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and offices: in 1854, there were no fewer than seven slave dealers in a single block on
Gravier, while on a single square on Moreau Street there was a row of eleven particularly commodious slave pens". As one historian explained, "As the domestic slave trade boomed, the world of private jailing opened new entry level employment opportunities in traders' pens. In New Orleans, in particular, this was an expansive world. One former bondsman even recalled passing by one street lined entirely by ‘one solid row of buildings where human beings were incarcerated waiting for a purchaser'. By incorporating the confinement of human chattels into their businesses, the owners of these private jails were at once able to save on public jail fees and generate an income by renting out cells. The more successful traders could afford to hire plain folk to manage this for them." Hatcher parlayed the "fixed wage and limited liability" of work as slave jailor in a "more prosperous career in the exchange of human flesh".
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rooms at reasonable rates, and that he should constantly keep a good stock of all kinds of slaves for sale, including nurses, hairdressers, etc. As was common, he offered liberal advances on all property placed in his hands; but he must be first choice or none: he would not receive slaves that had been in other yards or depots. His pride was his new and very commodious show-room...To his establishment all might come with their slaves, get board and lodging and find buyers—exactly as drovers and ranchmen bring their carloads of steers or sheep to the stockyards and live at the drover-hotels."
310:, "There may have been a distinction attached to buying without looking too closely. As slave dealer C. F. Hatcher put it about a slave he had sold without stripping: 'I looked at the boy, talked to him, he seemed perfectly sound & healthy. If the boy had been diseased at the time I should have perseved it.' With a gaze as acute as his own, Hatcher thought he did not need to look any closer". On the eve of the American Civil War, Hatcher was likely earning a 2.5 percent commission on every slave sale, operated his own jail and yard, and "sought slaves of all kinds".
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212:: "David Wolfe states that he purchased a slave, Sely, 23 years of age, for $ 625 from Joseph Woods and Charles Hatcher, slave traders. Wolfe states that the slave was afflicted with a venereal disease or the 'bad disorder', and died five months after the sale. Wolfe asserts that during her illness, he incurred medical expenses amounting to $ 1,000 for the care of the slave. He charges the defendants with fraud and seeks $ 1,000 in damages." C. F. Hatcher & Co. donated $ 100 to a fund for victims of the
203:
Bills of
Exchange, Checks, Drafts, Certificates of Deposit, all kinds of Exchange, made on the best of terms." In another ad he listed "gold, silver, U. States, and New Orleans funds" for sale. The following year Hatcher's business partner D. A. Tatum died and Hatcher announced that he would continue their "exchange and lottery" business as a sole proprietor, working out of an office opposite the City Hotel of Natchez. At Christmas 1839, a landowner named William Wynn placed a newspaper ad in the
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175:. Their son G. R. Hatcher was born in 1834." This rendition of the family history may be somewhat inaccurate as Nancy Pettit Hatcher apparently filed for divorce from C. F. Hatcher in Surry County, North Carolina, in 1840, with a county superior court finding that Hatcher was not a resident of the state. Years later, a friend testified that C. F. Hatcher "was well-known to be a bachelor".
