423:, during which the armies' establishment strength had been increased to an unprecedented size. With the ascension of peace in 1763 the army was dramatically reduced to a peacetime home establishment of just over 11,000 men, with a further 9,750 for the Irish establishment and 10,000 for the colonies. This meant 20 regiments of infantry totaling just over 11,000 men were stationed in Great Britain, 21 regiments were stationed in Ireland, 18 regiments were stationed in the Americas, and 7 regiments were stationed in Gibraltar. Alongside this, the army could call on 16 regiments of the cavalrymen and 2,712 men in the artillery. This gave a theoretical strength of just over 46,000 men exclusive of the artillery. The British government deemed this troop strength to be inadequate to prosecute an insurrection in the Americas, as well as deal with defence of the rest of its territories. Treaties with German states (mainly Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick) were negotiated for a further 18,000 men half of which were stationed in garrisons to release regular British units from other theaters. This measure brought the Army’s total establishment strength to around 55,000 men.
991:
1205:
408:
614:
1546:
461:, essentially conscription by the "press gang", was a favored recruiting method, though it was unpopular with the public, leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service. Attempts were made to draft such levies, much to the chagrin of the militia commanders. Competition between naval and army press gangs, and even between rival ships or regiments, frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit. Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs, while many deserted at the first opportunity. Pressed men were militarily unreliable; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to remote garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies, to make it harder to desert.
1390:
loose formations. British
Lieutenant William Hale commented on the tactical limitations of the German tactical methods: "I believe them steady, but their slowness is of the greatest disadvantage in a country almost covered with woods, and against an enemy whose chief qualification is agility in running from fence to fence keeping up an irregular, but galling fire on troops who advance with the same pace as at their exercise... At Brandywine, when the first line formed, the Hessian Grenadiers were close to our rear, and began beating their march at the same time as us. From that minute we saw them no more until the action was over, and only one man of them was wounded, by a random shot which came over us."
1032:
630:
2345:
1238:
923:
greater distance apart and three "orders" were used to specify the distance to be expanded or contracted as necessary; "order" (two intervals), "open order" (four intervals), and "extended order" (ten intervals). British infantry advanced at the 'Trott' and fought fluid battles primarily using the bayonet. Although this new formation increased the
British army's mobility and tactical flexibility, the abandonment of linear formation was later blamed by some British officers for defeats in the later stages of the war, like the
23:
646:
892:
1136:. The full "marching order" a line infantryman was expected to carry on campaign was extensive, and British soldiers often dropped much of their equipment before battle. Soldiers were also issued with greatcoats to be worn in adverse conditions, which were often used as tents or blankets. Drummers usually wore colours in reverse of their regimental colour, they carried the coat of arms of their colonel and wore mitre caps. Most German regiments wore dark blue coats, while cavalry and loyalists often wore green.
1733:
2048:
1701:
1188:, which displayed colour of the regiment's facings. In 18th and 19th century warfare 'the colours' often became a rallying point in the most bitter actions. Both regimental standards were highly regarded and a source of pride each regiment. However, because of the tactical constraints in conducting the war and the adapted mode of fighting, it is likely that British regiments only used their colours for ceremonial purposes in America, particularly the armies commanded by Howe and Cornwallis.
1346:
2490:
1469:
2478:, wrote disparagingly, "their maneuvers were such as the worst general in England would be hooted at for practicing; two lines coming up within six yards of one another and firing until they had no ammunition left, nothing could be more ridiculous". The failure to formally absorb the tactical lessons of the American War of Independence contributed to the early difficulties experienced by the British army during the French Revolutionary Wars.
1229:
often suffered from poor discipline away from the battlefield, gambling and heavy drinking were common among all ranks. However, among the
American civilian populations, reports indicated that British troops were generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants. The soldiers' own families were permitted to join soldiers in the field. Wives often washed, cooked, mended uniforms and served as nurses in the time of battle or sickness.
1769:
bayonet. Following the battle he ordered the retraining of his army. Burgoyne did not want to lose the initiative and immediately prepared a second assault to puncture the Gates' army scheduled for the following morning, however his subordinate
General Fraser advised him of the fatigued state of the British light infantry and Grenadiers and that a renewed assault following a further night's rest would be carried out with greater vivacity.
1929:
1858:, Howe returned to the British winter quarters and resigned his command shortly thereafter, complaining that he had been inadequately supported. Command was subsequently given to Clinton who, after the French entered the war in support of American independence, carried out orders to evacuate the British army from Philadelphia in the south to New York in the north. He did this with an overland march, fighting a large action at the
662:. Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America. Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war, was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists. Jeffrey Amherst was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in 1778, but he refused a direct command in America because he was unwilling to take sides in the war. Admiral
563:. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue that Sackville performed effectively and even brilliantly, others argue that he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army.
1870:"...I do not think that there exists a more select corps than that which General Howe has assembled here. I am too young and have seen too few different corps, to ask others to take my word; but old Hessian and old English officers who have served a long time, say that they have never seen such a corps in respect to quality..." —Captain Muenchhausen, June, 1777
2028:"Whenever the Rebel Army is said to have been cut to pieces it would be more consonant with truth to say that they have been dispersed, determined to join again... in the meantime they take oaths of allegiance, and live comfortably among us, to drain us of our monies, get acquainted with our numbers and learn our intentions." —Brigadier General
1781:
rapidly enough through the difficult terrain, allowing the
Americans too much time to gather an overwhelming force to oppose him. The defeat had far reaching consequences as the French (who had already been secretly supporting the colonists) decided to openly support the rebellion and eventually declared war on Britain in 1778.
