269:
98:
260:. However, even these later versions still contained much of the earlier legendary material, such as that of Albina; indeed, the prose versions have been described as being "enthusiastic" in its rendition of these aspects of English history. It has also been described as "one of the best records of rumours and propaganda, if not of the event themselves."
236:
differences in the quality of the surviving manuscripts, and Julia Marvin has suggested that this reflects their "diverse ownership and readership". It has been described as "a tremendous success", and one of the most-copied chronicles of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A version produced in
55:
in 1272; subsequent versions extend the narrative. Fifty versions in Anglo-Norman remain, in forty-nine manuscripts, in a variety of versions and stages. Latin translations of the Anglo-Norman versions remain in nineteen different versions, which fall into two main categories; some of those were
235:
classes. It was thus available to much of
English society; certainly, as Andrea Ruddock has said, to the entire political class. And, since it only took "one literate person to make a text available to an entire household", its circulation could have been even broader. Similarly, there are vast
231:, but, the more it got added to and altered, so it became noticed by other sectors of society. Firstly the clergy, for whom it was translated into Latin, and then into the more accessible French and then English for the lower gentry and
292:, in various versions and stages. There are Latin translations of the Anglo-Norman versions in nineteen different versions, which fall into two main categories; some of those were subsequently translated into
178:, although not as an official history. It later became a source for monastic chronicles. Popular already in its early incarnations, it may even have limited the circulation of rival contemporary histories.
202:
English editions appeared from the early 15th century, particularly the so-called Long version and its various continuations. This has become known as the "Common" version, and was probably transcribed in
296:. There are no fewer than 184 versions of the English translation of the work in 181 medieval and post-medieval manuscripts, the highest number of manuscripts for any text in Middle English except for
60:. There are no fewer than 184 versions of the English translation of the work in 181 medieval and post-medieval manuscripts, the highest number of manuscripts for any text in Middle English except for
465:
The Brut's significance is now seen as being in the fact that it was written by laymen, for laymen, and also that the latter portion, at least, was one of the first chronicles written in the
457:, among others. Matheson identifies a number of women owners and readers as well: Isabel Alen (niece of vicar William Trouthe), Alice Brice, Elizabeth Dawbne, and Dorothy Helbartun.
1244:
300:. From the fifteenth century there is "an amorphous, heterogenous group" of texts which are composed of individuals' notes and preliminary workings of various areas of the
331:, and 1528 it went through thirteen editions. As a result, according to Matheson, "it is no exaggeration to say that in the late Middle Ages in England the
199:, it was one of the most popular political and secular histories of fourteenth-century England, with the latest-known version ending with events from 1479.
1259:
1249:
1264:
1239:
899:
162:, and exists in both abridged and long versions. Early versions describe the country as being divided, both culturally and politically, by the
481:
207:. A later fifteenth-century version consists of the Common versions with "a major one" concluding in 1419, occasionally with the addition of
1269:
240:
in the later fourteenth century was based on official contemporary records, and contains, for example, an eye-witness account of the
276:
from the mid-to-late 15th century; Albina and other daughters of
Diodicias disembarking from a ship in Britain, with two giants and
117:
chronicle written in Anglo-Norman in the thirteenth century (identified by the fact that some existing copies finish in 1272), the
362:
The Anglo-Norman text was initially intended for a lay audience of the upper class. Likely and certain owners of versions of the
402:(which had two copies). Matheson lists five manuscripts of continental provenance, produced in France, Flanders, and Lorraine.
367:
1137:
1116:
1095:
1049:
1028:
1001:
918:
1060:
311:
After the "massive scribal activity" that produced over 250 extant manuscripts (a "vast number for a medieval text"), the
1224:
166:, with the southern half described as "this side of the Humber" and "the better part". Having been written at a time of
423:
371:
469:; it also occasionally provides historical details not found in other contemporaries' writings. The Brut owned by the
1234:
1229:
1158:
970:
947:
383:
185:
underwent various revisions over the centuries, and from 1333 material inflected from a mid-thirteenth century poem,
140:'s text from the previous century. It also covered the reigns of many kings later the subject of legend, including
73:
1074:
386:(in his will he left it to his wife). Copies were also listed in the library catalogues of religious houses –
1254:
501:
304:. The English edition made it the first chronicle to be written in the vernacular since the ninth-century
928:
Kaufman, Alexander L. (2016). "'And Many Oþer
Diuerse Tokens...': Portents and Wonders in 'Warkworth's'
410:
Outside the traditional lay, upper-class audience, the reach of the Middle
English translations of the
253:
175:
939:
and Other Late
Medieval Chronicles: Books Have Their Histories. Essays in Honour of Lister M. Matheson
528:
450:
399:
215:. The 16th century also saw an abridged version, created from the major fifteenth-century copies.
