Butterfield Overland Mail

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William B. Dinsmore now elevated to president of the company. The Congressional report shows the modifications to the six-year Butterfield contract ending on September 15, 1864. Kirby Sanders was the National Park Service consulting historian and lead researcher for compiling the history for the master Special Resource Study for the Butterfield National Trail project and put into perspective the confusion over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s only involvement on the Butterfield Trail (Southern Overland Trail). He stated that they had only a secondary role and may have run a "trunk route" off of Butterfield from Los Angeles to San Diego. Waddell F. Smith, grandson of William Bradford Waddell, one of the founders of the Pony Express put into perspective the later involvement of Wells, Fargo & Co., two years after the Butterfield contract ended. What was known as the "Grand Consolidation," of the three stage lines, that held the mail contract on the Central Overland Trail, was achieved by Ben Holladay, "The Stagecoach King." The three lines now comprising the consolidation were the Pioneer Stage Line, the Overland Mail Company, and Wells, Fargo & Co. This three-million-dollar corporation, formed on February 5, 1866, became a new giant with an increased capitalization of ten million dollars. Wells, Fargo & Co. changed its name to Wells, Fargo and Company and was approved by the stockholders on December 10, 1866. Wells, Fargo and Company bought out Ben Holladay and was finally operating as a mail carrying stage company, with their name finally on a transom rail of a stagecoach, on the Central Overland Trail. But the end was in sight, as the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was nearing completion. On May 16, 1868, the board of directors of Wells, Fargo and Company authorized the sale of the company's stage lines, although they remained in operation until the completion of the railroad on May 10, 1869.

881:"They are made much like the express wagons in your city which carry goods for transshipment, only they are heavier built, have tops made of canvas, and are set on leather straps instead of springs. Each one has three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size and how they lie. From Memphis and from St. Louis to Fort Smith regular stage coaches are used, similar in every respect to those employed in the Atlantic States; but from Fort Smith onwards the vehicles used are not unlike a Jersey wagon, they are of the description known as Celerity wagons, being similar in build to the common Troy coach, and the body is hung upon the same kind of springs and in a similar manner. Instead, however, of the heavy wooden top, with iron railing around it, in common use, they have a light canvas covering supported by light uprights, after the manner of a Jersey wagon. The covering affords ample protection against the weather, while it greatly diminishes the weight of the vehicle as well as its liability to upset. Each one had three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size, and how they lie. The company has over one hundred of these coaches on the ground, and has been running them regularly and with profitable results, for some time past, upon portions of the route." 344:"His prior occupation was a humble one—that of driver of a stage-coach between Utica and Oswego. It was but two or three years before he had saved enough money from his wages to purchase an interest in the stage-coach line of which he was an employee; and once having placed his foot on the first steps of the ladder, he soon rose, by his business tact and assiduity, to be the principal proprietor of the stage-coach lines converging to this point. At the time that railroads supplanted stages on the leading routes, Mr. Kinyon was one of the most extensive owners of stage-coach property in Central New York. After the introduction of railroads, he continued to carry on the business of mail contractor and stage proprietor on the small lateral lines; but his business energies were too expansive to be thus curtailed, and he soon found ampler vent for them than the _______ of his former vast carrying business afforded. Hence, when the overland mail route to California was projected, Mr. Kinyon found a field of business enterprise more commensurate with his capacities. He it was who went over the whole route originally, and surveyed it from the eastern terminus to its western in California." Returning, he procured the necessary equipment for the route, and went over it again, organizing the route as he proceeded, and remained for nearly a year in California, in charge of the western terminus of the road." 975:, many of the stages were confiscated and used by the Confederate Army as military vehicles. As much of the equipment as possible was transferred to the central trail to continue the Overland Mail Company contract. Only enough of the stages made it to the central route to operate the line from Salt Lake City, Utah, to western Nevada. The biography of Edwin R. Purple tells of transferring the stages to the central route. He was employed by the Overland Mail Company as a financial agent at Fort Yuma, California, in May 1860. At the closing of the line, on the Southern Overland Trail, in March 1861, he was ordered to transfer the stock and stages from Tucson, Arizona, to Los Angeles, California, to supply the central route line, which was to commence operations on July 1, 1861. On May 8, 1861, with 30 men, he left Los Angeles and successfully arrived at Salt Lake City on June 16 with 18 stage wagons and 130 horses. In a discussion by Gerald T. Ahnert with members of the True West Historical Society, it was suggested that many of these original stagecoaches and stage wagons were bought by movie companies in the 1930s through 1950s and used in their movie productions. Many were destroyed in scenes of the stages being attacked. 371:"A portion of the exploring party sent out by the Overland Mail Company, for the purpose of examining the routes for the carriage of the mails from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific coast, which left this city on the 3rd of January last, reached Fort Smith, Arkansas, on their return home, on the 17th inst., accompanied by four of the party which left San Francisco on the 16th of January, on purpose to examine that portion of the route from the Pacific to the Rio Grande. They left El Paso on the 22d of March, thus accomplishing the distance from the Rio Grande to Fort Smith—nine hundred and thirty miles—in the short space of twenty-five days, which we believe is the quickest time on record in crossing the Plains. The party was composed of only eight men, as follows: Major George W. Wood, Jesse Tolcott, Charles P. Cole and J.A. Lilly, of the St. Louis party, and Lieut. Frank de Ryther, James Swartz and John Butterfield Jr. of the San Francisco party. They brought with them one wagon and thirteen animals, which they left at Fort Smith for the party proceeding East. The route traveled on the return trip was different from the one passed over in going out, ... " 952:"We arrived at the station about 10 o'clock, A.M., about 1 mile to the eastward of the river. Some coffee was prepared for us, and we were soon ready to start again. This time, after we were all seated in the coach, the horses, which were said to have been always kind and gentle, refused to move. After a great deal of beating, coaxing and a trial of various methods suggested by almost every one present, we were all obliged to get out again, and after a great deal of trouble, the horses were started, but the passengers being out of the coach, the driver was obliged to stop again, and again, after they were in, the horses refused to go. After working with the might and main for some time, they were got off upon a run, and this time they were kept going. Hitherto, in starting from any station, a person was obliged to stand at the heads of the horses—they being with a few exceptions' wild ones—until the driver was seated on his box, the reins gathered and everything in readiness, when he would give the signal, "turn 'em loose," or "let 'em go," and they would go upon a run. As we get further along, however, they are growing tame, and are more easily handled." 903:"Chidester also informs us of the means to supply the stations in the Llanos Estecados , or Staked Plains, with water. This desert, by the route of the Company's road, is seventy-five miles wide. From streams on either side of the Plains the Company supplies water to the stations with regular water trains, fitted up expressly for the purpose. The wagons used for this purpose are constructed of large tin boilers, similar in shape to the boilers of a steamboat, and capable of holding as much water as a team of six mules can draw. These trains run regularly, conveying water to the different stations, where large reservoirs are prepared to receive and preserve it for the use of passengers and the employés and stock of the Company. This is, of course, a very expensive method of supplying the indispensable element, but, as thus far all efforts to obtain it by boring or otherwise have proved little, the Company must submit to it for the present." 1075:"Great Salt Lake City, June 5, 1861. ... William Buckley, formerly the Superintendent of the Butterfield route from San Francisco to El Paso, F. Cluggage, an Agent in that route and Bolivar Roberts, the Superintendent of the western division on this route, came in a week ago yesterday from Carson, which I noticed in my last letter, and on Friday Edward Fisher, and four other employees in some department, came in from St. Joseph. ...They have, whatever else besides, at least made all the necessary arrangements for a vigorous start to the daily mail, and everything will be ready by the first week in July to fulfill the of obligations of the million contract. ... Last evening, profiting by a conversation with Mr. Buckley, I obtained from him a copy of his measurement of the road from Carson to this city . ... Placerville being the terminus, another 100 miles should be added between that and Carson, as the entire distance of the 51: 899:

were built on the straightened-out sections. An example was Ewell's Stage Station in the Sulphur Springs Valley of eastern Arizona. At the beginning of Butterfield's service, after leaving Apache Pass, the trail jogged northwest to Dos Cabezas Spring and then southwest to Dragoon Springs Stage Station at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains. In the spring of 1858 a new trail was made from the western entrance of Apache Pass and then along an almost straight line to the north end of the Dragoon Mountains. At approximately the midpoint of this new section a station and cistern were constructed. A water wagon was used to supply the cistern with water from Dos Cabezas Spring, which was now four miles north of the new station. Water wagons were also used to supply unusually long stretches of trail that lacked water sources. A newspaper article tells us of one of these situations:

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the sides with no doors or windows. Often a canvas top was supported by light uprights. They had canvas or leather curtains fastened to the top that could be rolled down as a barrier to the dust. The stage wagon was used by Butterfield's Overland Mail Company exclusively on 70% of the Southern Overland Trail on the 1,920-mile (3,090 km) section between Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California. Although the famous passenger wagon manufacturers Abbot-Downing Co. and J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co., of Concord, New Hampshire, never used the name "mud wagon" in their catalogs, there were others who referred to the stage wagon as a "mud wagon."

1317: 201:"John Butterfield was borne at Berne, in the Helderberg, near Albany, November 18, 1801. In early life we find him in the employment of Thorpe & Sprague, of that city, as a driver, and through the solicitation of Mr. Theodore S. Faxton came to Utica , where he for a time was employed in picking up passengers from the taverns and boats for Parker's stages. After a time he started a livery with but small accommodations… His connection to Parker & Co. continued so long as they were still in business, and was succeeded by lines of his own, wherein he was a leading manager in the State until staging was superseded by railroads." 1290: 452:"Between Vallecito and Algodones there are eight of these stations, varying from nine to sixteen miles apart. Wells have been sunk at each station, and abundance of good water is obtained, except at the Monument and Garden stations. These waters are brackish and bitter—a flavor not delicate to the taste. Drinking-water is carried from the other stations. These stations are of incalculable worth to emigrants, who are no longer forced to depend upon the precious supply of water which the wells, afforded, and which were liable to be covered up by the sand-waves that move over the desert." 831: 2600:, p. 42: "The stock, coaches, etc., on the southern route were pulled off, and accordingly moved north, and, by act of Congress, on July 1, 1861, the route between St. Joseph and Placerville, having been duly equipped for a daily line, went into operation. It took about three months to make the transfer of stages and stock, and to build a number of new stations, secure hay and grain, and get everything in readiness for operating a six-times-a-week mail line. The new line was designated by the post-office department as the Central Overland California Route." 1263: 393:

trail and water sources at regularly spaced stage stations. When researchers hike the Southern Overland Corridor, the most visible ruts are those of the route that the Overland Mail Company established, which others followed. Even though its services ceased on the Southern Overland Corridor in March 1861 because of the impending Civil War, it was so efficient that it remained little changed until its demise with the completion of the railroad in 1880. For this reason, to this day, the Southern Overland Trail is most commonly called "The Butterfield Trail."

