Forest - Knowledge

1917:. Indigenous lands contain 36% or more of intact forest worldwide, host more biodiversity, and experience less deforestation. Indigenous activists have argued that degradation of forests and indigenous peoples' marginalization and land dispossession are interconnected. Other concerns among indigenous peoples include lack of Indigenous involvement in forest management and loss of knowledge related for the forest ecosystem. Since 2002, the amount of land that is legally owned by or designated for indigenous peoples has broadly increased, but land acquisition in lower-income countries by multinational corporations, often with little or no consultation of indigenous peoples, has also increased. Research in the Amazon rainforest suggests that indigenous methods of agroforestry form reservoirs of biodiversity. In the U.S. state of 84: 1596: 2091: 2178: 6521: 2193:

land) is publicly owned and 1.75 million hectares (4.3 million acres) of forest land (54% of the total) is in private hands. Latvia's forests have been steadily increasing over the years, which is in contrast to many other nations, mostly due to the forestation of land not used for agriculture. In 1935, there were only 1.757 million hectares (4.34 million acres) of forest; today this has increased by more than 150%. Birch is the most common tree at 28.2%, followed by pine (26.9%), spruce (18.3%), grey alder (9.7%), aspen (8.0%), black alder (5.7%), oak/ash (1.2%), with other hardwood trees making up the rest (2.0%).

276:, in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed. Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforests and boreal coniferous forests are the least fragmented, whereas subtropical dry forests and temperate oceanic forests are among the most fragmented. Roughly 80 percent of the world's forest area is found in patches larger than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres). The remaining 20 percent is located in more than 34 million patches around the world – the vast majority less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in size. 2399: 2377: 1936: 292: 318:. Administrative definitions are legal designations, and may not reflect the type of vegetation that grows upon the land; an area can be legally designated "forest" even if no trees grow on it. Land-use definitions are based on the primary purpose the land is used for. Under a land-use definition, any area used primarily for harvesting timber, including areas that have been cleared by harvesting, disease, fire, or for the construction of roads and infrastructure, are still defined as forests, even if they contain no trees. Land-cover definitions define forests based upon the density of trees, area of 934:

distributions, while the montane forests of Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and lowland forests of Australia, coastal Brazil, the Caribbean islands, Central America, and insular Southeast Asia have many species with small geographical distributions. Areas with dense human populations and intense agricultural land use, such as Europe, parts of Bangladesh, China, India, and North America, are less intact in terms of their biodiversity. Northern Africa, southern Australia, coastal Brazil, Madagascar, and South Africa are also identified as areas with striking losses in biodiversity intactness.

2137: 1962: 56: 1143: 1584: 481: 1033: 6549: 2245: 1643: 782: 357: 7698: 6589: 6507: 943: 6599: 1631: 6577: 2259: 1286:'s forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed, tropical moist, tropical dry, sparse trees and parkland, and forest plantations. Each category is described in a separate section below. 6535: 2231: 6493: 6563: 1366: 2162:, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment; and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of new clear-cuts, although some older ones grew to 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) over several years. 2068:

7 million hectares (17 million acres) of new forests annually. As a result, the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million hectares (13 million acres) per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million hectares (21 million acres) annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for

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in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares (12 million acres) per year during 2010–2020. In absolute terms, the global forest area decreased by 178 million hectares (440 million acres; 1,780,000 square kilometres; 690,000 square miles) between 1990 and 2020, which is an area about the size of Libya.

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Canada has about 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management,

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livelihoods, elements of forest-dependence exist in communities with a wide range of characteristics. Generally, richer households derive more cash value from forest resources, whereas among poorer households, forest resources are more important for home consumption and increase community resilience.

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is taking place in some areas, new forests are being established through natural expansion or deliberate efforts in other areas. As a result, the net loss of forest area is less than the rate of deforestation; and it, too, is decreasing: from 7.8 million hectares (19 million acres) per year

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group. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan; the broadleaf evergreen

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The number of trees in the world, according to a 2015 estimate, is 3 trillion, of which 1.4 trillion are in the tropics or sub-tropics, 0.6 trillion in the temperate zones, and 0.7 trillion in the coniferous boreal forests. The 2015 estimate is about eight times higher than previous estimates, and is

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China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused. In addition, ambitious tree-planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States, and Vietnam – combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions – have added more than

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is commonly used, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world. Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew

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land to forest. In many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large

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Latvia has about 3.27 million hectares (8.1 million acres; 12,600 square miles) of forest land, which equates to about 50.5% of Latvia's total area of 64,590 square kilometres (24,938 sq mi) 1.51 million hectares (3.7 million acres) of forest land (46% of total forest

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which include extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada's forest is legally protected from resource development. Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated

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Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans. Forests may impose an economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, reduce the food-producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity, reduce

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Global Warming of 1.5 °C – an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and

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techniques by small farmers, or spontaneous regeneration when former agricultural land is abandoned. It can be motivated by the economic benefits of forests, the ecosystem services forests provide, or cultural changes where people increasingly appreciate forests for their spiritual, aesthetic, or

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An important consideration regarding carbon sequestration is that forests can turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source if plant diversity, density or forest area decreases, as has been observed in different tropical forests The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s. An

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are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. Under some conditions, such as less fertile soils or less predictable

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These hunting forests did not necessarily contain any trees. Because that often included significant areas of woodland, "forest" eventually came to connote woodland in general, regardless of tree density. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, English texts used the word in all three of its

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There is an estimated 726 million hectares (1.79 billion acres) of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent. The area of such areas globally has increased by 191 million

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is formed by the mass of intertwined branches, twigs, and leaves of mature trees. The crowns of the dominant trees receive most of the sunlight. This is the most productive part of the trees, where maximum food is produced. The canopy forms a shady, protective "umbrella" over the rest of the

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The biodiversity of forests varies considerably according to factors such as forest type, geography, climate, and soils – in addition to human use. Most forest habitats in temperate regions support relatively few animal and plant species, and species that tend to have large geographical

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shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow.

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The term forest-dependent people is used to describe any of a wide variety of livelihoods that are dependent on access to forests, products harvested from forests, or ecosystem services provided by forests, including those of Indigenous peoples dependent on forests. In

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has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares (25 million acres), down from 12 million hectares (30 million acres) annually in 2010–2015.

1500:, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire or herbivory are recurrent phenomena, 2064:, to avoid temperature rise by more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, there will need to be an increase in global forest cover equal to the land area of Canada (10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles)) by 2050. 2025:

recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries: the boreal forests of Russia and Canada, and the rainforest of Brazil.

930:, and various species that thrive under the regulated microclimate created under the canopy. Forests have intricate three-dimensional structures that increase in complexity with lower levels of disturbance and greater variety of tree species. 3354: 4069:(Report). Theme Studies Series 6 Forests. Ede, The Netherlands: Forestry and Biodiversity Support Group, International Agricultural Centre (IAC), Wageningen National Reference Centre for Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries (EC-LNV) 823:

or carbohydrate. The world's forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990, but biomass per unit area has increased.

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in China and Russia. New forests are not equivalent to old growth forests in terms of species diversity, resilience, and carbon capture. On 7 September 2015, the FAO released a new study stating that over the last 25 years the global

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The transition of a region from forest loss to net gain in forested land is referred to as the forest transition. This change occurs through a few main pathways, including increase in commercial tree plantations, adoption of

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Forests are fundamental to the culture and livelihood of indigenous people groups that live in and depend on forests, many of which have been removed from and denied access to the lands on which they lived as part of global

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to the east—these lot patterns have existed since the mid-19th century. The white patches reflect areas with younger, smaller trees, where winter snow cover shows up brightly to the astronauts. Dark green-brown squares are

1060:, the understory, and the canopy. The emergent layer, above the canopy, exists in tropical rainforests. Each layer has a different set of plants and animals, depending upon the availability of sunlight, moisture, and food. 2209:

estimated a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4.9 million acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as

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Carson, Savanna L.; Kentatchime, Fabrice; Nana, Eric Djomo; Njabo, Kevin Y.; Cole, Brian L.; Godwin, Hilary A. (2018). "Indigenous Peoples' Concerns About Loss of Forest Knowledge: Implications for Forest Management".

326:) meeting a particular threshold. This type of definition depends upon the presence of trees sufficient to meet the threshold, or at least of immature trees that are expected to meet the threshold once they mature. 1898:

harvested from forests and Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest are also examples of forest-dependent people. Though forest-dependence by more common definitions is statistically associated with poverty and

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found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares (10.0 billion acres; 40.6 million square kilometres; 15.7 million square miles), or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020.

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The annual net loss of forest area has decreased since 1990, but the world is not on track to meet the target of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests to increase forest area by 3 percent by 2030.

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Liu, Yi Y.; van Dijk, Albert I.J.M.; de Jeu, Richard A.M.; Canadell, Josep G.; McCabe, Matthew F.; Evans, Jason P.; Wang, Guojie (30 March 2015). "Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass".

