30:
214:
153:
226:
238:
284:
202:
22:
250:
356:, although there are a number of city routes in other parts of the U.S., as well. These routes serve the same purpose as business routes, but they feature "CITY" signs instead of "BUSINESS" signs above or below the route shields. The designations of many of these city routes are being phased out in favor of the business route designation.
183:
On maps, business routes are typically denoted by a standard marker containing the route number and the abbreviation "BUS" (e.g., "BUS 81" inside a U.S. Route shield to denote Bus. US 81). For
Interstate business routes, an indication of whether the route is a business loop or business spur
299:
Business routes typically predate their parent highways. They follow the original numbered route through a city or town. Their designation as business routes is largely the product of the era of large-scale highway construction in the United States from the 1930s through the 1970s. Typically, new
179:
use the same four-pointed shield design as regular
Interstate Highways, but substitute the normal red and blue layout with an all-green color scheme. Also, the word "BUSINESS" appears within the shield, at its top above the highway number, instead of "INTERSTATE", and either "LOOP" or "SPUR" may
168:
Business route signage varies depending on the type of major route the business route branches off. Business routes paralleling U.S. and state highways usually have exactly the same marker shapes and nearly the same overall appearance as the routes they parallel, with a rectangular plate reading
76:
of a nearby city or town, and finally reconnects with the same parent numbered highway at the business route's end. Their designation is often intended to direct traffic to the business districts bypassed when a new highway is constructed some distance away.
169:"BUSINESS" placed above the shield (either supplementing or replacing the directional plate, depending on the preference of the road agency). To better identify and differentiate alternate routes from the parent routes they parallel, some states, such as
304:
around the central business districts they had once passed directly through. As these bypasses were built, the original sections of these routes that had once passed directly through a given city or town would often be designated as business routes.
552:
343:
While business routes frequently integrate into the street grid of their town or city, some maintain the higher-speed, limited-access design of their parent highways. These are sometimes called expressway business routes.
566:
173:, opt to use green shields for business routes off U.S. Highways. In addition, Maryland uses a green shield for business routes off state highways, replacing the state name, "MARYLAND", with the word "BUSINESS".
139:
business routes of US 71 are marked as "US 71B". On some route shields and road signs, the word "business" is shortened to just "BUS", though abbreviation is usually avoided to prevent confusion with
308:
These development patterns were the subject of frequent debate, particularly among business owners who feared the loss of customer traffic as highways took motorists away from downtown. For example,
116:, all of which are marked as "US 1 Bus.". But within a state's transportation administration, different business routes may be assigned unique names to differentiate them. For example,
424:
267:
Business routes are maintained by different levels of government in different states. Some incorporate business routes into their state-maintained highway systems; others, such as
419:
324:
drew traffic away from Route 66, hurting the many businesses built on that traffic. Dozens of old sections of US 66 are now designated as business routes for
176:
2367:
444:
164:
ends at its parent route. The center SH-9 shield is topped with a "BUSINESS" plate, which is how business routes are typically marked.
188:'s official state maps denote Interstate business routes with green shields that look similar to Interstate business route signage.
2210:
854:
372:
2219:
962:
907:
615:
113:
86:
135:. Alternatively, some states designate business routes by adding the letter "B" after the parent route's number. For example,
2240:
185:
792:
2388:
121:
677:
2352:
505:
125:
484:
In such cases, the business route intentionally provides greater access and less mobility than the parallel highway.
2398:
2172:
337:
333:
329:
325:
94:
2321:
1302:
1267:
300:
highway designations carried traffic directly through the center of a given city or town. In later development,
2177:
1292:
1277:
892:
2154:
2144:
1381:
1272:
917:
2362:
2203:
2149:
1963:
1488:
1351:
1307:
867:
654:
2316:
1870:
1760:
957:
1048:
655:"Demise and Resurgence of Interest in Route 66--Route: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary"
395:
known as the
Downtown Circulator was created by the city to help travelers navigate the downtown area.
2235:
2159:
1978:
834:
376:
321:
301:
104:
Typically, all business routes off the same parent route have the same name on signage. For example,
73:
1806:
743:
Chang, Man-Feng; Herman, Robert (1978). "An
Attempt to Characterize Traffic in Metropolitan Areas".