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Field Hands, House
Servants, Seamstresses, Mechanics, Cooks, Washers, Ironers, etc etc." In 1859 he listed for sale a skilled bricklayer named Jacob, and later the same month an "A1 blacksmith and bricklayer" as well as an assortment of "Georgia field hands". By 1859 Hatcher seemingly prided himself on his expertise in the slave market. According to historian
159:. He is believed to be the son of Charles Hatcher of Caswell County, North Carolina and Norfolk, Virginia, and an unidentified mother. In an 1887 biography of Hatcher's son, it was recounted that Hatcher began working as a slave trader when he was 16 years old, which would have been approximately 1830. In October 4, 1834, a
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River, where they are at this time destined. Presuming, as I do, that no gentleman would purchase without knowing their qualifications, I prefer hireing for one year." In 1840, a lawsuit was filed against one
Charles Hatcher (this is possibly C. F. Hatcher, but may be his father, Charles) and a business partner in
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At the beginning of 1856 Hatcher was superintendent of a "slave barracks" at 195 Gravier in New
Orleans that belonged to an auction company called J. L. Carman & Co. This building was located in heart of what might have been called New Orleans' Slave District as it was "dominated by traders' pens
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to answer the claim. On June 15, 1842, both plaintiffs appear to have transferred their claims in a notarized document before public notary
William Christy, although the recipient remains unclear." Hatcher's father, Charles Hatcher, was a resident of Circus Street in New Orleans and died in that city
305:
In
January 1857, C. F. Hatcher was offering for rent the buildings at 195 Gravier, which were "well adapted for keeping slaves". Qualified lessees could take possession of the building immediately, with or without furniture. In November 1858 Hatcher advertised 30 slaves "just received, consisting of
109:
C. F. Hatcher started working as a slave trader when he was 16 years old, and became wealthy harvesting people from
Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and transporting them south for resale to cotton and sugar planters. His father Charles Hatcher before him may have been a slave trader, and he
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in the years just before the war, only one is known to have worked after the war as a labor agent." He was listed in the 1866 city directory as proprietor of a "General
Intelligence Office for Labor" and in the 1867 directory as a Planters Emigrant Agent. After that, writes Cohen, "he disappeared
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By 1860 was advertising throughout the South to inform 'merchants, planters, traders and owners of slaves' that he had made extensive alterations in his stand and was prepared to receive from 200 to 300 slaves to sell on commission; that he could furnish slaveowners with good meals and comfortable
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North
Carolina non-resident C. F. Hatcher could be found in Natchez, Mississippi in 1838, where he placed a newspaper ad informing the community that he had reopened the exchange office once run by G. Morgan in the Main Street auction house of Mr. F. H. Dolbear: "All kinds of money bought and sold.
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By 1865, C. F. Hatcher was back in New Orleans, and in partnership with one Col. Holmstedt, "opened an agency for planters, laborers and emigrants". Hatcher continued this business into 1866, against a background of court proceedings and rulings in lawsuits filed against him, which had either been
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listing C. F. Hatcher in Natchez, Mississippi as the broker of record for the planned sale or lease of two enslaved men with horse-training expertise "both of whom were brought up in my possession and having been accustomed to horses, I prefer indulging them to placing them on cotton farm on Red
227:, where the British gave them asylum. Again, it is not clear whether this is the father or the son, but in 1841 "counsel representing Charles Hatcher and Jason Andrews sued the Ocean Insurance Company for eight human cargoes valued at $ 3,300. Judge Watts summoned the insurer to the
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from the directory". C. F. Hatcher died in Mississippi in 1869. As his son summarized his career some 20 years after his death, C. F. Hatcher had spent his life "carrying from Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee, to New Orleans. He continued this business until the
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of New Orleans, Hatcher's occupation was listed as "slave depot," he had two live-in employees, he owned real estate worth $ 30,000, and his personal property was worth $ 6,000. Hatcher was dually enumerated in 1860, and was also listed as a resident of
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triggered by the circumstances of the war or predated it but had been delayed until the military and political situation settled. According to historian William Cohen, "Of 83 slave traders who were described as such in the cities of
1465:
The American Ruling Cases as Determined by the Courts, Including the Fundamental Cases of England and Canada, Also All Reviewing and Illustrating Cases of Material Value from the Latest Official Reports, Completely
106:. He also worked as a trader of financial instruments, specie, and stocks, and as a land agent, with a special interest in selling Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas real estate to speculators and settlers.
216:. In 1841 Hatcher sold treasury warrants, and dissolved his partnership with W. H. Wilkinson. Also in 1841, Charles Hatcher was one of the slave traders who put cargo on the coastwise slave ship
322:
After the end of the American Civil War, Hatcher had a building at 195 Gravier with 30 rooms "for rent"; prospective tenants should inquire with another former slave trader of New Orleans,
406:
in 1861, but was simultaneously petitioning the state legislature of Confederate Louisiana for financial relief. And in 1862 he advertised he was ready to trade land for negroes, and
1522:
Goodspeed's History of Tennessee from the Earliest Time to the Present: together with an historical and a biographical sketch of from twenty-five to thirty counties of east Tennessee
228:
1563:(Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
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247:. In October 1847, an unidentified "negro child" who was the legal property of "Hatcher & Willison (traders)" died in Natchez and was buried under the authority of the
282:) and both listed their occupation as "trader". Also in 1850 Hatchet dissolved his partnership with George Evans in Natchez, and announced that he was an agent for "
1380:"Impeachment investigation : Testimony taken before the Judiciary committee of the House of Representatives in the investigation of the charges against ..."
