098:the original 6088: 6076:. Retrieved 6072:the original 6062: 6028:. Retrieved 6019: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5994: 5984: 5974:November 17, 5972:. Retrieved 5963: 5954: 5946: 5939:. Retrieved 5932:the original 5904: 5892:. Retrieved 5887: 5878: 5866: 5846: 5812: 5783: 5773: 5673: 5659: 5632: 5613: 5602: 5587: 5557: 5542: 5527:return codes 5513: 5507: 5470:; different 5427:weakly typed 5398: 5388: 5375: 5351: 5327: 5298:interpreters 5291: 5258: 5225: 5179: 5153: 5146:effectively. 5108:type punning 5089: 5056: 5033: 5022: 5014: 4999: 4990: 4979:Please help 4974:verification 4971: 4920: 4896: 4873: 4849: 4830: 4812: 4809: 4793: 4774: 4770: 4714: 4697:n = sizeof A 4678: 4661: 4614: 4411: 4409: 4149: 4130: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4073: 4066: 4041: 4028:null pointer 4026: 4024: 3993: 3966:Text strings 3963: 3955:dereferenced 3954: 3949:, a type of 3944: 3933: 3931: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3856:weakly typed 3845: 3823: 3817:October 2012 3814: 3803:Please help 3798:verification 3795: 3746: 3723: 3719: 3680: 3679:function is 3662: 3660: 3653: 3624: 3590: 3535: 3498: 3487: 3484:hello, world 3481: 3466:Hello, world 3431: 3387: 3380: 3357:sequencing: 3315: 3057: 3031: 3025: 3021: 2981:thread_local 2939: 2893: 2852: 2635: 2628: 2604: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2561:vertical tab 2559: 2553: 2547: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2467: 2457:to the next 2455:fall through 2382: 2378: 2376: 2341: 2309: 2287: 2280: 2261: 2244: 2221: 2198: 2194: 2164: 2133: 2086: 2079: 2064: 2057: 2041: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1979:In 1983 the 1978: 1959: 1941: 1889: 1877: 1870: 1722: 1711: 1704: 1672: 1662: 1654:unsigned int 1633: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1595: 1582: 1532: 1504:preprocessor 1501: 1483: 1467: 1450: 1448: 1429: 1410: 1391:Ken Thompson 1372: 1133: 1103: 1053:definition, 1047:preprocessor 911: 833:primitives: 831:control flow 824: 816:curly braces 801: 796: 771:. 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The 3704:printf 3681:passed 3677:printf 3668:printf 3607:printf 3580:" 3568:printf 3525:" 3513:printf 3478:(1978) 3432:The C 3308:typeof 3305:type: 3300:sizeof 3179: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3154:&= 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 2991:typeof 2860:inline 2806:switch 2799:struct 2792:static 2785:sizeof 2778:signed 2765:return 2710:extern 2689:double 2613:, and 2592:\uXXXX 2446:switch 2417:, and 2391:called 2354:, and 2348:struct 2337:string 2300:Syntax 2175:\u0040 2169:using 2099:and a 2037:syntax 1996:ANSI C 1974:IBM PC 1968:, and 1956:ANSI C 1926:struct 1909:struct 1857:return 1628:ANSI C 1545:) and 1497:struct 1493:kernel 1395:PDP-11 1351:, C2X 1324:, C1X 1310:, C9X 1292:, C89, 1290:ANSI C 1220:syntax 1192:Python 1091:string 1080:extern 1075:static 1070:linked 964:struct 943:, but 941:static 912:ad hoc 894:, etc. 860:switch 857:, and 820:blocks 789:arrays 712:memory 694:, and 611:, and 507:Python 314:Major 287:/74528 269:.c, .h 234:Static 141:ANSI C 10418:Swift 10408:Shell 10321:Julia 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