4794: 225:. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent. Research conducted in the 751:-like plant, growing to 20 metres (66 ft) in height or more. It quickly spread throughout the world, from the equator to subpolar latitudes. It is the first species known to cast shade due to its 3323: 1072:

break down into new soil. The layer of decaying leaves that covers the soil is necessary for many insects to overwinter and for amphibians, birds, and other animals to shelter and forage for food.

5374: 107:. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' 283:

to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including unsustainable use of forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.

4089: 3324:"Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England" 3300: 2158:

By December 2006, over 1.2 million square kilometres (460,000 square miles) of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed.

5007:"Amazonian indigenous territories as reservoirs of biodiversity - Territorios indígenas amazónicos como reservorio de biodiversidad: The army ants of Santa Sofia (Amazonas – Colombia)" 3651: 4812: 4264: 5475: 2786: 5091:

Wilson, Sarah Jane; Schelhas, John; Grau, Ricardo; Nanni, A Sofia; Sloan, Sean (2017). "Forest ecosystem-service transitions: the ecological dimensions of the forest transition".

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from the dropped fronds creating the early forest. The shed organic matter altered the freshwater environment, slowing its flow and providing food. This promoted freshwater fish.

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characterized by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken

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region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forestland, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuously closed

337:. Under some definitions, to be considered a forest requires very high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%, which excludes woodlands and savannas, which have a lower 1301:, as well as some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species ( 3566: 1734:

Serving as a source of woodlands and trees for millions of people dependent almost entirely on forests for subsistence for their essential fuelwood, food, and fodder needs.

6728: 6136: 3989:. Woodwell Climate Research Center, INTACT, Griffits University, GEOS institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Australian Rainforest Conservation Society. 17 December 2020 1146: 248:

or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities:

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concluded that a combination of measures aimed at increasing forest carbon stocks, andsustainable timber offtake will generate the largest carbon sequestration benefit.

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was first introduced into English as the word denoting wild land set aside for hunting without necessarily having trees on the land. Possibly a borrowing, probably via

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Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g.,

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Trees rising up to 35 meters (115 ft) in height add a vertical dimension to the area of land that can support plant and animal species, opening up numerous

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per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant

3764: 5907: 4409: 2573: 1567:. Commonly mono-specific, planted with even spacing between the trees, and intensively managed, these forests are generally important as habitat for native 5074: 4376: 875:), although exceptions exist. The trees that form the principal structural and defining component of a forest may be of a great variety of species (as in 5366: 4626: 1571:. Some are managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient capital maintenance, 972:

A forest consists of many components that can be broadly divided into two categories: biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living). The living parts include

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In botany and countries like Germany and Poland, a different classification of forest vegetation is often used: tree, shrub, herb, and moss layers (see

4906:"Indigenous Peoples Excluded from Political Power, Ejected from Lands, Faced Corporations Bent on Destroying Life-Giving Forests, Permanent Forum Told" 3915: 2037:, an estimated 420 million hectares (1.0 billion acres) of forest have been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of 1921:, forests managed by indigenous people have more plant diversity, fewer invasive species, higher tree regeneration rates, and higher volume of trees. 3139: 5138: 3371: 1417: 1210: 202: 5902: 4047:(Community Conservation research Working Paper). Evaluating Eden Series. University of Manchester Institute of Development Policy and Management. 2951: 4887: 3729: 3095: 1488: 1214: 206: 5505: 4048: 244:

threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest

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showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to

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has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onward, culminating in a practice now referred to as

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on over 400,000 plots. It remains subject to a wide margin of error, not least because the samples are mainly from Europe and North America.

4849: 2057: 1882:, approximately 22 percent of the population belongs to forest-dependent communities, which live in close proximity to forests and practice 5946: 3269: 3042: 171: 3791: 2710: 2122:

help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live.

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available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease.

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Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Lindner, Marcus; Verkerk, Pieter J.; Gunia, Katja; Deda, Paola; Michalak, Roman; Grassi, Giacomo (September 2013).

1950:. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships. 3125: 3038: 2061: 1866: 3622: 4600: 3392: 1774:

Biodiversity services given by Canada forest alone are estimated as 703 billion dollars per year. Important for almost half of the

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cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these

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Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging,

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MacDicken, K.; Jonsson, Ö.; Piña, L.; Maulo, S.; Adikari, Y.; Garzuglia, M.; Lindquist, E.; Reams, G.; D'Annunzio, R. (2015).

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Climate Change 2007 - Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC

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In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved

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hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna.

83: 5917: 2823: 7734: 3739: 3735: 2481: 1376: 1279: 1275: 651:, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some present classifications reserve 5259: 348:

plantations, under Austrian forest law, when the trees are being grown as Christmas trees and are below a certain height.

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who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in

4190: 3474: 3172: 5608: 5566: 4795:"India's forest-dependent communities will benefit from policies recognising their integrated agri-forestry livelihood" 3852: 2544: 1153:

Forests are classified differently and to different degrees of specificity. One such classification is in terms of the

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trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.

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assessment of European forests found early signs of carbon sink saturation, after decades of increasing strength. The

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Watson, Robert T.; Verardo, David J.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N.H.; Dokken, David J., eds. (2000).

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has had special use and protection. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions.

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senses: common, legal, and archaic. Other English words used to denote "an area with a high density of trees" are

6628: 5912: 4754:"Who are forest-dependent people? A taxo nomy to aid livelihood and land use decision-making in forested regions" 4394: 2580: 341:. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, and include all areas with tree canopies over 10%. 5040:"First stewards: ecological outcomes of forest and wildlife stewardship by indigenous peoples of Wisconsin, USA" 1595: 1271:

is forest regrowing following timber harvest and may contain species originally from other regions or habitats.

6497: 5517: 5238: 5071: 4813:"Understanding human dependence on forests: An overview of IUCN's efforts and findings, and their implications" 4353: 329:

Under land-cover definitions, there is considerable variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest,

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Different global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance.

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word denoting a woodland, may be admitted; in a specific technical sense it is restricted to denoting the

121:. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use." Using this definition, 7568: 5795: 5601: 5460: 4480:

Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (13 October 2017).

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Vogt, Kristina A, ed. (2007). "Global Societies and Forest Legacies Creating Today's Forest Landscapes".

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S. Write, Jonathon; Fu, Rong; R. Worden, John; Chakraborty, Sudip; E. Clinton, Nicholas; Risi, Camille;

2001:. The loss and re-growth of forests lead to a distinction between two broad types of forest: primary or 1555:

layer that consists primarily of grasses. Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density.

1476:. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower 221:. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to 7701: 7585: 7529: 6621: 6309: 5951: 5587: 5509: 5445: 2962: 2328: 880: 796: 600: 111:(FAO) defines a forest as, "Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a 683:, denoting a "woodland", and has precedent in English, including its plural forms. While its use as a 7747: 7116: 6272: 6092: 5961: 5622: 3208: 2511: 2140: 2115: 2022: 1685: 1492:

drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "

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exists in a tropical rain forest and is composed of a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy.

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is made up of bushes, shrubs, and young trees that are adapted to living in the shade of the canopy.

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Competing or Complementary Strategies?: Protecting Indigenous Rights and Paying to Conserve Forests

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hectares (470 million acres) since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010–2020.

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1,042 billion tonnes of carbon, more than currently found in the atmosphere, 2 times more than all

1700: 1457: 159: 6047: 4012: 1282:'s forest category classification system is a simplification of other, more complex systems (e.g. 7276: 7165: 6240: 6131: 6027: 6022: 4925:"The Politics of Indigeneity: Indigenous Strategies for Inclusion in Climate Change Negotiations" 3218: 3214: 2166: 1677:

and biomass. A full-grown tree produces about 100 kilograms (220 lb) of net oxygen per year.

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trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production

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Margaletic, J (2003). "Small rodents in the forest ecosystem as infectious disease reservoirs".

4117:"Will woody plant encroachment impact the visitor experience and economy of conservation areas?" 3277: 3034: 2398: 2376: 1076:

also keeps the soil moist, stops erosion, and protects roots against extreme heat and cold. The

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for denoting a locale with more open space between trees, and distinguish kinds of woodlands as

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Some trees can live 1,000 years providing many services to humans. Help to protect people from

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formations, on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude.

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in English to denote any uninhabited and unenclosed area are presently considered archaic. The

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Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions

2504: 2186: 7476: 7471: 7266: 7207: 6525: 6511: 6182: 4482:"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss" 3365: 2070: 2009:. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time, including 1832:

471 billion tonnes (more than all CO2 emissions from fossil fuel industry from the year 1750)

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Forests are classified according to physiognomy based on their overall physical structure or

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supports a variety of plants, ferns, grasses, and tree seedlings, as well as animals such as

132: 7712: 6119: 5440: 4283:"Cascading biodiversity and functional consequences of a global change–induced biome switch" 2804: 1157:

in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are

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Newton, Peter; Miller, Daniel C.; Byenkya, Mugabi Augustine Ateenyi; Agrawal, Arun (2016).