495:, we gather some items which may be of interest: Woods pays a high compliment to the staging of the Butterfield Overland Company, along the Gila and over the Desert, particularly to Superintendent Buckley and Warren Hall, the Road Agent of this division [for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company. They have, he says, really worked wonders in organizing their road in a manner which would be a model in any country. The immigrants are coming slowly along, feeling in no hurry to enter California much before the rains have brought on the new grass. 1248: 176: 432:"The new road from Grape Creek to the head of Concho River, Texas, on Mr. Glover's division, is also in good order for travel and saves another thirty miles . The New Pass between Los Angeles, and Fort Tejon, California, has been much improved under the superintendence of M.L. Kinyon , as have also been other portions of the route. The route of the company will, of course, be a favorite emigrant route, and will, therefore, be in better order than before, in fact, each month will add new facilities to the overland mail." 1278: 379:"John Butterfield , the man who helped link the East to the West in establishing his famous Overland Mail Route more than half a century ago, died recently at his house in Utica, aged 82 years. His father, John Butterfield, was a superintendent of the Overland Mail Route from San Francisco to St. Louis and thence to eastern cities. The younger Butterfield first traversed the famous route, marked the stations, superintended the work of organization and drove the first stage over the route. 862:

articles, a total of 100 stages were ordered and either put into use or distributed to stations along the trail. Another important reference is from Goddard Bailey's report to the government on his inspection trip of the trail in September 1858. He stated in the report "The road is stocked with substantially-built Concord spring wagons..." A July 1858 Memphis newspaper article tells how the stages were delivered and who made them. This, of course was the famous J.S. & E.A. Abbot.

1305: 916:"The Overland California United States Mail left Memphis on Thursday last. It is brought by the Memphis and Little Rock Rail Road to within twelve miles of Madison, on St. Francis River, thence by light vehicles to Des Arc—thence by Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co.'s line of four horse U.S. Mail coaches to Fort Smith where it meets the St. Louis mail. Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co., are subcontractors under Butterfield & Co., from Memphis to Fort Smith…" 314: 3082: 3046: 984: 3106: 3070: 3094: 3034: 1000:

Francisco on Monday and Friday and that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad as $ 100. An advertisement appeared in the same newspaper on January 11, 1859, that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad had increased to $ 200. Butterfield's Overland Mail Company had 139 stage stations at the start of service but more stations were built after service started and increased to about 170. As noted about 100 stages were employed.

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support a metal railing where luggage could be carried. Seats were often provided on the roof. A canvas-covered boot at the back was used for luggage and mailbags. The difference between a stagecoach and a mail stagecoach is that a large compartment was provided below the driver's seat to carry mail and the rear boot for mail was larger. Butterfield's stagecoaches were used on 30% of the Southern Overland Trail at the eastern and western ends.

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Overland Mail Company and the only stockholder, other than John Butterfield, to have significant staging experience. Marquis moved from Mannsville, Jefferson County, to Rome, New York, in 1838. Rome was twelve miles from John Butterfield's home in Utica. He immediately became involved with staging. His obituary gives a good summation of his staging activities in Upstate New York and what led him to be involved with the Overland Mail Company:

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from Tipton, Missouri, to Fort Smith, Arkansas, and from Los Angeles to San Francisco, California. Stagecoach trails had already been established between these points, with a few Butterfield improvements to the trail. About sixty-six J.S. & E.A. Abbot stage (celerity) wagons, partially designed by John Butterfield, were distributed on the 1,920-mile trail through the frontier from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.

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Upstate New York, some retained their positions with the company. William Buckley was one of the original employees to continue with the company on the Central Overland Trail and took the position of Superintendent. Although William B. Dinsmore was now the company president, John Butterfield was still a stockholder and it can be seen in this article that the Overland Mail Company was still called "Butterfield's" by the employees.

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or valuables of any nature, will be allowed to be carried under any circumstances whatever." For this reason, the idea of a "shotgun" rider next to the driver was not employed by Butterfield. When correspondent Ormsby asked one of the stage drivers, "Have you any arms?", the stage driver answered, "No, I don't have any; there's no danger." However, most people on the Butterfield stages were armed, especially in

3058: 420:"Another disadvantage under which we labored, this trip, was that our road, for the most of the way, was nearly new, though Mr. Bates claims that from Sherman to Belknap at least forty miles are saved by it. It leads through the counties of Grayson, Cooke, Jacks , Montague, Wise, and Young, all of which contribute towards its expenses, and certainly it must be a favorite with some, for, 1021:, with liberty of charging the public for transportation of letters by said express not exceeding $ 1 per half ounce. The compensation for the whole service to be $ 1,000,000 per annum, to take effect on or before the 1st of July, 1861 and to expire the 1st of July, 1864 . The number of the route to be changed to 10773 and the service to be recorded in the route register for Missouri." 938:"The employees of the company, I found, without exception, to be courteous, civil, and attentive. They are most of them from the East, and many, especially of the drivers, from New York state. I found the drivers on the whole line, with but few exceptions, experienced men. Several are a little reckless and too anxious to make fast time, but as a general thing they are very cautious." 354:

trail and selecting the sites for stage stations. They traveled by mule covering about 40 miles (64 km) per day. Another party left St. Louis about the same time. Both were to meet at El Paso, Texas, and then return to St. Louis. The party from St. Louis was G.W. Wood, Jesse Talcott, and Charles P. Cole. A Fort Smith, Arkansas, newspaper reported:

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Angeles, California. By most accounts, wild mules were used and some wild mustangs. It is surprising that the use of wild draft animals did not hinder the Overland Mail Company stages from accomplishing its contractual agreed to time schedule. The problem with the unbroken mules and mustangs was expressed in correspondent Farwell's report:

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Postmaster General to contract for mail service from Missouri to California to facilitate settlement in the west. The Post Office Department advertised for bids for an overland mail service on April 20, 1857. Bidders were to propose routes from the Mississippi River westward. Nine bids were made by some of the most experienced stage men.

358:"The parties met at El Paso and after recruiting a few days, the above gentlemen left for this city—making the trip to this place in twenty-two days from El Paso, and thirty-one days from San Francisco to El Paso, or fifty-six days, through with wagons. …The party from California, in crossing Arizona, took a middle route between 2484: 1812: 487:

The San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line was operating on 900 miles of the improved trail and benefited by the regularly spaced water holes at Butterfield's stations. In October 1859, Superintendent Isaiah C. Woods complimented Butterfield for these improvements and the benefit to the San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line:

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the contractors were compelled to give it up. The eastern portion of the line was curtailed June 30, 1861. The final chapter was closed when the latter part of the line was discontinued Aug. 1, 1861." Wells Fargo continued its stagecoach runs to mining camps in more northern locations until the coming of the US

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The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York,

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is like. I've just had 24 days of it." Ormsby was the only passenger on the first East-West run of the Butterfield Stage who journeyed the entire distance of the mail route. He sent periodic dispatches to the paper describing his journey, including the pickup of passengers outside the Lawrence Livery

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From these references it is seen that Butterfield employed 100 stages distributed along the 2,700-mile trail from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. Approximately 34 western style J.S. & E.A. Abbot mail stagecoaches were used on the settled and partially settled sections of the trail

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As stated by President Buchanan in the congratulation telegram to John Butterfield, increased emigration would be a result of the improved trail. Just after Butterfield's service started in September 1858, there were many newspaper accounts of a large increase in the number of emigrants on the trail.

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G. Bailey, Special Agent, to Hon. A.V. Brown, P.M. General, Washington, D.C., Appendix, Great Overland Mail, Washington, October 18, 1858, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, pp. 739–744 Note: This report is based on Bailey's inspection

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Isaiah Churchill Woods, Report to Hon. A.V. Brown, "Postmaster General on the Opening and Present Condition of the Overland Mail Route Between San Antonio, Texas, and San Diego, California", by J. C. Wood Superintendent, Washington City, D.C., March 1858. Note: This 43-page report to the Postmaster

1411:. The stagecoach in the movie was not representative of John Butterfield's stagecoaches as the movie fictionally represented the Central Overland Trail after the Civil War. John Butterfield never used his name on a stage; only "Overland Mail Company" and only operated on the Southern Overland Trail. 885:

The same stage or stage driver was not used all the way through on the 2,700-mile (4,300 km) trip. They were changed frequently, both to avoid fatigue for the stage drivers and to avoid the braking down of the stages. Correspondent Ormsby reported that "I understand they have bought horses and

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means 'swiftness of speed'. The term "celerity wagon" is sometimes used instead of "stage wagon." It was about 60% of the weight of a stagecoach and was designed for the rough frontier conditions where the trail was not as well developed, in sand, and for traversing steep inclines. They were open on

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No one on a Butterfield stage was ever killed by outlaws, but some died in accidents caused by the mostly unbroken mules or mustangs running wild. Butterfield's stages were not allowed to carry shipments of valuables. In Butterfield's instructions to his employees was "No money, jewelry, bank notes,

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route with limited success by George Henry Giddings. The contract was given in May 1861 and was to start on April 1, 1861, and to end on June 30, 1862. "An attempt was made to fulfill the contract, beginning April 1, but faced with insurmountable obstacles and with the development of the Civil War,

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contract from September 16, 1858, on a six-year contract. The first stage going east left San Francisco at 10 minutes past midnight on September 14, 1858. The mail from San Francisco reached St. Louis in 24 days, 18 hours, and 26 minutes. The first stage going west left Tipton, Missouri, at 8 am on

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Other wagons used by Butterfield were water wagons and freight wagons. Water wagons were an important, but expensive, necessity. To straighten out the trail, so they wouldn't have to zigzag from water hole to water hole, water wagons were used to transport water from a source to stage stations that

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The stations of the Overland Mail companies and the wells dug by these enterprising men, are proving of incalculable benefit to those crossing with their own teams. The immigration on the Southern route, this year, will figure up from ten thousand to fifteen thousand souls, with a very large amount

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Goddard Bailey's report shows that there were 139 stations at the beginning of Butterfield's service, but by the time the line ceased operations the line had been improved by the addition of thirty-six more for a total of 175. The new stations were assigned 320 acres each and many took advantage by

2499:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Pony Express becoming part of the Overland Mail Company contract, pp. 153, 154 2389:

For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert, Butterfield's Overland Mail Company Stagecoaches and (Celerity) Wagons on the Southern Overland Trail, 1858–1861. The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service

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His name was misspelled in Contract with J. Butterfield and Co., Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48. pp. 7–10. In the details of the contract is M.L. Kinyon and at the end of the contract is M.L. Kenyon. Because his name was misspelled, researchers

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William Buckley, of Watertown, New York, was the Superintendent of the Fourth Division for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company on the Southern Overland Trail. When Butterfield's Overland Mail Company contract was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, although some of the employees returned to

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For the 25-day trip, the Butterfield stages did not stop for the passengers to sleep. They had to sleep on the stages. Many correspondents reported humorous stories about their experiences trying to sleep on the Butterfield stages. One of the most common problems was the losing of their hats while

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Correspondent Ormsby reported: "Our horses were four in number, that being the allotment all along the line from Tipton to San Francisco ." Many correspondents' reports describe the problems for the Overland Mail Company using unbroken wild mules and mustangs between Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Los

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The stage drivers, like many of Butterfield's employees, were mostly from upstate New York. An example for the many Butterfield employees being from New York State is shown in the 1860 Federal Census for Tucson. On page one a caption states "Great Overland Mail Stations," and of the 40 entries, 16