950:, the elder brother of William Howe, had adapted their regiments to serve as light infantry on their own initiative. On becoming commander-in-chief in North America in 1758, General Jeffery Amherst ordered every regiment to form light infantry companies from their ranks. The 80th regiment was disbanded in 1764 and the other
2448:
Many
British officers returned from America with the belief in the superiority of the firearm and formations adapted with a greater frontage of firepower. However officers who had not served in America questioned whether the irregular and loose system of fighting which had become prevalent in America
1760:
would advance from New York in support. Through poor co-ordination and unclear orders, the plan failed. Howe believed that he could not support a
Northern army until the threat of Washington's army had been dealt with and moved on Philadelphia instead. The early stages of Burgoyne's campaign met with
1389:
The German units were found to be different in tactics and approach to the regular
British troops. Many British officers regarded the German regiments as slow in mobility, therefore British generals utilised them as heavy infantry. This is primarily because of the German officers' reluctance to adopt
1313:
by ship was extremely difficult. Most of the horses died during the long journey and the ones that survived usually required several weeks to recuperate on landing. The
British Army primarily adopted small numbers of dragoons who worked as scouts and were used extensively in irregular operations. One
1265:
One militia officer wrote to his friend in August 1778: "We are frequently marched out in considerable bodies to the heaths or commons adjacent, escorted by the artillery, where we go through various movements, maneuvers and firings of a field of battle. In these expeditions, let me assure you, there
1228:
Despite the harsh discipline, a distinct lack of self-discipline pervaded all ranks of the
British forces. Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling, reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms. Many drank heavily, and this was not exclusive to the lower ranks. The army
1224:
was used to punish even trivial offences—and not used sparingly. For instance, two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery during the Saratoga campaign, while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer. Flogging was an even more common punishment in the Royal Navy and it came
922:
In battle the redcoats usually formed in two ranks rather than three, to increase mobility and firepower. The Army further adapted this formation during the American Revolution by forming and fighting in looser ranks, a tactic that was known as "loose files and American scramble". Soldiers stood at a
595:
and was much more open to promotion from the ranks. Officers were required to be literate, but there was no formal requirement on the level of education or their social standing, and most regimental officers did not come from the landed gentry, but from middle class private individuals in search of a
1506:
were largely inexperienced, and by the time the redcoats began the return march to Boston, several thousand American militiamen had gathered along the road. A running battle ensued, and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown. The British army in Boston found itself under
1139:
Grenadiers often wore bearskin headdress and usually carried hangers, a type of curved sword, as a side arm. Light infantry were issued with short coats, without lace, with an ammunition box containing nine cartridges lined up in a row for easy access worn across the stomach rather than at the side.
977:
and formed an experimental Light Infantry battalion trained at Salisbury camp. This became the pattern for all regular light infantry serving in North America. Howe's system differed in that it focused on development of composite battalions of light infantry more suited to large scale campaigning in
969:
which was issued to regiments on the Irish establishment and offered a practical guide for training light companies and guidance for tactics such as skirmishing in broken terrain when acting independently, in sections or in large groups. Townshend also introduced a new communication method for light
472:
The same year, the government passed the first of two recruiting acts which allowed a limited form of impressment in parts of England and Scotland under strict conditions, however the measure proved unpopular and both acts were repealed in May 1780, permanently discontinuing impressment in the army.
1012:
Clayton describes how "...the use of light infantry, well led by their officers and NCOs, was of key importance in advance as skirmishers fired on French columns from behind cover; when the French attempted to extend they were threatened with bayonet charge... and when the French advanced they fell
1131:
The standard uniform of the British army consisted of the traditional red coat with cocked hats, white breeches and black gaiters with leather knee caps. Hair was usually cut short or fixed in plaits at the top of the head. As the war progressed, many line regiments replaced their cocked hats with
600:
which officially governed the selection and promotion of officers was, in practice, considerably relaxed during wartime, with far more stringent requirements placed on promotion. Many British officers were professional soldiers rather than wealthy dilettantes and showed themselves ready to discard
1768:
After winning a hard fought battle at Freeman's Farm, bought with heavy casualties, Burgoyne complained at the inexperience of his soldiers, that his men were too impetuous and uncertain in their aim, and that his troops remained in position to exchange volleys too long, rather than switch to the
1772:
That night, Burgoyne received word that Clinton would launch his own offensive. The news convinced Burgoyne to wait, believing that the American General Gates would be forced to commit part of his own force to oppose Clinton; however, Gates was being continually reinforced. Burgoyne launched the
981:
The light infantry companies of several regiments were usually combined in composite light infantry battalions. Similar composite battalions were often formed from the grenadier companies of line regiments. Grenadiers were historically chosen from the tallest soldiers, but as with light infantry
473:
The recruiting acts of 1778 and 1779 also provided greater incentives for voluntarily joining the regular army, including a bounty of £3 and the entitlement to discharge after three years unless the nation remained at war. Thousands of volunteer militia battalions were raised for home defence in
1984:
captured Charleston along with 5,000 of the Continental army. Shortly afterwards Clinton returned to New York leaving Cornwallis with a force of less than 4,000 men and instructions to secure control of the southern colonies. At first Cornwallis was successful, winning a lopsided victory at the
1261:
During the course of the war, the British army conducted large-scale mock battles at Warley and Coxheath camps in southern England. The primary motivation behind this was in preparation for the threatened invasion. By all accounts the camps were massive in scale involving upwards of 18,000 men.
724:
conducted a largely separate campaign in the southern states. Cornwallis was one of the most aristocratic of the British generals who served in America, but had been dedicated to a military career since an early age, and insisted on sharing his soldiers' hardships. After early victories, he was
604:
Heavy drinking among senior British officers is well documented. William Howe was said to have seen many "crapulous mornings" while campaigning in New York. John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign. The two generals were also reported to have found
1780:
Burgoyne was finally compelled surrender after it had become clear he was surrounded. Burgoyne's campaign tactics were greatly criticised, the composition of his force was disjointed, and his decision to overload his army with artillery (expecting a long siege) meant his army could not advance
1215:
The distance between the colonies and the British Isles meant logistics were stretched to breaking point, with the army often running out of food and supplies in the field, and forced to live off the land. Soldiers spent a great deal of time cleaning and preparing their clothing and equipment.