4672: 4548: 4493: 4294: 4238: 3868: 3666: 3338: 2908: 2014: 1998: 1965: 1635: 1532:, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open 1195: 785: 279:

Human society and forests can affect one another positively or negatively. Forests provide

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The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people

8: 8128: 8067: 7720: 7665: 7573: 7561: 7451: 7404: 7212: 7135: 6861: 6652: 6602: 5973: 5790: 5758: 4537:"Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010" 4339:

Woody plant: streamflow interactions as a basis for land management decisions in drylands

4066: 2956: 2358: 2119: 1473: 1421: 1401: 1346: 1298: 1267:

patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. In contrast,

1084: 1021: 923: 876: 844: 840: 836: 68: 5471:, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems 5174: 4769: 4676: 4552: 4497: 4298: 4242: 3872: 3670: 3400: 3342: 1429: 8034: 7675: 7660: 7590: 7546: 7436: 7022: 6927: 6682: 6553: 6072: 6067: 5897: 5860: 5815: 5768: 5675: 5665: 4577: 4536: 4312: 3964: 3891: 3856: 3825:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 6 October 2018. p. 22. Archived from 3690: 3547: 3455: 2876: 2758: 2663: 2455: 2250: 1662: 296: 280: 198: 55: 5196: 4481: 4224:"Woody encroachment decreases diversity across North American grasslands and savannas" 1357:) occur mixed with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf-and-mixed forests. 1142: 509:, denoting "the outer wood"; others claim the word is a Latinisation of the Frankish * 8118: 8077: 7877: 7845: 7837: 7647: 7111: 7017: 6990: 6837: 6787: 6723: 6677: 6592: 6353: 5875: 5855: 5845: 5830: 5735: 5552: 5466: 5133: 4778: 4753: 4723: 4688: 4634: 4582: 4564: 4517: 4509: 4462: 4427: 4307: 4282: 4256: 4186: 4148: 4067:

Economic Valuation of Forests and Nature A support tool for effective decision-making

3968: 3954: 3896: 3770: 3743: 3694: 3682: 3551: 3537: 3459: 3445: 3249: 3178: 2931: 2762: 2748: 2667: 2653: 2459: 2445: 2152: 2131: 2084: 2002: 1943: 1930: 1799: 1437: 1260: 1048: 947: 804: 549: 522: 427: 344:

Some areas covered with trees are legally defined as agricultural areas, for example

226: 144: 60: 5451: 5310: 4535:

Spawn, Seth A.; Sullivan, Clare C.; Lark, Tyler J.; Gibbs, Holly K. (6 April 2020).

4316: 3826: 3489:"Forests of the world in 3-D: Research team analyses complexity of forest structure" 3274:

Australian Government/Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry/Rural Areas

2988: 1583: 1068:

is covered in dead plant material such as fallen leaves and decomposing logs, which

1020:, and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil, connected by 699:

of trees that comprise the woodlands of a region, as in its sense in the subject of

64: 8113: 7597: 7556: 7539: 7426: 7324: 6856: 6760: 6644: 6468: 6453: 6215: 6172: 6007: 5865: 5850: 5825: 5178: 5108: 5100: 5051: 5018: 4946: 4936: 4773: 4715: 4680: 4572: 4556: 4501: 4368: 4302: 4246: 4182: 4138: 4128: 3946: 3886: 3876: 3674: 3529: 3437: 3346: 3245: 3065: 2740: 2702: 2645: 2437: 2308: 2303: 2144: 2018: 2006: 1990: 1807: 1791: 1525: 1517: 1469: 1268: 1253: 1233: 919: 585: 480: 218: 214: 183: 112: 5467:

Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters

5023: 5006: 3652:"Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands" 3521:

The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief

2928:

Forests and Society: Sustainability and Life Cycles of Forests in Human Landscapes

2732:

The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people

2637:

The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people

1425: 310:

There are three broad categories of definitions of forest in use: administrative,

268:

has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in

8087: 7614: 7580: 7466: 7446: 7356: 7005: 6971: 6905: 6702: 6687: 6478: 6336: 6321: 6177: 6124: 6107: 5810: 5778: 5748: 5700: 5685: 5660: 5521: 5078: 4719: 3567:"Trees Talk To Each Other. 'Mother Tree' Ecologist Hears Lessons For People, Too" 2333: 2298: 1827: 1477: 952: 720: 489: 398: 179: 140: 40: 2686:

Pan, Yude; Birdsey, Richard A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Jackson, Robert B. (2013).

2473: 1032: 607:, to denote uncultivated land that was legally designated for hunting by feudal 8123: 7976: 7831: 7743: 7655: 7602: 7512: 7431: 7416: 7411: 7363: 7251: 7047: 6995: 6978: 6812: 6539: 6463: 6458: 6391: 6299: 6287: 6252: 6210: 6158: 6153: 6077: 5995: 5887: 5730: 5720: 5255: 4660: 3861:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2236: 2107: 1994: 1961: 1762: 1670: 1650: 1572: 1493: 1445: 1397: 1240: 776: 553: 402: 235: 4905: 4560: 4133: 4116: 2540: 2114:

argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while

8107: 7882: 7619: 7456: 7346: 7303: 7084: 6961: 6847: 6797: 6661: 6567: 6548: 6473: 6433: 6386: 6225: 6197: 6062: 6000: 5939: 5934: 5743: 5695: 5540:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–660. 5531: 4987: 4692: 4638: 4568: 4513: 4152: 3766:

The world's protected areas: status, values and prospects in the 21st century

3647: 2389: 2338: 2244: 2211: 2110:, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; 2080: 2075: 1625: 1604: 1464:", typically range from the rainforest zone 10 degrees north or south of the 1354: 1350: 1302: 1199: 1173: 965: 848: 789: 743: 738: 728: 345: 338: 273: 241: 231: 187: 139:

by area, and are found around the globe. 45 percent of forest land is in the

5104: 5056: 5039: 4941: 4924: 4505: 4091:

Valuing Forests A Review of Methods and Applications in Developing Countries

3881: 3678: 1259:

Forests can also be classified according to the amount of human alteration.

197:

at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and

8011: 7910: 7421: 7379: 7155: 7106: 7042: 6898: 6802: 6581: 6416: 6112: 6102: 6087: 6057: 5980: 5956: 5870: 5835: 5800: 5715: 5690: 5646: 5525: 4622: 4586: 4521: 4466: 4260: 3900: 3686: 2605: 2403: 2381: 2348: 2283: 2264: 2159: 2052: 2010: 1978: 1883: 1642: 1568: 1563:

Forest plantations are generally intended for the production of timber and

1529: 1433: 1088: 1069: 1057: 733: 700: 612: 517:, pursuant to the common practice of Frankish scribes. The Old High German 394: 1087:

transmits nutrients from decaying material to trees and other plants. The

781: 356: 87:

Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020

8082: 7993: 7867: 7793: 7517: 7461: 7283: 7261: 7256: 7123: 7000: 6966: 6954: 6842: 6765: 6448: 6428: 6421: 6381: 6348: 5929: 5680: 5182: 4850:"Indigenous lands hold 36% or more of remaining intact forest landscapes" 4705: 4684: 4601:"Tropical forests have flipped from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide" 3731:

World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century

2503:

Schuck, Andreas; Päivinen, Risto; Hytönend, Tuomo; Pajari, Brita (2002).

2313: 2293: 2273: 2038: 1982: 1914: 1782: 1681: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1335: 1244: 1206: 1073: 860: 852: 763:, dropping its fronds onto the forest floor, the shade, soil, and forest 664: 604: 529: 423: 411: 322:

cover, or area of the land occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks (

319: 3942:

The State of the World's Forests 2020 – Forests, biodiversity and people

3350: 374: 8092: 7941: 7904: 7806: 7624: 7441: 7399: 7341: 7310: 6949: 6881: 6819: 6792: 6755: 6443: 6438: 6164: 5785: 5496: 5479: 5113: 4341:. Proceedings VIIth International Rangelands Congress. pp. 989–96. 4143: 4013:"Forest ecosystem services: can they pay our way out of deforestation?" 3322:

Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024).