2139:
1865:
1860:
1835:
952:
872:
785:
157:
109:
2393:
2196:
392:
353:
131:
Business routes are typically marked with the word "BUSINESS" above the major route's number or
2072:
2039:
1376:
1346:
1287:
1252:
927:
607:
105:
85:
Business routes share the same number as the major (parent) routes they parallel. For example,
124:; while all are signed as "Business Loop Interstate 35", (BL I-35) they are designated by the
2034:
1755:
1371:
1262:
862:
595:
288:
2077:
1775:
1498:
1396:
1282:
882:
2188:
8:
2276:
2029:
1903:
1622:
1578:
1466:
1318:
1257:
1013:
998:
993:
887:
821:
778:
29:
1933:
1747:
1732:
1543:
1478:
1401:
1386:
1331:
1235:
1169:
1159:
1130:
1067:
937:
902:
756:
718:
471:
When Main Street Is a
Highway: Addressing Conflicts Between Land Use and Transportation
295:. Its status is shown by the green business Interstate marker attached to the lamppost.
2266:
1993:
1796:
1727:
1677:
1416:
1297:
1135:
1107:
1092:
1077:
947:
942:
932:
748:
710:
527:
497:
380:
574:(Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Map Explanation
2311:
1850:
1825:
1612:
1528:
1523:
1438:
1241:
1196:
1038:
844:
839:
388:
161:
69:
2296:
2087:
2047:
1958:
1948:
1918:
1908:
1893:
1855:
1811:
1637:
1627:
1558:
1174:
877:
404:
525:
495:
184:
may also be included (e.g., adding "LOOP 44" inside the
Interstate marker). The
2357:
2271:
2057:
2019:
1988:
1968:
1953:
1765:
1647:
1117:
988:
983:
922:
912:
804:
2382:
2306:
2286:
2261:
2067:
2024:
1973:
1913:
1878:
1845:
1712:
1662:
1652:
1553:
1483:
1473:
1366:
1336:
1225:
1184:
1102:
978:
812:
752:
714:
414:
409:
309:
292:
98:
65:
61:
38:
2331:
2092:
2082:
1983:
1938:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1840:
1722:
1717:
1642:
1568:
1538:
1430:
1411:
1341:
1179:
1087:
829:
592:
469:
360:
152:
132:
90:
630:
474:(Report). Virginia Transportation Research Council. p. 2. VTRC 17-R13
2062:
1707:
1697:
1672:
1597:
1508:
1461:
1456:
1406:
1211:
1143:
1112:
317:
34:
760:
722:
702:
283:
2336:
2326:
2052:
1928:
1801:
1737:
1702:
1682:
1563:
1533:
1503:
1443:
1391:
1043:
368:
701:
Johnson, T. M.; Formenti, D. L.; Gray, R. F.; Peterson, W. C. (1975).
632:
Methodology for
Determining the Impact of Highway Bypasses in Oklahoma
237:
225:
213:
2256:
1923:
1770:
1657:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1493:
1361:
1356:
1206:
1125:
1082:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1008:
564:
384:
272:
141:
2116:
2111:
1943:
1692:
1687:
1548:
1513:
1451:
1097:
1072:
897:
425:
List of special routes of the United States
Numbered Highway System
363:, where a particular city forms its own highway system, usually of
201:
170:
136:
21:
703:"Measurement of Motor Vehicle Operation Pertinent to Fuel Economy"
180:
appear below the word "BUSINESS" and above the
Interstate number.
2014:
1998:
1667:
1518:
1028:
1003:
840:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
770:
364:
313:
268:
2121:
1791:
1201:
1164:
16:
Special route connecting a major highway to a business district
117:
2218:
801:
700:
275:, entrust business route maintenance to local governments.
25:
Example of business route and other kinds of special routes
249:
1632:
526:
Transportation
Planning and Programming Division (n.d.).
496:
Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.).
420:
List of business routes of the Interstate Highway System
255:
Standard sign assembly, shown for Bus. M-60 in Michigan
468:
Ohlms, Peter B.; Roy, Kayleigh M. (December 1, 2016).
359:
Another definition of a "city route" is similar to a
568:
Michigan: Official 2023 Michigan Transportation Map
219:
U.S. Highway business route marker used in Maryland
629:Rogers, Cynthia L.; Marshment, Richard S. (2001).