1016:
Fortescue similarly describes the action: "Advancing in skirmish order and keeping themselves always under cover, the light companies maintained at close range the most destructive fire on the Heavy French columns... At last one of the enemy's battalions fairly gave way and the light companies
957:
In 1771 and 1772, the British army began implementing a new training scheme for light infantry companies. Much of the early training was found to be inadequate, with officers unsure how to use light companies. Many of the brightest young officers of light companies sought commissions elsewhere
716:
Clinton was regarded as one of the most studious and well-read experts on tactics and strategy. However, even before becoming commander in chief, he had been reluctant to succeed Howe. He took command when the widening of the war compelled him to relinquish troops to other theatres, and became
1191:
In the early years of the war, however, the Hessians continued to carry their colours on campaign. Major-General Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg wrote, "They have their colours with them only when quartered, while we carry them with us wherever the regiments go... the country is bad for
1744:
Following the failure of the New York and New Jersey campaign to bring about a decisive victory over the Americans, the British army adopted a radically new strategy. Two armies would invade from the north to capture Albany, one of 8,000 men (British and Germans) under the command of General
468:
and the outbreak of hostilities with France and Spain, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 121,000. In 1778 the army adopted some non traditional recruiting measures to further augment its
1322:
and light infantry and conducted raiding operations into enemy-held territory. The lack of cavalry had great tactical implications on how the war was fought. It meant that British forces could not fully exploit their victories when outmanoeuvring continental armies at battles like
978:
North America, rather than individual companies. On taking command in America, Howe gave orders that every regiment which had not already done so to form a company of light infantry. These men were generally hand picked from the fittest and most proficient of the rank and file.
376:
to ultimately lend considerable military support to the cause of American independence, and the withdrawal of a sizable number of British forces from North America in 1778 were all factors in the British Army's ultimate defeat. At Yorktown in 1781, the British Army, then led by
736:, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York.
657:
In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of this number were too old or infirm to command in the field. Others were opposed to war against the colonists or unwilling to serve for years in
481:, and some of the most competent of these were embodied to the regular army. The British government took a further step by releasing criminals and debtors from prison on the condition they joined the army. Three entire regiments were raised from this early release program.
1397:. These soldiers were the majority of the German regulars under General John Burgoyne in the Saratoga campaign of 1777, and were generally referred to as "Brunswickers." The combined forces from Braunschweig and Hesse-Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne's army.
2370:
In September 1782, the grand assault on the besieged Gibraltar garrison took place, which was the largest single battle of the war, involving over 60,000 soldiers, sailors and marines. France also twice unsuccessfully attempted to capture the British channel island of
504:
1204:
1192:
fighting. Nothing worries me more than the colours, for the regiments cannot stay together in an attack because of the many walls, swamps, and stone cliffs. The English cannot lose their colours, for they do not carry them with them." During the Saratoga campaign
1266:
is much fatigue, and no little danger...the grandest and beautiful imitations of action are daily presented to us, and believe me, the army, in general, are becoming greatly enamored by war." The maneuvers carried out at Warley camp were subject of a painting by
670:
resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America, while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis. Howe and Henry Clinton both stated that they were unwilling participants and were only following orders.
763:
The following is the British Army's strength based on Lord North's reports. These figures exclude the Irish establishment, Hanoverians, militia, and the East India Company's private army. The totals in North America specifically are listed in parentheses.
725:
unable to destroy the American Continental armies opposing him or to raise substantial loyalist support. On Clinton's orders, he tried to create a fortified enclave on the Chesapeake coast, but was cut off by a French fleet and forced to surrender at the
2550:
Royal authority had forbidden the practice since 1711, but it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions. Young boys were taken from their schooling, often orphans of deceased wealthy officers, and placed in positions of responsibility within
717:
embittered at the Government's demands that he bring the war to a successful conclusion with fewer troops and resources than had been available to Howe. He repeatedly tried to resign, and quarrelled with the Navy's commanders and his own subordinates.
605:
solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command. During the Philadelphia campaign, British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses where they had been quartered.
484:
In November 1778 the establishment was set at 121,000 men, of whom 24,000 were foreigners, along with 40,000 embodied militia. This was raised the next year to 104,000 men on the British establishment, 23,000 on the Irish establishment, 25,000
1219:
The harsh conditions of life in the army meant that discipline was severe. Crimes such as theft or desertion could result in hanging and punishments such as lashings were administered publicly. Discipline was harsh in the armed forces, and
793:
A detailed order of battle for British Army forces in North America circa October 1778 is as follows (about one-third of its then-strength is discounted due to disease, desertion, and other causes; the listed troops are solely effectives):
1385:
Approximately 9,000 Hessians arrived with Howe's army in 1776 and served with British forces through the campaigns in New York and New Jersey. In all 25,000 hired auxiliaries served with Britain in the various campaigns during the war.
1659:, where Washington regrouped and began planning a retaliatory attacks. After considering several options, Washington settled on what would prove one of Washington's most complex and unexpected military maneuvers. Washington chose to
1820:, however, Howe was unable to secure any notable military gain, and most of the Continental Army troops under Washington's command managed to escape. After inconclusive skirmishes with Washington and Continental Army troops in the
914:
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Army's uniforms were highly elaborate, and maneuvers were ponderous and slow, with "innumerable words of command." Experience of the conditions and terrain in North America during the
1828:, eschewing their muskets in favor of bayonets to minimize the sound they made as they approached. All remaining resistance to Howe was eliminated in this attack, and the rest of Howe's army marched into Philadelphia unopposed.
1839:, who was responsible for defending New York. Howe remained garrisoned in Philadelphia with 9,000 troops. He came under heavy attack from Continental Army troops under Washington's command, but Washington was driven off at the
2467:
manoeuvres in Silesia in 1784, he pushed for drilled battalions of heavy infantry. He also pushed for uniformity in training, eliminating the ability of colonels to develop their own systems of training for their regiments.
582:
to ascend the ranks, and the practice was common in the Army. Values of commissions varied but were usually in line with social and military prestige; for example, regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices.
2152:
On 1 April 1779, Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indies, Grant believed this would be unwise and instead concentrated defences to cover the major naval bases. He posted the
1679:"I cannot too much commend Lord Cornwallis's good services during this campaign, and particularly the ability and conduct he displayed in the pursuit of the enemy from Fort Lee to Trenton, a distance exceding [
586:
Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education or practical experience often found their way into positions of high responsibility, diluting the effectiveness of a regiment. However, according to Reid, the
1913:
in a nighttime raid. During this period the British army carried out a series of successful raiding operations, taking supplies, destroying military defences, outposts, stores, munitions, barracks, shops and houses.