2579:. United Nations Environment Programme. 27 January 2010. Archived from 2353: 2288: 1728: 1552: 1405: 1385: 1380: 1229: 1198:). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including 1037: 957: 724: 502: 379: 323: 315: 115:

cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds

72: 4951: 4251: 942: 537: 7982: 7970: 7872: 7810: 7776: 7770: 7507: 7389: 7197: 7192: 7170: 7059: 7052: 6871: 6866: 6773: 6750: 6326: 6304: 6205: 6147: 5763: 5629: 4869:"Indigenous peoples by far the best guardians of forests – UN report" 4627:"Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds" 3950: 3533: 3441: 2744: 2649: 2441: 2343: 1986: 1918: 1548: 1545: 1521: 1183: 1177: 1162: 1158: 1104: 1096: 1042: 1017: 820: 816: 800: 760: 542: 175: 163: 152: 96: 76: 6613: 5227: 4372: 2205:

practices have helped regulate or moderate large-scale impacts. The

1630: 603:

introduced the word as a legal term, as seen in Latin texts such as

535:

denoting "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (English

8044: 8039: 7915: 7862: 7797: 7765: 7634: 7202: 7128: 7069: 7064: 7012: 6922: 6893: 6886: 6876: 6807: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6406: 6376: 6371: 6331: 6277: 6267: 6187: 5575: 5197:"World deforestation slows down as more forests are better managed" 4888:"Amazon Deforestation Falls Where Land Is under Indigenous Control" 4831:"Interview: Deforestation Threatens Indonesia's Indigenous Peoples" 3940: 3916:"Deforestation making outdoor work unsafe for millions, says study" 3519: 2730: 2635: 2411: 2363: 2202: 2103: 1969: 1951: 1895: 1851: 1646: 1617: 1564: 1541: 1393: 1080: 961: 927: 808: 707:

in English indicates more precisely the denotation that the use of

608: 565: 442: 330: 311: 264:. Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in 261: 49: 4661:"First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass" 2169:

is the government department which looks after Forests in Canada.

891:

coniferous forests). The biodiversity of forests also encompasses

201:

rates. These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates,

7951: 7946: 7936: 7920: 7900: 7827: 7818: 7784: 7502: 7298: 7293: 7239: 7145: 7074: 6917: 6718: 6396: 6292: 6262: 6257: 6245: 6235: 6220: 5773: 5284: 2688:"The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests" 2215: 1836: 1818: 1738:

The main ecosystem services can be summarized in the next table:

1696: 1692: 1621: 1513: 1501: 1465: 1166: 1013: 888: 832: 828: 684: 334: 222: 210: 167: 117: 6576: 4222:

Ratajczak, Zakary; Nippert, Jesse B.; Collins, Scott L. (2012).

3857:"Rainforest-initiated wet season onset over the southern Amazon" 2258: 1796:

119 billion tonnes (like all CO2 emitted by humans in 2005–2017)

1263:

contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established

30:

This article is about a community of trees. For other uses, see

7841: 7814: 7351: 7316: 7140: 6944: 6742: 6230: 5968: 5753: 5652: 5072:

The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge

3792:"How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person?" 3310:

Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva

2858:"More droughts are coming, and the Amazon can't keep up: Study" 2607:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Terms and definitions

1891: 1840: 1724: 1674: 1634:

Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many

1537: 1461: 1370: 1313: 1283: 1100: 1005: 1001: 912: 904: 892: 812: 365: 265: 245: 3850: 1345:

make up the canopy; but other taxa are also important. In the

8072: 8049: 7780: 7742: 7384: 7224: 7150: 6937: 6562: 6282: 5424:

Money Trees: The Douglas Fir and American Forestry, 1900–1944

3312:(Frederick Warne and Company Limited, London and New York, ). 1900: 1887: 1879: 1844: 1814: 1714: 1707: 1599:

Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021)

1533: 1389: 1341: 1320: 1264: 1154: 1077: 997: 993: 985: 977: 908: 884: 752: 692: 501:

is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the

469:). Cognates of forest in Romance languages—e.g., the Italian 435: 269: 194: 136: 4281:

Parr, Catherine L.; Gray, Emma F.; Bond, William J. (2012).

2502: 2391:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings

1365: 513:, denoting "forest, wooded country", and was assimilated to 7329: 7185: 7180: 7160: 7034: 6985: 6829: 6341: 6316: 5990: 5544: 5237:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4714:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 541–584, 4479: 4430:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4392: 3064:

Menzies, Nicholas; Grinspoon, Elisabeth (22 October 2007).

2317: 2182: 1775: 1306: 1092: 1009: 989: 981: 973: 900: 896: 764: 748: 253: 249: 104: 5337:"Forestry in 2015 (only in Latvian) | Latvijas statistika" 5203:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. 4965: 4751: 4658: 3473:

Cannon, Charles; Schlesinger, William H. (2 August 2021).

2021:, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the 1956:

consultation with local communities and other stakeholders

477:, etc.—are all ultimately derivations of the French word. 27:

Dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area

7288: 6932: 5225: 5159: 2685: 1327: 446: 257: 4006: 4004: 3242:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3140:"Broadsheet: The News Letter for Broadland Tree Wardens" 2155:

or defined management areas, such as certified forests.

2094:

Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020

1460:, perhaps the best description for the colloquial term " 5317:. Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition 5090: 4706:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. (2007),

4221: 3032: 2909:"Eastern Deciduous Forest (U.S. National Park Service)" 2824:"New study shows the Amazon makes its own rainy season" 4534: 4395:"Native vegetation: cost of preservation in Australia" 4393:

Davidson, A; Elliston, L; Kokic, P; Lawson, K (2005).

3430:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings

3203: 2434:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings

1742:

Main ecosystem services of the 3 main types of forest

1186:

zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g.,

956:) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the 4001: 3819:

efforts to eradicate poverty Summary for Policymakers

883:), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., 389:), denoting "forest, vast expanse covered by trees"; 4793:

Prateek, Gautam; Punia, Sumendera (4 January 2023).

4428:"Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans" 4042:

Mount Kenya: The Economics of Community Conservation

3762: 2226: 496: 405: 4910:

United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases

3068:. ForestFacts.org, a subsidiary of GreenFacts.org. 1886:as a principal part of their livelihood. People of 4011:Nasi, R; Wunder, S; Campos A, JJ (11 March 2002). 4010: 3727: 1575:and soil structure protection and carbon storage. 1540:woodland, and forest tundra. A savanna is a mixed 5448:with maps and reports (archived 8 September 2015) 3472: 2785:. San Jose, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 143:. The next largest share of forests are found in 8105: 5506:"The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots" 4206: 3063: 1867:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1379:include a substantial component of trees of the 1360: 1180:zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous. 859:) are more species-rich than those dominated by 803:, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. 5461:CoolForests.org – Conservation Cools the Planet 3728:Jenkins, Martin D.; Groombridge, Brian (2002). 2989:"Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 180" 2505:"Compilation of Forestry Terms and Definitions" 2058:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 5516: 5004: 3983:"Primary Forests: Boreal, Temperate, Tropical" 1802:has very high biodiversity. Some species link 819:compared with other organic materials such as 719:The first known forests on Earth arose in the 679:) is a peculiar English spelling of the Latin 7728: 6629: 5560: 5315:Certification status – Canada & the globe 5287:. Natural Resources Canada. 14 October 2014. 4336: 4207:Pimentel, David; Pimentel, Marcia H. (2007). 4165: 1968:winding through Whitetail Butte with lots of 588:, wooded height" all attest to the Frankish * 5038:Waller, Donald M.; Reo, Nicholas J. (2018). 4792: 4280: 3370:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2952:"Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet" 2877:"Deforestation: facts, causes & effects" 2402: This article incorporates text from a 2380: This article incorporates text from a 2214:and natural reversion of abandoned crop and 2056:otherwise intrinsic value. According to the 1939:World production of selected forest products 1056:The main layers of all forest types are the 5397:"Wildfires Ignite Forest Management Debate" 5005:Sanabria, Catalina; Achury, Rafael (2022). 4064: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 2998:of the United Nations Forestry Department. 1507: 1432:forests and the terra firme forests of the 1219:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests 811:. The woody component of a forest contains 7735: 7721: 6636: 6622: 5567: 5553: 5489: 4866: 4452: 3763:Chape, S; Spalding, M; Jenkins, M (2008). 3642: 3640: 2083:rate has decreased by 50% due to improved 1872: 1297:mostly occupy the higher latitudes of the 1190:) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., 1052:(Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation 851:. As a general rule, forests dominated by 827:Forest ecosystems broadly differ based on 434:in the Romance languages derived from the 5399:. Wildrockiesalliance.org. Archived from 5228:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015" 5112: 5055: 5037: 5022: 4988:"Indigenous peoples and tropical forests" 4950: 4940: 4922: 4777: 4576: 4306: 4250: 4142: 4132: 3890: 3880: 3789: 3039:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2986: 2855: 2843:"Trees in the Amazon make their own rain" 2316:(A forest made mostly if not entirely of 2062:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1404:, and California; and the southern beech 1400:forests of Australia, central Chile, the 988:and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants, 5279: 5277: 4985: 4747: 4745: 4175:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4115:Gray, Emma F.; Bond, William J. (2013). 4114: 3378: 3177:. World Forests. Vol. 9. Springer. 3035:"Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry" 2982: 2980: 2176: 2135: 2089: 2045: 1960: 1934: 1641: 1629: 1611: 1594: 1582: 1364: 1141: 1031: 941: 780: 479: 355: 290: 82: 54: 39:For broader coverage of this topic, see 5490:Luck Baker, Andrew (18 November 2008). 5452:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 4425: 4065:Lette, Henk; de Boo, Henneleen (2002). 4039: 3913: 3811: 3809: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3646: 3637: 3619:"Earth's trees number 'three trillion'" 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2874: 2805:"Forest and savanna can switch quickly" 2035:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 1587:Share of land that is covered by forest 1289: 831:; latitudes 10° north and south of the 714: 457:; the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese 166:, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant 124:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 14: 8106: 4847: 4621: 4104:from the original on 23 November 2015. 4087: 3564: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3174:New Perspectives on People and Forests 3171:Ritter, E. (2011). Dauksta, D. (ed.). 3170: 3092:"Introduction: Definition of a Forest" 3005:from the original on 24 September 2015 2725: 2723: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2568: 2566: 1211:tropical and subtropical moist forests 7716: 6643: 6617: 5548: 5421: 5377:from the original on 22 December 2017 5347:from the original on 22 December 2017 5291:from the original on 20 November 2014 5274: 4742: 4434:from the original on 29 November 2014 4415:from the original on 1 February 2018. 4382:from the original on 5 December 2014. 4351: 4326:from the original on 31 January 2017. 4168:"Tree-Grass Interactions in Savannas" 4054:from the original on 4 December 2014. 4029:from the original on 4 December 2014. 3704:from the original on 21 October 2016. 3625:from the original on 3 September 2015 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3475:"Arboreal Dimensions of Biodiversity" 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3045:from the original on 29 November 2014 2977: 2821: 2775: 2707:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914 2551:from the original on 19 December 2014 2416:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. 1907: 1656: 1377:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 495:The precise origin of Medieval Latin 5492:"The first forests – Discovery 2008" 5262:from the original on 4 December 2014 5244:from the original on 3 October 2015. 5207:from the original on 12 October 2015 4885: 4867:Carrington, Damian (25 March 2021). 4337:Wilcox, B.P.; Kreuter, U.P. (2003). 4166:Scholes, R.J.; Archer, S.R. (1997). 3806: 3740:United Nations Environment Programme 3736:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 3708: 3616: 3606:. D.A.V. College Managing Committee. 3583: 3221:from the original on 11 January 2008 3128:from the original on 4 January 2014. 3098:from the original on 29 October 2014 3017: 2987:MacDicken, Kenneth (15 March 2013). 2925: 2856:Kimbrough, Liz (16 September 2022). 2792:from the original on 5 October 2016. 2484:from the original on 19 October 2014 2406:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 2384:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 1997:practices of swidden agriculture or 1420:, with lowland evergreen broad-leaf 1349:, most coniferous trees (members of 1215:tropical and subtropical dry forests 6492: 4361:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3914:Quaglia, Sofia (17 December 2021). 3617:Amos, Jonathan (3 September 2015). 3191: 2802: 2720: 2716:from the original on 7 August 2016. 2674: 2624:from the original on 9 August 2019. 2563: 2087:and greater government protection. 1713:Mitigating natural hazards such as 1684:. Therefore, they are necessary to 24: 5070:World Resources Institute (1997). 4270:from the original on 7 March 2015. 3499: 3415: 3360:from the original on 9 March 2024. 2840: 2545:Convention on Biological Diversity 2533: 1416:There are many different types of 1408:forests of Chile and New Zealand. 193:Forests form distinctly different 25: 8140: 5841:Global Forest Information Service 5456:Food and Agriculture Organization 5434: 5141:from the original on 29 June 2011 3434:Food and Agriculture Organization 3331:Journal of the Geological Society 3304:(1664); and the title of and use 2996:Food and Agriculture Organization 2961:. 7 February 2019. Archived from 2875:Derouin, Sarah (6 January 2022). 2615:Food and Agriculture Organization 2031:Food and Agriculture Organization 1411: 1169:(needle-leaved) trees, or mixed. 755:and forming soil from its roots. 109:Food and Agriculture Organization 7697: 7696: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6575: 6561: 6547: 6533: 6519: 6505: 6491: 5426:. Oregon State University Press. 4848:Cannon, John (16 January 2020). 4779:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.032 4308:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00882.x 4187:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517 3987:Woodwell Climate Research Center 2521:from the original on 5 June 2015 2397: 2375: 2324:List of countries by forest area 2257: 2243: 2229: 2196: 1835:Contain about two thirds of all 552:"; all of which derive from the 234:in the Amazon and anthropogenic 6598: 5415: 5389: 5367:"Buklets "Meža nozare Latvijā"" 5359: 5329: 5303: 5248: 5219: 5189: 5153: 5121: 5084: 5064: 5031: 4998: 4979: 4959: 4916: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4841: 4823: 4805: 4786: 4699: 4652: 4615: 4593: 4528: 4473: 4446: 4419: 4386: 4345: 4330: 4274: 4215: 4200: 4159: 4108: 4088:Bishop, Joshua T., ed. (1999). 4081: 4058: 4033: 3975: 3933: 3907: 3783: 3756: 3610: 3596: 3577: 3558: 3481: 3466: 3315: 3292: 3276:. 