54:
BIDs to prioritize the interests of wealthy property owners over those of the broader community. Key issues cited included concerns of increased gentrification, displacement of low-income residents, and the allocation of resources to projects not aligned with community needs. Pushback from community members and activists highlighted a strong desire for more inclusive, equitable development practices. This case illustrates the complexities and local resistance that can arise with BID proposals, underscoring the importance of community planning efforts that originate from the communities they are meant to serve.
408:
201:
373:
293:
475:
399:, cities and townships in Michigan can establish a BID within a defined area. The municipality is allowed to fund the district by tax assessments and bonds to cover additional maintenance, security, and management of the district. Chapter 2 of the Act allows private property owners within a Business Improvement Zone (BIZ) to levy special assessments to finance programs that are established in a zone plan, over a period of seven years.
284:), construction of walkways, pedestrian-friendly areas or malls, bike paths, parking facilities and traffic congestion relief. Intangible improvements include reduction of crime, public health, safety and welfare improvements, promoting the economic vitality of the district. Downtown revitalization can also include sponsoring of events, marketing or promotions to promote the district internally and externally.
321:(1996), BIDs may no longer assess their participating businesses and property owners for general governmental services, but are limited to assessing fees for provision of special benefits to the affected properties over and above those conferred to the public at large, and the properties may only be assessed an amount proportional to the special benefit it receives.
422:
residents realized public resources were limited to improve commercial areas. In 1976, the first
Special Assessment District legislation was passed, noting that the city would make capital improvements for an area under the condition that property owners would maintain them, the first Special Assessment District was
355:
followed the 1965 statute, and is the first known tourism improvement district enabling law. This act allows for a municipality to initiate the process to form the district, and requires the municipality to have a public hearing to form the district. It must also be renewed every year and overseen by
219:
tax, meaning the city can levy an additional tax on all property within the designated district. The process for which MSDs, or
Business Improvement Districts, are formed, begins with defining the service area. The report must first express the need for why the proposed area requires the benefits of
96:
Studies have shown a reduction in crime within the district boundaries. One study found that there was a 12% reduction in robbery and an 8% total crime reduction within the boundaries of the BID in Los
Angeles. There is no agreed upon standard for accountability for BID management organizations, but
362:
gives greater flexibility to the lodging business owners. This law allows for
Tourism Improvement Districts to form in an initial term of 5 years with possibility of a 10-year renewal. To form the district, businesses that will pay 50% of the assessment are required to submit a petition, and three
74:
on property tax, and then managed by a nonprofit agency. BIDs provide an array of services to keep districts clean and managed to improve mix of activities, transportation, and aesthetics of public places. Business
Improvement Districts became widely noted after their success in transforming Times
53:
In
Rochester, NY, a proposed Business Improvement District (BID) faced significant community opposition that ultimately led to the abandonment of the effort in March of 2024. Critics, including local artists, community advocates, and working-class residents, raised concerns about the potential for
690:
The decision to suspend the BID formation process is the result of sustained community pushback. A coalition of ordinary residents, small businesses, community organizations, and artists came together to oppose RDDC's push to turn
Downtown Rochester into a Business Improvement District that would
386:
Colorado’s
Business Improvement District Law of 1988 includes key provisions that allow BIDs to provide a wide variety of services, including public safety, planning, events, and parking management, those services are provided by private sector organizations. The law holds BIDs accountable to all
49:
The
International Downtown Association (IDA) 2011 BID census report states that all US states except Wyoming, including the District of Columbia, have at least one BID. The 2011 IDA report states that, at the time, there were 1,002 BIDs in the United States. As of 2010, North Dakota passed senate
78:
Often, BIDs are formed as a result of property owners in a defined district who seek funding for a variety of services, including governmental services such as cleaning and maintenance, non-governmental services such as marketing and promotion or beautification, and the implementation of capital
119:
Critics of
Business Improvement Districts are concerned that there are few restrictions as to what the revenues going toward the BID will fund. With the limited restrictions, property owners within the district may be required to fund services that they do not particularly want or need. In many
105:
A Study of New York BIDs revealed that commercial properties within the defined areas of a business improvement district sold for 30.7 percent more than comparable properties in the same area but outside of the district boundaries. This study implies that the positive effects are exacerbated in
421:
New York City has the largest network of Business Improvement Districts in the United States, with 76 BIDs within the city. New York City's BIDs invest over $ 158 million in programs and services in their respective districts. New York's BID movement began in the 1960s when business owners and
62:
The districts are areas within a municipality where some form of revenue generation is legally enforced to provide services for area, beyond those offered by the municipal and county services. BID formation varies on a state-by-state level, and are also referred to as neighborhood improvement
153:
Property owners and people within the district who oppose a BID may see it as an attempt to delegate control of public space to the private sector. Without government accountability (elections), it is difficult for the public to make a change in the actions that the BID managing organization
306:
In California, there are 3 primary types of BIDs all of which have their own standards for assessments and require different legal actions. In California, the payments made by the businesses and property owners within the districts are technically "fees" and not "taxes." Due to
220:
a special district, as opposed to the remainder of the city. A report must be prepared with a map of district boundaries, statement of purpose for the district, and a plan for how the district is formed. The report is then open for public hearing, prior to adopting the plan.