1274:. He also drew detailed illustrations of the uniforms of the light infantry and grenadiers present at the camp which are considered some of the most accurate surviving illustrations of 18th-century British soldiers.
426:
Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower, and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set. The Army was a deeply unpopular profession with one contentious issue being pay. A
1108:
The loyalist units were vital to the British primarily for their knowledge of local terrain. One of the most successful of these units was formed by an escaped slave, and veteran of the Ethiopian Regiment known as
543:
who held it until the end of the war. However, his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened
701:. After early success, he pushed ahead despite major supply difficulties, and was surrounded and forced to capitulate at Saratoga, an event which precipitated intervention by Britain's European rivals. Unlike his
572:
577:
Although a large portion of the rank and file were lower class and the officers upper class, the army of the mid-1700s recruited officers from a variety of social backgrounds. Officers in British service could
454:
for every recruit. As the war dragged on, Parliament became desperate for manpower; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties, and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units.
1096:
led another group of King's Rangers in the Southern colonies, defending East Florida from invasion, raiding the southern frontier and participating in the conquest of the southern colonies. Colonial Governor
3693:
The Narrative of Lieutenant General Sir William Howe, in a committee of the House of Commons on the 29th of April 1779, relating to his conduct during his late command of the King's Troops in North America
690:, the Royal Navy's commander in chief in America. The two brothers gained much success in 1776, but failed to destroy Washington's Army. They also tried to initiate peace talks but these came to nothing.
1675:
on 3 January 1777. Cornwallis rallied and again drove Washington away, however the defeats showed the British army had become too overstretched and Howe abandoned most of his outposts in New Jersey.
686:. However, Gage was blamed for underestimating the strength of republican sympathy and was relieved in 1776. Howe had the advantage of large numbers of reinforcements, and was the brother of Admiral
2430:. Many in the South initially migrated to British Florida, including 2,000 whites and 4,000 blacks from Georgia. Further resettlement of Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia and Canada, Jamaica and the
1113:, who led the so-called Black Brigade in numerous raids in New York and New Jersey, interrupting supply lines, capturing rebel officers, and killing suspected leaders. He died from wounds in 1780.
1977:
existed in the southern colonies. Based on that flawed assumption, they believed, a large Loyalist army could be raised to occupy the territories that had been pacified by regular British troops.
1685:] eighty miles, in which he was well supported by the ardour of his corps, who cheerfully quitted their tents and heavy baggage as impediments to their march." —General Howe, 20 December 1776
439:
infantryman 130 years earlier. The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living which did not help entice potential recruits, as service was nominally for life.
342:
When the American Revolutionary War commenced, the British Army was a volunteer force that had suffered from a lack of peacetime spending and ineffective recruitment in the decade since the
1989:
and sweeping most resistance aside. However, failing supplies and increasing partisan activity gradually wore down his occupying troops, and the destruction of a loyalist force under Major
2532:
After the defeat at Saratoga, Parliament doubled the bounty to £3, and increased it again the following year, to £3.3s, as well as expanding the age limit from 17–45 to 16–50 years of age.
2426:
Many in the North were relocated to Nova Scotia, British East Florida, the Caribbean, and London. The Loyalist refugees evacuated from New York City numbered 29,000, as well as over 3,000
2137:. After the French entered the Revolutionary War, several poorly defended British islands fell quickly. In December 1778, a force of veteran British troops under the command of General
2307:. In both cases initial British military success was defeated by tropical diseases, with the 2,500 dead of the San Juan Expedition giving it the highest British death toll of the war.
1594:, Howe immediately began preparations to seize New York, which was considered the 'hinge' of the colonies. In late August, 22,000 men (including 9,000 Hessians) were rapidly landed on
1479:
British troops had been stationed in Boston since 1769 amid rising tensions between colonial subjects and the parliament in Great Britain. Fearing the impending insurrection General
1404:
were greatly prized by British commanders, their skill in skirmishing and scouting meant they continued to serve in the Southern campaigns under Cornwallis until the end of the war.
1576:
launched a counter invasion which drove the colonial forces from the province entirely and reached all the way to Lake Chaplain, however came short of recapturing Fort Ticonderoga.
970:
infantry officers when in command of loosely deployed, scattered troops; whistle signals rather than drums would indicate movements such as advance, retire, extend or contract.
1393:
The Hessians served in some capacity in most of the major battles of the war. Duke Karl I provided Great Britain with almost 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 dragoons under General
2008:. Cornwallis invaded North Carolina and engaged in a pursuit over hundreds of miles that became known as the "Race to the Dan". Cornwallis's ravaged army met Greene's army at
1306:. Several hundred officers and enlisted men of cavalry regiments which remained stationed in Britain volunteered for service in America and transferred to infantry regiments.
1009:
in 1778 a force of British infantry who were veterans of colonial fighting inflicted heavy casualties on a far larger force of regular French troops who advanced in columns.
1518:. Although successful in his objective, the British forces suffered heavy casualties in taking the position. Both sides remained at stalemate until guns were placed on the
1258:
The training was rigorous with firing, bayonet drills, movements, physical exercise, marching, and forming all part of the daily regimen to prepare for military campaigns.
934:, joined Howe's army in 1776 also adopted the two rank formation used by the British army, but retained the traditional close order system of fighting throughout the war.
498:
2145:, and successfully captured the high grounds of the islands. Three days later, 9,000 French reinforcements landed and attempted to assault the British position, but were
2089:
could not be subdued unless its supply lines in Virginia were cut, Cornwallis decided to join forces with Phillips and Arnold. Cornwallis's army fought a series of
1487:
in Massachusetts on 1 September 1774. The next year on the night of 18 April 1775, Gage sent a further 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at
2508:
705:
the same year, in which the British Army captured and occupied the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia, Howe failed to achieve decisive results in present-day
2441:
The British Army was gain dramatically reduced in peacetime. Morale and discipline became extremely poor, and the number of troops at all levels fell. When the
2423:, that he was proceeding with the withdrawal of refugees, freed slaves and military personnel. More than 29,000 Loyalist refugees were evacuated from the city.