28 March 2007. Archived from 3262: 3233: 3164: 3132: 3110: 3084: 3072:from the original on 8 May 2015 3066:"Facts on Forests and Forestry" 3057: 2944: 2919: 2901: 2887: 2868: 2849: 2834: 2815: 2796: 2769: 1661:Forests provide a diversity of 1483: 1305:). In the Northern Hemisphere, 795:Forests account for 75% of the 158:Forests account for 75% of the 7999:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves 5258:. Global Forest Watch Canada. 5129:"Ban on Logging Saves Forests" 3945:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. 3867:(Forests, Rainfall): 8481–86. 3769:. Univ de Castilla La Mancha. 3586:"This Fall, Leave the Leaves!" 2628: 2598: 2574:"Forest definition and extent" 2496: 2466: 2426: 1558: 815:, which is relatively slow to 441:, which denoted "forest" and " 286: 13: 1: 8007:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved 5024:10.15446/caldasia.v44n2.92330 2419: 1948:sustainable forest management 1924: 1720:Serving as a genetic reserve. 1516:are forests with sparse tree- 1361:Temperate broadleaf and mixed 937: 71:. These forests are the most 6662:Pollution / quality 5574: 5527:"Forests and Forestry" 5484:World Development Indicators 4720:10.1017/CBO9780511546013.013 3145:. April 2011. Archived from 2408:license statement/permission 2386:license statement/permission 2207:United States Forest Service 2112:Attention Restoration Theory 2106:in cities may be managed as 1295:Temperate needleleaf forests 1192:temperate coniferous forests 839:, and the latitudes between 360:Since the 13th century, the 351: 7: 4287:Diversity and Distributions 3855:; Yin, Lei (20 July 2017). 3565:Davies, Dave (4 May 2021). 2695:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst 2222: 1132:stratification (vegetation) 881:temperate deciduous forests 10: 8145: 7836:Scarcely vegetated areas, 5952:Growth and yield modelling 5510:Conservation International 5486:, made available by Google 5463:(archived 24 January 2008) 4986:Savedoff, William (2018). 4969:Conservation & Society 4929:Conservation & Society 3495:. University of Gottingen. 2370: 2329:List of old-growth forests 2129: 1928: 1615: 1188:temperate deciduous forest 797:gross primary productivity 774: 770: 47: 38: 29: 8060: 8022: 7960: 7929: 7891: 7855: 7754: 7748:Vegetation classification 7692: 7633: 7498: 7491: 7372: 7233:Types / location 7232: 7223: 7033: 6828: 6741: 6711: 6660: 6651: 6526:Earth sciences portal 6512:Climate change portal 6487: 6364: 6196: 6093:Great Green Wall (Africa) 6038: 5729: 5639: 5582: 4561:10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4 4209:Food, Energy, and Society 4134:10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1106 3298:Confer John Evelyn, FRS, 3209:Oxford English Dictionary 2512:European Forest Institute 2172: 2141:Garibaldi Provincial Park 2125: 2023:World Resources Institute 1458:Seasonal tropical forests 1027: 727:), with the evolution of 473:, Spanish and Portuguese 430:, e.g., native words for 99:characterized by a dense 6098:Great Green Wall (China) 5671:Close to nature forestry 5422:Brock, Emily K. (2015). 4426:Wilcox, B.A.; Ellis, B. 2930:. CABI. pp. 30–59. 2279:Close to nature forestry 1701:occupational heat stress 1699:, and in the tropics to 1508:Sparse trees and savanna 1252:based on tree densities 1137: 601:Norman rulers of England 410:, denoting "open wood", 178:of biomass per year for 160:gross primary production 131:Forests are the largest 48:Not to be confused with 6132:Million Tree Initiative 5537:Encyclopædia Britannica 5105:10.5751/ES-09615-220438 5057:10.5751/ES-09865-230145 4942:10.4103/0972-4923.78142 4923:Doolittle, Amy (2010). 4506:10.1126/science.aam5962 3882:10.1073/pnas.1621516114 3679:10.1126/science.1155365 3215:Oxford University Press 3118:"A Polish Royal Forest" 3094:. MuseumLink Illinois. 2320:; an underwater forest) 2167:Canadian Forest Service 1873:Forest-dependent people 1723:Serving as a source of 1686:mitigate climate change 1578: 1036:Spiny forest at Ifaty, 747:was both tree-like and 32:Forest (disambiguation) 8030:Terrestrial vegetation 7807:Herbaceous communities 6554:Environment portal 5986:Sustainable management 5881:Trillion Tree Campaign 5077:13 August 2017 at the 4402:Australian Commodities 4040:Emerton, Lucy (1999). 3244:(3 ed.). Boston: 3122:NASA Earth Observatory 2897:. National Geographic. 2189: 2147: 2095: 1974: 1940: 1804:terrestrial ecosystems 1769:human caused emissions 1653: 1639: 1600: 1588: 1418:tropical moist forests 1373: 1150: 1053: 969: 835:are mostly covered in 792: 675:or, less classically, 497: 492: 406: 369: 299: 203:tropical moist forests 172:Net primary production 133:terrestrial ecosystems 88: 80: 6479:Wood process engineer 6183:Urban forest inequity 5163:Nature Climate Change 4665:Nature Climate Change 3308:in Edward Step, FLS, 2180: 2139: 2093: 2085:management of forests 2071:Nature Climate Change 2046:The forest transition 1964: 1938: 1781:Contain 60% of world 1691:Aiding in regulating 1645: 1633: 1612:Societal significance 1598: 1586: 1368: 1196:temperate rainforests 1145: 1035: 945: 895:, herbaceous plants, 784: 483: 359: 294: 174:is estimated at 21.9 86: 58: 8068:Biogeographic realms 7608:remnant natural area 7245:storage and recovery 6911:habitat conservation 6729:Deforestation (REDD) 6142:Shifting cultivation 6083:Forest fragmentation 6053:Carbon sequestration 5923:Woodland Carbon Code 5888:Forest certification 5796:Even-aged management 5711:Sustainable forestry 5476:Forest area (sq. km) 5183:10.1038/nclimate2581 4837:. 22 September 2019. 4685:10.1038/nclimate1853 4352:Scott, D.F. (1999). 3124:. 29 November 2013. 2547:. 30 November 2006. 2510:. Joensuu, Finland: 1999:shifting cultivation 1771:since the year 1870. 1489:Tropical dry forests 1422:tropical rainforests 1369:Broadleaf forest in 1290:Temperate needleleaf 1083:that helps form the 1040:, featuring various 1022:mycorrhizal networks 877:tropical rainforests 786:Temperate rainforest 715:Evolutionary history 663:, premised on their 207:tropical dry forests 7979:, semicaducifolious 7562:Earth Overshoot Day 7136:Marine conservation 7117:non-timber products 5947:Formally designated 5791:Ecological thinning 5701:Plantation forestry 5609:Research institutes 5175:2015NatCC...5..470L 5137:. 25 October 2001. 5093:Ecology and Society 5044:Ecology and Society 4892:Scientific American 4770:2016LUPol..57..388N 4677:2013NatCC...3..792N 4603:. 28 September 2017 4553:2020NatSD...7..112S 4498:2017Sci...358..230B 4299:2012DivDi..18..493P 4243:2012Ecol...93..697R 4196:on 4 December 2014. 3873:2017PNAS..114.8481W 3671:2008Sci...320.1458C 3393:"The First Forests" 3351:10.1144/jgs2023-204 3343:2024JGSoc.181..204D 3270:"What is a Forest?" 3152:on 29 November 2014 2965:on 19 February 2021 2957:National Geographic 2436:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 2410:). Text taken from 2388:). Text taken from 2359:Woodland management 2187:Ķegums Municipality 1743: 1703:of outdoor workers. 1474:Tropic of Capricorn 1347:Southern Hemisphere 1299:Northern Hemisphere 1226:developmental stage 1147:Casentinesi Forests 1085:mycorrhizal network 911:, and a variety of 837:tropical rainforest 723:(approximately 390 703:. The resorting to 574:Proto-Indo-European 528:denoting "forest"; 521:denoting "forest"; 414:scribes first used 272:and in the eastern 69:tropical rainforest 8078:Floristic kingdoms 8035:Aquatic vegetation 7547:Ecosystem services 6670:Ambient standards 6540:Ecology portal 6073:Forest degradation 6068:Ecosystem services 5676:Community forestry 5512:. 2 February 2011. 5285:"Canada's Forests" 4835:Human Rights Watch 4819:. 2 November 2016. 3832:on 18 October 2018 3584:Franklin, Brooke. 3528:& UNEP. 2020. 2822:Rasmussen, Carol. 2739:& UNEP. 2020. 2644:& UNEP. 2020. 2251:Environment portal 2190: 2148: 2096: 1975: 1941: 1908:Indigenous peoples 1783:surface freshwater 1741: 1663:ecosystem services 1657:Ecosystem services 1654: 1640: 1601: 1589: 1438:peat swamp forests 1374: 1151: 1054: 1046:(baobab) species, 970: 873:needleleaf forests 793: 737:. Appeared in the 572:forest", from the 493: 370: 362:Niepołomice Forest 302:Although the word 300: 297:Scottish Highlands 281:ecosystem services 199:evapotranspiration 145:subarctic climates 141:tropical latitudes 89: 81: 8101: 8100: 7846:Barren vegetation 7838:desert vegetation 7710: 7709: 7688: 7687: 7487: 7486: 7166:genetic resources 7102:genetic resources 6737: 6736: 6645:Natural resources 6611: 6610: 6568:Plants portal 6354:green woodworking 5441:Forests in danger 4729:978-1-107-79970-7 4492:(6360): 230–234. 4455:Acta Med Croatica 4252:10.1890/11-1199.1 3960:978-92-5-132419-6 3776:978-0-520-24660-7 3749:978-0-520-23668-4 3665:(5882): 1458–60. 3648:Chazdon, Robin L. 3543:978-92-5-132707-4 3451:978-92-5-132581-0 3280:on 9 October 2009 3255:978-0-395-44895-3 3184:978-94-007-1149-5 2937:978-1-84593-098-1 2779:Life zone ecology 2754:978-92-5-132707-4 2659:978-92-5-132707-4 2451:978-92-5-132581-0 2153:land use planning 2132:Forests of Canada 2102:Smaller areas of 2003:old-growth forest 1944:Forest management 1931:Forest management 1858: 1857: 1800:Old growth forest 1792:Temperate Forests 1778:in North America. 