455:
155:
Census records indicate that Hatcher was born in Virginia, likely between 1812 and 1815. Per an 1861 newspaper report, C. F. Hatcher was originally from
1951:
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In June 1859, C. F. Hatcher advertised that siblings Nimrod, Mariah, William, Ann, and Fred could be bought at his slave depot at 195 Gravier Street.
123:
399:
343:, with real estate valued at $ 3,000, and personal wealth of $ 5,000. By 1860, Hatcher was so much a part of the New Orleans scene that he was an
402:. However, the rebellion of the Confederate States destabilized Hatcher's business plan. He was still advertising in newspapers like Atlanta's
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and only three and one-half hours from New Orleans" where he constantly had on hand for sale between 25 and 50 negroes. Tickfaw is located in
2257:
414:. In 1863, the U.S. government confiscated property belonging to C. F. Hatcher that was valued at $ 10,500. It was later returned to him.
1463:
410:, but that plan was disrupted once and for all when U.S. forces recaptured New Orleans. Hatcher fled the city for Confederate redoubt of
134:, Hatcher has been described as one of the "more notorious" slave traders working in New Orleans in the decade immediately preceding the
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candidate for city alderman. He also kept his depot open all summer even though "he had closed for summer in the past in part to avoid
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374:"might consult the list which was constantly posted at the door 'showing the ages, qualifications, etc., of the negroes on hand.
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290:, and was advertising land in Texas to "speculators and settlers", a business interest that continued to 1856 and beyond.
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1888:"Charles F Hatcher b. c1812 VA d. Abt 1865 Orleans Parish, LA (personID I30060 - Hatchers of HenricoCo, VA Database)"
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138:. Hatcher is also the only known "negro trader" who became a recruiter running an employment office after the
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2219:"Goodspeed's Biography of George Radford Hatcher – Bradley County, Tennesseee, Genealogy & History"
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914:"Died, of yellow fever, on Friday morning about six o'clock, Mr. Charles Hatcher, of Norfolk, Va"
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167:, with F. P. Pettet as surety. According to one genealogy book, "The Hatcher family came to
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At Freedom's Edge Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915
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99:
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for lands forfeited to the General Government prior to the year 1820". In 1853 he visited
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Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
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2020:
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The Life and Diary of John P. Waddill: The Lawyer who Freed Solomon Northup, 1813–1855
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951:"Adams County, MS Sexton Records, October 4, 1825–September 30, 1908, Unnamed Negroes"
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1525:(East Tennessee ed.). Chicago and Nashville: The Goodspeed Publishing Co. 1887.
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156:
2227:"Lafourche Parish Marriages: Hatcher, Charles & Burston, Minerva (Nov 12, 1864)"
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1919:"A Strategic Railroad: The New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern in the Civil War"
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from Virginia. Charles F. Hatcher married Nannie Pettit, and they lived and died in
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2004:
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Orleans Parish, Louisiana, District Court Succession Records and Index, 1846–1880
1993:""A Dictate of Both Interest and Mercy"? Slave Hospitals in the Antebellum South"
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383:
271:
111:
1448:
Louisiana Reports: Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Louisiana
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A group of men being shipped south overcame the crew and had the ship sailed to
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Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery (dlas.uncg.edu)
279:
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in Cotton Kingdom slave markets of Louisiana and Mississippi. In company with
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2016:
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An Intimate Economy: Enslaved Women, Work, and America's Domestic Slave Trade
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Rebellious Passage: The Creole Revolt and America's Coastal Slave Trade
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Attempts to Solve the Southern Labor Problem by Immigration, 1865–1875
1923:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
1445:
Court, Louisiana Supreme; Thorpe, Thomas H.; Gill, Charles G. (1868).