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This draft animal-drawn passenger and mail stage had a strong sub-frame covered by decorated wooden paneling with ornate doors and comfortably padded seats. They often had window openings, but the western models designed for the rougher conditions had no glass panels. The roof was strong enough to

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The trail that John Butterfield had established was so efficient that it was little changed until its demise in 1880 with the completion of the railroad, and the impact the Butterfield Trail had for settling the West cannot be understated, as written by President James Buchanan congratulating John

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The building of the trail was in two sections: the 462-mile (744 km) San Francisco to Los Angeles section and the rest of the 2,238-mile (3,602 km) distance to Tipton, Missouri. The San Francisco to Los Angeles section was previously one of the most developed. Some changes were made from

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are intertwined. It was the purpose of awarding the contract to the Overland Mail Company, on September 16, 1857, not only for a land route to deliver mail from the East to the West coast, but to aid emigrant travel to settle the West. Butterfield accomplished this purpose by providing an improved

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John Butterfield Sr. turned to two of his most trusted and experienced employees to put in place the Butterfield Trail. In 1858, with expedition leader Marquis L. Kenyon, John Butterfield Jr. helped to select the route and sites for the stage stations. Kenyon was also a stockholder/director of the

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Near the end of Butterfield's service, in March 1861 on the Southern Overland Trail, John Butterfield was voted out as president of the Overland Mail Company because he wasn't making money for the stockholders. He remained a stockholder in the company and attended the meetings with vice-president

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Newspapers published an article in June 1858 that Butterfield's mail stagecoaches and stage wagons were made by the J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co. of Concord, New Hampshire. Unfortunately the original order book for that time period in 1858 is missing from the Abbot-Downing Archives. According to the

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left New York on November 20, 1857, with passengers "M.L. Kinyon , J. Butterfield , F. De Ruyter and S.K. Nellis, who go out to open the Pacific Mail Route across the plains and arrange the western terminus of said route." The party left San Francisco on January 16, 1858, to begin laying out the

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Butterfield's Overland Mail Company made two trips a week from September 1858 to March 1861. At the start of service, the mail would leave St. Louis, Missouri, and San Francisco, California, every Monday and Thursday. A December 1, 1858, advertisement stated that the days for departure from San

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sleeping caused by the open-sided stage (celerity) wagons providing little protection from the wind. National Park Service Historian Frank Norris stated in an interview that "According to historian Gerald T. Ahnert, 'pulling up to a Butterfield stage station was like making a NASCAR pit stop.'"

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Although there were springs and rain-fed waterholes along the trail, many did not have a sufficient water capacity to supply the line and emigrants. These were dug out to hold a larger capacity. Cisterns were constructed at some of the stations and water wagons were used to transport water from

209:"Mr. Butterfield devoted his attention largely to lines running North and South. At the height of stage coaching he had forty lines running from Utica as headquarters to Ogdensburg and Sacketts Harbor on the North, and South to the Pennsylvania line, and through Chemung and Susquehanna valleys." 2485:

https://books.google.com/books?id=AqEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA14-PA1&dq=%22contract+with+overland+mail+company%22++46th+congress&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_IPK5_XdAhUSPq0KHXQXDoIQuwUIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22contract%20with%20overland%20mail%20company%22%20%2046th%20congress&f=false

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In behalf of the Overland Mail Company, the order was signed by president W.B. Dinsmore. William B. Dinsmore became president after John Butterfield was voted out as president. Butterfield still remained a stockholder. The Pony Express was terminated before the end of the contract because the

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Through the 1840s and 1850s there was a desire for better communication between the east and west coasts of the United States. There were several proposals for railroads connecting the two coasts. A more immediate realization was an overland mail route across the west. Congress authorized the

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https://books.google.com/books?id=gG9HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA739&dq=%22postmaster+General%22+Appendix+%22great+Overland+Mail%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir46Wno8HPAhVIMSYKHfw4Ab4Q6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22postmaster%20General%22%20Appendix%20%22great%20Overland%20Mail%22&f=false

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Sir – Your dispatch has been received. I cordially congratulate you upon the result. It is a glorious triumph for civilization and the Union. Settlements will soon follow the course of the road, and the East and West will be bound together by a chain of living Americans, which can never be

870:, on Tuesday evening last, six stages, and on Wednesday, Mr. Glover left to the direction of El Paso with four of them.... The stages were manufactured at Concord, New Hampshire, according to directions given by Col. John Butterfield. They will accommodate from six to nine passengers...." 413:, a passenger on the first stagecoach going west in September 1858, wrote in his reports of Marquis L. Kenyon's part in building the trail and the advantage for emigrants. He writes about the many improvements on the Texas side of the Red River starting about eight miles below Preston. 2786:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company and Pony Express history. 2266:, which published "…the particulars of an interview had with Mr. J.T. Chidester, a member of the firm of Chidester, Reeside & Co., upon the western end of the route, between Memphis and Fort Smith, who came down to superintend the departure of the first train." 2165:

Special Collections, Tuck Library, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire. Historian Gerald T. Ahnert visited the archives twice and found that the original order book for June and July 1858 was missing. This was the time period for Butterfield's

812:"After leaving this station , the conductor asked 'how many of us were armed', and requested that those who had arms should have them ready for use, as we now were in the Apache country. Guns and pistols were produced, and we rode all night with them in our hands." 397:

Los Angeles to San Francisco. Settlements and wagon roads used by local stage lines were strung out between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Some existing structures, such as ranch houses and hotels were contracted as stage stations. One of the most famous is

2551:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company's history. 1035:, Waterman L. Ormsby, remarked after his 2,812-mile (4,525 km) trek through the western US to San Francisco on a Butterfield Stagecoach thus: "Had I not just come out over the route, I would be perfectly willing to go back, but I now know what 1946:

Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P. M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D.C., October 1858," pp.

366:

Another report describes the arrival of the two parties at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and tells us that the choice for the trail did not satisfy Kenyon and his party and they returned from El Paso, Texas, by a different route, which became the trail.

279:

and most lived near Butterfield's home in Utica, New York. Alexander Holland was Butterfield's son-in-law and treasurer of the Overland Mail Company. Dinsmore was vice-president of the company. The office for the company was in New York City.

2390:

Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York, and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona

1519:

Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P.M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D. C., October 18,

1393:. The railroad was not completed through Arizona until 1879, eighteen years after Butterfield's Overland Mail Company ceased its service through Arizona. Also Butterfield never used his name on a stagecoach, only "Overland Mail Company." 742:

As noted above, the route from San Francisco to Fort Smith was the same for both routes. Travel time from Fort Smith to Memphis was about the same as to St. Louis. Management of the route from Fort Smith to Memphis was included in

331:, was the dividing point and these two were subdivided into minor divisions, five in the East and four in the West. These minor divisions were numbered west to east from San Francisco, each under the direction of a superintendent. 1374:

Congress passed a bill designating the Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail in 2022. The trail covers 3,292 miles in eight states. The bill uniquely includes a provision specifying that the trail shall not hinder any

348:

After winning the contract on September 16, 1857, Butterfield had one year to organize the trail and immediately sent his hand-picked team, headed by Marquis L. Kenyon, to San Francisco to begin the task. The steamer

2534:

Kirby Sanders, "Butterfield Overland Trail Friends," facebook site. Sanders was the administer of the site until his death. The site is for historians interested in the Butterfield Trail, as well as for the public.

1152:, Arizona's western Confederate capital, which housed one of two territorial courts; the other court was in Mesilla. All said engagements happened in the Confederate Arizona and Arkansas sectors of the mail route. 2983: 778:

down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas River, navigate up that river to Little Rock, and on from there by stagecoach. When the Arkansas was too low for steamboat traffic, the Butterfield could take the

1083:

propose erecting intermediate stations every twelve miles, on account of the greater amount of horses required for the accomplishment of the journey within the specified time of sixteen days from St. Joseph to

1008:

When the Overland Mail Company Contract No. 12578 was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, the contract was amended on March 12, 1861, to include the Pony Express. The new contract stated the following:

970:

All the stages that weren't in use were distributed at stations along the 2,700-mile trail. At the closing of Butterfield’s operations on the Southern Overland Trail in March 1861, because of the start of the

753:

and its Arkansas tributaries in those years, the southern route necessarily utilized various alternative routes and methods of travel. At that time, there was no Mississippi River bridge at Memphis, and the

2758:, A Cochise County Historical Publication, Vol. 46 No. 1 – Spring/Summer 2016, 50th Anniversary Issue, All articles were by Gerald T. Ahnert concerning the history of Butterfield's Overland Mail Company. 2058:

Richardson, "Butterfield Overland Mail": "As of 1858 the route extended from San Francisco to Los Angeles, thence by Fort Yuma, California, and Tucson, Arizona, to Franklin, Texas (present El Paso)."

886:

mules, and a wagon or coach for every thirty miles, of the route, while arrangements have been made at all the stations for changing horses, feeding, &c., so that they can run straight through."

1316: 3882: 1738: 268:; James V.P. Gardner of Utica, New York; Marquis L. Kenyon of Rome, New York; Alexander Holland of New York City; and Hamilton Spencer of Bloomington, Illinois. There were four others known as 1140:. Confederates attempted to keep the stations from Tucson to Mesilla open while they destroyed the stations from Tucson to Yuma which were used to supply the Union army as it advanced through 4672: 464:

There were two bridges in Arizona. One was across the San Simon River near San Simon Stage Station, and the other across the San Pedro River just north of the San Pedro River Stage Station.

213:

By 1857, when John was awarded the Overland Mail Company contract, he had had 37 years of experience working for and running stage lines. This was one of the reasons that Postmaster General

2346:, “Surviving the Ride on a Butterfield Stagecoach,” Volume 53, Number 4, August 2015, pp. 220–225. This article tells correspondents humorous accounts about riding on Butterfield’s stages. 2853:

Skeleton map of the overland mail route to California. Route adopted by the department traced in green. Route proposed by John Butterfield and others (who were the lowest bidders) in red

1343: 1331: 1621:

Lieutenant John G. Parke, Exploration and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Route near the 32d Parallel & Coast Route Cal., 1854–1855.

2563:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, "1861, March 12. Ordered that the overland mail service on route 12578 be discontinued," p. 4 4587: 1811:

trip on the first Butterfield stage to leave San Francisco heading east. He lists all the stations and their divisions. He also lists the time that he traveled on these divisions.

4910: 1768:

in footnote 151 on p. 131, publisher Huntington Library stated nothing has been found concerning Garner, of Utica, New York, or Kinyon, of Rome, NY. The other misspellings are

4605: 3655: 5120: 4721: 4581: 3979: 2763:

Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own, The Architects of the Butterfield Trail – Marquis L. Kenyon and John Butterfield Jr. add a Personal Touch to Arizona

2070: 874:

Another article a week later in the same Memphis newspaper stated that 60 more were to come. The use of "Concord" stagecoaches was also mentioned by correspondent Ormsby.

441:

distant sources to fill the cisterns. At the Hueco Tanks in Texas, correspondent Ormsby tells of the tanks being enlarged by Butterfield to hold a year's supply of water.

