1084:
1120:
311:
1132:
31:
1108:
983:
1011:
47:
1144:
1170:
1096:
54:
1068:
Idaho
Department of Environmental Equality (DEQ) tested homes in Burke to identify contaminations, finding a total of thirty occupied homes discharging untreated waste into the creek. In 2007, the DEQ sequestered $ 220,000 in order to help residents install new septic systems to prevent further contamination.
354:
struck the canyon in the twentieth century: one on
February 4, 1890, which killed three; and another in February 1910, which buried and killed twenty-five people. In the days after the February 1910 avalanche, snow and rock continued to dislodge from the canyon walls, inflicting additional damage on
1067:
was emptied via pipelines directly into Canyon Creek from the residences in Burke Canyon. By the turn of the twenty-first century, citizens of Burke had continued to dump up to 6,000 US gallons (23,000 L) of raw sewage into Canyon Creek per day. In 2004, the
Panhandle Health District (PHD) and
371:
By the late twentieth century, mining operations in Burke Canyon had slowed considerably. The Hecla Mine in Burke officially ceased operations on June 30, 1983, due to low metal prices. The last mine in Burke officially closed in 1991, and the town and several of the surrounding communities became
380:
has been exploring the potential of exploiting additional resource deposits in the Star mine. As of
December 2012, Hecla invested $ 7 million in rehabilitation and exploration with published estimates suggesting the potential to recover in excess of 25 million ounces of silver from the site with
1046:
Various metals also impacted the local water supply of Burke Canyon: After the closure of the last mine in Burke in 1991, residents' water supplies continued to be sourced from pipes that extended into abandoned mine shafts. Consequently, the metal content of Burke's water supply was fifty times
362:
The
Northern Pacific railroad considered discontinuing service through the canyon after the depot was damaged in a July 1923 fire. The railroad also cited increased automobile traffic as a reason for discontinuing the line. By 1939, the rail to Burke had been officially closed, and the tracks
1071:
In 2016, the EPA announced its plan to construct a waste repository in lower Burke Canyon in order to alleviate waste accumulation in
Wallace. Some residents of the canyon objected to the repository, citing further pollution from diesel trucks used to transport waste in the canyon.
280:, from which the canyon takes its name. Burke was the largest mining community in the canyon, with a peak population of 1,400 in 1910. The community of Gem, just south of Burke, had been established in 1886. Both Gem and Burke attracted various miners as well as a large number of
326:
in the Frisco Mill, causing the four-story mill to explode and kill six people. The violence soon spilled over into the community of Gem. From there, union miners who had successfully shut down both the Frisco and the Gem mines travelled west, to the
222:
Populations throughout the canyon's towns dwindled in the late-twentieth century after a series of natural disasters and mine closures, and the last active mine in the canyon was closed in 1991, leaving the majority of the communities unpopulated. The
256:, and other minerals were subsequently discovered. Idaho experienced boom after boom, and mining towns arose overnight, boomed, and then disappeared as the miners left for the latest rush. In 1884, miners discovered significant amounts of silver,
271:
out of the Tiger Mine. Meanwhile, a buildup of 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of ore had accumulated from the various mines in the canyon, leading to the establishment of the Canyon Creek
Railroad, which had its first shipment to
1258:
1034:
into the creekbed. Ecologists found that long stretches of Canyon Creek were entirely uninhabited by fish due to the high levels of metal content in the water. Canyon Creek is considered one of the Coeur d'Alene basin's
393:, roughly 300 feet (90 m) across, with steep cliffs and hills on both sides. The hillsides of the canyon are so steep that the community of Burke only receives around 3 hours of full sunlight during winters.
287:
By 1903, Burke Canyon was the most developed mining region in the Coeur d'Alene
Mountains and was home to seven dividend-paying mines: the Gem of the Mountains, Frisco, Mammoth, Standard, Hecla, Tiger-Poorman and
1874:
National
Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Superfund Site Assessment and Remediation in the Coeur d' Alene River Basin (2006).
1050:
In 2001, the EPA offered to buy out residents of Burke Canyon, citing water contamination in Canyon Creek, but residents refused. The following year, the EPA ordered the town of Burke to comply with the
944:
In 2002, it was reported that around 300 people lived in or near the canyon. There are numerous communities and former communities located along Burke-Canyon Road in Burke Canyon, though several are now
210:
were found in mines throughout. Between 1886 and 1890, numerous mining communities developed in the canyon. Many of the communities in Burke Canyon saw multiple labor disputes, namely the Coeur d'Alene
1039:. The metals leached in Canyon Creek were partially responsible for the contamination of the Coeur d'Alene River, the most heavy-metal contaminated river in the world. In 2010, the
359:
would cause further damage to the communities in the canyon. Three years later, in May 1913, the communities were stricken by heavy rains that resulted in significant floods.