2131:. September 10, 1968. FHL Film No. 568237, Digital Group No. 7688697.
1825:
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South
371:
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348:
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1982:. LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025 – via
1909:
Slavery and the origins of Louisiana's prison industry, 1803–1861
1753:
1870:
1855:(Reprint ed.). Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company.
1613:
1578:
1239:
1282:
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595:"Entry for Charles F Hatcher and Nancy Pettel, 4 October 1833"
652:
Succession of C. F. Hatcher, Orleans Parish, No. 33127 (1869)
283:
431:. He amassed an extensive fortune which he afterward lost".
274:
were residents of New Orleans, Louisiana at the time of the
2042:"Slavery in New Orleans in the Decade Before the Civil War"
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894:
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882:
1676:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
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An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South
1498:
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for Charles F. Hatcher and Nancy Pettet was filed with
1997:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1292:
1094:
1827:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
1728:
Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market
110:
eventually worked alongside his younger half-brother
1491:
1135:
1123:
1111:
456:
Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
98:, was a 19th-century American slaver dealing out of
1360:
1334:
1265:
1912:(Ph.D. thesis). Australia: University of Adelaide.
451:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1598:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
605:
2239:
1852:Tennessee Cousins: A History of Tennessee People
400:New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad
2123:"Successions 33113–33162, 2nd District Court".
1444:
2185:. University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.
2101:Louisiana Wills and Probate Records, 1756–1984
766:"Petition #20684007. Richmond County, Georgia
479:"Entry for C W Sears and Robt Ratcliffe, 1850"
2054:Loyola University Institute of Jesuit History
764:Kentucky Division of Libraries and Archives.
278:. They lived in the same household (likely a
1768:
900:
888:
1427:
599:North Carolina, County Marriages, 1762–1979
563:Hatchers of Henrico County, Virginia (2009)
500:"Entry for C F Hutcher and J M Curto, 1860"
270:C. F. Hatcher and his younger half-brother
259:Norman's plan of New Orleans & environs
239:In approximately 1846, C. F. Hatcher was a
779:. University of North Carolina, Greensboro
150:
38:
1916:
1776:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1310:
390:58 miles outside of New Orleans, between
2158:Foxworth, Marilyn Kern (July 30, 1994).
2157:
2097:"Charles F. Hatcher (Case Number 33127)"
2039:
1553:
1354:"Lands for Sale or Exchange for Negroes"
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1088:
317:
296:
253:
194:"State of North Carolina, Surry County"
189:
177:
1949:
1730:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1722:
1298:
1245:
1105:
625:"State of North Carolina, Surry County"
378:" Or they could visit his farm "in the
243:in the Supreme Court of Louisiana case
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1822:
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2206:. University of Wisconsin at Madison.
1990:
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245:Mark Davis v. Obediah D. Hammett
2107:. 1869. Page images 347–417 of 1246.
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473:
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16:American slave trader (c. 1814–1869)
2258:19th-century American slave traders
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1848:
994:"Land Agency, Natchez, Mississippi"
665:"NOTICE. EXCHANGE OFFICE RE-OPENED"
611:
539:"The Sons of Virginia in Louisiana"
140:end of slavery in the United States
13:
2151:
2089:
1956:The Louisiana Historical Quarterly
1639:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.001.0001
1147:
14:
2284:
2211:
2046:Mid-America: An Historical Review
1950:Kendall, John S. (January 1939).
715:"D. A. Tatum & C. F. Hatcher"
521:"Entry for Charles Hatcher, 1860"
510:
489:
468:
2111:
1545:
1411:"Planters, laborers, immigrants"
795: This article incorporates
790:
382:, three and one-half miles from
2273:Businesspeople from New Orleans
2263:History of slavery in Louisiana
1917:Estaville, Lawrence E. (1973).
1473:
1455:
1438:
1428:Legislature, Louisiana (1867).
