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181:. All silver-based photographic emulsions have some sensitivity to blue light, regardless of what other colors they may be sensitized for. This filter layer serves to remove the blue light, which would expose the layers beneath it. Beneath the blue-sensitive layer and the yellow filter are the green- and red-sensitive layers.
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in C-41, which yields negatives with a color shift and stronger saturation. Varying brands and film speeds yield different color shifts producing bright, saturated colors and high contrast. C-41 film also may be processed in E-6, yielding positive images with a strong green cast, caused by the orange
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It is often said that prints from these films do not have grain. While they may not appear to have grain, this statement is technically incorrect. On an image from regular black-and-white film, the individual silver particles forming the image are seen as grain. The image on the C-41 films, however,
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Nearly all C-41 films also include an orange mask to offset the optical inadequacies of the dyes in the film. These C-41 negatives appear orange when viewed directly, though the orange base is compensated for in the formulation of color print materials. Some C-41 films, intended for scanning, do not
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The Kodak film has the same orange base as color C-41 films; the base on XP2 is Purple and Fuji films are clear. The orange base on the Kodak film allows them to be printed with correct blacks on standard color printing machines, but this film can be difficult to print on multigrade black-and-white
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and its professional equivalent, Vericolor II, as the 'Flexicolor' process, replacing C-22, which was used with
Kodacolor-X and Ektacolor Professional. Compared to C-22, the working temperature of C-41 is higher, at 100 °F (38 °C), versus 75 °F (24 °C) for C-22; total processing
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Processed C-41 negatives, as with all color films, consist of an image formed of dye. Due to the long-term instability of dyes, C-41 negatives can fade or color-shift over time. This was a significant problem with early films; whether the newer films are archival or not is a subject of some debate.
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paper, whose contrast is determined by the use of a colored filter during the printing process. Conversely, the clear-based Ilford and Fuji films sometimes results in off-color prints on color paper, but can be optically printed on black-and-white paper, just like any other black-and-white film.
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The illustrative example outlined above differs from the design of actual film, in respect to the number of layers. Almost all C-41 films contain multiple layers for each color-sensitive layer. Individual layers have different speed and contrast characteristics, allowing the film to be correctly
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These films work like any other C-41 film; development causes dyes to form in the emulsion. Their structure, however, is different. Although they may have multiple layers, all are sensitive to all colors of light, and are designed to produce a black dye. The result is a black-and white image.
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In an idealized, illustrative example, there are three light-sensitive layers: one is red-sensitive, another is green-sensitive, and the top is blue-sensitive. Beneath the blue layer is a yellow filter, composed of dyes or colloidal silver, also known as
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The control of temperature and agitation of the film in the developer is critical in obtaining consistent, accurate results. Incorrect temperature can result in severe color shifts or significant under- or overdevelopment of the film.
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Due to the complexity of the film and exacting nature of the process, the results vary widely; as with black-and-white negatives, the process generally results in a negative that is higher in contrast and sometimes higher in grain.
467:, which increases cost; it is possible to develop C-41 using substitute chemicals, which requires an extra step for a stop bath after the developer. There are simplified versions of the process that use a combined bleach-fix (
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While regular black-and-white films are not intended for use with C-41 chemistry, some photographers have used C-41 developer to develop high-contrast black-and-white films (such as traffic surveillance film and Kodak's
142:. C-41, also known as CN-16 by Fuji, CNK-4 by Konica, and AP-70 by AGFA, is the most popular film process in use, with most, if not all photofinishing labs devoting at least one machine to this development process.
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generated by development to silver halide, which is soluble in fixer. After the bleach, a fixer removes the silver halide. This is followed by a wash, and a final stabilizer and rinse to complete the process.
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C-41 film can be processed in standard black-and-white chemicals, to produce a monochrome negative image. The negatives will typically be of very low contrast, and cloudy, partly caused by the orange mask.
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After processing, the resulting film is a negative, meaning that the darkest spots on the film are those areas that were brightest in the source. Light is projected through the finished negative onto color
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used to manufacture a similar film, BW400CN, but this was discontinued in August 2014. (These should not be confused with regular black-and-white films, which are not compatible with C-41 chemistry.)