339:
and federal troops were dispatched to the area. The incident marked the first violent confrontation between the workers of the mines and their owners. Hostilities would
1018:
Decades' worth of mining activity resulted in various metals leaching into Canyon Creek, contaminating much of Burke Canyon. Leftover waste rock from mines leached
2048:
2038:
248:
Gold was initially discovered in the early 1860s in the mountains to the north of the Snake River basin, which gave way to a large influx of prospectors.
1554:
1187:
340:
305:
216:
1660:
1302:
2018:
1902:
1974:
1055:; however, given the small number of homes within the boundaries of the town, it would have cost each household an estimated $ 48,000 per year.
1600:
1083:
2068:
1040:
2043:
2023:
1182:
319:
301:
212:
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343:
in 1899. In both disputes, issues included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of
1224:
Per the sign at the site of the Frisco Mill along Burke-Canyon Road erected by the Idaho
Historical Society, notes six fatalities.
1119:
322:. The first shots fired were exchanged at the Frisco mine in the early morning hours of July 11. The gunfire ignited a stock of
108:
1942:
1923:
1886:
1864:
1433:
1408:
1005:
2058:
2013:
1696:
1107:
1131:
1562:
2033:
46:
1143:
224:
268:
2028:
1095:
1668:
1491:
1310:
101:
1043:(EPA) moved forward with plans to dispose of leftover rock piles and contaminated soil in Burke Canyon.
1608:
1160:
328:
1816:
1215:, Burke had the largest population of any community in Burke Canyon, with a peak population of 1,400.
1743:
2053:
1333:
1486:
1052:
1036:
232:
228:
1237:
search of Burke Canyon. Communities are list from the northeast to southwest end of the canyon.
164:
347:. Violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899.
1730:
184:
172:
144:
1192:
1174:
336:
289:
276:
on December 12, 1887. The establishment of the railroad coincided with that of the town of
8:
402:
310:
264:
at the Tiger Mine in Burke Canyon. The Tiger Mine was sold to S.S. Glidden for $ 35,000.
990:
of the Burke Canyon in Idaho, including the locations of Gem, Black Bear, Mace and Burke
1912:
1896:
1849:
356:
355:
the towns of Burke and Mace, and causing numerous deaths. In August of that year, the
1938:
1919:
1882:
1860:
1637:
1429:
1404:
163:
is the canyon of the Burke-Canyon Creek, which runs through the northernmost part of
1959:
1965:
1758:
1400:
1374:
982:
179:
in the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Burke Canyon now contains several
30:
1876:
1787:"Lower Burke Canyon Repository Waste Management: EPA Response to Community Input"
1450:
1786:
1615:
1010:
332:
273:
267:
In 1887, Glidden began construction on a three-foot-wide railway to transport
2007:
1989:
1976:
1856:
742:
123:
110:
987:
954:
377:
277:
195:
1878:
Superfund and Mining Megasites: Lessons from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin
350:
Burke Canyon was the site of several natural disasters as well. Two major
1263:
1234:
344:
946:
373:
180:
351:
320:
developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards
219:, which resulted in violent conflict between miners and mine owners.
1426:
Up in the Rocky Mountains: Writing the Swedish Immigrant Experience
323:
1873:
1621:
1027:
1019:
235:
due to hard metal and waste contamination of Burke-Canyon Creek.
188:
1397:
Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990
1064:
412:
Climate data for 2 Miles ENE of Burke, Idaho (1907–1967)
281:
253:
249:
199:
176:
390:
168:
1309:. University of Washington. October 16, 2009. Archived from
1423:
1031:
1023:
261:
257:
207:
203:
1503:
1601:"Hecla Mining - 2012 Exploration Report - Silver Valley"
187:, which runs northeast through the narrow canyon to the
1527:
1515:
1158:
295:
1638:"Burke 2 ENE, Idaho - Climate Summary - Temperature"
1581:
1569:
314:
Frisco Mill before and after July 11, 1892 explosion
1303:"Life in the Canyon: More than a Century of Sewage"
1213:
Population History of Western U.S. Cities and Towns
1911:
1848:
405:, marked by warm summers and cold, snowy winters.
