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believed that "at the end it was the afterdamp gases that killed them (all)." Dr. James McBrearty's description of many victims frothing at the mouth, suggests asphyxiation by the predominant afterdamp gas, being carbon dioxide. The afterdamp gas carbon monoxide which presented such a problem for the recovery teams must also have contributed to death through poisoning. It was not then fully appreciated that only small quantities of carbon monoxide or white damp could be fatal".
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miners, included former workmates, relatives and friends belonging to the same generation of immigrants, particularly those arriving between 1875 and 1885". According to Wood: "The tragedy helped to break down some old world differences and establish a West Coast identity especially in the mining
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to assist the rescue effort, though it took the
Denniston miners several days to arrive as they had to travel by sea from Westport. Wood explains this: "The response of the West Coast miners in volunteering for the rescue parties was due to their occupational loyalties and social and kinship ties.
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Rescuers entering the mine after the explosion found themselves suffocating on the afterdamp gas and had to return to the surface, often unconscious, carried by other rescuers; however, the determination was such to find the bodies, and to find any survivors, that the rescuers – mostly miners from
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Manager.., believed that the majority (of miners) were killed by the explosion and "not more than half a dozen by the afterdamp". Robert
Russell, believing the explosion to be caused by firedamp, while acknowledging that the explosion force and coal dust flames contributed to the causes of death,
331:"AtoJs Online — Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives — 1896 Session I — C-06 BRUNNER COAL-MINE DISASTER (REPORT OF ROYAL COMMISSION APPOINTED TO INQUIRE INTO, ON 26th MARCH, 189... [truncated]"
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The royal commission of inquiry put the cause of the disaster to a blown-out shot in a part of the mine where miners should not have been working. However, experienced miners claimed the explosion was caused by
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The bodies of all 65 miners from the
Brunner mine were eventually accounted for, including a Mr. John Roberts and three of his sons who were all working that day. The miners were buried at
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Occupational bonding, especially of coal miners, requires obedience to the miner's code that they come to each other's assistance. Denniston miners and mine managers, like
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Cawte, H (2008). 'Case
Studies In Archaeological Research: The Archaeology of Mining, Lecture 5: Safety, Clothing, Housing, University Of Otago, 10 March.
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gas is accidentally ignited and explodes. Firedamp is all the more hazardous because of the after effects of the explosion. Gases known as "
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A disaster relief fund was established to support the families of the deceased miners. Over £32,000 was raised for the fund, equivalent to
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nearby mines – would insist on returning to the airless mine as soon as they had been revived on the surface. Miners came from as far as
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was appointed to investigate the disaster. Four commissioners were appointed: district court judge
Charles Ward, geologist
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Disaster At
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6.46 million in
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The mass burial of
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igniting, which had accumulated in the mine due to inadequate ventilation.
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301:"Brunner mine disaster kills 65 | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
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I Was There, Dramatic First-Hand
Accounts From New Zealand's History
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One of the deceased miners being recovered from the mine
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happened at 9:30 am on
Thursday 26 March 1896 (
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404:(1996 ed.). Greymouth: Bright Print.
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434:"Mass grave at Stillwater"
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565:42.432361°S 171.323389°E
360:"Brunner Mine explosion"
279:Pike River Mine disaster
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