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reached its objectives without betraying" this slogan, even claiming that despite "dozens" of SPI team members being murdered by poisoned arrows, they did not kill a single
Indigenous person. Instead, they supposedly operated using pacification techniques that Rondon developed while the head of the Mato Grosso-Amazon Strategic Communications and Telegraph Commission, utilizing a "flirting" technique to allow native tribes to choose to engage with them before officially taking over.
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through his work in the commission. He had an unrelenting belief that progress should be made as quickly as possible and that
Indigenous peoples needed to be incorporated into society as quickly as possible to achieve this. Rondon showed concern as to how these Indigenous groups were incorporated into modern society and he made it his mission to "guide" them to a more "civilized" life in what he viewed as a peaceful manner.
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allow
Christian missionaries to forcibly assimilate the Indigenous peoples, the best method would be to gradually and nonviolently lead them by example into the more civilized world. Rondon and other positivists argued for the protection of Indigenous peoples and the defense of their lands, saying that rather than being racially inferior, they were simply at an earlier stage of positivist evolution.
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510:, the capital of Mato Grosso. Until this roadway was complete, the only way between these two cities was by river transport. Also during this time, he married his wife, Francisca (Chiquinha) Xavier. Together, they had 7 children. From 1900 to 1906, Rondon was in charge of laying telegraph lines from Brazil to
518:. During this time he opened up new territory, and was in contact with the warlike Bororo of western Brazil. He was so successful in pacifying the Bororo, that he completed the telegraph line with their help. Throughout his life, Rondon laid over 4,000 miles of telegraph line through the jungles of Brazil.
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Rondon led the organization until the
Revolution of 1930, leaving many of his initial plans to be only in theory. The goal of SPI was to protect the well-being of natives, and Rondon created its motto: "die if need be, never kill". Reports published as late as 1960 declared that the SPI had "entirely
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Positivism ultimately shaped Rondon's outlook on life, his ideas about interracial relations, and his plans for national development. He once told his men that he wanted to create a "political utopia", and believed that his telegraph line aided in the evolution of humanity due to the large number of
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Rondon first encountered positivism in 1885 as a student at the
Military Academy in Rio de Janeiro, where it was taught as a form of spreading republicanism. He converted and became part of a growing group of positivist officers and cadets at the academy. Although Brazilian enthusiasm for positivism
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is also a geographical reference for the history of communications in Brazil. Rondon was the second human being to receive in his honor a meridian in his name. He fulfilled missions by opening roads, clearing lands, launching telegraph lines, mapping the land, and establishing cordial relations with
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The Rondon
Commission was successful in its goal to open up the Amazon to economic development. Many new settlements appeared along the telegraph lines. New settlers desired a piece of this land for farming and ranching, but one side effect was the displacement of Indigenous tribes like the Bororo.
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Colli GR, Hoogmoed MS, Cannatella DC, Cassimiro J, Gomes JO, Ghellere JM, Nunes PMS, Pellegrino KCM, Salerno P, De Souza SM, and
Rodrigues MT. 2015. Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the
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Rondon was invited to be the founding leader of the Indian
Protection Service by the Brazilian Minister of Agriculture Rodolfo Miranda in 1910. On accepting the position, Rondon explained to Miranda the importance of Positivism in his policies with the organization. He believed that, rather than
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Cândido Rondon headed up a large-scale military operation to expand telegraph lines into the
Brazilian Amazon. This group has also been called the "Rondon Commission". Rondon was, by this time, a devout follower of positivist beliefs and he believed his purpose was to unite all peoples of Brazil
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follows the goal of preventing social unrest by convincing the lower classes to accept the domination of the upper classes in exchange for things such as material benefits, guidance, and general improvement. Comte postulated that there are three stages of social evolution that humankind passes
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on the
Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition, whose aims were to explore the River of Doubt. The expedition left the Tapiripuã, and reached the River of Doubt on 27 February 1914. They did not reach the mouth of the river until late April, after the expedition had suffered greatly. During the
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Marshal Cândido Rondon is considered one of the foremost Brazilian heroes and patriots and has thus been honored by the population and government in many ways. He is the "Father of Brazilian Telecommunications" and 5 May is the National Day of Telecommunications, established in his honor. In
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However, some critics believe that Rondon's concern about Indigenous groups and unification was fraudulent. These critics posit that this mission was mainly a military operation with a state focus on seizing and defining borders for defense purposes along with creating new opportunities for
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of 1914, Rondon worked until 1919 mapping the state of Mato Grosso. During this time he discovered some more rivers, and made contact with several Indigenous tribes. In 1919, he became chief of the Brazilian Corps of Engineers, and the head of the Telegraphic Commission.