17: 2976: 5347: 4827: 4621: 1473: 924:"The vehicles used upon the road between Fort Smith are of the description known as Celerity wagons…. The company have over one hundred of these coaches on the ground…" 1071:

Only enough equipment and employees were transferred to stock the trail from Carson City, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah. A June 1861 newspaper accounted the details:

4837: 4611: 5342: 5267: 4483: 2996: 1631: 1371:

concluded its Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment in 2018 and determined that it would be feasible and desirable as part of the National Trails System.

745: 669: 4752: 4741: 4728: 4692: 4677: 4616: 3447: 581: 562: 5272: 5166: 4878: 4817: 1919:, Only Through Passenger on the First Westbound Stage, Edited by Lyle H. Wright and Johnson M. Bynum, The Huntington Library, San Marino California, 1991, p. 42. 186:

was a descendant of Benjamin Butterfield, who brought his family from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. His father, Daniel Butterfield, lived at

5499: 5292: 5247: 4873: 4868: 4847: 4812: 4697: 4593: 1488: 1195:

was another destination along the route that was rebuilt after the Civil War. It is on one of the last sections of the trail that still exists: The segment of

543: 1241:

features a stainless steel pyramid erected in 1958 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which passed south of the mountain.

323:

The contract with the U.S. Post Office, which went into effect on September 16, 1858, identified the route and divided it into eastern and western divisions.

5327: 5282: 5277: 5252: 4746: 3295: 5317: 4832: 4323: 2956:

Unfortunately this article is not primary source reference and contains some errors. Wells Fargo Co. did not take over Butterfield's Overland Mail Company.

1510:

Waterman L. Ormsby, edited by Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, "The Butterfield Overland Mail", The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, 1991.

401:, which is preserved as a historic site. Kenyon's hardest task building the trail was east of Los Angeles, where his trail was mostly in the open desert. 5337: 5302: 5257: 5186: 4476: 4030: 3194: 2399:

G. Bailey, Report of the Postmaster General, Appendix, p. 739 (the time the stage left San Francisco) & 744 (the total number of hours to St. Louis).

498:

of cattle and sheep. The old complaints of the immigrants are at present unheard of, owing to the better knowledge of the country now so readily obtained

1064:. The last Overland Mail Company mail bag left St. Louis, Missouri, March 18, 1861. This last mail arrived in San Francisco, California April 13, 1861. 834:

Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagon partly designed by John Butterfield. Sixty-six were employed from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.

5429: 2612:, California, June 11, 1861, “Letter from Salt Lake, From our Special Correspondent." Note: The complete article can be accessed by the following link 1457: 491:"The San Diego Overland Route – Interesting News – From I.C. Woods, who has just crossed the continent on the San Diego and San Antonio Line, says the 256:. It was a stockholding company and the main stockholders, besides John Butterfield, were also fellow directors of the company: William B. Dinsmore of 5484: 3972: 2421:

John Butterfield, Overland Mail Company Through Time Schedule between St. Louis, Mo./Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal., No. 1, Sep. 16th, 1858

1442: 1304: 1079:. These are the stations now in use and to be continued, from the facilities they afford of proximity to wood, water and feed; but I am informed the 5489: 5464: 5454: 4687: 4316: 4264: 2813: 291:

greater ability, qualification and experience than anybody else to carry out a mail service, John Butterfield & Co. was selected and preferred.

3787:, a later station operating in 1860, 14 miles east from French Johns and 13 miles north from Clayton's Station (formerly Widow Smith's Station). 2869: 2855: 2841: 2098:

Special Instructions to Conductors, Agents, Drivers & Employees, John Butterfield, Order No. 8. A copy of these instructions was published in

5494: 4735: 2883: 1532:

Aaron V. Brown, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, Contract with J. Butterfield and Co. p. 1.

5469: 5459: 5449: 5419: 2971: 5444: 3249: 3204: 1452: 650: 50: 5424: 4489: 4142: 4131: 4120: 4109: 4094: 3799: 3323: 3317: 3184: 1435: 1093: 877:

There were many similar descriptions of Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagons given by newspaper correspondents. One was given by Ormsby:

245:

that the express companies could do a better job than the Overland Mail Company drew a sharp rebuttal from a Washington, D.C., newspaper.

5474: 5404: 2003:, "Colonel Bonneville to the General-in-chief, Headquarters Department of New Mexico, Santa Fe, July 15, 1859," Washington, 1860, p. 300 2881:

The colorful Butterfield Overland Stage. Reproductions in color of 20 paintings by Marjorie Reed from the collection of James S. Copley

2751:, Canastota Publishing, Co. Inc., Canastota, New York, 2011. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Arizona. 1289: 205:

After his employment with other stage lines, John decided to use this experience for running his own stage lines in Upstate New York.

4048: 2726: 2613: 2458:, Postmaster General, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858, pp. 742–743 1262: 619: 600: 3777: 2808: 838: 4037: 3712: 3311: 2509: 1430: 1169: 524: 398: 252:, who was president for the contract that was named the Overland Mail Company. This was the longest mail contract awarded in the 2067: 1879:, New York, Utica Man Linked East with West, John Butterfield Established Overland Mail Route Half a Century Ago, March 23, 1909 5127: 5000: 4791: 4542: 4388: 4202: 3915: 3510: 3428: 3420: 3150: 1659:

Abstract of Bids, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc., No. 48, Post Office Department

183: 808:

territory. In October 1859 correspondent Farwell was a passenger heading east on a Butterfield stage and wrote the following:

2359:, "Butterfield Overland Trail," January 2015. This article is about the proposal for the Butterfield National Historic Trail. 1092:, the abandoned Butterfield route between Texas and Southern California operated under a new Federal contract as part of the 3843: 1013:"And to be required also, during the continuance of their contract, or until completion of the overland telegraph, to run a 4026: 2001:

The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, First Session, Thirty-Sixth Contress, 1859–60

1598:

History of Oneida County, New York: with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers

1247: 5439: 5434: 4455: 4012: 3267: 2993: 1657: 1635: 1368: 1165: 152: 2827: 5409: 2928: 2700: 1712: 1447: 5237: 5151: 5081: 4682: 3943:. The 2nd Division headquarters was in a brick building, consisting of an office, blacksmith shop, stables and sheds. 3368: 3214: 1238: 996:

September 16, 1858. The mail was carried by railroad for the first 160 miles (260 km) from St. Louis to Tipton.

843: 1017:

semi-weekly at a schedule time of ten days, eight months of the year, and twelve days four months of the year , and

147:, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the 3677: 3199: 1192: 1129: 755: 460:"Fourteen miles from Boggy Depot we came to Blue River station, where a heavy bridge is building for the company." 194:, near Albany, N.Y., where John was born. He attended schools near his boyhood home, but his education was meager. 140: 1958:

The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress

1402:, featuring several main characters under the employ of Butterfield: District Manager, Station Agent, and Driver. 4575: 3219: 2962: 1478: 1425: 1227: 1125: 1098: 912:

Butterfield subcontracted the section between Des Arc and Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Chidester, Reeside & Co.:

148: 305:, was 600 miles (970 km) longer than the Central Overland Trail, but had the advantage of being snow free. 4062: 2575:, California, April 5, 1861, “Letter from St. Louis, from our Special Correspondent, St. Louis, March 19, 1861. 248:

Mail Contract No. 12,578 for $ 600,000 per annum for a semi-weekly service was assigned to John Butterfield of

2675: 1543: 1211:. Potts Inn was finished in 1859 and was a popular stop along the route. It survives as a museum owned by the 791:, before switching to the stagecoaches. Sometimes the entire route across eastern Arkansas would be by stage. 3883:

Notes of a Trip to Los Angeles No. 1, Daily Alta California, Volume 12, Number 3888, 5 October 1860 — Page 1

3814: 3780:– Located 14 miles east southeast of Reeds Station, in the vicinity of the mouth of Cow Springs Creek Canyon. 2779:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Texas. 1462: 1089: 2867:

Overland Mail Company: through time schedule between St. Louis, Mo., Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal

2179:, The Senate of the United States, Second Session. Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858. p. 741. 3784: 3705: 3393: 1161: 92: 3998: 3770: 1584:

From an advertisement titled "1827 – Half Century – 1880, The Old Established Butterfield Livery Stable",

1363:

signed Congressional legislation (Sec. 7209 of P.L. 111-11) to conduct a study of designating the trail a

4329: 4281: 3538: 3239: 1521: 1376: 1137: 422:

though only opened one month before I passed over it, it was already pretty well marked with wagon tracks

5374: 5090: 4352: 4165: 3871: 1277: 5414: 4993: 4784: 4535: 4381: 4195: 4116: 3965: 3908: 3503: 3351: 3143: 3012: 2866: 2852: 2838: 2772:, Yucca Enterprises, 2005. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in New Mexico. 1181: 1177: 1053: 302: 287:... a route which no contractor had bid for, but one which in the judgement of A.V. Brown, of Memphis, 2880: 2727:"BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL DESIGNATION ACT; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 200" 241:, bid on the contract because, as of yet, they had no experience running stage lines. A suggestion by 4509: 4470: 3818: 3745: 3564: 3438: 1555: 1105: 987:

Overland mail commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office, 100th Anniversary, October 10, 1958

389: 362:

and the Southern route – (but little traveled heretofore,) pronounced by them, as an excellent road."

289:

had more advantages than any other, and, as John Butterfield & Co. had, in the opinion of Brown,

35: 31: 3794:(Clayton's Station, Major Gordon's Station) – Located 24 miles from French John's Station, in upper 4419: 4138: 3791: 3670: 3597: 3363: 1389: 1149: 1113: 5105: 4978: 4769: 4520: 4366: 4286: 4180: 3893: 3488: 4449: 4443: 4298: 4156: 3795: 3738: 3698: 3648: 3608: 3405: 3167: 2614:

https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18610611&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1

1420: 1364: 159: 3752: 1104:

At least four battles of the American Civil War occurred at or near Butterfield mail posts, the

5262: 5201: 5176: 5051: 4962: 4637: 4465: 3991: 3858: 3586: 3464: 3410: 3159: 2910: 1109: 1057: 780: 759: 3773:– Located 8 miles southeast of Fort Tejon, near, to the south of the summit of the Tejon Pass. 2380:

Edwin R. Purple, The New York State Genealogical and Biographical Record, New York, July, 1879

5297: 5196: 5113: 5066: 5036: 4986: 4777: 4528: 4431: 4374: 4259: 4247: 4241: 4188: 4055: 3940: 3901: 3659: 3637: 3630: 3619: 3550: 3542: 3496: 3338: 3136: 2644: 2624: 2483:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 46th Congress, 3d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 21, p. 7. 1483: 1212: 1133: 359: 191: 1686: 5479: 5181: 5171: 5156: 5071: 5046: 4842: 4702: 4304: 4079: 3947: 3666: 3572: 1325:

summit, with a pyramid commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail

1295: 1204: 674: 108: 1764:

have been unable to find information concerning Kenyon's history. In Waterman L. Ormsby's

8: 5242: 5191: 5076: 5061: 5056: 5026: 4647: 4504: 4494: 4460: 4334: 4276: 4127: 4105: 4044: 4005: 3839: 3719: 3684: 3615: 3400: 3388: 3383: 1141: 1117: 830: 784: 709: 3762:– Located 15 miles southwest of Sink of Tejon Station, north of and below the summit of 2790: 2656: 2645:

National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination: Oak Grove Butterfield Station

5307: 5287: 5221: 5041: 5021: 4944: 4925: 4883: 4715: 4437: 4270: 4253: 4149: 4075:

miles east southeast of Carrizo Creek Station, 15 miles west northwest of Indian Wells.