573:). This is done in order to lower the contrast. In this application, only a silver image is formed; the bleach step of the C-41 process is not used, as it would destroy the image.
448:. The developer develops the silver in the emulsion layers. As the silver is developing, oxidized developer reacts with the dye couplers, resulting in formation of dyes.
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C-41 film consists of an acetate or polyester film base, onto which multiple emulsions are coated. Each layer is only sensitive to a certain color of visible light.
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does not contain silver. Instead, C-41 negatives and prints have clouds of dye, causing the resulting image to appear different from that of silver grain.
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generated by development and removes undeveloped silver halide. These are not used by commercial C-41 processors, and are marketed for home or field use.
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Exposing film, showing different components of light penetrating to the respective light-sensitive layers and resulting selective sensitization of grains
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chemicals. These couplers, located in the blue-, green-, and red-sensitive layers, produce yellow, magenta, and cyan dyes, respectively, when developed.
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In addition to multiple emulsion layers, real films have other layers that are not sensitive to light. In some cases, the base is first coated with an
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The C-41 process is the same for all C-41 films, although different manufacturers' processing chemistries vary slightly. C-41 was introduced with
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films. Kodak recommends an additional duration of 30 seconds in the developer bath to push certain films by one stop.
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100 film, exposed and developed negative, showing characteristic orange base color and inverted colors
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Silver is washed out of film, including yellow filter layer, leaving negative with reversed colors
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After exposure, the film is developed in a "color developer". The developing ingredient is a
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time was cut almost in half with C-41, but it is very sensitive to development bath time.
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620:. Garden City, New York: Amphoto (American Photographic Book Publishing Co., Inc.).
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layer to minimize reflections. Some films are top-coated with UV-blocking layers or
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Similar to black-and-white film processing, the C-41 process can be adjusted to
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Each emulsion layer, in addition to the light-sensitive components, contains
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is an example of a C-41 process film. This diagram illustrates the layers
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Unexposed film, with light-sensitive grains in three different layers
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Sensitized grains are developed and dye coupler clouds are formed
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Stabilizer contains a wetting agent to enhance spot-free drying
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37.8 ± 0.15 °C (100.04 ± 0.27 °F)
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37.8 ± 3.0 °C (100.0 ± 5.4 °F)
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37.8 ± 3.0 °C (100.0 ± 5.4 °F)
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process C-41 (color negative) processing manual Z-131
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Color negative film exposure and procesing schematic
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After the developer, a bleach converts the metallic
192:exposed over a wider range of lighting conditions.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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528:While C-41 is usually considered a color process,
732:"Kodak Professional BW400CN Film is Discontinued"
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2338:Conservation and restoration of photographs
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2075:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2295:Photographs considered the most important
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
652:The FOCALGUIDE to Colour Film Processing
600:
524:C-41 "chromogenic" black-and-white films
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153:
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729:
611:
518:
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165:has chosen for this film. Note the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2290:Museums devoted to one photographer
494:
13:
1837:Timeline of photography technology
703:"Essential Guide to Shooting Film"
564:Traditional black-and-white films
478:
227:, yielding positive image prints.
14:
2427:
753:
723:
695:
149:
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730:Reagan, Eric (August 21, 2014).
463:The bleach in C-41 does not use
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23:
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406:24–41 °C (75–106 °F)
378:24–41 °C (75–106 °F)
206:
34:needs additional citations for
670:
420:24–41 °C (75–106 °F)
340:24–41 °C (75–106 °F)
1:
1887:Painted photography backdrops
1819:Golden triangle (composition)
1094:35 mm equivalent focal length
593:
16:Color film developing process
678:"Kodak Flexicolor Chemicals"
7:
2416:Photographic film processes
1597:Intentional camera movement
656:. London: The Focal Press.