1421:
1417:. December 21, 1865. p. 2.
1403:
1372:
1346:
1330:. December 10, 1861. p. 1.
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1025:. September 29, 1853. p. 3
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446:History of slavery in Louisiana
229:Commercial Court of New Orleans
1842:
1560:Slave Trading in the Old South
1481:"In the Fourth District Court"
1189:. November 19, 1858. p. 5
746:. December 27, 1839. p. 3
721:. November 12, 1839. p. 3
631:. February 23, 1841. p. 3
617:
587:
531:
441:List of American slave traders
358:Slave Trading in the Old South
19:For the U.S. Congressman, see
1:
2268:People from Norfolk, Virginia
1849:Ray, Worth Stickley (2014) .
1672:Finley, Alexandra J. (2020).
1214:. December 1, 1859. p. 3
1044:"To Speculators and Settlers"
920:. October 22, 1842. p. 2
767:
461:
422:, Richmond, New Orleans, and
56:
2129:Genealogical Society of Utah
2040:Reinders, Robert C. (1962).
1984:FamilySearch Digital Library
1964:Louisiana Historical Society
1692:10.5149/9781469655130_finley
1629:Colby, Robert K. D. (2024).
1469:. National Law Book Company.
1233:"Just Received and for Sale"
1164:. January 2, 1857. p. 5
969:"Dissolution of partnership"
821:. August 27, 1840. p. 2
696:. October 4, 1838. p. 2
671:. August 13, 1838. p. 2
341:Livingston Parish, Louisiana
165:Surry County, North Carolina
145:
47:, Natchez, February 18, 1861
21:Charles Hatcher (politician)
7:
2231:laahgp.genealogyvillage.com
2179:Riddle, Charles A. (2019).
1886:Various (January 5, 2009).
1633:. Oxford University Press.
1068:. April 19, 1856. p. 2
998:The Mississippi Free Trader
973:The Mississippi Free Trader
846:. April 15, 1841. p. 3
819:The Mississippi Free Trader
744:The Mississippi Free Trader
719:The Mississippi Free Trader
694:The Mississippi Free Trader
669:The Mississippi Free Trader
434:
94:, typically advertising as
10:
2289:
1991:Kenny, Stephen C. (2010).
1892:Hatcher Family Association
1451:. West Publishing Company.
1324:"From and After this Date"
1248:, pp. 259–260, n. 38.
1050:. May 22, 1856. p. 6.
1000:. June 22, 1850. p. 1
525:United States Census, 1860
504:United States Census, 1860
483:United States Census, 1850
18:
975:. June 5, 1850. p. 1
601:– via FamilySearch.
545:. May 23, 1861. p. 1
527:– via FamilySearch.
506:– via FamilySearch.
485:– via FamilySearch.
81:
69:
52:
37:
30:
2200:Unz, Irma Edith (1935).
1823:Tadman, Michael (1989).
1770:Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey R.
1513:
1487:. June 1866. p. 14.
1328:The New Orleans Crescent
1187:The New Orleans Crescent
1019:"Arrivals at the Hotels"
871:. May 6, 1841. p. 3
815:"Natchez Tornado Relief"
313:
265:
210:Richmond County, Georgia
2164:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2119:(subscription required)
2062:2027/mdp.39015074194526
1594:Cohen, William (1991).
1023:Richmond Times-Dispatch
869:Mississippi Free Trader
844:Mississippi Free Trader
840:"C.F. Hatcher, Natchez"
543:Richmond Times-Dispatch
205:Mississippi Free Trader
184:Mississippi Free Trader
182:"Natchez Money Market"
151:Family and early career
45:Mississippi Free Trader
2141:: CS1 maint: others (
1952:"Shadow Over the City"
740:"Notice. William Wynn"
629:The Greensboro Patriot
370:Visitors to Hatcher's
368:
331:
302:
262:
199:
196:The Greensboro Patriot
187:
104:New Orleans, Louisiana
1906:Birch, Kelly (2017).
1782:10.1017/9781108616324
1736:10.4159/9780674039155
1485:The New-Orleans Times
1462:Jones, Basil (1912).