1851:Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood
389:The structure of Burke Canyon resembles a narrow
381:significant zinc and lead deposits also present.
2005:
1817:"EPA Seeks Public Comment on Repository Project"
1188:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899
306:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899
1658:
1047:above that of federal water quality standards.
318:On July 10, 1892, miners called a strike which
198:; settlers arrived in the canyon in 1884 after
1814:
1428:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 219.
1794:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1694:
1552:
1372:
1041:United States Environmental Protection Agency
335:, and closed down that facility as well. The
194:Burke Canyon takes its name from the town of
83:14 miles (23 km) Northeast–southwest
1901:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1555:"Silver, snow and tears in Burke ghost town"
1331:
341:erupt at the Bunker Hill facility once again
2049:Miners' labor disputes in the United States
2039:Labor-related violence in the United States
1697:"EPA plans next stage of Superfund cleanup"
1484:
1307:Northwest Center for Public Health Practice
1101:Overhead view of Burke in the Burke Canyon
1089:Frisco Mill after July 11, 1892 explosion
1756:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1183:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
1125:Entrance to Standard-Mammoth Mine in Mace
994:
302:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
183:and remnants of former communities along
1725:. Idaho Historical Society. 1999: 11–12.
1593:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1442:
1014:Standard-Mammoth mine entrance near Mace
1009:
981:
932:Source: Western Regional Climate Center
309:
16:Human settlement in Idaho, United States
2019:1880s establishments in Idaho Territory
1909:
1846:
1632:
1630:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1449:Brice, J. L. (September–October 1903).
1394:
2006:
1781:
1779:
1683:
1622:National Research Council, et al. 2006
1607:. Hecla Mining Company. Archived from
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1233:List of communities is adapted from a
1932:
1587:
1575:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1473:
1448:
1006:Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex
227:includes Burke Canyon as part of the
2069:Water pollution in the United States
1627:
1605:Hecla Mining Company Company Website
1553:Albright, Syd (September 29, 2013).
1424:Atteberry, Jennifer Eastman (2007).
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
53:
35:Cliffs above a mine in Burke Canyon.
2044:Landforms of Shoshone County, Idaho
2024:Geography of Shoshone County, Idaho
1776:
1355:
1113:Flood gate along Burke-Canyon Creek
13:
2064:Silver mining in the United States
1539:
1325:
296:Civil unrest and natural disasters
14:
2080:
1953:
1815:McDonald, Josh (April 12, 2017).
1659:Shors, Benjamin (July 21, 2002).
1640:. Western Regional Climate Center
1278:
1058:
999:
1968:at North Idaho Rivers and Creeks
1561:. History Corner. Archived from
1168:
1149:Hecla Mine Co. building in Burke
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
366:
345:informants and undercover agents
171:, U.S., within the northeastern
52:
45:
29:
1808:
1750:
1714:
1695:Kramer, Becky (June 16, 2010).
1652:
1403:: Scarecrow Press. p. 91.
1341:Idaho Museum of Natural History
1227:
1839:
1417:
1388:
1251:
1218:
1205:
1137:Covered mine shaft above Burke
939:
1:
1763:North Idaho Rivers and Creeks
1373:Wood, John V. (Spring 2016).
1343:. Idaho State University: 1–3
1244:
815:Average snowfall inches (cm)
243:
225:Environment Protection Agency
1881:. National Academies Press.
1661:"EPA is a bad word in Burke"
384:
75:3,768 ft (1,148 m)
7:
2059:Mining communities in Idaho
2014:Canyons and gorges of Idaho
1914:A History of American Labor
1487:"Shoot-out in Burke Canyon"
1485:Clark, Earl (August 1971).
1451:"The Coeur d'Alenes, Idaho"
1154:
949:. The communities include:
885:Average precipitation days
601:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
531:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
401:Burke Canyon experiences a
10:
2085:
1075:
1003:
931:
411:
396:
329:Bunker Hill mining complex
299:
238:
1259:"Burke-Canyon Creek Road"
884:
814:
740:
670:
600:
530:
460:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
150:
140:
100:
95:
87:
79:
71:
40:
28:
23:
1935:Forgotten Tales of Idaho
1910:Rayback, Joseph (1966).
1382:Museum of Northern Idaho
1198:
2034:Labor disputes in Idaho
1559:The Coeur d'Alene Press
1395:Moffatt, Riley (1996).
1053:Safe Drinking Water Act
1990:47.51361°N 115.85472°W
1962:at VisitNorthIdaho.com
1937:. Arcadia Publishing.