2197:. Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers. Although Britain lost other islands, his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the
2012:, and although Cornwallis was victorious he suffered heavy casualties. With little hope of reinforcements from Clinton, Cornwallis then decided to move out of
1613:
fortifications. Not wanting to risk the lives of his men in a bloody frontal assault, Howe began to lay siege works. The navy failed to properly blockade the
748:
3140:, pp. 112–113 – "the British were unique in training their North American companies... to march and fight in open order, essentially as light infantry."
2113:
1660:
61:
4139:
2029:
1947:
The first major British operation in the Southern colonies occurred in 1776, when a force under General Henry Clinton unsuccessfully besieged the fort at
469:
strength, a system of private subscription was established, whereby some 12 new regiments totaling 15,000 men were raised by individual towns and nobles.
1126:
535:. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of
1923:
682:
as Commander in Chief in North America, was only 111th in seniority. Gage and Howe had both served as light infantry commanders in America during the
5086:
2834:
2793:
1728:, where the Liberty Bell was successfully hidden under the church's floor boards for nine months until the British departed Philadelphia in June 1778
1162:
formed a small experimental company of riflemen armed with this weapon, but this was disbanded in 1778. In many instances, British forces relied on
755:, Britain turned Florida back to Spain, and the Royal Navy administered another mass migration of Loyalists to Bahamas, Jamaica, and Great Britain.
4795:
3404:
954:
light infantry units were converted back to "line" units, but infantry regiments retained their light companies until the mid-nineteenth century.
1786:
1785:"I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne...If this campaign does not finish the war, I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America." —
1449:
served as Governor of Quebec in the later stages of the war. Huguenots, and exiled Corsicans also served amongst the regular and officers ranks.
710:
650:
1366:
Manpower problems at the outbreak of war led to the British government employing large numbers of German mercenaries, primarily recruited from
613:
357:
contingents, who supplemented their fighting capabilities and served with regular British units for the rest of the war. In 1778, limited army
1774:
740:
1026:
2463:
He chose to ignore the light infantry and flank battalions the British army had come to rely on in North America. Instead, after witnessing
2108:. Royal Navy Admiral Graves believed that the threat posed to New York was more critical and withdrew. Cornwallis then became surrounded by
1545:
1836:
4193:
2456:, an officer who had not served in America. Dundas wrote many training manuals which were adopted by the army, the first of which was the
3082:
Rinaldi, Richard A. "The British Army 1775–1783". Yumpu. Retrieved September 23, 2013. p. 18. Primarily sourced from J. B. M. Frederick,
2121:
2052:
1981:
1315:
1248:
1196:, the wife of a German officer, saved the colours of the Brunswick regiments by burning the staffs and hiding the flags in her mattress.
721:
579:
378:
144:
744:
398:
3488:
1955:
321:
316:
and lead them in a war against the British Army. The following year, in July 1776, the Second Continental Congress, representing the
4332:
Orderly book of Lieut. Gen. John Burgoyne, from his entry into the state of New York until his surrender at Saratoga, 16th Oct. 1777
2355:
Europe was the setting of three of the largest engagements of the entire war. With French and Spanish forces combined they firstly
962:
369:
to bolster the army's size, but the practice proved unpopular and was suspended until being reintroduced two years later, in 1780.
1309:
Because of the logistical limitations of campaigning in North America, cavalry played a limited role in the war. The transport of
2392:
2236:
2094:
2071:
1717:
1211:
was used as punishment in both the British Army and British Navy, as depicted in this illustration on board a British naval ship
2310:
The Spanish repeatedly attacked the British settlements on the Caribbean coast but failed to drive them out. The British under
1832:
1074:, who were heavily engaged in the Northern colonies during which they were accused of participating in Indian led-massacres at
560:
249:
154:
1831:
The capture of Philadelphia did not turn the war in Britain's favour, and Burgoyne's army was left isolated with only limited
1663:
However, in the pre-dawn hours of 26 December, Washington crossed back into New Jersey and captured a garrison of Hessians at
1185:
5048:
5018:
4876:
4857:
4831:
4752:
4706:
4687:
4643:
4591:
4341:
4297:
1148:
1039:
592:
170:
1382:, Prince Frederick of Waldeck, Margrave Karl Alexander of Ansbach-Bayreuth, and Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst.
667:
663:
2541:
The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high-ranking commissions by wealthier officers as "plums for consumption".
1282:
Cavalry played a smaller role in British armies than other European armies of the same era. Britain possessed no armoured
5091:
2453:
1640:
to "clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement, and to do it quickly before the weather changed."
1522:, at which point Howe's position became untenable and the British abandoned Boston entirely. Howe wrote on 5 March 1776:
1519:
990:
903:
Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the
556:
3691:
2146:
1408:
4812:
4391:
2989:
Riedesel, Mrs. General, Letters, and Journals, translated from the original German by W. L. Stone (Albany, 1867) p. 125
2408:
2138:
1573:
1340:
739:
Carleton successfully administered British removal from the American seaboard, beginning with the July 1782 withdrawal
733:
540:
508:
351:
215:
149:
92:
3512:
Riedesel, Mrs. General, Letters and Journals, translated from the original German by W. L. Stone (Albany, 1867) p. 125
2097:
prior to fortifying themselves with their back to the sea, believing the Royal Navy could maintain supremacy over the
1331:. Without a large cavalry force to follow up the infantry, retreating American forces could often escape destruction.
4999:
4956:
4937:
4918:
4733:
4551:
4532:
4502:
4467:
4448:
4372:
4278:
3993:
3722:
3220:
2231:
with 80,000 men, laying siege to British forts in Arcot. A British attempt to relieve the siege ended in disaster at
943:
638:
528:
4771:
3794:
3771:
3236:
2866:
2445:
its total strength stood at 40,000 men. In idleness the army again became riddled with corruption and inefficiency.
2407:, the British army began withdrawing from its remaining posts in the Thirteen Colonies. In mid-August 1783, General
1617:, which opened an escape route for Washington's army, which he used, managing a nighttime retreat through unguarded
4967:
4624:
4409:
4403:
4222:
2104:
The reinforcements took too long to arrive, and in September the French fleet successfully blockaded Cornwallis in
1598:
using flat bottomed boats, this would be the largest amphibious operation undertaken by the British army until the
1585:
1492:
1098:
536:
512:
432:
285:
118:
4969:
Letters and Memoirs relating to the war of American Independence, and the capture of the German troops at Saratoga
1441:, who had previously held commission in the Dutch service, was second in command during the successful defence of
4561:
Hagist, Don N. (Winter 2011). "Unpublished Writings of Roger Lamb, Soldier of the American War of Independence".