2380:
553:Signage for MD 5 Business along westbound MD 231
635:(Report). Oklahoma Department of Transportation
628:
449:. Helena: Montana Dept. of Transportation. 2007
312:was for many years the primary road connecting
565:Michigan Department of Transportation (2023).
2204:
786:
122:11 different business routes attached to I-35
747:. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 58–79.
678:"Endangered Site: Historic Route 66, U.S.A."
231:State business route marker used in Maryland
742:
528:"Business Interstate Highway No. 35-B"
498:"Business Interstate Highway No. 35-A"
352:City routes are most commonly found in the
243:State business route marker used in Georgia
114:many business routes stemming off US 1
89:(US 1 Bus.) splits from and parallels
2211:
2197:
793:
779:
596:Title 8, Article 23, Chapter 6, Section 4
320:. From the 1950s on, construction of the
467:
282:
151:
72:at its beginning, continues through the
28:
20:
2221:Route designations in the United States
33:1939 photograph of a business route in
2381:
616:Wisconsin Department of Transportation
97:(I-40 Bus.) splits from and parallels
2192:
1889:Median / Central reservation
774:
186:Michigan Department of Transportation
608:"Chapter 2, Section 4, Subject 19.1"
534:. Texas Department of Transportation
194:Example signage in the United States
128:as BL I-35-A, BL I-35-B, and so on.
675:
13:
1807:Risk compensation (road transport)
800:
506:Texas Department of Transportation
177:Interstate Highway business routes
126:Texas Department of Transportation
14:
2410:
2173:Glossary of road transport terms
709:. Vol. 84. pp. 17–46.
248:
236:
224:
212:
200:
736:
694:
669:
647:
618:– via Wisconsin Highways.
555:. Retrieved on August 19, 2009.
622:
600:
586:
558:
546:
519:
489:
461:
437:
347:
262:
1:
2155:Pavement performance modeling
2145:International roughness index
430:
302:bypasses would be constructed
112:business loop are two of the
2150:Present serviceability index
1944:Sidewalk / Pavement
1489:Diamond grinding of pavement
278:
7:
2122:Underpass / Tunnel
2117:Overpass / Flyover
1871:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1761:Driving under the influence
835:Freeway / Motorway
398:
68:that branches off a parent
10:
2415:
2389:Roads in the United States
1049:Highway systems by country
446:Traffic Engineering Manual
387:of surface streets around
147:
2345:
2285:
2249:
2228:
2168:
2160:Granular base equivalency
2130:
2101:
2007:
1979:Traffic signal preemption
1824:
1784:
1746:
1588:
1577:
1429:
1387:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1316:
1293:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1233:
1224:
1152:
1057:
971:
853:
820:
811:
612:Traffic Guidelines Manual
532:Highway Designation Files
502:Highway Designation Files
377:Charlotte, North Carolina
322:Interstate Highway System
80:
74:central business district
2140:Pavement condition index
1866:High-occupancy toll lane
1861:Contraflow lane reversal
1836:Barrier transfer machine
457:– via Archive.org.
354:Midwestern United States
207:Interstate Business loop
2399:Roads in Canada by type
994:Express-collector setup
657:. National Park Service
393:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
2322:Emergency detour route
2178:Road types by features
2073:Raised pavement marker
2040:Constant-slope barrier
1964:Traffic directionality
1954:Street running railway
1377:Protected intersection
745:Transportation Science
371:, for instance, has a
296:
165:
95:Interstate 40 Business
41:
26:
2035:Concrete step barrier
1372:Offset T-intersection
289:Springfield, Missouri
286:
155:
87:U.S. Route 1 Business
32:
24:
2078:Road surface marking
1776:Single-vehicle crash
1499:Full depth recycling
1397:Seagull intersection
681:Smithsonian Magazine
2368:Territorial highway
2302:Business/city route
2288:Special route types
2277:Farm-to-market road
1904:Pedestrian crossing
1467:Reinforced concrete
1303:Three-level diamond
1014:Two-lane expressway
999:Farm-to-market road
373:colored belt system
291:, was once part of
2353:U.S. Bicycle Route
2250:Intrastate systems
2229:Multistate systems
1934:Runaway truck ramp
1756:Driver's education
1544:Rubberized asphalt
1479:Crocodile cracking
1402:Split intersection
1170:Hierarchy of roads
1131:Single carriageway
297:
166:
108:business loop and
42:
27:
2376:
2375:
2267:Secondary highway
2186:
2185:
1994:Wide outside lane
1820:
1819:
1797:Automotive safety
1678:Road slipperiness
1425:
1424:
1273:Diverging diamond
1220:
1219:
1136:Single-track road
1078:Bicycle boulevard
381:Charlotte Route 4
2406:
2289:
2222:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2030:Cat's eye (road)
1851:Complete streets
1623:Dead Man's Curve
1586:
1585:
1524:Pavement milling
1439:Asphalt concrete
1382:Quadrant roadway
1323:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1197:Street hierarchy
845:Elevated highway
818:
817:
795:
788:
781:
772:
771:
765:
764:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
707:SAE Transactions
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
676:Gambino, Megan.