588:Replenishment (photography)
576:
444:-based chemical branded as
10:
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2285:Most expensive photographs
1642:Multi-exposure HDR capture
532:currently manufactures a "
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1519:
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1086:
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616:The Color Printing Manual
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342:
138:in 1972, superseding the
2219:Digital image processing
1892:Photography and the law
648:Watkins, Derek (1978).
499:It is also possible to
231:have this orange base.
2239:Gelatin silver process
1263:Science of photography
1248:Photographic processes
1226:Perspective distortion
219:
170:
1697:Schlieren photography
1236:Photographic printing
1159:Exposure compensation
471:) that dissolves the
442:paraphenylene diamine
214:
201:anti-scratch coatings
157:
1481:Straight photography
1119:Chromatic aberration
708:Amateur Photographer
612:Nadler, Bob (1978).
43:improve this article
2348:photographic plates
2033:Digital photography
1211:Hyperfocal distance
1124:Circle of confusion
519:Black-and-white use
241:
1852:Autochrome Lumière
1847:Analog photography
1672:Pigeon photography
1461:Social documentary
940:discontinued films
536:" C-41 compatible
239:
225:photographic paper
220:
171:
132:developing process
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2204:Collodion process
2140:Chromogenic print
2127:Color photography
1637:Multiple exposure
1612:Lo-fi photography
1139:Color temperature
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159:FujiColor Superia
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2259:Print permanence
2209:Cross processing
2167:CMYK color model
2152:Color management
2105:Foveon X3 sensor
2100:Three-CCD camera
1744:Miniature faking
1702:Sabattier effect
1314:Astrophotography
1169:Zebra patterning
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711:. April 20, 2015
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179:Carey Lea Silver
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2172:RGB color model
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1789:Diagonal method
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1419:Photojournalism
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1114:Black-and-white
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1061:Slide projector
1056:Movie projector
935:available films
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736:Photography Bay
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754:External links
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683:. Kodak Alaris
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134:introduced by
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99:September 2018
58:"C-41 process"
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2300:Photographers
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2194:Bleach bypass
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2163:
2162:primary color
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2147:Reversal film
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2013:United States
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1717:Stopping down
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1682:Rephotography
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1309:Architectural
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663:0-240-50994-3
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629:
627:0-8174-2414-8
623:
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571:Technical Pan
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531:
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512:
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501:cross-process
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268:Loading film
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2360:Polaroid art
2254:K-14 process
2249:Instant film
2244:Gum printing
2199:C-41 process
2198:
2184:Photographic
2085:Image sensor
2080:Film scanner
1734:Sun printing
1667:Print toning
1454:space selfie