4492:
3736:
2376:
1633:
1527:
1511:
1147:
used with a fixed bayonet. However, some of the light companies were issued with the short barrel muskets or the
675:
634:
474:
402:
382:
332:
197:
3604:
4316:
2300:
2290:
2009:
1974:
1948:
1175:
1043:
947:
752:
66:
2651:
9th Report on Public Accounts (1783) in 39 House of Commons Journal, H.M. Stationery Office, 1803, pp. 325–344
1624:
British forces then fought a series of actions to consolidate control of Manhattan Island, culminating in the
1668:
942:
In 1758, Thomas Gage (then a lieutenant colonel) had formed an experimental light infantry regiment known as
309:
76:
22:
2513:
1994:
1761:
success, capturing the forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga and Anne. However, part of his army was destroyed at
1267:
1193:
1050:
Large numbers of scouts and skirmishers were also formed from loyalists and Native Americans. The renowned
1006:
192:
4636:
Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century
4242:
2841:
2800:
1962:, beginning a campaign to bring the colony of Georgia under British control. A Franco-American attempt to
331:
led the British to conclude that the war was unwinnable, forcing them to forfeit the Thirteen Colonies in
4419:
2503:
2416:
2216:
2149:. Despite this victory, multiple other Caribbean islands under British control were lost during the war.
1557:
1371:
687:
293:
187:
3408:
1549:
A painting of British regulars and Canadian militia repulsing the American revolutionary militia in the
2360:
2335:
2304:
2294:
1610:
1496:
1360:
273:
263:
242:
2116:. Outnumbered and with no avenue of relief or escape, Cornwallis was compelled to surrender his army.
4197:
2442:
2412:
2315:
2232:
1625:
1550:
1540:
1438:
1429:. Foreigners were also present among the regular British officer corps. The Swiss-born Major General
1031:
520:
4773:
General Sir William Howe's Orderly Book at Charlestown, Boston and Halifax, June 1775 to 1776 26 May
2215:
In 1778 British forces began attacking French enclaves in India, first capturing the French port of
1609:
on 27 August 1776, the British outflanked the American positions, driving the Americans back to the
1379:
385:
gaining control of a parliamentary majority, which brought offensive British military operations in
327:
The war was indecisive for several years. But on October 19, 1781, the British Army's defeat at the
2364:
2349:
2339:
2105:
1565:
1394:
123:
5029:
4184:
Guide to the materials for American history, to 1783, in the Public Record Office of Great Britain
1411:
also formed part of the garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca, and two regiments participated in the
4660:
2210:
1773:
second attempt to break through the American lines early in the following month, which failed at
1725:
1569:
1442:
1122:
1093:
1051:
478:
4609:
3212:
3206:
2359:
in 1779 but were unsuccessful due to misfortune and poor planning. They then succeeded with the
4402:
2435:
2404:
2398:
2249:
2090:
1941:
1898:
1488:
1352:
1079:
1059:
336:
4010:
3746:
982:
companies, were often selected from among the most proficient soldiers in their parent units.
339:, which they signed in 1783, though sporadic fighting continued for several additional years.
4488:
2495:
1910:
1855:
1851:
1809:
1799:
1709:
1606:
1515:
1473:
1324:
1067:
946:, considered to be the first such unit to serve in the British Army. Other officers, notably
916:
908:
904:
896:
702:
683:
284:, and elsewhere from April 19, 1775, to September 3, 1783. The war formally commenced at the
235:
225:
128:
113:
5034:. Vol. 1. Dublin : Printed for Messrs. P. Wogan, P. Byrne, J. Moore, and W. Jones.
2274:
2240:
2075:
1902:
1880:
1840:
1821:
1817:
1762:
1328:
108:
37:
5011:
With Zeal and with Bayonets Only: The British Army on Campaign in North America, 1775-1783
3881:
2560:
Initially from Georgia, there were only 400 whites with 5,000 blacks relocated to Jamaica.
2299:
Britain made two attempts to capture Spanish territory in Central America: in 1779 at the
1430:
8:
4654:
4478:
2262:
2244:
2235:. Ali continued his sieges taking fortresses, before another British force under General
2079:
1959:
1906:
1672:
1526:"The rebels have done more in one night than my whole army would have done in a month." —
1446:
1071:
995:
597:
465:
420:
343:
297:
2367:, which occurred in 1783 and involved over 100,000 men, and hundreds of guns and ships.
2344:
1401:
1163:
4789:
4570:
2475:
2471:
2278:
2268:
1859:
1847:
1804:
While Burgoyne invaded from the North, Howe led an army of 15,000 men, including 3,500
1637:
1599:
1561:
1412:
1349:
1241:
1237:
1102:
1055:
4133:
2612:
5044:
5014:
4995:
4989:
4952:
4933:
4914:
4872:
4853:
4827:
4808:
4758:
4748:
4729:
4712:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4639:
4620:
4605:
4587:
4547:
4528:
4498:
4463:
4444:
4433:
4387:
4368:
4330:
4312:
4293:
4274:
4218:
3989:
3718:
3216:
2056:
2042:
2001:
1970:
1963:
1805:
1750:
1695:
1664:
1434:
1419:
1356:
1295:
1252:
1244:
1075:
1063:
931:
927:, in which British troops engaged denser bodies of men deployed in successive lines.
924:
911:, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field.
726:
486:
373:
354:
328:
317:
305:
3668:
2277:
led a successful offensive to conquer British West Florida, which culminated in the
4144:
2717:
Statutes at Large, Ruffhead's Edition (London, 1763–1800), Volume XIII, pp. 273–280
2380:
2331:
2134:
2109:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1937:
1648:
1629:
1159:
706:
313:
4163:
813:
7th, 17th, 23rd, 26th, 33rd, 37th, 42nd, 44th, 57th, 63rd, and 64th Foot regiments
4887:
4677:
4513:
3543:
2228:
2067:
1892:
1888:
1825:
1753:
1749:, and another of 1,000 men (British, German, Indian, Loyalists, Canadians) under
1721:
1704:
In September 1777, fearing a British Army attack on the revolutionary capital of
1463:
1151:. The British army also conducted limited experimental use of the breech-loading
629:
618:
443:
4824:
SARATOGA: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution
4251:
Black, Jeremy. "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?."