1415:The New-Orleans Times
1391:2027/pst.000017392679
363:
321:
300:
257:
193:
181:
2127:. . Salt Lake City:
2009:10.1093/jhmas/jrp019
1208:"Notice to Builders"
940:, p. 141, n. 7.
799:available under the
654:, image 380 of 1246.
580:History of Tennessee
404:Southern Confederacy
214:1840 Natchez tornado
100:Natchez, Mississippi
1900:Articles and theses
901:Kerr-Ritchie (2019)
889:Kerr-Ritchie (2019)
334:At the time of the
232:in October 1842 of
198:, February 23, 1841
1962:(1). New Orleans:
1555:Bancroft, Frederic
1289:, p. 318–319.
1212:The Times-Picayune
1162:The Times-Picayune
1066:The Times-Picayune
1048:The Times-Picayune
918:The Times-Picayune
332:
330:, October 4, 1865)
328:The Times-Picayune
303:
288:Richmond, Virginia
263:
200:
188:
136:American Civil War
116:Walter L. Campbell
92:Charles F. Hatcher
2192:978-1-946160-20-1
2171:978-0-313-26798-7
1862:978-0-8063-0289-8
1834:978-0-299-11850-1
1712:Project MUSE
1570:978-1-64336-427-8
690:"Exchange Office"
388:Tangipahoa Parish
353:Frederic Bancroft
157:Norfolk, Virginia
89:
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76:Mississippi, U.S.
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1946:
1913:
1895:
1882:
1838:
1819:
1765:
1719:
1668:
1625:
1590:
1550:
1549:
1542:
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1311:Estaville (1973)
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990:
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955:natchezbelle.org
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529:
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517:
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496:
487:
486:
475:
377:
351:". As historian
276:1850 U.S. census
120:C. M. Rutherford
61:
58:
42:
28:
27:
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2110:
2092:
2090:Primary sources
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1863:
1845:
1835:
1792:
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1724:Johnson, Walter
1716:book 76798
1684:
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1443:
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1395:
1393:
1385:. p. 141.
1378:
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519:
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511:
498:
497:
490:
477:
476:
469:
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412:Mobile, Alabama
384:Tickfaw Station
375:
316:
272:John T. Hatcher
268:
153:
148:
124:Joseph A. Beard
112:John T. Hatcher
77:
74:
65:
62:
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48:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2212:External links
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2147:
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2088:
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1988:
1947:
1929:(2): 117–136.
1914:
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1371:
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1315:
1313:, p. 118.
1303:
1301:, p. 153.
1299:Kendall (1939)
1291:
1276:
1264:
1250:
1246:Johnson (2009)
1238:
1224:
1199:
1174:
1146:
1144:, p. 190.
1134:
1132:, p. 189.
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 154.
1106:Kendall (1939)
1093:
1091:, p. 318.
1078:
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1035:
1010:
985:
960:
942:
930:
905:
903:, p. 222.
893:
881:
856:
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604:
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345:American Party
315:
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308:Walter Johnson
280:boarding house
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186:, June 4, 1840
169:East Tennessee
152:
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64:Virginia, U.S.
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1648:9780197578285
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1384:
1381:
1375:
1369:, p. 69.
1368:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1343:, p. 56.
1342:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1274:, p. 33.
1273:
1268:
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1254:
1247:
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1234:
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1213:
1209:
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1188:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 98.
1119:
1118:Tadman (1989)
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1062:"Texas Lands"
1057:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1014:
999:
995:
989:
974:
970:
964:
956:
952:
946:
939:
938:Finley (2020)
934:
919:
915:
909:
902:
897:
891:, p. 83.