1424:Pictorialism
1354:Ethnographic
1334:Conservation
1206:Guide number
1201:Focal length
739:. Retrieved
735:
725:
713:. Retrieved
706:
697:
685:. Retrieved
672:
651:
615:
567:
558:
554:
550:
527:
513:
498:
489:
485:push-process
482:
465:ferricyanide
462:
454:
450:
439:
434:Kodacolor II
431:
386:Second wash
260:Description
257:Illustration
251:Time (mm:ss)
229:
221:
207:The negative
197:antihalation
194:
190:
183:
175:
172:
167:antihalation
144:
140:C-22 process
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2365:Stereoscopy
2229:E-6 process
2224:Dye coupler
2157:color space
2070:Digiscoping
2063:camera back
1978:Philippines
1907:Visual arts
1897:Glass plate
1882:Heliography
1781:Composition
1756:Ultraviolet
1712:Stereoscopy
1707:Slow motion
1692:Scanography
1607:Kite aerial
1547:Contre-jour
1439:Post-mortem
1429:Pornography
1409:Neues Sehen
1344:Documentary
1278:Zone System
1253:Reciprocity
1179:Film format
1109:Backscatter
1087:Terminology
957:beauty dish
856:rangefinder
821:light-field
802:Photography
583:Chromogenic
534:chromogenic
508:E-6 process
400:Stabilizer
186:dye coupler
126:chromogenic
2355:Lomography
2186:processing
2135:Print film
2051:comparison
2018:Uzbekistan
1968:Luxembourg
1928:Bangladesh
1877:Dufaycolor
1857:Box camera
1814:Simplicity
1771:Zoom burst
1766:Xerography
1761:Vignetting
1751:Time-lapse
1739:Tilt–shift
1632:Mordançage
1622:Luminogram
1587:Holography
1582:High-speed
1562:Fill flash
1542:Burst mode
1520:Techniques
1501:Vernacular
1496:Underwater
1491:Toy camera
1471:Still life
1399:Monochrome
1389:High-speed
1339:Cloudscape
1329:Conceptual
1231:Photograph
1216:Lens flare
1196:Film speed
1078:Zone plate
1024:wide-angle
1009:long-focus
687:23 January
594:References
504:slide film
310:Developer
69:newspapers
2305:Norwegian
2269:Stop bath
2214:Developer
1842:Ambrotype
1804:Lead room
1727:Slit-scan
1662:Photogram
1657:Panoramic
1567:Fireworks
1552:Cyanotype
1394:Landscape
1039:telephoto
987:reflector
982:monolight
977:lens hood
962:cucoloris
898:safelight
809:Equipment
741:April 29,
715:April 29,
542:XP2 Super
289:Exposure
2410:Category
2384:Category
2090:CMOS APS
1988:Slovenia
1916:Regional
1862:Calotype
1799:Headroom
1677:Redscale
1592:Infrared
1537:Brenizer
1511:Wildlife
1434:Portrait
1379:Forensic
1369:Fine-art
1304:Aircraft
1294:Abstract
1174:F-number
1154:Exposure
1129:Clipping
1104:Aperture
972:hot shoe
893:enlarger
888:Darkroom
577:See also
506:for the
163:FujiFilm
2395:Outline
2331:Related
2023:Vietnam
2008:Ukraine
1943:Denmark
1923:Albania
1902:Tintype
1829:History
1794:Framing
1687:Rollout
1652:Panning
1602:Kirlian
1506:Wedding
1384:Glamour
1364:Fashion
1349:Eclipse
1319:Banquet
1241:Albumen
1051:Monopod
1029:fisheye
997:softbox
846:pinhole
836:instant
826:digital
334:Bleach
235:Process
83:scholar
2393:
2382:
2315:street
2310:Polish
2003:Turkey
1998:Taiwan
1983:Serbia
1973:Norway
1948:Greece
1933:Canada
1527:Afocal
1486:Street
1466:Sports
1449:Selfie
1404:Nature
1359:Erotic
1324:Candid
1299:Aerial
1287:Genres
1189:medium
1066:Tripod
1034:swivel
947:Filter
925:holder
920:format
816:Camera
759:Kodak
660:
624:
540:film,
530:Ilford
511:mask.
473:silver
457:silver
372:Fixer
169:layer.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2320:women
2278:Lists
2234:Fixer
2117:Pixel
2046:D-SLR
1993:Sudan
1963:Korea
1958:Japan
1953:India
1938:China
1722:Strip
1647:Night
1627:Macro
1532:Bokeh
1476:Stock
1444:Ruins
1184:large
1014:prime
992:snoot
952:Flash
930:stock
905:Drone
866:still
851:press
841:phone
831:field
681:(PDF)
546:Kodak
417:10–20
358:Wash
254:Temp.
136:Kodak
124:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2343:film
2058:MILC
1557:ETTR
1414:Nude
1374:Fire
1273:Sync
1071:head
1019:zoom
1004:Lens
967:gobo
915:base
910:Film
881:view
743:2019
717:2019
689:2024
658:ISBN
622:ISBN
469:EDTA
446:CD-4
414:Dry
403:1:30
389:3:15
375:6:30
361:3:15
337:6:30
313:3:15
248:Name
245:Step
122:C-41
62:news
2095:CCD
876:toy
871:TLR
861:SLR
765:PDF
45:by
2412::
734:.
705:.
636:^
602:^
544:.
423:—
794:e
787:t
780:v
767:)
763:(
745:.
719:.
691:.
666:.
630:.
411:9
397:8
383:7
369:6
355:5
331:4
307:3
292:—
286:2
271:—
265:1
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