1847:Carlson, Bill (1983).
1738:Cite journal requires
1015:
995:Environmental concerns
991:
315:
124:47.51361°N 115.85472°W
1013:
985:
313:
217:confrontation of 1899
185:Idaho State Highway 4
145:Idaho State Highway 4
2029:Ghost towns in Idaho
1995:47.51361; -115.85472
1966:Canyon Creek profile
1933:Weeks, Andy (2015).
1721:"Idaho Yesterdays".
1701:The Spokesman-Review
1665:The Spokesman-Review
1611:on October 13, 2014.
1375:"Railroads to Burke"
1193:Hercules silver mine
461:Record high °F (°C)
378:Hecla Mining Company
337:Idaho National Guard
213:labor strike of 1892
129:47.51361; -115.85472
91:300 feet (91 m)
1986: /
1821:Shoshone News Press
1671:on January 11, 2015
1565:on August 27, 2017.
671:Record low °F (°C)
403:continental climate
376:. Around 2010, the
120: /
1512:, pp. 169–70.
1334:"Snake River Gold"
1016:
992:
357:Great Fire of 1910
316:
154:Burke-Canyon Creek
1944:978-1-625-85246-5
1925:978-0-029-25850-7
1888:978-0-30909-714-7
1866:978-0-393-01621-5
1492:American Heritage
1435:978-1-452-91299-8
1410:978-0-810-83033-2
1332:Lee, Lawrence D.
1063:For decades, raw
936:
935:
158:
157:
2076:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1948:
1929:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1870:
1854:
1833:
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1812:
1806:
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1791:
1783:
1774:
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1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1550:
1537:
1536:, pp. 53–6.
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1471:
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1318:
1313:on July 14, 2016
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49:
33:
21:
20:
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2083:
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2074:
2073:
2054:Mining in Idaho
2004:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1926:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1867:
1859:: W.W. Norton.
1842:
1837:
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1826:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1784:
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1765:
1757:Hoffman, Todd.
1755:
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1393:
1389:
1384:. pp. 1–8.
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1037:Superfund sites
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233:Superfund sites
175:. A hotbed for
165:Shoshone County
128:
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119:
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109:
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106:
72:Floor elevation
67:
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65:
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57:
36:
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12:
11:
5:
2082:
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2041:
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2026:
2021:
2016:
1970:
1969:
1963:
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1954:External links
1952:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1918:. Free Press.
1907:
1887:
1871:
1865:
1843:
1841:
1838:
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1823:. pp. 1–8
1807:
1775:
1759:"Canyon Creek"
1749:
1740:|journal=
1713:
1682:
1651:
1626:
1614:
1592:
1590:, p. 169.
1580:
1578:, p. 168.
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1059:Waste disposal
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1000:Mining effects
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743:precipitation
739:
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367:1980s–present
364:
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236:
234:
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229:Coeur d'Alene
226:
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201:
197:
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174:
173:Silver Valley
170:
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133:
105:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
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70:
48:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1971:
1960:Burke Canyon
1934:
1913:
1877:
1850:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1731:cite journal
1722:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1617:
1609:the original
1604:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1563:the original
1558:
1534:Carlson 1983
1529:
1522:Carlson 1983
1517:
1510:Rayback 1966
1505:
1496:
1490:
1463:. Retrieved
1461:(3–4): 39–99
1458:
1454:
1444:
1425:
1419:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1306:
1268:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1070:
1062:
1049:
1045:
1017:
988:Geologic map
943:
745:inches (mm)
400:
388:
370:
363:dismantled.
361:
349:
317:
286:
284:immigrants.
269:hardrock ore
266:
247:
221:
193:
161:Burke Canyon
160:
159:
141:Traversed by
60:Burke Canyon
24:Burke Canyon
18:
1993: /
1981:115°51′17″W
1840:Works cited
1796:. July 2016
1270:February 7,
1264:Google Maps
1235:Google Maps
947:ghost towns
940:Communities
887:(≥ 0.01 in)
374:ghost towns
181:ghost towns
127: /
115:115°51′17″W
102:Coordinates
2008:Categories
1978:47°30′49″N
1827:August 25,
1800:August 26,
1706:August 27,
1588:Weeks 2015
1576:Weeks 2015
1317:August 26,
1245:References
1004:See also:
965:Black Bear
352:avalanches
300:See also:
244:Settlement
112:47°30′49″N
1897:cite book
1675:August 6,
1465:April 25,
1347:April 25,
880:(616.21)
385:Geography
96:Geography
1857:New York
1211:Per the
1155:See also
962:Cornwall
810:(1,219)
741:Average
324:dynamite
290:Hercules
231:basin's
215:and the
191:border.