97:
they are held accountable due to the limitations of what the budget can be appropriated to, making the abuse of power less likely. The small amount of stakeholders also limits the risk of corruption, with more individuals keeping watch of the activities managed by the BID
75:
Square and Union Square in New York City from places abandoned and filled with crime into dynamic neighborhoods. They are based on the premise that making attractive commercial districts will attract shoppers and make an environment conducive to thriving businesses.
387:
payees into the district through a board of directors that is composed of business and property owners located within the district. All property owners, lessees and residents within the district are given the opportunity to vote for the tax in their district.
275:
Downtown Revitalization is defined in terms of the North Carolina State Statute as projects that include, but are not limited to improvements in water, gas, storm, and sanitary sewer mains, power lines, improved lighting, streets and sidewalks (including
120:
places, BIDs are independent organizations and are not required to report extensively to their local government and stakeholders. This lack of accountability can be concerning to residents and property owners paying the additional tax.
138:
128:
Critics are also concerned about the spillover of crime that may be diverted, and then concentrated outside of the BID districts, particularly in larger cities with BIDs that focus on security and crime prevention.
166:
Improvement Districts California, Montana and Washington have laws that enable tourism improvement districts, and other states are in the process of developing legislation, including Florida and South Carolina.
214:
North Carolina State Statute names Business Improvement Districts, or other taxing districts Municipal Services Districts (MSD). Municipal Services Districts or BIDs in North Carolina can only be funded by an
492:
BID Committee must draft initial plan that identifies the goals and objectives, highlights its relationship with a comprehensive or master plan, and how the assessment will be calculated and collected.
41:
initiatives to improve the environment of a business district. Services financed by a BID are intended to enhance existing city services, not replace public works or economic development departments.
34:
By 2010, BIDs had been used in nearly 1,000 major cities and small towns throughout the United States, including most major U.S. cities that have multiple BIDs. New York City alone has 76 BIDs.
631:
786:
174:
184:
1171:
349:
taxation of the businesses within the district. Following adoption of Proposition 13, other methods of allocating the assessment among participating businesses were required.
967:
1234:
145:
principle. The ruling opposed the resident's claim, stating that a BID can have different voting classes because the results are disproportionate among property owners.
773:"MAYOR BLOOMBERG DISCUSSES HOW BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS, INCLUDING TWO NEWLY CREATED THIS WEEK, WILL HELP CREATE JOBS IN NEW YORK CITY IN WEEKLY RADIO ADDRESS"
1087:
999:
363:
council hearings with option for public protest are required. The law also allows for a nonprofit organization to manage funds in cooperation with the municipality.
396:
638:
83:
that are composed of a certain percentage of property owners, business owners, and residents that are in the district, as well as public officials.
790:
501:
Public hearing is held with proposed plan. The plan may be rejected if a petition is signed by over 40% of property owners within the district
600:
1000:"Business Improvement Districts and Proposition 218 After Silicon Valley Taxpayers Association v. Santa Clara County Open Space Authority"
526:: The managing organization is typically a nonprofit and boards are not elected. The local government can then levy the tax assessment.
426:
in Brooklyn. In 1981-1982, legislation was passed for property owners to levy taxes in self-funding Business Improvement Districts.
974:
66:
Depending on state statute, business improvement districts can be funded a variety of ways, including through a tax assessment or
906:
745:
Mallett, William J. (September 1994). "Managing the Post-Industrial City: Business Improvement Districts in the United States".
141:, residents within the Manhattan BID argued that the election of board members were not completed fairly in accordance with the
50:
bill 2356 to appeal section 40-22.1-01 of the North Dakota Century Code to allow special tax assessment districts in the state.
579:
703:
575:
1198:
1010:
1051:
1108:
318:
812:
179:
31:
are typically funded by an additional tax assessment, with the tax increase going toward improvements of the area.
24:
677:
1149:
281:
28:
874:
Morcol, Goktug (November 2010). "Understanding Business Improvement Districts: A New Governance Framework".
247:
507:
Mayor or city's CEO appoints BID board members, 5 of which have to be property owners within the district.