3958: 3825: 3590: 3579: 1200: 1061: 972: 655: 96: 2953: 2513: 5312: 5216: 5211: 5031: 4905: 4888: 4822: 4652: 4090: 4083: 4019: 3850: 3806: 3730: 3641: 3626: 3475: 3346: 3086: 3050: 2932: 2924: 2795: 2661: 2333:, San Francisco, “Letter from our Overland Correspondent,” Tuesday, November 16, 1858 2128:, San Francisco, "Letter from our Overland Correspondent," Tuesday, November 16, 1858 1407: 1173: 788: 767: 763: 750: 265: 3534:– Western terminus and 1st Division headquarters, located in downtown San Francisco. 1588:, June 1st, 1880, Published by the Utica Directory Co., 167 Genesee St., Utica, N.Y. 175: 91:

service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and

5356: 5352: 5332: 5322: 5206: 4966: 4852: 4409: 4310: 4235: 3809:– Located 10 miles south of Widow Smith's Station in lower San Francisquito Canyon. 3691: 3189: 2536: 705: 700: 276: 261: 230: 112: 3571:

San Jose Station – Located 11 miles south of Mountain View Station in the city of

334: 5161: 4758: 4414: 4339: 3954: 3098: 3074: 3038: 3000: 2987: 2966: 2887: 2873: 2859: 2845: 2831: 2371:, Frankfort, Kentucky, "Later from Texas, Fort Smith, Feb. 20," February 22, 1861 2074: 1398: 1268: 1145: 1031: 624: 586: 249: 187: 2839:

Letter to the postmaster general in relations to the overland mail to California

1901:

For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert,

1310:

Advertising poster for a similar but later service between California and Oregon

934:

are listed as being born in New York State. Correspondent Ormsby reported that:

794: 4938: 4915: 4642: 4599: 4292: 3861:. The first station of the 1st Division, it was located 12 miles northwest of 3277: 3272: 3244: 3234: 3062: 3026: 2814:

Historic Places on the Old Stage Line from Fort Smith to Red River – Appendix A

1322: 1254: 1234: 1219: 1188: 1052:

Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company was ordered to transfer the company to the

920:

In an interview Chidester stated that he was using Butterfield's stage wagons:

771: 605: 324: 214: 144: 3128: 283:

Why John Butterfield was chosen was stated by Postmaster General Aaron Brown:

5398: 4920: 4499: 4425: 4223: 3983: 3854: 3531: 3378: 3373: 3358: 2824: 1196: 1003: 529: 456:

Other improvements to the trail by Butterfield were the building of bridges:

383: 257: 253: 234: 104: 3733:(Kern River Station) – Located 10 miles south of Posey Creek Station on the 1405:

A Butterfield Overland stagecoach is also featured in the 2015 western film

1379:

project. The Park Service will develop a comprehensive administration plan.

4662: 4657: 4229: 3601: 3557: 3549:

Sun Water Station – Located 9 miles south of Clarks Station in what is now

3229: 3224: 3209: 3176: 3122: 3110: 2825:

The overland mail, 1849–1869: promoter of settlement precursor of railroads

1544:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aft3376.0001.001;view=1up;seq=1

1468: 1396:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is the main subject of the 1965 film

1360: 1148:

and others led to a significant delay to the Union advance, postponing the

4093:– a later station, located 15 miles southeast of Indian Wells Station, in 2936: 2634:, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Spring 1969, Volume 15, Number 2 1575:, edited by Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, The Grafton Press, New York, 1904 4667: 3936: 3862: 3287: 2994:

Texas Historical Society: Butterfield Overland Mail Company in Bridgeport

1223: 1121: 1120:. Four clashes between the Apache and Confederate or Union forces in the 548: 238: 3005: 2433:, California, December 1, 1858. This ad appeared until January 10, 1858. 983: 3763: 3759: 3734: 3723: 1556:"S.3519 - Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail Designation Act" 313: 170: 136: 124: 88: 2959: 1522:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c109481050;view=1up;seq=745

1019:

to convey for the Government free of charge five pounds of mail matter

5375:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 5360: 5091:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 4353:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 4166:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 3872:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 2948: 2749:

The Butterfield Trail and Overland Mail Company in Arizona, 1858–1861

1739:"Torn-Down Tuesday: The Fargo Mansion, home of a Wells Fargo founder" 1208: 992: 775: 567: 275:

Almost all of the stockholders were connected to other businesses in

100: 4112:, 38 miles east of Indian Wells Station, no water except at station. 4029:– Located 10 miles southeast of Warner's Ranch, northwest of nearby 1826:(New York), obituary, The Late Hon. M.L. Kinyon (sic), April 3, 1862 5135: 5008: 4799: 4550: 4396: 4210: 4145:, 22 miles east of Alamo Mocho Station, no water except at station. 4098: 3982:– Located 10 miles southeast of Temescal Station, near present-day 3923: 3518: 2077:

History & Architecture: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.

1387:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is featured in the 1957 film

801: 139:

ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the

116: 2676:"ParkPlanning - Butterfield Overland Trail Special Resource Study" 4561: 2765:(Revised Edition 2017), NoBottomGulch Publications, Syracuse, NY. 1624: 1218:

When it was first established, the route proceeded due east from

328: 128: 4082:– Located 32 miles southeast of Carisso Creek, near present day 3589:– Located 13 miles south of Seventeen Mile House in what is now 2016:, Series I, Volume L, Fort Thorn, Arizona, July 6. 1862, p. 121. 2777:

The Texas Frontier and The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1858–1861

2502: 1780:. All of these have also been used without the middle initial. 1349:

Butterfield Overland Mail trail remnant at Apache Pass, Arizona

805: 774:

was high enough, the mail could instead travel from Memphis by

770:. From there the route headed overland by stagecoach. When the 335:

Kenyon and Butterfield Jr.: architects of the Butterfield Trail

132: 4123:, 9 miles east of Alamo Mocho and 9 miles west of Seven Wells. 3669:– Located 17 miles southeast of Elkhorn Spring Station on the 2140:, "The Mud Wagon", John and Mildred Frizzell, May 1976, p. 140 1612:, Oswego, New York, "Butterfield Stables Sold," June 13, 1894. 1180:. Both properties, 20 miles (32 km) apart, were declared 220: 197:

John's early involvement with stage lines started about 1820.

3259: 2960:

Over-land.com: Official Millennium Trail – The Overland Trail

2068:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Route Lucian Wood Road Segment.

795:

Butterfield's stagecoaches, celerity wagons, and water wagons

318:

The stage routes from a Butterfield Overland Mail Company map

120: 2954:

Desert USA.com: John Butterfield + Butterfield Overland Mail

1226:; the remains of a stagecoach stop are still visible at the 3994:– a later station, 11 miles south of Laguna Grande Station. 3975:– Located 20 miles southeast of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino. 3006:

Butterfield Express under the Confederate States of America

2262:, California, October 13, 1858. The article was taken from 1474:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

1036: 444:

In June 1860 Butterfield passenger Wallace reported to the

4119:– a later station, located south of the Mexican border in 3755:– Located 14 miles southwest of Kern River Slough Station. 1004:

Pony Express as part of the Overland Mail Company contract

384:

John Butterfield makes the Southern Overland Trail his own

4008:– Located 14 miles east of Temecula Station, near Aguanga 3853:– Located 12 miles southeast of Mission San Fernando, in 3629:– Located 13 miles southeast of Lone Willow Station near 3541:– Located 12 miles south of San Francisco in what is now 4058:– Located 9 miles east southeast of Palm Spring Station. 3939:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cahuenga Station in the 3658:– Located 22 miles east of Fresno City near present-day 2837:

Butterfield, J., Fargo, W.G., & Holland, A. (1857).

424:. …It must of course improve with every day of its use." 4130:– a later well, located south of the Mexican border in 4097:, 14 miles west of Alamo Mocho Station, in present day 2290:, California, October 13, 1858. Article reprinted from 1850:, The Overland Mail Route, Utica, New York, May 4, 1858 505:

Route divisions of the Butterfield Overland Mail route

4001:– Located 21 miles southeast of Laguna Grande Station. 3640:– Located 15 miles southeast of Temples Ranch, on the 3480: 2972:

1958 Overland Mail Centennial U.S. commemorative stamp

2701:"Butterfield Trail gets national historic designation" 2627:

The Jackass Mail – San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line

1903:

Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own.

1797:

Immigrant Roads and Mail Routes across the Continent,

1634:. Bridgeport, Texas Historical Society. Archived from 1542:

General also contains references from Woods' day book.

1489:

Butterfield Overland Mail Company Los Angeles Building

3010: 2907:

The overland mail and passenger service. p. 156.

2865:

Overland Mail Company, & Butterfield, J. (1858).

1867:, Return of the Overland Mail Expedition, May 3, 1858 1586:

Francis & Stewart's Utica City Directory for 1880

1573:

A biographical memorial of General Daniel Butterfield

1535: 1337:

Butterfield historical marker at Apache Pass, Arizona

1047: 416:

A lengthy new section of road in Texas is described:

4047:– Located 9 miles southeast of Vallecito Station at 3715:– Located 12 miles south of Fountain Spring Station. 3687:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cross Creek Station. 2820:

11:2 (June 1933) 821–822 (accessed August 16, 2006).

1506: 1504: 171:

John Butterfield: president of Overland Mail Company

4040:– Located 18 miles southeast of San Felipe Station. 3722:– Located 15 miles southwest of Mountain House, on 3708:– Located 14 miles southeast of Tule River Station. 1788:

were sometimes used in Upstate New York newspapers.