963:
The
Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle
908:
414:
extended the audience to the merchant class. Landowning gentry with a Middle
English copy of the
170:, it was "baronial in its sympathies". It was probably originally composed "at least in part" by
1209:
521:
64:. The sheer number of copies that survive and its late-fourteenth century translation into the
1106:
1039:
981:
1085:
1012:
958:
493:
431:
379:
327:, and he may have compiled this version himself. Between 1480, when Caxton printed it as the
305:
285:
45:
1127:
1041:
Thirteenth
Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011
268:
137:
52:
8:
883:
297:
61:
480:
The first scholarly edition of the later-medieval portion was transcribed and edited by
893:
508:, and the following year F.W.D. Brie published a list of all extant manuscripts in his
395:
375:
249:
245:
106:
1038:
Marvin, Julia (1 April 2013). Burton, Janet; Schofield, Phillipp; Weiler, Bjö (eds.).
1191:
1154:
1133:
1112:
1091:
1070:
1045:
1024:
997:
966:
943:
914:
343:
85:
1181:
466:
228:
79:
As well as the Prose Brut there are also a number of Welsh versions of
Geoffrey's
1148:
1069:. Vol. 180. Tempe, Arizona: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies.
933:
454:
387:
241:
145:
1186:
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122:
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57:
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130:
347:
167:
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149:
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family in the late fourteenth-century contained their view of their own
289:
257:
232:
65:
1087:
English historical documents. 4. [Late medieval]. 1327 – 1485
474:
339:
335:
was the standard historical account of
British and English history".
154:
141:
133:
37:
470:
212:
208:
69:
34:
97:
1108:
English Identity and Political Culture in the Fourteenth Century
16:
Collective name of medieval chronicles of history of Cymru/Wales
244:
of 1376. The post-1399 versions are notable by their clear pro-
224:
190:
163:
126:
114:
932:". In Rajsic, Jaclyn; Kooper, Erik; Hoche, Dominique (eds.).
193:), had entered the main versions. Eventually, along with the
171:
237:
643:
Szarmach, P.E, M T. Tavormina, and J.T. Rosenthal (eds),
477:(which they also traced back to King Arthur and Brutus).
48:; it was subsequently translated into Latin and English.
72:; it is considered "central" to the literary culture of
1150:
English historical literature in the fourteenth century
1245:
Latin historical texts from Norman and Angevin England
788:
51:
The first Anglo-Norman versions end with the death of
1129:
Reimagining History in Anglo-Norman Prose Chronicles
959:"Romancing the Past: A Medieval English Perspective"
736:
734:
510:The Brute of England or The Chronicles of England.
460:
354:, and so, by extension, did William Shakespeare.
92:
1216:
1013:"Author Authorized: The Prophecies of the Prose
885:The Brut of England or The Chronicles of England
731:
315:was the first chronicle printed in England. The
1066:: The Development of a Middle English Chronicle
263:
982:"A Warning to the Incurious: M. R. James, the
706:
704:
575:
573:
563:
561:
551:
549:
449:, named for him), as did the religious houses
40:of the history of England. The original Prose
942:. York: York Medieval Press. pp. 49–63.
910:Historical Writing in England: c.550 – c.1307
676:
674:
587:
585:
1170:"The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II"
1019:. In Busby, Keith; Dalrymple, Roger (eds.).
655:
653:
615:
613:
611:
498:Historical Recollections of a London Citizen
1260:Cultural depictions of Henry III of England
1250:History of literature in the United Kingdom
701:
570:
558:
546:
280:and his followers arriving in another ship.
189:, describing the settlement of England (as
980:King, Andy; Marvin, Julia (January 2008).
979:
898:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
671:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
601:
599:
597:
582:
405:
223:It was primarily of interest to the upper-
1265:Cultural depictions of Henry V of England
1185:
650:
608:
1058:
906:
357:
267:
96:
33:, is the collective name of a number of
1167:
1104:
957:Kennedy, Edward Donald (January 1999).
956:
927:
794:
622:
594:
252:'s victories in France, for example at
1217:
1210:Lehigh Codex 7 Anon. The Brut at OPenn
1146:
1125:
1037:
1010:
492:published parts of it relating to the
368:Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick
1240:Anglo-Norman chronicles about England
1083:
121:described the settling of Britain by
881:
434:, owned a copy (which included the
168:division between crown and nobility
13:
1044:. Boydell Press. pp. 169–82.
424:Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex
372:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln
136:. In this, it was itself based on
14:
1281:
1203:
645:Medieval England: An Encyclopedia
384:Thomas Ughtred, 1st Baron Ughtred
1270:Propaganda in the United Kingdom
504:published three versions in his
68:indicating the growth in common
875:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
800:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
722:
713:
692:
683:
422:'s father, who passed it on to
74:England in the Late Middle Ages
1111:. Cambridge University Press.