296:
1132:
1068:
455:
447:
1145:
1034:
300:
607:
454:, Washington, LIDs authorized by state law have been applied for a variety of large projects. The
208:
169:
71:
850:"The Impact of Business Improvement Districts on Property Values: Evidence from New York City".
724:
520:: The board of directors of BIDs are all elected, but local governments collect the assessment.
407:
632:"An Economic Benefit Study to Establish an Asheville Downtown Business Improvement District"
517:
479:
466:
is expected to be funded using a $ 200 million property tax through a LID created in 2018.
931:
532:: Public authorities are formed, and board of directors are appointed by local government.
8:
1172:"Those grand plans for Seattle waterfront? Time for property owners to pay up, city says"
1128:
372:
204:
142:
754:
463:
415:
411:
80:
1104:
772:
1176:
910:
887:
495:
The committee petitions the local government for permission to establish the district
380:
376:
229:
704:"The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates"
489:
Form a BID committee that adequately represents all stakeholders within the district
883:
831:"BIDs Fare Well: The Democratic Accountability of Business Improvement Districts".
435:
813:"The effect of business improvement districts on the incidence of violent crimes"
359:
352:
342:
345:
was California's first effort. This version of the enabling legislation allowed
200:
1205:
720:
311:, adopted by the voters in 1978, California State statute no longer allows for
308:
292:
268:
38:
1228:
235:
27:
within a city that are overseen by a nonprofit entity. In the United States,
787:"Business Improvement Districts: Issues in Alternative Local Public Service"
529:
474:
459:
63:
districts, special improvement districts, or local improvement districts.
662:
450:; the term "local improvement district" appeared in 1981 legislation. In
423:
223:
949:"Levying the Property Tax: Earmarking Tax Revenue for Specific Purposes"
758:
523:
313:
241:
216:
498:
Local government creates notice of proposal and hosts a public hearing
277:
67:
948:
485:
The following steps are required to establish a BID in Wisconsin:
253:
458:
was funded through $ 25 million in LID funds derived from a local
438:, local improvement districts are typically used to pave streets.
451:
163:
106:
larger BIDs, made of mostly office space, with larger budgets.
79:
investments. Most states rule that a BID must be governed by a
157:
504:
Council votes to adopt or reject the plan to establish a BID
317:
assessment (i.e., based on property value). As a result of
968:"Article 23 Municipal Services Districts (North Carolina)"
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
139:
Kessler Vs. Grand Central District Management Association
1069:"Help For Neighborhoods: Business Improvement Districts"
511:
561:. California Downtown Association. 2005. pp. 1–13.
542:
360:
Property and Business Improvement District Law of 1994
224:
Types of Municipal Service Districts in North Carolina
1235:
Business improvement districts in the United States
1082:
1080:
1078:
691:
benefit the largest developers and property owners.
259:
Sewage collection and disposal systems of all types
17:
Business improvement districts in the United States
331:Tourism-based BIDs assess hospitality and tourism.
328:Business-based BIDs (BBID) assess business owners.
148:
624:
353:Parking and Business Improvement Area Law of 1989
343:Parking and Business Improvement Area Law of 1965
1226:
1075:
696:
446:Local improvement districts are codified in the
325:Property-based BIDs (PBID) assess real property.
262:Lighting at interstate highway interchange ramps
924:
805:
765:
1146:"Project Profile: South Lake Union Streetcar"
1135:Washington State Legislature official website
901:
899:
897:
1044:
998:Olson, Rebecca J.; Keys, Lacey (Fall 2008).
843:
826:
824:
822:
335:
100:
1052:"Business Improvement Districts Fact Sheet"
1027:
779:
655:
932:"What is a Business Improvement District?"
894:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
158:Other Improvement Districts or authorities
1191:
997:
962:
960:
958:
852:Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs
819:
1061:
907:"Laws: Tourism District Resource Center"
473:
406:
371:
291:
232:and flood and hurricane protection works
199:
1169:
858:
744:
678:"Effort to establish downtown BID ends"
593:
1227:
955:
873:
580:Municipal Research and Services Center
132:
941:
738:
512:Other States' BID laws and precedents
1105:"Local Improvement Districts (LIDs)"
789:. Cornell University. Archived from
570:
568:
37:Business improvement districts are
13:
675:
123:
91:
14:
1246:
1109:Portland Bureau of Transportation
565:
195:
114:
1170:Beekman, Daniel (May 22, 2018).
888:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02222.x
1163:
1138:
1122:
1097:
991:
149:Private control of public space
25:United States special districts
1150:Federal Highway Administration
713:
669:
175:Downtown Development Authority
29:business improvement districts
1:
1088:"11 Step BID Formation Guide"
721:"Local Improvement Districts"
663:"Senate Bill 2356, 2011-2012"
576:"Local Improvement Districts"
536:
441:
287:
265:Off-street parking facilities
185:General Improvement Districts
109:
57:
876:Public Administration Review
469:
248:Transit-oriented development
7:
559:The ABCs of California BIDs
462:. The redevelopment of the
402:
390:
367:
190:
86:
21:local improvement districts
10:
1251:
1133:Revised Code of Washington
747:Royal Geographical Society
456:South Lake Union Streetcar
448:Revised Code of Washington
44:
1035:"Colorado BID Fact Sheet"
839:(1): 374–404. April 2003.
429:
336:Legislation in California
301:San Francisco, California
101:Increased property values
244:revitalization projects
236:Downtown revitalization
209:Raleigh, North Carolina
170:Urban Renewal Authority
72:Tax Increment Financing
1199:"BID Creation Process"
1007:The Public Law Journal
680:. Rochester Beacon Inc
482:
418:
397:Public Act 120 of 1961
383:
303:
211:
19:(BIDs), also known as
477:
410:
375:
295:
230:Beach erosion control
203:
793:on 26 September 2018
480:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
271:improvement projects
143:one person one vote
133:One Person One Vote
725:City of Marysville
483:
419:
416:Brooklyn, New York
412:Fulton Street Mall
384:
356:an advisory board.
304:
212:
81:board of directors
1177:The Seattle Times
464:city's waterfront
381:Boulder, Colorado
377:Pearl Street Mall
180:Special Districts
1242:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1204:. Archived from
1203:
1195:
1189:
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1009:. Archived from
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989:
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986:
985:
979:
973:. Archived from
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964:
953:
952:
945:
939:
938:
936:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
909:. Archived from
903:
892:
891:
871:
856:
855:
854:(8): 1–31. 2007.
847:
841:
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659:
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652:
650:
649:
643:
637:. Archived from
636:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
612:
606:. Archived from
605:
601:"BID Fact Sheet"
597:
591:
590:
588:
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563:
562:
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436:Portland, Oregon
1250:
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942:
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849:
848:
844:
830:
829:
820:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
785:
784:
780:
775:. October 2011.
771:
770:
766:
743:
739:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
706:
702:
701:
697:
683:
681:
676:Smriti, Jacob.
674:
670:
661:
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634:
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629:
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405:
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370:
338:
319:Proposition 218
290:
226:
198:
193:
160:
151:
135:
126:
124:Crime spillover
117:
112:
103:
94:
92:Crime reduction
89:
60:
47:
12:
11:
5:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1222:
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1162:
1137:
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1096:
1074:
1060:
1043:
1026:
990:
954:
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923:
893:
882:(6): 906–913.
857:
842:
833:NYU Law Review
818:
804:
778:
764:
753:(3): 276–287.
737:
712:
695:
668:
654:
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309:Proposition 13
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196:North Carolina
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115:Accountability
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43:
39:private sector
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1211:on 2015-06-05
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1200:
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1134:
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1129:RCW 36.94.220
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1016:on 2016-03-04
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1008:
1001:
994:
980:on 2012-10-23
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969:
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961:
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944:
933:
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913:on 2016-12-06
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679:
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664:
658:
644:on 2012-10-23
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633:
627:
613:on 2016-10-12
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395:By result of
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18:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1193:
1183:February 27,
1181:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1155:February 27,
1153:. Retrieved
1140:
1124:
1114:February 27,
1112:. Retrieved
1099:
1063:
1046:
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1006:
993:
982:. Retrieved
975:the original
943:
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
879:
875:
851:
845:
836:
832:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
781:
767:
750:
746:
740:
730:February 27,
728:. Retrieved
715:
698:
689:
682:. Retrieved
671:
657:
646:. Retrieved
639:the original
626:
615:. Retrieved
608:the original
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585:February 27,
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424:Fulton Mall
205:City Market
1215:2013-04-28
1020:2015-01-08
984:2013-02-11
917:2013-04-24
648:2013-02-11
617:2013-04-16
537:References
524:New Jersey
442:Washington
347:ad valorem
314:ad valorem
288:California
242:Urban area
217:ad valorem
154:controls.
110:Criticisms
58:Operations
478:Downtown
470:Wisconsin
278:easements
269:Watershed
68:mill levy
1229:Category
759:20003458
684:26 March
403:New York
391:Michigan
368:Colorado
256:projects
254:Drainage
250:projects
238:projects
191:By state
87:Benefits
518:Georgia
452:Seattle
164:Tourism
45:History
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430:Oregon
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1185:2019
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799:2013
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