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After finishing high school at the age of 16, he taught elementary school for two years, and then joined the Brazilian army. He enrolled in the 3rd Regiment of Horse Artillery in 1881. Among other studies, he studied Mathematics and Physical and Natural Sciences at the
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However, beginning shortly before Rondon's death in 1958, severe corruption and abuses of Indigenous peoples were revealed to have been committed by those working with SPI. The organization was disbanded in disgrace in 1967, and a similar organization,
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The republican government was worried about the western region of Brazil, very isolated from the great centers and border regions. In 1890, he was commissioned as an army engineer with the Telegraphic commission, and helped build the first
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tribes he came in first contact with during the project. Unfortunately, Rondon's positivism ultimately led to fights with officials in the more powerful Catholic Church, limiting the influence and impact of his work in the long term.
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In 1924 and 1925, he led army forces against a rebellion in the state of São Paulo. From 1927 to 1930, Rondon was put in charge of surveying all of the borders between Brazil and its neighbors. In 1930, he was interrupted by the
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was already on the decline by 1891, Rondon became a passionate lifelong member of the Orthodox Positivist Church, believing that Brazil, and the world with it, would eventually accept positivism because it was so rational.
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When Rondon reached Rio de Janeiro, he was hailed as a hero, because it was believed that he and the expedition had died in the jungle. After the expedition, he became the first director of the Brazilian government's SPI.
387:. She died two years after giving birth to Rondon. He was raised by his grandparents until their death, and then by his uncle, Manuel Rodrigues da Silva Rondon, from whom he took the name Rondon.
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colonization and economic expansion. They believe this undermines the view that Rondon was a hero of unification and pacification towards previously uncontacted or independent Indigenous tribes.
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through, and placed special emphasis on scientific thought, industrialization, modernization, and general reform. These characteristics in particular helped it spread to Brazil following the
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Burgess, W. E., 1989. An atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes. A preliminary survey of the Siluriformes. T. F. H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey (USA). 784 p.
698:, in the area of the present state of Rondônia. On January 1, 1915, he completed his mission with the inauguration of the telegraph station in Santo Antônio do Madeira.
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546:(SPI) or Indian Protection Service. During 1934–1938, he was in charge of a Diplomatic Mission, to mediate a dispute between Colombia and Peru over the town of
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The adventure down the River of Doubt was the most difficult of Roosevelt's life. All the men except Rondon suffered from ailments and constant maladies.
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was being built, which together with the Rondon telegraphic exploration and integration helped to occupy the region of the present state of Rondônia.
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As a result of Rondon's competence in constructing telegraph lines, he was put in charge of extending the telegraph line from Mato Grosso to the
663:, they had no supplies. During their expedition, they discovered a large river between the Juruena and Ji-Paraná Rivers, which Rondon named the
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telegraph line to Santo Antonio do Madeira, the first to reach the Amazon region. His works developed from 1907 to 1915. At the same time, the
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Marshall Rondon was honored with the title "Patron of the Communications Corps of the Brazilian Army", by Decree No. 51,960, of 26 April 1963.
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From left to right (seated): Father Zahm, Rondon, Kermit, Cherrie, Miller, four Brazilians, Roosevelt, Fiala. Photo taken in 1914.