375:John Jr.'s obituary summarized his accomplishment: 30:"Overland Mail" redirects here. For the films, see 4961:miles from Sherman Station, ferry crossing of the 4022:– Located 10 miles southeast of Oak Grove Station. 4015:– Located 12 miles southeast of Tejungo Station. 3651:– Located 19 miles southeast of Firebaugh's Ferry. 3600:– Located 18 miles east of Gilroy near the top of 2977:"Panning for history along Cache la Poudre River" 2647:, National Park Service, accessed 18 November 2009 1458:Butterfield Overland Mail in Arkansas and Missouri 153:San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line (Jackass Mail) 3968:– Located 12 miles southeast of Rancho San Jose. 3680:– Located 15 miles southeast of Whitmore's Ferry. 1662:. U.S. Government Printing Office. March 3, 1859. 1501: 1443:Butterfield Overland Mail in New Mexico Territory 404: 5396: 3957:– Located 12 miles east of Monte in present-day 3618:– Located 18 miles east of St. Louis Ranch near 2537:https://www.facebook.com/groups/338802216162970/ 856: 749:. However, because of the untamed nature of the 3817:– Located 12 miles south of King's Station, in 3158: 2919:Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994. 2207:, Tennessee, July 21, 1858, reprinted from the 2191:, Tennessee, July 13, 1858, reprinted from the 2040:, October 29, 1859 (italics added for emphasis) 1888:Frank Norris, Historian National Park Service, 1672:The California Overland Mail Company Contract, 1026:telegraph line was completed October 24, 1861. 107:. The routes from each eastern terminus met at 4159:– Located 10 miles east of Pilot Knob Station. 2643:Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (1975) 2467:National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, 2152:, Buffalo, New York, Saturday, June 26, 1858, 2049:Wright, "Historic Places – Appendix A", p. 821 409:Waterman L. Ormsby, the correspondent for the 301:because of its long curving route through the 5500:National Historic Trails of the United States 5121: 4994: 4785: 4536: 4382: 4196: 3909: 3701:– Located 14 miles south of Packwood Station. 3560:– Located 9 miles south of Sun Water Station. 3504: 3144: 2890:. Palm Desert, Calif: Best-West Publications. 1526: 1513: 1453:Butterfield Overland Mail in Indian Territory 991:Butterfield's Overland Mail Company held the 388:The history of the Butterfield Trail and the 87:(officially the Overland Mail Company) was a 55:"The Overland Mail Coach," illustration from 2949:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail 1928:Ormsby, p. 44. (Italics added for emphasis). 1436:Butterfield Overland Mail in Baja California 965: 18:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail 2028:, Washington, D.C., October 11, 1858, p. 2. 1906:and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona 1600:, Philadelphian, Everts & Fariss, 1878. 866:"The Overland Mail Company received by the 737: 221:Awarding the Overland Mail Company contract 5128: 5114: 5001: 4987: 4941:– Located 15 miles from Diamond's Station. 4792: 4778: 4543: 4529: 4389: 4375: 4203: 4189: 3916: 3902: 3838:miles southeast of Hart's Station, in the 3748:– Located 12 miles south of Gordons Ferry. 3511: 3497: 3151: 3137: 1713:"William G. Fargo "Expressing" the Nation" 1354: 1160:There are two surviving stage stations in 49: 5430:Trails and roads in the American Old West 4466:Miembre's River (Rio Mimbres, Mowry City) 4152:– Located 18 miles east of Cooke's Wells. 4141:– Located south of the Mexican border in 4108:– Located south of the Mexican border in 3567:– Located 12 miles south of Redwood City. 3250:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 2250:, pp. 49, 53–55, 66, 68, 94, 123–124, 139 1892:, "Butterfield Overland Mail," pp. 15–20. 956: 825: 5485:1857 establishments in the United States 3611:– Located 17 miles east of Pacheco Pass. 2990:Article about the Central Overland Trail 2637: 2587:, San Francisco, Sunday, April 14, 1861. 1956:"Contract with J. Butterfield and Co.," 1060:, because of the impending start of the 982: 837: 829: 312: 174: 27:Stagecoach service in the US (1858–1861) 5490:Transport companies established in 1857 5465:Historic trails and roads in New Mexico 5455:Historic trails and roads in California 3950:– Located 13 miles east of Los Angeles. 2903:The overland mail and passenger service 2834:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1431:Butterfield Overland Mail in California 229:None of the express companies, such as 14: 5495:American companies established in 1857 5397: 2879:Reed, M., & Pourade, R.F. (1966). 2618: 2278:, Arkansas, Friday, September 16, 1858 5470:Historic trails and roads in Oklahoma 5460:Historic trails and roads in Missouri 5450:Historic trails and roads in Arkansas 5420:History of United States expansionism 5109: 4982: 4773: 4524: 4370: 4184: 3897: 3582:– Located 17 miles south of San Jose. 3492: 3479: 3132: 2756:The Cochise County Historical Journal 1382: 5445:Historic trails and roads in Arizona 2807:. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, 1901. 1838:, Washington City, November 23, 1857 1676:, Washington, D. C., April 29, 1858. 758:ran from Hopefield near present-day 437:growing crops which aided the line. 5425:Postal history of the United States 5380:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 5096:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 4358:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 4171:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 3877:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 3694:– Located 12 miles east of Visalia. 3296:Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail 2917:900 Miles on the Butterfield Trail. 2770:The Butterfield Trail in New Mexico 2561:Contract with Overland Mail Company 2481:Contract with Overland Mail Company 1978:William A Wallace, "The Stations," 1960:, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, p. 4. 1632:"Butterfield Overland Mail Company" 1166:Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station 762:, only to a point 12 miles east of 24: 5475:Historic trails and roads in Texas 5405:Butterfield Overland Mail stations 3844:Mission San Fernando Rey de España 3481:Butterfield Overland Mail stations 2894: 1448:Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas 1203:. Also in Arkansas is the town of 1155: 1048:Transfer to Central Overland Trail 816: 25: 5511: 4673:Deadman's Hole Spring (El Muerto) 3195:El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail 2942: 1239:Guadalupe Mountains National Park 907: 844:Guadalupe Mountains National Park 468:Butterfield for his achievement: 3200:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 2805:The Overland Stage to California 2632:The Journal of San Diego History 2598:The Overland Stage to California 2510:"Waterman Lilly Ormsby 18341919" 2177:Report of the Postmaster General 1776:on the 1860 Federal Census, and 1342: 1330: 1315: 1303: 1288: 1276: 1261: 1246: 1193:Pea Ridge National Military Park 1130:Second Battle of Dragoon Springs 942: 928: 756:Memphis and Little Rock Railroad 4134:, 18 miles east of Alamo Mucho. 2741: 2719: 2693: 2668: 2650: 2603: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2541: 2528: 2489: 2474: 2461: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2393: 2383: 2374: 2362: 2349: 2336: 2323: 2310: 2297: 2281: 2269: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2214: 2198: 2182: 2169: 2159: 2143: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2092: 2080: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1909: 1895: 1882: 1870: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1804: 1791: 1757: 1731: 1705: 1679: 1666: 1650: 1615: 1426:San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line 1228:Hueco Tanks State Historic Site 1126:First Battle of Dragoon Springs 893: 4588:Cornudas de Los Alamos Station 4410:Seneca Spring (Cienaga Spring) 2901:Swensen, Henry Edward (1911). 1603: 1591: 1578: 1566: 1548: 405:Sections shortened or improved 13: 1: 4086:, no water except at station. 4065:– a later station, located 17 2410:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2318:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2305:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2248:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2235:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2222:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2113:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2100:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1917:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1766:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1494: 1463:Butterfield Overland Despatch 1359:On March 30, 2009, President 1090:Confederate States of America 978: 857:Butterfield stage manufacture 239:Wells Fargo & Co. Express 111:, and then continued through 2900: 2800:. Retrieved 2006-08-22. 2512:. Ormsby.org. Archived from 7: 3678:Head of Cross Creek Station 3205:Juan Bautista de Anza Trail 3160:U.S. National Trails System 2886:September 26, 2007, at the 2872:September 29, 2007, at the 2858:September 29, 2007, at the 2844:September 29, 2007, at the 2830:September 29, 2007, at the 2156:, California, July 31, 1858 1717:The Buffalo History Gazette 1479:Stockton – Los Angeles Road 1414: 1271:reconstructed stage station 1182:National Historic Landmarks 1138:Skirmish in Doubtful Canyon 503: 158:The route was designated a 10: 5516: 5440:1860s in the United States 5435:1850s in the United States 4653:Birchville (Smith's Ranch) 4582:Ojos de los Alamos Station 4450:Mexican Springs (Barney's) 3966:Rancho Santa Ana del Chino 3439:National Recreation Trails 3324:Star-Spangled Banner Trail 3318:Overmountain Victory Trail 2851:Butterfield, J.W. (1857). 1178:Warner Springs, California 472:"Washington, Oct. 9, 1858 217:awarded him the contract. 165: 151:had been delivered by the 95:from two eastern termini, 29: 5410:Butterfield Overland Mail 5370: 5230: 5144: 5137:Butterfield Overland Mail 5017: 5010:Butterfield Overland Mail 4934: 4898: 4861: 4808: 4801:Butterfield Overland Mail 4711: 4630: 4568: 4559: 4552:Butterfield Overland Mail 4405: 4398:Butterfield Overland Mail 4348: 4219: 4212:Butterfield Overland Mail 3932: 3925:Butterfield Overland Mail 3746:Kern River Slough Station 3527: 3520:Butterfield Overland Mail 3486: 3457: 3437: 3419: 3337: 3304: 3286: 3258: 3240:Selma to Montgomery Trail 3175: 3166: 2791:Butterfield Overland Mail 2657:Butterfield Overland Mail 2073:February 1, 2014, at the 1207:, which was built around 1106:Battle of Stanwix Station 1099:Transcontinental Railroad 1094:Overland Mail Corporation 966:Extant Butterfield stages 722: 699: 668: 649: 618: 599: 580: 561: 542: 523: 518: 515: 512: 509: 272:(security against loss). 179:Butterfield and signature 105:San Francisco, California 85:Butterfield Overland Mail 72: 64: 48: 44:Butterfield Overland Mail 36:Overland Mail (1939 film) 32:Overland Mail (1942 film) 3364:Continental Divide Trail 3314:(motor, land, and water) 3168:National Historic Trails 2205:The Memphis Daily Appeal 2189:The Memphis Daily Appeal 2014:The War of the Rebellion 1691:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1114:Second Battle of Mesilla 1029:A correspondent for the 738:San Francisco to Memphis 308: 297:The route, known as the 5248:Woolsey's (Signal Hill) 4117:Gardner's Wells Station 4013:Oak Grove Stage Station 3796:San Francisquito Canyon 3737:just above present-day 3706:Fountain Spring Station 3421:National Geologic Trail 3406:Pacific Northwest Trail 2443:San Francisco Bulletin, 2369:Tri Weekly Commonwealth 2102:, by Waterman L. Ormsby 2089:, Sunday, July 22, 1860 2012:Lieut. Col. E.E. Eyre, 1865:New York Herald Tribune 1799:Sacramento Daily Union, 1610:Oswego Weekly Palladium 1421:Southern Emigrant Trail 1365:National Historic Trail 1355:National historic trail 1124:occurred on the route, 428:Another Texas section: 160:national historic trail 141:U.S. postmaster general 3992:Willow Springs Station 3859:Santa Monica Mountains 3656:Elkhorn Spring Station 3465:Triple Crown of Hiking 3411:Potomac Heritage Trail 3339:National Scenic Trails 3260:Natural surface trails 2823:Hafen, L.R.R. (2004). 