1524:occur are in the 1512:Sparse trees and 1261:Old-growth forest 1049:Alluaudia procera 920:ecological niches 857:broadleaf forests 725:million years ago 550:coniferous forest 523:Middle Low German 465:; the Old French 428:Romance languages 378:derives from the 227:Amazon rainforest 215:temperate forests 184:temperate forests 61:Amazon rainforest 16:(Redirected from 8136: 8088:Plant life-forms 7985:, perennifolious 7800:, dwarf-scrubs, 7737: 7730: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7651: 7598:Natural heritage 7557:overexploitation 7496: 7495: 7230: 7229: 7176:herbal medicines 7156:FAO Plant Treaty 6696: 6673: 6658: 6657: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6601: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6582:Trees portal 6580: 6579: 6566: 6565: 6552: 6551: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6495: 6494: 6216:Forest gardening 6173:Timber recycling 6120:Invasive species 6008:Tree measurement 5569: 5562: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5529: 5522:Pinchot, Gifford 5518:Schlich, Wilhelm 5513: 5501: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5232: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5088: 5082: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4886:Chemnick, Jean. 4883: 4877: 4876: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4625:(4 March 2020). 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4310: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4189:. 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Science Focus 3790:Luis Villazon. 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3726: 3709: 3701: 3654: 3645: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3544: 3518: 3517: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3452: 3428: 3427: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3248:Company. 1996. 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2924: 2920: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2895:"Deforestation" 2893: 2892: 2888: 2873: 2869: 2854: 2850: 2841:Loomis, Ilima. 2839: 2835: 2820: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2755: 2735:. 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6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6078:Forest dieback 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5721:Urban forestry 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532:Chisholm, Hugh 5514: 5502: 5487: 5478:data from the 5473: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5446:Intact Forests 5443: 5436: 5435:External links 5433: 5430: 5429: 5414: 5388: 5358: 5341:www.csb.gov.lv 5328: 5302: 5273: 5247: 5218: 5188: 5152: 5134:People's Daily 5120: 5083: 5063: 5030: 4997: 4978: 4958: 4915: 4897: 4878: 4859: 4840: 4822: 4804: 4785: 4741: 4728: 4698: 4671:(9): 792–796. 4651: 4614: 4592: 4527: 4472: 4445: 4418: 4385: 4367:(7): 1149–51. 4344: 4329: 4293:(5): 493–503. 4273: 4237:(4): 697–703. 4214: 4199: 4158: 4107: 4080: 4057: 4032: 4022:. Costa Rica. 4000: 3974: 3959: 3932: 3906: 3843: 3805: 3782: 3775: 3755: 3748: 3707: 3636: 3609: 3595: 3576: 3557: 3542: 3498: 3480: 3465: 3450: 3414: 3403:on 10 May 2016 3397:Devonian Times 3377: 3314: 3291: 3261: 3254: 3232: 3211:online edition 3204:"forest, noun" 3190: 3183: 3163: 3131: 3109: 3083: 3056: 3016: 2976: 2943: 2936: 2918: 2900: 2886: 2867: 2848: 2833: 2814: 2803:Edwards, Lin. 2795: 2768: 2753: 2719: 2673: 2658: 2627: 2597: 2562: 2532: 2495: 2478:Dictionary.com 2465: 2450: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2254: 2240: 2237:Ecology portal 2224: 2221: 2219:forest fires. 2198: 2195: 2174: 2171: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2116:forest schools 2108:urban forestry 2047: 2044: 1995:slash and burn 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1909: 1906: 1874: 1871: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1811: 1797: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1763:Boreal Forests 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747:Type of forest 1736: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1689: 1678: 1671:carbon dioxide 1658: 1655: 1613: 1610: 1580: 1577: 1560: 1557: 1509: 1506: 1494:sclerophyllous 1485: 1482: 1446:Southeast Asia 1424:: for example 1413: 1412:Tropical moist 1410: 1398:sclerophyllous 1362: 1359: 1291: 1288: 1249: 1248: 1241:Ponderosa pine 1237: 1222: 1203: 1200:laurel forests 1181: 1174:Boreal forests 1139: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1124:Emergent layer 1121: 1114: 1108: 1029: 1026: 939: 936: 788:in Tasmania's 777:Forest ecology 775:Main article: 772: 769: 716: 713: 661:closed forests 580:, denoting "a 564:, denoting "a 554:Proto-Germanic 484:A forest near 403:Medieval Latin 353: 350: 295:Forest in the 288: 285: 236:climate change 188:boreal forests 186:, and 2.6 for 147:, followed by 65:Solimões River 63:alongside the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8141: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8013: 8010:Latifolious, 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802:suffruticetum 7799: 7798:subshrublands 7795: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7703: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7681: 7680:Non-renewable 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:Urban ecology 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:Privatization 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:Surface water 7345: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6849: 6848:peak farmland 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6604: 6596: 6594: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Rubber tapper 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6387:Choker setter 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6226:Manufacturing 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Deforestation 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039:Environmental 6037: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5940:reforestation 5938: 5936: 5935:afforestation 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744:Arboriculture 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Permaforestry 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5425: 5418: 5403:on 9 May 2013 5402: 5398: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5371:www.zm.gov.lv 5368: 5362: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623:Harvey, Fiona 4618: 4602: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4461:(5): 421–26. 4460: 4456: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4411: 4408:(3): 543–48. 4407: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4333: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4068: 4061: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3810: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2788: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2339:Permaforestry 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212:afforestation 2208: 2204: 2197:United States 2194: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2120:kindergartens 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:deforestation 2077: 2076:reforestation 2073: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2029:According to 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750:Carbon stored 1749: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1652: 1648: 1647:Burned forest 1644: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1626:Deforestation 1623: 1619: 1609: 1606: 1605:deforestation 1597: 1593: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402:Mediterranean 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1358: 1356: 1355:Podocarpaceae 1352: 1351:Araucariaceae 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303:Coniferophyta 1300: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234:second growth 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205:Tropical and 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 967: 966:Sonian Forest 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 944: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849:boreal forest 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 791: 790:Hellyer Gorge 787: 783: 778: 768: 766: 762: 758: 757:Archaeopteris 754: 750: 746: 745: 744:Archaeopteris 740: 739:Late Devonian 736: 735: 730: 729:cladoxylopsid 726: 722: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 540: 539: 534: 531: 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 491: 487: 482: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 376: 367: 363: 358: 349: 347: 346:Norway spruce 342: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 305: 298: 293: 284: 282: 277: 275: 274:United States 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Deforestation 239: 237: 233: 232:Deforestation 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 126: 125: 120: 119: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 85: 79:in the world. 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 42: 37: 33: 19: 8083:Plant habits 8012:broad-leaved 7822: 7801: 7788: 7769: 7761: 7678: / 7552:Exploitation 7437:Conservation 7380:Desalination 7315: 7208:conservation 7096: 7043:Biodiversity 6991:conservation 6838:Agricultural 6766:Fossil fuels 6573: 6559: 6545: 6531: 6517: 6503: 6496: 6474:Tree planter 6454:Resin tapper 6434:Truck driver 6429:River driver 6178:Tree hugging 6163: 6146: 6113:timber mafia 6103:High grading 6088:Ghost forest 6058:Clearcutting 5981:Silviculture 5957:Horticulture 5805: 5801:Fire ecology 5716:Urban forest 5691:Mycoforestry 5651: 5647:Agroforestry 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5595:Forest areas 5593: 5586: 5535: 5495: 5468: 5423: 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5401:the original 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5370: 5361: 5349:. Retrieved 5340: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5314: 5311:"Statistics" 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5264:. Retrieved 5250: 5234: 5221: 5209:. Retrieved 5200: 5191: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5143:. Retrieved 5132: 5123: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5066: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4991: 4981: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4881: 4873:The Guardian 4872: 4862: 4853: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4788: 4761: 4757: 4733:, retrieved 4711: 4701: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4631:The Guardian 4630: 4617: 4605:. Retrieved 4595: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4436:. Retrieved 4421: 4405: 4401: 4388: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4234: 4230: 4217: 4211:. CRC Press. 