1768:July 1,
1644:July 1,
1076:Gallery
1028:arsenic
1020:cadmium
860:(0.51)
666:(−1.2)
661:(−7.2)
656:(−4.1)
621:(−2.5)
616:(−5.8)
611:(−6.9)
606:(−8.9)
596:(10.4)
591:(−0.6)
581:(11.1)
576:(18.6)
571:(23.4)
566:(24.6)
561:(18.7)
556:(14.3)
536:(−1.8)
397:Climate
333:Wardner
292:mines.
282:Swedish
274:Wallace
239:History
189:Montana
136:
1941:
1922:
1885:
1863:
1455:Mining
1432:
1407:
1401:Lanham
1161:Portal
1065:sewage
1030:, and
968:Frisco
875:(124)
855:(0.0)
850:(0.0)
845:(1.3)
840:(9.4)
830:(108)
825:(116)
820:(152)
805:(157)
800:(153)
795:(110)
760:(125)
755:(137)
750:(170)
736:(−32)
731:(−32)
726:(−25)
721:(−16)
696:(−11)
691:(−13)
686:(−26)
681:(−29)
676:(−31)
651:(0.1)
646:(3.7)
641:(6.2)
636:(6.8)
631:(3.9)
626:(0.5)
586:(2.9)
551:(8.7)
546:(3.9)
541:(1.3)
417:Month
260:, and
254:copper
250:Silver
206:, and
200:silver
177:mining
151:Rivers
80:Length
1790:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1199:Notes
986:1907
955:Burke
878:242.5
870:(70)
865:(11)
835:(24)
808:48.01
790:(65)
785:(35)
780:(31)
775:(84)
770:(75)
765:(77)
716:(−6)
711:(−5)
706:(−7)
701:(−3)
526:(37)
521:(10)
516:(17)
511:(26)
506:(33)
501:(37)
496:(35)
491:(37)
486:(30)
481:(28)
476:(18)
471:(17)
456:Year
391:gulch
331:near
278:Burke
196:Burke
169:Idaho
88:Width
1939:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1903:link
1883:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1829:2017
1802:2017
1770:2017
1744:help
1723:43–5
1708:2017
1677:2010
1646:2012
1499:(5).
1467:2020
1430:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1349:2020
1319:2017
1272:2018
1032:zinc
1024:lead
974:Webb
959:Mace
927:157
873:48.7
868:27.7
828:42.4
823:45.6
818:59.9
803:6.18
798:6.02
793:4.35
788:2.54
783:1.38
778:1.23
773:3.32
768:2.95
763:3.02
758:4.92
753:5.41
748:6.69
664:29.9
659:19.1
654:24.7
649:32.2
644:38.6
639:43.2
634:44.2
629:39.0
624:32.9
619:27.5
614:21.6
609:19.5
604:15.9
594:50.8
589:30.9
584:37.3
579:52.0
574:65.5
569:74.1
564:76.3
559:65.6
554:57.7
549:47.7
544:39.0
539:34.3
534:28.7
466:(9)
453:Dec
450:Nov
447:Oct
444:Sep
441:Aug
438:Jul
435:Jun
432:May
429:Apr
426:Mar
423:Feb
420:Jan
304:and
262:lead
258:zinc
208:zinc
204:lead
971:Gem
924:18
921:17
918:12
906:12
903:13
900:12
897:16
894:16
891:20
863:4.3
858:0.2
853:0.0
848:0.0
843:0.5
838:3.7
833:9.5
734:−26
729:−26
724:−13
684:−15
679:−21
674:−24
2010::
1899:}}
1895:{{
1855:.
1819:.
1792:.
1778:^
1761:.
1735::
1733:}}
1729:{{
1699:.
1685:^
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1497:22
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1459:12
1457:.
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1357:^
1339:.
1305:.
1280:^
1261:.
1026:,
1022:,
915:8
912:7
909:6
714:21
709:23
704:20
699:26
694:13
524:99
519:50
514:62
509:78
504:92
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494:95
489:98
484:86
479:83
474:65
469:63
464:48
252:,
202:,
167:,
1947:.
1928:.
1905:)
1891:.
1869:.
1831:.
1804:.
1772:.
1746:)
1742:(
1710:.
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1321:.
1274:.
1163::
719:4
689:8
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