2818:Chronicles of Oklahoma 2789:Richardson, Rupert N. 2610:Sacramento Daily Union 2573:Sacramento Daily Union 2431:San Francisco Bulletin 2288:Sacramento Daily Union 2260:Sacramento Daily Union 2154:Sacramento Daily Union 2038:Sacramento Daily Union 1687:"William George Fargo" 1465:, an unrelated company 1283:Fort Chadbourne museum 1253:Butterfield marker in 1110:Battle of Picacho Pass 1086: 1058:Central Overland Trail 1023: 988: 957:Sleeping on the stages 954: 940: 926: 918: 905: 883: 872: 846: 835: 826:Stage (celerity) wagon 814: 760:West Memphis, Arkansas 502: 484: 462: 454: 434: 426: 381: 373: 364: 346: 320: 295: 211: 203: 180: 5139:8th Division Stations 5012:7th Division Stations 4803:6th Division Stations 4554:5th Division Stations 4400:4th Division Stations 4214:3rd Division Stations 4139:Cooke's Wells Station 4056:Carrizo Creek Station 3980:Laguna Grande Station 3941:pueblo of Los Angeles 3927:2nd Division Stations 3792:Widow Smith's Station 3778:French John's Station 3753:Sink of Tejon Station 3565:Mountain View Station 3522:1st Division Stations 3312:Lewis and Clark Trail 2965:May 16, 2011, at the 2876:. [S.l: The Company?. 2585:Daily Alta California 2471:, January 2015, p. 17 2331:Daily Alta California 2126:Daily Alta California 1980:Daily Alta California 1638:on September 11, 2011 1369:National Park Service 1170:Oak Grove, California 1144:. The burning of the 1134:Battle of Apache Pass 1077:Butterfield new route 1073: 1011: 986: 950: 936: 922: 914: 901: 879: 864: 841: 833: 810: 489: 476:John Butterfield, Esq 470: 458: 450: 446:Daily Alta California 430: 418: 377: 369: 356: 342: 316: 285: 207: 199: 178: 4843:Fort Belknap Station 4594:Crow Springs Station 4080:Indian Wells Station 3598:Pacheco Pass Station 3580:Seventeen Mile House 3429:Ice Age Floods Trail 3185:Butterfield Overland 2733:. December 22, 2022. 2680:parkplanning.nps.gov 2408:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2344:The Carriage Journal 2316:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2303:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2246:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2233:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2220:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2138:The Western Horseman 2111:Waterman L. Ormsby, 1915:Waterman L. Ormsby, 1877:The Binghamton Press 1861:St. Louis Republican 1848:Oneida Weekly Herald 1824:Utica Daily Observer 1745:. September 15, 2023 1719:. September 15, 2023 1296:Fort Belknap (Texas) 327:, later to be named 109:Fort Smith, Arkansas 5253:Brodie's(Lee Creek) 4606:Independence Spring 4248:Peterman's (Mohawk) 4128:Salt or Seven Wells 4106:Alamo Mocho Station 4045:Palm Spring Station 3840:San Fernando Valley 3720:Posey Creek Station 3616:Lone Willow Station 3401:Pacific Crest Trail 3389:North Country Trail 3384:Natchez Trace Trail 3177:Scenic motor routes 2812:Wright, Muriel H. " 2782:Smith, Waddell F., 2761:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2754:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2747:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2707:. December 23, 2022 2456:Great Overland Mail 2150:The Buffalo Courier 1484:Apache Pass Station 1377:energy transmission 1142:Traditional Arizona 1118:Battle of Pea Ridge 1081:Butterfield Company 785:Clarendon, Arkansas 627:to Colbert's Ferry 608:to Fort Chadbourne 506: 101:St. Louis, Missouri 45: 4838:Franz's (Francis') 4722:Mustang Waterholes 4716:Horsehead Crossing 4150:Pilot Knob Station 4027:San Felipe Station 3813:Hart's Station or 3724:Posey (Poso) Creek 3699:Tule River Station 3591:Gilroy, California 3230:Pony Express Trail 2999:2011-09-11 at the 2986:2019-08-22 at the 2775:Ely, Glen Sample, 2547:Waddell F. Smith, 2495:Waddell F. Smith, 2342:Gerald T. Ahnert, 2292:The Memphis Appeal 1693:. October 16, 2022 1383:In popular culture 1215:Historic Society. 1201:Northwest Arkansas 989: 847: 842:Pinery Station in 836: 504: 321: 243:The New York Times 181: 97:Memphis, Tennessee 43: 5415:American frontier 5392: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5103: 5102: 4976: 4975: 4767: 4766: 4622:Emigrant Crossing 4518: 4517: 4456:Soldiers Farewell 4364: 4363: 4178: 4177: 4157:Fort Yuma Station 4091:New River Station 4038:Vallecito Station 4031:Scissors Crossing 3891: 3890: 3642:San Joaquin River 3638:Firebaugh's Ferry 3473: 3472: 3369:New England Trail 3347:Appalachian Trail 3333: 3332: 3326:(motor and water) 3268:Ala Kahakai Trail 3220:Old Spanish Trail 2979:The Moultrie News 2796:Handbook of Texas 2768:Hackler, George, 2662:Handbook of Texas 2625:Basil C. Pearce, 2329:John M. Farwell, 2193:Fort Smith Herald 2124:John M. Farwell, 1801:November 2, 1858. 1770:Marquis L. Kinyon 1408:The Hateful Eight 1298:Historical Marker 789:Des Arc, Arkansas 768:St. Francis River 764:Madison, Arkansas 751:Mississippi River 735: 734: 266:Buffalo, New York 155:since June 1857. 82: 81: 57:Arizona, As It Is 16:(Redirected from 5507: 5381: 5379: 5357:Pacific Railroad 5130: 5123: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4967:Indian Territory 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4612:Delaware Springs 4545: 4538: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4484:Rough and Ready 4391: 4384: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4359: 4357: 4335:Pointer Mountain 4282:Murderer's Grave 4236:Filibusters Camp 4205: 4198: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4074: 4073: 4069: 3999:Temecula Station 3973:Temescal Station 3918: 3911: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3878: 3876: 3851:Cahuenga Station 3837: 3836: 3832: 3692:Packwood Station 3667:Whitmore's Ferry 3539:Clarks's Station 3513: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3477: 3476: 3320:(motor and land) 3190:California Trail 3173: 3172: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3016: 2981:(Charleston, SC) 2908: 2784:The Smoke Signal 2735: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2672: 2666: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2549:The Smoke Signal 2545: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2516:on July 27, 2011 2506: 2500: 2497:The Smoke Signal 2493: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2445:January 11, 1859 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2209:Fort Smith Times 2202: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982:, June 10, 1860. 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1774:Marcus L. Kinyon 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1743:The Buffalo News 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1346: 1334: 1319: 1307: 1292: 1280: 1265: 1250: 1199:running through 1162:San Diego County 692: 691: 687: 684: 642: 641: 637: 634: 507: 493:San Diego Herald 351:Star of New York 277:Upstate New York 262:William G. Fargo 231:American Express 184:John Butterfield 113:Indian Territory 53: 46: 42: 21: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5226: 5140: 5134: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5022:Colbert's Ferry 5013: 5007: 4977: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945:Colbert's Ferry 4939:Sherman Station 4930: 4894: 4857: 4828:Smith's Station 4804: 4798: 4768: 4763: 4759:Fort Chadbourne 4707: 4668:Van Horns Wells 4626: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4519: 4514: 4471:Cooke's Spring 4420:Dragoon Springs 4401: 4395: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4265:Flap-Jack Ranch 4215: 4209: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4153: 4146: 4143:Baja California 4135: 4132:Baja California 4124: 4121:Baja California 4113: 4110:Baja California 4102: 4095:Baja California 4087: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063:Sackett's Wells 4059: 4052: 4041: 4034: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4006:Tejungo Station 4002: 3995: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955:Rancho San Jose 3951: 3944: 3928: 3922: 3892: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3847: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3810: 3803: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3727: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3663: 3652: 3645: 3634: 3623: 3612: 3609:St. Louis Ranch 3605: 3594: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3535: 3523: 3517: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3453: 3433: 3415: 3329: 3300: 3282: 3254: 3215:Nez Perce Trail 3162: 3157: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3001:Wayback Machine 2988:Wayback Machine 2967:Wayback Machine 2945: 2906: 2897: 2895:Further reading 2888:Wayback Machine 2874:Wayback Machine 2860:Wayback Machine 2846:Wayback Machine 2832:Wayback Machine 2744: 2739: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2705:Arkansas Online 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2282: 2276:Des Arc Citizen 2274: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2087:New York Herald 2085: 2081: 2075:Wayback Machine 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1417: 1399:Apache Uprising 1385: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1320: 1311: 1308: 1299: 1293: 1284: 1281: 1272: 1269:Fort Chadbourne 1266: 1257: 1251: 1220:Franklin, Texas 1158: 1156:Modern remnants 1146:Stanwix Station 1050: 1032:New York Herald 1006: 981: 968: 959: 945: 931: 910: 896: 859: 828: 819: 817:Mail stagecoach 797: 740: 689: 685: 682: 680: 656:Colbert's Ferry 639: 635: 632: 630: 625:Fort Chadbourne 532:to Los Angeles 448:the following: 411:New York Herald 407: 386: 337: 325:Franklin, Texas 311: 250:Utica, New York 223: 173: 168: 143:, at that time 78: 60: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5350: 5348:Schackleford's 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5202:Cadron Station 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5182:Pottsville Inn 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4753:Colorado River 4749: 4744: 4742:Head of Concho 4739: 4732: 4729:Llano Estacado 4725: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Barela Springs 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678:Barrel Springs 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4299:Maricopa Wells 4296: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4136: 4125: 4114: 4103: 4088: 4077: 4060: 4053: 4042: 4035: 4024: 4020:Warner's Ranch 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3952: 3945: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3867: 3866: 3848: 3823: 3811: 3807:King's Station 3804: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3771:Reed's Station 3768: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3731:Gordon's Ferry 3728: 3717: 3713:Mountain House 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3664: 3653: 3646: 3635: 3627:Temple's Ranch 3624: 3613: 3606: 3595: 3587:Gilroy Station 3584: 3577: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3536: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3278:Iditarod Trail 3275: 3273:Chilkoot Trail 3270: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3245:Trail of Tears 3242: 3237: 3235:Santa Fe Trail 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2991: 2974: 2969: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2943:External links 2941: 2940: 2939: 2929:978-1574412130 2915:Greene, A.C., 2913: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2877: 2863: 2849: 2835: 2821: 2810: 2801: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2718: 2692: 2667: 2649: 2636: 2617: 2602: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2540: 2527: 2501: 2488: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2414: 2401: 2392: 2382: 2373: 2361: 2355:Frank Norris, 2348: 2335: 2322: 2309: 2296: 2280: 2268: 2264:Memphis Appeal 2252: 2239: 2226: 2213: 2197: 2181: 2168: 2158: 2142: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2091: 2079: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2005: 1993: 1991:Ormsby, p. 33. 