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from the Nambikwara Indians. In 1914, with the Rondon Commission, he built 372 km of lines and five more telegraph stations:
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310:(5 May 1865 – 19 January 1958) was a Brazilian military officer most famous for his telegraph commission and exploration of
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502:. This telegraph line was finally finished in 1895, and afterwards, Rondon started construction on a road that led from
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Langfur, Hal (1999). "Myths of Pacification: Brazilian Frontier Settlement and the Subjugation of the Bororo Indians".
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Stringing Together a Nation : Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the Construction of a Modern Brazil, 1906–1930
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Stringing together a nation : Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the construction of a modern Brazil, 1906–1930
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addition, thousands of streets, schools, and other urban features and organizations have received Rondon's name.
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Stringing Together a Nation: Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the Construction of a Modern Brazil, 1906–1930
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Donald F. O'Reilly, "Rondon: Biography of a Brazilian Republican Army Commander," New York University, 1969
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Stringing Together a Nation: Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the ... By Todd A. Diacon: pgs 83–84
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Cyriacolândia - território da família Rondon no Pantanal. Campo Grande: Edição do Autor, 2015, p. 13s
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in 1864, prior to Rondon's birth. His mother, Claudina Freitas Evangelista, was descended from the
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Baker, Daniel ed. Explorers and Discoverers of the World. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993 Pg 483
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1340:"What Future for the Amerindians of South America? Minority Rights Group Report 15" (PDF).
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1400:"Family LORICARIIDAE: Subfamily HYPOSTOMINAE Kner 1853 (Suckermouth Catfishes or Plecos)"
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On 5 May 1955, the date of his 90th birthday, he was awarded the title of Marshal of the
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Ribeiro, Darcy (1960). "The Social Integrations of Indigenous Populations in Brazil".
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In May 1909, Rondon went on his longest expedition. He set out from the settlement of
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in northern Mato Grosso) and, in addition, he made peaceful contact with the
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taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Zootaxa 4000:401-427.
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the Indians. He maintained contact with several Indigenous peoples.
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is a good site to learn more about Rondon's involvement with Funai.
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has a timeline and good information about Rondon's life and work.
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Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018).
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in northern Mato Grosso heading northwest to meet up with the
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recommended Rondon to the Nobel Committee. He died in 1958 in
1311:"The Social Integrations of Indigenous Populations in Brazil"
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Candido Rondon: Explorer, Geographer, Peacemaker: 1865–1958
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From 1898 onward, Rondon was an orthodox member of the
1113:"A Biography Sheds Light on an Unknown Brazilian Hero"
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From the first expedition to the creation of the Park
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1404:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
1079:Lucien Bodard, Green Hell (New York, 1971) p. 10
690:(later Vila de Rondônia and present Ji-Paraná),
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1264:. Duke University Press Books. pp. 80–82.
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1578:Brazilian people of indigenous peoples descent
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1406:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
1290:. Duke University Press Books. p. 85.
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771:. The creed he embraced from it emphasized
449:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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674:In September 1913, Rondon was struck by a
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880:Municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon,
469:Learn how and when to remove this message
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868:Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul
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827:(FUNAI), replaced it later that year.
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978:Marechal Rondon International Airport
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1365:"ITIS - Report: Hypostomus rondoni"
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1158:. Durham: Duke University Press.
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948:Federal University of Mato Grosso
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1110:Slade, Rachel (2 June 2023).
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765:Religion of Humanity
552:Villas Boas brothers
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338:is named after him.
248:Explorers Club Medal
1583:Brazilian explorers
1023:), a lizard genera.
577:. Decades earlier,
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411:As an army engineer
332:Xingu National Park
1588:Marshals of Brazil
1439:éditions Gallimard
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583:Rio de Janeiro
567:Brazilian Army
526:
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504:Rio de Janeiro
477:
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385:Bororo peoples
348:
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93:(aged 92)
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37:Rondon in 1910
36:
28:
27:
25:Cândido Rondon
24:
15:
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1045:South America
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746:Rio Roosevelt
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689:
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680:Pimenta Bueno
677:
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658:
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653:Madeira River
650:
645:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Tapajós River
617:
616:Juruena River
613:
603:
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61:
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45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1434:
1422:Bibliography
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1369:www.itis.gov
1368:
1359:
1349:
1344:. pp. 20-23.