4208: 4202: 4191:the original 4178: 4174: 4161: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4090: 4083: 4071:. Retrieved 4060: 4035: 4019: 3991:. Retrieved 3986: 3977: 3941: 3935: 3923:. Retrieved 3920:The Guardian 3919: 3909: 3864: 3860: 3846: 3834:. Retrieved 3827:the original 3817: 3796:. Retrieved 3785: 3765: 3758: 3730: 3662: 3658: 3627:. Retrieved 3612: 3603: 3598: 3589: 3579: 3570: 3560: 3520: 3492: 3483: 3468: 3429: 3405:. Retrieved 3401:the original 3396: 3366:cite journal 3334: 3330: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3282:. Retrieved 3278:the original 3273: 3264: 3241: 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3207: 3173: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3147:the original 3134: 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3007:. Retrieved 2967:. Retrieved 2963:the original 2955: 2946: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2889: 2881:Live Science 2880: 2870: 2861: 2851: 2836: 2827: 2817: 2808: 2798: 2778: 2771: 2731: 2698: 2694: 2636: 2630: 2606: 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2581:the original 2553:. Retrieved 2535: 2523:. Retrieved 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2477: 2468: 2433: 2428: 2412: 2404:free content 2396: 2390: 2382:free content 2374: 2349:Urban forest 2284:Cloud forest 2265:Trees portal 2200: 2191: 2164: 2160:Clearcutting 2157: 2149: 2101: 2097: 2069: 2066: 2053:agroforestry 2049: 2034: 2028: 2011:forest fires 1983:forest fires 1979:urban sprawl 1976: 1966:Priest River 1947: 1942: 1911: 1890:who rely on 1884:agroforestry 1876: 1863: 1859: 1753:Biodiversity 1737: 1729:recreational 1680:Acting as a 1660: 1602: 1590: 1569:biodiversity 1562: 1530:forest cover 1511: 1498:Thorn forest 1487: 1484:Tropical dry 1450:high forests 1434:Amazon Basin 1415: 1375: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1293: 1273: 1258: 1250: 1152: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1089:forest floor 1070:detritivores 1066:Forest floor 1065: 1058:forest floor 1055: 1047: 1041: 971: 964:part of the 951: 946:Even, dense 932: 917: 872: 868: 864: 856: 826: 794: 756: 742: 734:Calamophyton 732: 731:plants like 718: 708: 704: 701:silviculture 696: 688: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665:crown covers 660: 657:open forests 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 613:royal forest 596: 594: 589: 581: 577: 569: 561: 557: 548:, denoting " 545: 536: 532: 525: 518: 514: 510: 506: 494: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:the English 438: 431: 420:capitularies 415: 390: 386: 382: 373: 371: 343: 339:canopy cover 328: 309: 303: 301: 278: 240: 192: 157: 130: 122: 116: 92: 90: 45: 36: 7994:Sclerophyll 7868:Subtropical 7755:Physiognomy 7671:Nationalism 7643:Common-pool 7284:Hydrosphere 7277:remediation 7262:Groundwater 6857:Degradation 6498:WikiProject 6422:smokejumper 6402:Firefighter 6365:Occupations 6349:Woodworking 5930:Forestation 5861:restoration 5816:informatics 5681:Ecoforestry 5381:21 December 5351:21 December 5321:28 November 5295:28 November 5266:28 November 5145:16 February 5114:11336/67453 4799:DownToEarth 4764:: 388–395. 4438:16 November 4144:11427/24844 4073:16 February 3925:16 February 3629:3 September 3284:25 November 3156:16 November 3102:16 November 3076:16 November 3049:16 November 3009:16 November 2959:Environment 2590:16 November 2555:16 November 2525:16 November 2488:16 November 2314:Kelp forest 2294:Dendrometry 2274:Bioproducts 2039:forest loss 1915:colonialism 1682:carbon sink 1669:Converting 1665:including: 1559:Plantations 1454:Congo Basin 1444:forests of 1442:dipterocarp 1386:rainforests 1336:Pseudotsuga 1245:Douglas fir 1207:subtropical 1176:occupy the 1074:Leaf litter 861:gymnosperms 853:angiosperms 691:, and as a 667:. Finally, 605:Magna Carta 530:Old English 424:Charlemagne 412:Carolingian 320:tree canopy 287:Definitions 209:around the 153:subtropical 8129:Ecosystems 8108:Categories 8093:Vegetation 8004:Leaf form 7942:Submontane 7811:grasslands 7789:fruticetum 7783:, scrubs, 7777:Shrublands 7666:Extraction 7625:Wilderness 7586:accounting 7569:Management 7535:ecological 7523:tragedy of 7442:Peak water 7427:Efficiency 7400:Sanitation 7342:Stormwater 7335:harvesting 7311:Irrigation 7213:management 7171:gene banks 7112:management 7090:management 7006:resilience 6972:phosphorus 6928:industrial 6906:Management 6882:soundscape 6788:Geothermal 6444:Lumberjack 6439:Log scaler 6322:engineered 6273:non-timber 6246:sawmilling 6198:Industries 6165:svedjebruk 5876:transition 5856:protection 5846:old-growth 5831:governance 5786:Dendrology 5736:management 5602:Ministries 5497:BBC Online 5480:World Bank 5169:(5): 470. 4952:10535/8315 4935:(4): 256. 4708:"Forestry" 4547:(1): 112. 4181:: 517–44. 3836:11 October 2701:: 593–62. 2420:References 2354:Wilderness 2289:Dendrology 2185:Forest in 1993:, and the 1925:Management 1706:Purifying 1553:herbaceous 1522:ecosystems 1448:; and the 1406:Nothofagus 1388:of Japan, 1381:Anthophyta 1230:old growth 1167:coniferous 1111:Understory 1105:millipedes 1097:amphibians 1038:Madagascar 1018:amphibians 958:understory 938:Components 582:coniferous 570:coniferous 562:furhíþija- 503:Late Latin 443:wood(land) 380:Old French 324:basal area 316:land cover 182:, 8.1 for 176:gigatonnes 77:ecosystems 73:biodiverse 8023:Substrate 7983:Evergreen 7971:Deciduous 7873:Temperate 7832:parklands 7771:arboretum 7766:woodlands 7676:Renewable 7661:Depletion 7648:Conflict 7530:Economics 7508:enclosure 7467:Resources 7447:Pollution 7364:Watershed 7267:pollution 7198:Seed bank 7193:Rangeland 7075:Fisheries 7060:Biosphere 7053:biopiracy 6996:fertility 6872:cityscape 6867:Landscape 6774:peak coal 6761:Resources 6712:Emissions 6392:Ecologist 6305:Tree farm 6206:Coppicing 6148:chitemene 6048:Acid rain 5996:allometry 5918:SmartWood 5866:secondary 5851:pathology 5826:inventory 5764:driftwood 5630:Arbor Day 5211:2 October 4735:5 January 4693:1758-6798 4644:5 January 4639:0261-3077 4607:5 January 4569:2052-4463 4514:0036-8075 4153:0075-6458 3993:22 August 3969:241858489 3853:Sun, Ying 3798:12 August 3695:206511664 3571:Fresh Air 3552:241416114 3460:130116768 2763:241416114 2668:241416114 2460:130116768 2344:REDD-plus 2033:'s (FAO) 1987:acid rain 1952:Foresters 1919:Wisconsin 1573:watershed 1549:ecosystem 1546:grassland 1504:develop. 1468:, to the 1184:Temperate 1178:subarctic 1163:deciduous 1159:evergreen 1043:Adansonia 960:, in the 928:epiphytes 887:and arid 821:cellulose 817:decompose 801:biosphere 761:deciduous 711:intends. 647:. Unlike 543:Old Norse 401:, of the 372:The word 352:Etymology 164:biosphere 149:temperate 101:community 97:ecosystem 8119:Habitats 8061:See also 8045:Mangrove 8040:Riparian 7930:Altitude 7916:Seasonal 7892:Climatic 7878:Subpolar 7863:Tropical 7856:Latitude 7828:Savannas 7823:herbetum 7819:prairies 7785:thickets 7702:Category 7635:Resource 7574:adaptive 7472:improved 7432:Conflict 7417:Security 7412:Scarcity 7405:improved 7395:Leaching 7272:recharge 7252:Drinking 7203:Wildlife 7070:Bushmeat 7065:Bushfood 7018:planning 6923:gemstone 6918:Minerals 6899:property 6887:viewshed 6877:seascape 6808:sunlight 6782:peak oil 6778:peak gas 6593:Category 6407:handcrew 6377:Arborist 6372:Forester 6332:mahogany 6278:palm oil 6268:charcoal 6253:Products 6188:Wildfire 6001:breeding 5962:GM trees 5811:dynamics 5623:Journals 5616:Colleges 5576:Forestry 5524:(1911). 5375:Archived 5345:Archived 5289:Archived 5260:Archived 5256:"Canada" 5239:Archived 5205:Archived 5139:Archived 5075:Archived 5011:Caldasia 4854:Mongabay 4587:32249772 4522:28971966 4467:15011471 4432:Archived 4410:Archived 4377:Archived 4321:Archived 4317:84089636 4265:Archived 4261:22690619 4099:Archived 4049:Archived 4024:Archived 3901:28729375 3699:Archived 3687:18556551 3650:(2008). 3623:Archived 3590:usda.gov 3524:. Rome: 3493:phys.org 3436:. 2020. 3432:. Rome: 3355:Archived 3219:Archived 3126:Archived 3096:Archived 3070:Archived 3043:Archived 3000:Archived 2994:. Rome: 2862:Mongabay 2828:nasa.gov 2809:Phys.org 2787:Archived 2711:Archived 2640:. Rome: 2619:Archived 2617:. 2018. 2613:. Rome: 2549:Archived 2516:Archived 2482:Archived 2474:"Forest" 2364:Woodland 2223:See also 2203:forestry 2181:Latvian 2104:woodland 2019:diseases 1970:forestry 1896:bushmeat 1852:rainfall 1826:Primary 1819:droughts 1790:Primary 1761:Primary 1618:Forestry 1565:pulpwood 1542:woodland 1502:savannas 1394:Tasmania 1254:measured 1247:forest). 1081:mycelium 1014:reptiles 962:Brussels 924:arboreal 809:detritus 693:Latinate 671:(plural 653:woodland 645:woodland 609:nobility 595:Uses of 566:fir-wood 558:furhísa- 475:floresta 395:Frankish 331:woodland 312:land use 262:palm oil 50:Woodland 8114:Forests 7952:Coastal 7947:Lowland 7937:Montane 7921:Drought 7901:Pluvial 7815:steppes 7762:Forests 7503:Commons 7492:Related 7457:Quality 7373:Aspects 7299:glacial 7240:Aquifer 7146:Pasture 7097:Forests 7023:reserve 6798:Nuclear 6768: ( 6724:Trading 6719:Airshed 6603:Outline 6417:lookout 6412:hotshot 6293:tanbark 6263:biomass 6258:biochar 6236:plywood 6221:Logging 6125:wilding 5774:log jam 5731:Ecology 5534:(ed.). 5469:in situ 5454:by the 5235:fao.org 5201:fao.org 5171:Bibcode 4994:: 4–10. 4766:Bibcode 4673:Bibcode 4578:7136222 4549:Bibcode 4494:Bibcode 4486:Science 4295:Bibcode 4239:Bibcode 4231:Ecology 4020:UNFF II 3892:5558997 3869:Bibcode 3667:Bibcode 3659:Science 3621:. 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