1984: 1971: 1969:Ormsby, p. 77. 1962: 1949: 1939: 1937:Ormsby, p. 44. 1930: 1921: 1908: 1894: 1881: 1869: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1803: 1790: 1756: 1730: 1704: 1678: 1665: 1649: 1623: 1614: 1602: 1590: 1577: 1565: 1547: 1534: 1525: 1512: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1384: 1381: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1323:Guadalupe Peak 1321: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1255:Sherman, Texas 1252: 1245: 1235:Guadalupe Peak 1233:The summit of 1189:Elkhorn Tavern 1174:Warner's Ranch 1157: 1154: 1150:Fall of Tucson 1049: 1046: 1005: 1002: 980: 977: 967: 964: 958: 955: 944: 941: 930: 927: 909: 908:Subcontractors 906: 895: 892: 858: 855: 827: 824: 818: 815: 796: 793: 772:Arkansas River 739: 736: 733: 732: 729: 726: 724: 720: 719: 716: 713: 703: 697: 696: 693: 678: 672: 666: 665: 662: 659: 658:to Fort Smith 653: 647: 646: 643: 628: 622: 616: 615: 612: 609: 603: 597: 596: 593: 590: 584: 578: 577: 574: 571: 565: 559: 558: 555: 552: 546: 540: 539: 536: 533: 527: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 406: 403: 390:Emigrant Trail 385: 382: 336: 333: 310: 307: 222: 219: 172: 169: 167: 164: 145:Aaron V. Brown 80: 79: 76: 74: 70: 69: 68:Postal service 66: 62: 61: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5512: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4968: 4964: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Mountain Pass 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4736:Camp Johnston 4733: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4703:Camp Stockton 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Fort Fillmore 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Oatman's Flat 4275: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4242:Antelope Peak 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984:Lake Elsinore 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Cahuenga Pass 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3827: 3826:Lopez Station 3824: 3820: 3819:Santa Clarita 3816: 3815:Lyons Station 3812: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3532:San Francisco 3530: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379:Ice Age Trail 3377: 3375: 3374:Florida Trail 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359:Arizona Trail 3357: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2803:Root, Frank. 2802: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2469:Desert Tracks 2464: 2457: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2396: 2386: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2357:Desert Tracks 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1890:Desert Tracks 1885: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1749:September 15, 1744: 1740: 1734: 1723:September 15, 1718: 1714: 1708: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1529: 1523: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1345: 1340: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1222:, toward the 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Old Wire Road 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1084:Placerville.” 1082: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1001: 997: 994: 985: 976: 974: 963: 953: 949: 943:Draft animals 939: 935: 929:Stage drivers 925: 921: 917: 913: 904: 900: 891: 887: 882: 878: 875: 871: 869: 863: 854: 851: 845: 840: 832: 823: 813: 809: 807: 803: 792: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 748: 747: 730: 727: 725: 721: 717: 714: 711: 707: 704: 702: 698: 694: 679: 676: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 657: 654: 652: 648: 644: 629: 626: 623: 621: 617: 613: 610: 607: 604: 602: 598: 594: 591: 588: 585: 583: 579: 575: 572: 569: 566: 564: 560: 556: 553: 551:to Fort Yuma 550: 547: 545: 541: 537: 534: 531: 530:San Francisco 528: 526: 522: 508: 501: 499: 494: 488: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 447: 442: 438: 433: 429: 425: 423: 417: 414: 412: 402: 400: 394: 391: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 355: 352: 345: 341: 332: 330: 326: 319: 315: 306: 304: 300: 294: 293: 290: 284: 281: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 258:New York City 255: 254:United States 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 235:Adams Express 232: 227: 218: 216: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 193: 189: 185: 177: 163: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 77:United States 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5343:Mulholland's 5268:Fitzgerald's 5263:Fayetteville 5136: 5086: 5009: 4823:Phantom Hill 4813:Valley Creek 4800: 4751: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4698:Leon Springs 4663:Eagle Spring 4658:Fort Quitman 4648:San Elizario 4604: 4592: 4580: 4551: 4482: 4475: 4448: 4444:Stein's Peak 4436: 4424: 4397: 4322: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4269: 4252: 4240: 4230:Mission Camp 4228: 4211: 4162: 3924: 3868: 3800:Green Valley 3602:Pacheco Pass 3558:Redwood City 3519: 3446: 3288:Water trails 3225:Oregon Trail 3210:Mormon Trail 2978: 2921:Project MUSE 2920: 2916: 2902: 2817: 2804: 2794: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2742:Bibliography 2731:Congress.gov 2730: 2721: 2709:. Retrieved 2704: 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2679: 2670: 2660: 2652: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2543: 2530: 2518:. Retrieved 2514:the original 2504: 2496: 2491: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2395: 2385: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2312: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2026:Evening Star 2025: 2021: 2013: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1902: 1897: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1836:Evening Star 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1806: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1747:. Retrieved 1742: 1733: 1721:. Retrieved 1716: 1707: 1695:. 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Bailey, 1786:Mark Kinyon 1782:Mark Kenyon 1778:M.L. Kinyon 1697:October 16, 1224:Hueco Tanks 1213:Pope County 1122:Apache Wars 868:Lady Walton 781:White River 549:Los Angeles 299:Oxbow Route 5399:Categories 5273:Callahan's 5238:Fort Smith 5177:Norristown 5172:Dardanelle 5167:Stinnett's 5157:Charleston 5152:Fort Smith 5145:to Memphis 5082:Fort Smith 5067:Holloway's 4947:– Located 4911:White Rock 4906:Bridgeport 4879:Davidsen's 4833:Clear Fork 4683:Fort Davis 4631:Lower Road 4477:Goodsight 4324:Blue Water 4287:Gila Ranch 4260:Griswell's 4254:Texas Hill 4224:Swiveler's 3990:Alamos or 3785:Mud Spring 3764:Tejon Pass 3760:Fort Tejon 3735:Kern River 3087:New Mexico 3051:California 2711:January 1, 2685:January 1, 2211:(Arkansas) 2195:(Arkansas) 1863:April 27, 1495:References 1205:Pottsville 1088:Under the 979:Operations 746:Division 8 701:Division 9 677:to Tipton 675:Fort Smith 670:Division 8 651:Division 7 620:Division 6 601:Division 5 582:Division 4 570:to Tucson 563:Division 3 544:Division 2 525:Division 1 215:A.V. Brown 192:Helderberg 137:California 125:New Mexico 89:stagecoach 5361:St. Louis 5293:Ashmore's 5243:Van Buren 5231:to Tipton 5192:Lewisburg 5187:Hurricane 5072:Trahern's 5057:Pusley's 5047:Waddell's 4963:Red River 4889:Diamond's 4874:Conolly's 4869:Earhart's 4853:Jacksboro 4438:San Simon 4415:San Pedro 3857:, of the 3842:north of 3660:Riverdale 3631:Dos Palos 3620:Los Banos 3551:San Mateo 3543:San Bruno 2937:835770429 2793:from the 2659:from the 1859:From the 1209:Potts Inn 1184:in 1961. 1101:in 1869. 1062:Civil War 1040:Stables. 993:U.S. Mail 973:Civil War 776:steamboat 766:, on the 710:St. Louis 568:Fort Yuma 510:Division 399:Vallecito 303:Southwest 190:, in the 162:in 2023. 93:U.S. Mail 5372:Source: 5328:Bailey's 5318:Yoast's 5283:Crouch's 5278:Harbin's 5197:Plumer's 5088:Source: 5077:Walker's 5062:Riddle's 5027:Fisher's 4848:Murphy's 4562:Franklin 4510:Franklin 4350:Source: 4311:Socatoon 4163:Source: 4099:Mexicali 3869:Source: 3573:San Jose 3448:Category 3394:by state 3352:by state 3099:Oklahoma 3075:Missouri 3039:Arkansas 2997:Archived 2984:Archived 2963:Archived 2884:Archived 2870:Archived 2856:Archived 2842:Archived 2828:Archived 2454:Bailey, 2224:, p. 127 2071:Archived 1415:See also 1116:and the 850:Celerity 802:Comanche 606:Franklin 482:broken." 270:sureties 149:Far West 117:Oklahoma 65:Industry 5313:Bolivar 5308:Smith's 5288:Smith's 5222:Memphis 5217:Madison 5212:Des Arc 5207:Atlanta 5042:Geary's 4956:⁄ 4916:Decatur 4899:1860–61 4862:1858–60 4643:Socorro 4495:Mesilla 4490:Pichaco 4330:Picacho 4271:Burke's 4070:⁄ 3833:⁄ 3685:Visalia 3458:Related 3063:History 3027:Arizona 3013:Portals 2320:, p. 14 2307:, p. 94 2115:, p. 55 1947:742–743 1191:in the 723:Totals 688:⁄ 638:⁄ 360:Beale's 329:El Paso 166:Origins 129:Arizona 5353:Tipton 5338:Burns' 5333:Warsaw 5323:Quincy 5303:Evan's 5258:Park's 5032:Nail's 4921:Denton 4688:Limpia 4638:Ysleta 4600:Pinery 4340:Tucson 4317:Oneida 4293:Desert 3959:Pomona 2935: 2927: 2911:E'book 2798:Online 2664:Online 2596:Root, 2412:p. 9 . 2166:order. 1642:May 6, 1367:. The 1172:, and 1164:: the 1132:, the 1108:, the 1056:-held 806:Apache 731:596.3 728:2,795 706:Tipton 614:126.3 587:Tucson 519:Hours 516:Miles 513:Route 135:, and 133:Mexico 99:, and 59:(1877) 5378:(PDF) 5162:Paris 5094:(PDF) 4426:Ewell 4356:(PDF) 4169:(PDF) 4084:Heber 3948:Monte 3875:(PDF) 3798:near 3123:Texas 3111:Roads 1520:1858. 1176:near 1054:Union 787:, or 718:11.4 695:48.6 645:65.3 576:71.5 557:72.2 309:Route 237:, or 188:Berne 121:Texas 103:, to 2933:OCLC 2925:ISBN 2713:2023 2687:2023 2522:2011 1784:and 1751:2023 1725:2023 1699:2022 1644:2011 1187:The 1136:and 1037:Hell 804:and 715:160 661:192 611:458 592:360 573:280 554:282 535:462 34:and 5359:to 4965:to 2816:", 1237:in 1168:in 783:to 708:to 681:318 664:38 631:282 595:82 538:80 478:.: 264:of 119:), 5401:: 4949:13 2931:, 2923:, 2909:, 2905:. 2729:. 2703:. 2678:. 2630:, 1772:, 1741:. 1715:. 1689:. 1558:. 1503:^ 1230:. 1128:, 1112:, 500:.” 260:; 233:, 131:, 127:, 123:, 5363:) 5355:( 5129:e 5122:t 5115:v 5002:e 4995:t 4988:v 4969:. 4958:2 4954:1 4951:+ 4793:e 4786:t 4779:v 4544:e 4537:t 4530:v 4390:e 4383:t 4376:v 4204:e 4197:t 4190:v 4101:. 4072:2 4068:1 4051:. 4033:. 3986:. 3961:. 3917:e 3910:t 3903:v 3865:. 3846:. 3835:2 3831:1 3821:. 3802:. 3766:. 3741:. 3726:. 3673:. 3662:. 3644:. 3633:. 3622:. 3604:. 3593:. 3575:. 3553:. 3545:. 3512:e 3505:t 3498:v 3152:e 3145:t 3138:v 3015:: 2862:. 2848:. 2715:. 2689:. 2524:. 1753:. 1727:. 1701:. 1646:. 1562:. 690:2 686:1 683:+ 640:2 636:1 633:+ 115:( 38:. 20:)

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