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
626:
620:
619:
604:
598:
590:
584:
583:
581:
579:
573:
562:
556:
550:
544:
543:
541:
539:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
493:
487:
486:
481:
479:
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
441:
389:Uptown Charlotte
252:
240:
228:
216:
204:
162:Hobart, Oklahoma
70:numbered highway
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2341:
2312:Connector route
2297:Alternate route
2287:
2281:
2245:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2187:
2182:
2164:
2132:
2126:
2097:
2088:Traffic barrier
2048:F-Shape barrier
2003:
1959:Traffic calming
1919:Reversible lane
1909:Pedestrian zone
1894:Motorcycle lane
1856:Contraflow lane
1828:time allocation
1827:
1816:
1812:Underride guard
1780:
1742:
1628:Expansion joint
1590:
1580:
1573:
1559:Stamped asphalt
1421:
1352:Continuous flow
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1246:
1242:grade-separated
1239:
1238:
1216:
1175:Private highway
1148:
1053:
967:
849:
807:
799:
769:
768:
741:
737:
727:
725:
699:
695:
685:
683:
674:
670:
660:
658:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
627:
623:
606:
605:
601:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
537:
535:
524:
520:
510:
508:
494:
490:
477:
475:
466:
462:
452:
450:
443:
442:
438:
433:
405:Alternate route
401:
375:. Officials in
350:
281:
265:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
229:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
205:
196:
195:
150:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:Types of roads
2391:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Forest highway
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2272:County highway
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Jersey barrier
2055:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Unused highway
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Traffic island
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Drowsy driving
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Level crossing
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Channelization
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:3-way junction
1328:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1226:Road junctions
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:business route
1187:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1118:Primitive road
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:County highway
986:
984:Collector road
981:
975:
973:
969:
968:
966:
965:
960:
958:United Kingdom
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:Czech Republic
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
824:
822:Limited-access
815:
809:
808:
798:
797:
790:
783:
775:
767:
766:
735:
693:
668:
646:
621:
599:
585:
557:
545:
518:
488:
460:
435:
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1185:special route
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415:Special route
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391:. A route in
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310:U.S. Route 66
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106:St. Augustine
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66:special route
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62:United States
59:
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54:business spur
51:
50:business loop
47:
40:
39:United States
36:
31:
23:
19:
2363:Indian route
2332:Scenic route
2307:Bypass route
2301:
2241:U.S. Highway
2093:Traffic cone
2083:Rumble strip
1984:Truck bypass
1939:Shared space
1899:Passing lane
1884:Managed lane
1841:Bicycle lane
1723:Washboarding
1718:Traffic sign
1643:Hairpin turn
1412:Texas U-turn
1342:Box junction
1236:Interchanges
1189:
1180:Route number
1088:Country lane
830:Bike freeway
744:
738:
726:. Retrieved
706:
696:
684:. Retrieved
680:
671:
659:. Retrieved
649:
637:. Retrieved
631:
624:
611:
602:
593:Indiana Code
588:
576:. Retrieved
567:
560:
548:
536:. Retrieved
531:
521:
509:. Retrieved
501:
491:
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476:. Retrieved
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451:. Retrieved
445:
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361:county route
358:
351:
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307:
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266:
182:
175:
167:
133:route shield
130:
103:
84:
57:
53:
49:
45:
43:
18:
2131:Performance
2063:Kassel kerb
2020:Botts' dots
2008:Demarcation
1708:Storm drain
1673:Road debris
1598:Aquaplaning
1591:environment
1579:Road safety
1457:Cobblestone
1407:Superstreet
1212:Winter road
1160:Concurrency
1153:Other terms
1144:Sunken lane
1113:Main street
1058:Local roads
348:City routes
318:Los Angeles
287:BL I-44 in
263:Maintenance
64:is a short
35:Waco, Texas
2383:Categories
2337:Spur route
2327:Loop route
2236:Interstate
2133:indicators
2102:Structures
2053:Guard rail
1929:Road verge
1802:Seat belts
1738:Snowsquall
1703:Speed bump
1683:Road train
1504:Glassphalt
1444:Bioasphalt
1417:Turnaround
1392:Roundabout
1322:(at-grade)
1288:Roundabout
1253:Cloverleaf
1108:Green lane
1044:Trunk road
972:Main roads
855:By country
431:References
379:, created
369:Pittsburgh
293:US 66
142:bus routes
58:city route
2257:Toll road
1924:Road diet
1826:Space and
1771:Road rage
1658:Oil spill
1618:Crosswind
1608:Black ice
1603:Avalanche
1529:Permeable
1362:Jughandle
1357:Hook turn
1263:Free-flow
1207:Toll road
1126:Side road
1083:Boulevard
1039:Super two
1034:Ring road
1009:Link road
908:Hong Kong
863:Australia
805:hierarchy
753:0041-1655
715:0096-736X
279:Formation
273:Wisconsin
156:Business
91:US 1
60:) in the
2112:Causeway
1949:Shoulder
1785:Vehicles
1733:Whiteout
1693:Rockfall
1688:Roadkill
1613:Bleeding
1589:Road and
1549:Sealcoat
1474:Corduroy
1462:Concrete
1452:Chipseal
1431:Surfaces
1283:Raindrop
1098:Driveway
1093:Dead end
1073:Backroad
1024:2+2 road
1019:2+1 road
943:Portugal
933:Pakistan
761:25767895
723:44681912
399:See also
365:beltways
171:Maryland
137:Arkansas
2015:Bollard
1999:Woonerf
1728:Washout
1668:Pothole
1581:factors
1569:Texture
1539:Plastic
1519:Macadam
1308:Trumpet
1258:Diamond
1029:Parkway
1004:Highway
918:Ireland
898:Germany
888:Croatia
868:Belgium
314:Chicago
269:Indiana
148:Marking
2108:Bridge
1792:Airbag
1564:Tarmac
1509:Gravel
1337:Bowtie
1278:Parclo
1202:Stroad
1165:Detour
1140:Street
1068:Avenue
953:Taiwan
938:Poland
903:Greece
878:Canada
873:Brazil
759:
751:
728:May 6,
721:
713:
686:May 6,
661:May 6,
639:May 6,
578:May 6,
538:May 6,
511:May 6,
478:May 6,
453:May 6,
410:Bypass
336:, and
93:, and
81:Naming
2346:Other
1534:Plank
1448:Brick
1298:Stack
1064:Alley
948:Spain
928:Nepal
923:Italy
913:India
883:China
757:JSTOR
719:JSTOR
572:(PDF)
118:Texas
56:, or
2044:Curb
1875:Lane
1638:Ford
1554:Sett
1494:Dirt
1122:Road
802:Road
749:ISSN
730:2023
711:ISSN
688:2023
663:2023
641:2023
580:2023
540:2023
513:2023
480:2023
455:2023
385:loop
383:, a
338:I-55
334:I-44
330:I-40
326:I-15
316:and
271:and
158:SH-9
120:has
99:I-40
48:(or
1698:Rut
1633:Fog
1514:Ice
160:in
2385::
755:.
717:.
705:.
614:.
610:.
530:.
504:.
500:.
482:.
340:.
332:,
328:,
144:.
101:.
52:,
44:A
37:,
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2198:v
1244:)
1240:(
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787:t
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763:.
732:.
690:.
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643:.
582:.
542:.
515:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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