4039:
2735:
War Office Papers, 4:966, Jenkinson to John Livesey and E. Brewer, 13 April 1779
1732:
4544:
The War for American Independence: From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in ..
3293:
2753:
War Office Papers. 1:998, Lieutenant General Parker to Barrington, 19 June 1778
2427:
2356:
2327:
2311:
2098:
2086:
2047:
2021:
2013:
1933:
1897:
In August 1778 a combined Franco-American attempt to drive British forces from
1884:
1652:
1303:
1299:
1181:
1152:
545:
436:
428:
4460:
Where a Man Can Go: Major General William Phillips, British Royal Artillery ..
4148:
2633:
War Office Papers, Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 1:992–1008, passim
2220:
1700:
1564:
launched an invasion of British controlled Canada. They besieged and captured
1085:
The majority of Native Americans favoured the British cause and Mohawk leader
591:
army through necessity drew its officers from a far wider base than its later
5080:
4326:
4182:
2744:
War Office Papers, 1:996, Sir William Codrington to Barrington, December 1778
2464:
2243:. Fighting continued until 1783 when the British captured Mangalore, and the
1746:
1737:
1423:
1319:
1287:
999:
891:
694:
659:
447:
407:
386:
347:
289:
277:
4762:
4716:
2227:, an important ally of France, declared war on Britain in 1780. Ali invaded
2120:"If you cannot relieve me very soon, you must prepare to hear the worst." —
1166:
from among the German contingents to provide skirmishers armed with rifles.
666:
similarly opposed a command: "I cannot draw the sword in such a cause". The
573:
Social background of officers and other ranks in the British Army, 1750–1815
2420:
2074:
that raided and destroyed Continental Army supply bases. He later occupied
1901:
failed. One year later an American expedition to drive British forces from
1813:
1757:
1713:
1705:
1656:
1568:, while another army moved on Montreal. However, they were defeated at the
1484:
1367:
1221:
1208:
1086:
1035:
1013:
back to prepare for further skirmishing and ambushes from all directions."
830:
4th, 5th, 15th, 27th, 28th, 35th, 40th, 46th, 49th, and 55th Foot regiments
729:, which signalled the end of effective British attempts to retake America.
588:
549:
301:
54:
30:
4668:
3430:
1980:
In May 1780, an army of 11,000 men under the command of Henry Clinton and
1155:, which proved too difficult to mass-produce to be used more extensively.
499:
Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War § Great Britain
4991:
The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution
4441:
Wellington's Rifles: The Origins, Development and Battles of the Rifle ..
3715:
The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution
2182:
2166:
2101:. He then sent requests to Clinton to be either resupplied or evacuated.
2070:, then a brigadier in the British Army after defecting, led a force with
1595:
1480:
1375:
1345:
1110:
679:
622:
524:
458:
412:
358:
5031:
The history of the origin, progress, and termination of the American war
4574:
1909:
to drive Native Americans from the frontier of New York, and captured a
1089:
commanded Iroquois and Loyalists in campaigns on the New York Frontier.
2431:
1863:
1824:, a battalion of British light infantry made a surprise assault at the
1644:
1614:
1283:
1180:
British infantry regiments possessed two flags: the King's Colour (the
1144:
1133:
489:, and 42,000 embodied militia, for a total force of about 194,000 men.
4257:
online video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player
3645:
2474:, an experienced American officer who witnessed the same maneuvers in
2085:
After hearing that British forces were in Virginia and believing that
1468:
1422:
serving in India consisted of regular British troops alongside native
697:
was allowed to mount an ambitious campaign southward from present-day
4421:
The military forces of the crown; their administration and government
2224:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2142:
1618:
281:
4012:
Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783 Vol I
4256:
2063:
2017:
2004:. Cornwallis then determined to destroy the Continental army under
1973:. British planners wrongly were convinced that a sizable number of
1928:
967:
Instructions, and Training and Equipping of the new Light Companies
645:
532:
451:
366:
1954:
In 1778, a British force of 3,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel
1290:. British doctrine tended to favour the use of medium cavalry and
732:
The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir
4584:
British Soldiers, American War: Voices of the American Revolution
2186:
1291:
1101:
raised a regiment composed entirely of freed slaves known as the
1090:
415:
at work in British ports, depicted in a 1780 British illustration
362:
3086:(2 vols), Wakefield, Yorks: Microform Academic Publishers, 1984.
2642:
War Officer Papers, 4:275, Jenkinson to Clinton, 5 December 1780
4430:
The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution
4015:. London: J. Strachan and P. Hill, Edinburgh. pp. 494–495.
2783:
War Office Papers, 4:966, Jenkinson to Amherst, 26 October 1779
2726:
Statutes at Large, Ruffhead's Edition, Volume XIII, pp. 316–317
2372:
2318:
in August 1782 with the surrender of the entire Spanish force.
2000:
In January 1781, Tarleton's cavalry force was destroyed at the
1591:
1503:
698:
555:
The direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the
4384:
The British Officer: Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present
4290:
Trenton and Princeton 1776-77: Washington Crosses the Delaware
1905:
also failed. In the same year Americans launched a successful
1225:
to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors.
4903:
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth & Protectorate 1638-1660
4234:
A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army
4187:. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
2920:, "The Purchase of Officers’ Commissions in the British Army"
1667:. Several days later, Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis at
1426:
1310:
4600:
Harrington, Peter. "Portraying Maneuvers and Mock Battles".
2762:
War Office Papers, 1:1005, Oughton to Jenkinson, 27 May 1779
2434:
of London constituted the founders of the British colony of
2062:
In early 1781, the British army began conducting raids into
1294:. The cavalry establishment consisted of three regiments of
958:
because being a "light-bob" officer lacked social prestige.
601:
their drill manuals and use innovative methods and tactics.
4656:
The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781
4617:
Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket
4194:"The Purchase of Officers' Commissions in the British Army"
2449:
was suitable for future campaigns against European powers.