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1304:
1287:
1261:
1241:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1155:
1128:. Retrieved
1117:
1105:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1041:Loricariidae
1026:
1020:
1016:), a rodent.
1013:
1004:Mico rondoni
1003:
896:Rondonópolis
850:
821:
817:
813:
792:
788:
777:
760:
758:
750:
738:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
673:
669:
657:Amazon River
646:
639:
609:
606:Explorations
600:
596:
592:
564:
536:
528:
520:
492:
487:Amazon basin
465:
456:
441:Please help
429:
389:
350:
316:Amazon basin
307:
303:
241:Combat Cross
219:Battles/wars
91:(1958-01-19)
18:
1553:1958 deaths
1548:1865 births
1428:(in French)
900:Mato Grosso
890:Mato Grosso
735:with Rondon
560:Xingu River
500:Mato Grosso
403:, the last
357:Mato Grosso
312:Mato Grosso
76:Mato Grosso
51:Nickname(s)
1542:Categories
1317:: 320–327.
779:Positivism
773:naturalism
562:in 1961.
529:After the
525:Later life
373:Indigenous
361:Portuguese
347:Early life
123:Allegiance
69:5 May 1865
65:1865-05-05
43:Birth name
1410:10 August
1374:24 August
1296:743402628
1270:743402628
1216:0022-4529
1021:Rondonops
920:São Paulo
856:State of
696:Ariquemes
649:Tapirapuã
496:telegraph
459:June 2019
430:does not
342:Biography
291:Signature
257:Spouse(s)
187:1881–1955
1505:LibriVox
1485:Archived
1454:See also
1441:, 2004 (
1174:52429358
1124:Archived
974:, Paraná
972:Londrina
962:Botafogo
928:Archived
909:Rondônia
858:Rondônia
632:Rondônia
575:New York
401:Pedro II
377:smallpox
336:Rondônia
207:Commands
152:Service/
1593:Comtism
1224:3789895
1130:11 June
1049:Tapajós
1037:catfish
1033:species
831:Homages
810:in 1953
548:Leticia
512:Bolivia
451:removed
436:sources
365:Spanish
305:Marshal
277:
269:
265:
201:Marshal
1532:Brazil
1518:Portal
1445:
1331:: 328.
1294:
1268:
1222:
1214:
1172:
1162:
1051:basin.
982:Cuiabá
936:Cuiabá
882:Paraná
694:, and
636:Cuiabá
612:Amazon
508:Cuiabá
381:Terena
367:, and
353:Mimoso
237:Awards
175:
163:
154:branch
132:
110:Buried
104:Brazil
1220:JSTOR
1031:is a
369:Guaná
328:FUNAI
271:(
267:
1443:ISBN
1412:2024
1376:2022
1292:OCLC
1266:OCLC
1212:ISSN
1170:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1132:2023
874:Pará
839:The
701:The
692:Jaru
516:Peru
514:and
434:any
432:cite
383:and
371:(an
192:Rank
86:Died
59:Born
1503:at
1204:doi
1035:of
843:in
445:by
1544::
1449:).
1437:,
1402:.
1367:.
1313:.
1278:^
1252:^
1218:.
1210:.
1200:32
1198:.
1182:^
1168:.
1140:^
1122:.
1116:.
993:,
980:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
934:,
898:,
748:.
686:,
682:,
407:.
363:,
273:m.
102:,
98:,
78:,
74:,
1520::
1414:.
1378:.
1298:.
1272:.
1226:.
1206::
1176:.
1134:.
1012:(
1002:(
984:/
847:.
472:)
466:(
461:)
457:(
453:.
439:.
67:)
63:(
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