890:
885:
870:
866:
865:"Dissolution"
860:
845:
841:
835:
820:
816:
810:
804:
802:
798:
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778:
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161:marriage bond
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132:Thomas Foster
129:
125:
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113:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:C. F. Hatcher
93:
84:
80:
72:
68:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
32:C. F. Hatcher
29:
26:
22:
2248:1810s births
2230:
2202:
2181:
2160:
2124:
2105:Ancestry.com
2100:
2080:– via
2049:
2045:
2000:
1996:
1959:
1955:
1926:
1922:
1908:
1891:
1851:
1824:
1773:
1727:
1673:
1630:
1595:
1558:
1521:
1503:Cohen (1991)
1484:
1475:
1464:
1457:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1382:
1374:
1367:Colby (2024)
1362:
1348:
1341:Colby (2024)
1336:
1327:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1272:Colby (2024)
1267:
1253:
1241:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1161:
1142:Birch (2017)
1137:
1130:Birch (2017)
1125:
1113:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
997:
988:
977:. Retrieved
972:
963:
954:
945:
933:
922:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:
884:
873:. Retrieved
868:
859:
848:. Retrieved
843:
834:
823:. Retrieved
818:
809:
789:
781:. Retrieved
776:
759:
748:. Retrieved
743:
734:
723:. Retrieved
718:
709:
698:. Retrieved
693:
684:
673:. Retrieved
668:
659:
633:. Retrieved
628:
619:
607:
598:
589:
579:
578:Goodspeed's
558:
547:. Retrieved
542:
533:
524:
503:
482:
429:emancipation
416:
403:
398:, along the
369:
364:
356:
333:
327:
324:J. M. Wilson
304:
292:
269:
258:
249:Adams County
244:
238:
234:yellow fever
217:
204:
201:
195:
183:
154:
128:Joseph Bruin
108:
95:
91:
90:
85:Slave trader
44:
25:
2253:1869 deaths
2052:. Chicago:
2003:(1): 1–47.
1966:: 142–165.
1843:Genealogies
771: 1840
392:Ponchatoula
336:1860 census
225:the Bahamas
173:Polk County
60: 1814
2242:Categories
2082:HathiTrust
1808:1055433726
1800:2018043005
1708:1194871275
1700:2019052078
1665:1412042395
1657:2023053721
1587:1153619151
1396:2024-03-29
1383:HathiTrust
1259:"Alderman"
1218:2024-03-29
1193:2024-03-29
1183:"For Sale"
1168:2024-03-29
1158:"For Rent"
1072:2024-03-29
1029:2024-03-29
1004:2024-03-29
979:2024-03-29
924:2024-03-29
875:2024-03-28
850:2024-03-28
825:2024-03-27
783:2024-02-17
750:2024-03-27
725:2024-03-27
700:2024-03-27
675:2024-03-27
635:2024-03-26
612:Ray (2014)
549:2024-03-24
462:References
424:Montgomery
408:visa versa
380:piny woods
355:put it in
82:Occupation
2137:cite book
2070:0026-2927
2017:0022-5045
1972:0095-5949
1935:0024-6816
1879:654705096
1816:166472669
1762:923120203
1754:99-046696
1726:(2009) .
1557:(2023) .
1539:25939249M
1531:894876543
1466:Annotated
1431:Documents
801:CC BY 2.0
372:slave pen
349:pandemics
146:Biography
2033:19549698
2025:24631845
1871:50014724
1772:(2019).
1622:22209032
1614:90044493
1579:95020493
803:license.
435:See also
251:sexton.
241:deponent
2078:1757398
2056:: 221.
1980:1782268
1943:4231313
420:Memphis
361:(1931):
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1970:
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219:Creole
130:, and
102:, and
2121:from
2021:JSTOR
1939:JSTOR
1812:S2CID
1688:JSTOR
1514:Books
396:Amite
314:1860s
284:scrip
266:1850s
2187:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2143:link
2074:OCLC
2066:ISSN
2029:PMID
2013:ISSN
1976:OCLC
1968:ISSN
1931:ISSN
1875:OCLC
1867:LCCN
1857:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1804:OCLC
1796:LCCN
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1750:LCCN
1740:ISBN
1704:OCLC
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1653:LCCN
1643:ISBN
1618:OCLC
1610:LCCN
1600:ISBN
1583:OCLC
1575:LCCN
1565:ISBN
1527:OCLC
797:text
394:and
73:1869
70:Died
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2058:hdl
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