662:
461:Historiography and publication
93:Origins and subsequent history
1:
1174:The English Historical Review
1084:Myers, Alec Reginald (1996).
1023:. DS Brewer. pp. 84–99.
535:
378:(who gave a copy to her son,
56:subsequently translated into
1132:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1059:Matheson, Lister M. (1998).
284:There are fifty versions in
272:French version of the Prose
264:Medieval publication history
105:'s printing, describing the
7:
996:. Rodopi. pp. 129–46.
986:and the Anglo-Norman prose
514:
218:
10:
1286:
1225:13th-century history books
965:. Rodopi. pp. 13–39.
913:. Routledge. pp. 1–.
907:Gransden, Antonia (2013).
350:relied extensively on the
1187:10.1093/ehr/CXIII.453.852
1021:Arthurian Literature XXII
992:. In Kooper, Erik (ed.).
961:. In Kooper, Erik (ed.).
529:A Short English Chronicle
338:Tudor historians such as
1235:15th-century manuscripts
1230:14th-century manuscripts
1105:Ruddick, Andrea (2013).
994:The Medieval Chronicle V
540:
451:St Bartholomew-the-Great
83:, collectively known as
406:Middle English versions
129:, and the reign of the
1011:Marvin, Julia (2005).
680:King and Marvin 135ff.
647:(New York, 1998), 146.
281:
256:, for the purposes of
110:
1147:Taylor, John (1987).
1126:Spence, John (2013).
882:Brie, F.W.D. (1906).
488:in 1856, and in 1879
432:Peterhouse, Cambridge
400:St Mary's Abbey, York
380:Edward III of England
358:Anglo-Norman versions
329:Chronicles of England
306:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
271:
100:
1255:Medieval manuscripts
1168:Valente, C. (1998).
1090:. Psychology Press.
506:Chronicles of London
138:Geoffrey of Monmouth
26:, also known as the
1153:. Clarendon Press.
522:Gregory's Chronicle
494:Hundred Years' War
396:Clerkenwell Priory
376:Isabella of France
282:
248:bias and focus on
111:
107:Percy-Neville feud
1139:978-1-903153-45-1
1118:978-1-107-00726-0
1097:978-0-415-60467-3
1051:978-1-84383-809-8
1030:978-1-84384-062-6
1003:978-90-420-2354-3
920:978-1-136-19021-6
851:Kennedy 1999, 20.
767:Kennedy 1999, 28.
740:Marvin 2013, 170.
668:Marvin 2013, 169.
344:Raphael Holinshed
86:Brut y Brenhinedd
1277:
1199:
1189:
1180:(453): 852–881.
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749:Marvin 2005, 85.
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502:C.S.L. Kingsford
467:English language
445:
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298:Wycliffe's Bible
288:, in forty-nine
229:English nobility
187:Des Grantz Geanz
148:(the subject of
62:Wycliffe's Bible
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842:Matheson 12–13.
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426:'s son Thomas.
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242:Good Parliament
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44:was written in
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795:Valente 1998
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728:Ruddick 177.
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685:
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591:Matheson ix.
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392:Hailes Abbey
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286:Anglo-Norman
283:
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250:King Henry V
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164:River Humber
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118:
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101:A page from
84:
80:
78:
50:
46:Anglo-Norman
41:
29:
27:
21:
20:
18:
776:Ruddick 69.
719:Matheson 3.
659:Ruddick 94.
619:Ruddick 39.
500:. In 1905,
482:J.S. Davies
348:Edward Hall
319:was one of
290:manuscripts
246:Lancastrian
160:King Arthur
150:Shakespeare
1219:Categories
1076:0866982221
1062:The Prose
1017:Chronicle"
990:Chronicle"
935:The Prose
785:Spence 75.
698:Spence 10.
689:Taylor 11.
536:References
258:propaganda
233:mercantile
134:Cadwalader
66:vernacular
38:chronicles
930:Chronicle
894:cite book
888:. London.
869:Brie 1–5.
860:Myers 42.
605:Myers 38.
475:genealogy
447:Chronicle
438:Warkworth
366:included
340:John Stow
325:printings
323:'s first
213:epilogues
209:prologues
155:King Lear
152:'s play,
146:King Leir
142:King Cole
125:, son of
115:legendary
24:Chronicle
515:See also
484:for the
471:Mortimer
418:include
227:and the
219:Audience
81:Historia
70:literacy
35:medieval
1196:2207424
496:in his
382:), and
174:in the
158:), and
109:of 1454
1194:
1157:
1136:
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1073:
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1027:
1000:
969:
946:
917:
398:, and
346:, and
278:Brutus
225:gentry
191:Albion
172:clerks
127:Aeneas
103:Caxton
28:Prose
541:Notes
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