1997:, all but ended any hopes of large scale loyalist support.
1643:
Cornwallis' force drove Washington's army from present-day
1140:
They did not use bayonets but carried naval boarding axes.
4726:
The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton
2133:
In 1776, an American force captured the British island of
503:
324:
themselves free and independent from colonial governance.
4699:
Victory at Yorktown: the campaign that won the Revolution
4525:
British Infantry Uniforms: From Marlborough to Wellington
4309:
Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4100:
3563:
3561:
2363:
in 1781 but the largest of them all was the unsuccessful
1681:
1969:
In 1780, the main British strategic focus turned to the
1105:, which served through the early skirmishes of the war.
419:
Britain had incurred a large national debt fighting the
372:
The attrition of constant fighting, the decision by the
4081:
4079:
2696:
War Office Papers, 3:5, Harvey to Elliot, 10 March 1775
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2509:
List of British units in the American Revolutionary War
442:
To increase voluntary enrollment, Parliament offered a
4745:
Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War
4679:
Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War
4569:(360). Society for Army Historical Research: 280–290.
4109:
4097:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3558:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3331:
3329:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2786:
2386:
2112:
forces under command by Washington and French General
1483:
dispatched an expedition to remove gunpowder from the
1017:
followed them to complete the rout with the bayonet".
4263:
War for America: The Fight for Independence 1775-1783
3338:
3317:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3173:
3171:
3103:
3101:
2818:
2605:
2284:
2273:
Beginning in 1779, the governor of Spanish Louisiana
2093:
against Continental Army troops under the command of
1777:
with losses that Burgoyne's force could not sustain.
1514:
retaliated, seizing the Charlestown peninsula in the
4982:
archived at Harvard University Library Viewer online
4253:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research.
4244:
The first American Civil War, first period 1775–1778
4076:
3849:
3847:
3845:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2485:
1510:
On 17 June, British forces now under the command of
4563:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
3828:
3796:
Correspondence of Charles, first Marquis Cornwallis
3773:
Correspondence of Charles, first Marquis Cornwallis
3365:
3326:
3143:
1854:. After probing Washington's fortifications at the
1334:
1127:
List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution
4143:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
4132:
3251:
3168:
3098:
2958:
2956:
2452:In 1788, the British army was reformed by General
1924:Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
270:British Army during the American Revolutionary War
5041:The Revolutionary War in the Southern Backcountry
4866:
3842:
2573:
5078:
2024:and began attacking the British outposts there.
1874:
1628:, which resulted in the capture of nearly 3,000
1579:
1572:and British forces under the command of General
539:remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to
4400:
2953:
2867:"Lord George Germain and the American Colonies"
1917:
1560:, American forces under the command of General
523:formally held command over crown forces in the
381:, was forced to surrender, contributing to the
4602:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
4192:Armatys, John; Cordery, Robert George (2005).
3084:Lineage Book of British Land Forces, 1660–1978
2247:was signed which restored both sides lands to
827:Expedition for West Indies (5,147 effectives)
608:
4966:Riedesel, Friederike Charlotte Luise (1827).
4728:. Holt Paperbacks; 1st Owl books ed edition.
3647:American and British Strengths and Weaknesses
3208:Montcalm and Wolfe: the French and Indian War
2908:Forteseue, The British Army, 1783–1802, p. 34
1632:troops. Following the conquest of Manhattan,
1027:Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution
994:The British Army's bayonet charge during the
849:Embarked for West Florida (1,102 effectives)
835:Embarked for East Florida (3,657 effectives)
548:in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe
243:
4794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4255:(Fall 1996), Vol. 74 Issue 299, pp 145–154.
3883:Logistics and the Defeat of Gentleman Johnny
2415:of New York, informing the president of the
2348:The defeat of the floating batteries at the
1848:unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Mifflin
801:16th and 17th Light Dragoons (two regiments)
392:
3972:Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana: 1776–1783
3279:
3277:
1472:A portrait depicting the British attack at
1314:of the most successful of these units, the
919:prompted changes to its tactics and dress.
4805:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
4480:History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
4357:Revolution & Early Republic, 1775-1800
3237:"The Very Model of a Modern Major General"
1816:. Rapidly outflanked by Washington at the
1793:
1756:, while a third army under the command of
399:British soldiers in the eighteenth century
346:. In 1776, to offset this deficiency, the
250:
236:
4515:A History of the British Army: Volume III
2204:
2128:
874:22nd, 38th, 43rd, and 54th Foot regiments
871:Rhode Island garrison (5,740 effectives)
617:Military governors and staff officers in
5087:18th-century history of the British Army
4652:
3717:. Walker & Company. New York. 2002.
3274:
2443:wars with France commenced again in 1793
2343:
2256:
2046:
1927:
1731:
1699:
1544:
1507:siege by thousands of colonial militia.
1467:
1344:
1236:
1203:
1143:The most common infantry weapon was the
1116:
1070:raised the provincial regiment known as
1030:
989:
963:George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend
890:
644:
628:
612:
502:
406:
4850:Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715
4723:
4659:. New York: Harper & Bros. p.
4487:
4271:Encyclopedia of the American Revolution
4140:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4008:
3758:
3742:
3204:
2393:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars
2189:was held by an 800-man garrison of the
709:state. He was recalled and replaced by
5079:
4638:. Boston: Greenwood Publishing Group.
4586:. Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing.
4365:The Oxford History of the British Army
4231:
3983:
3503:, "Unpublished Writings of Rober Lamb"
1736:The October 1777 surrender of General
880:Four Hessian and two Anspach regiments
860:Embarked for Halifax (646 effectives)
798:New York garrison (17,452 effectives)
292:. Two months later, in June 1775, the
4847:
4770:Howe, William Howe, Viscount (1890).
4417:
3928:
3137:
3107:
2705:
2613:"The British Army – Chapter One"
1671:and overwhelmed a British outpost at
1437:in 1779. The former Jacobite officer
653:, British Commander from 1778 to 1782
431:infantryman was paid a wage of just 8
119:British Forces South Atlantic Islands
3431:"British Infantry Colours 1747–1800"
3407:. queensroyalsurreys. Archived from
3211:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp.
3131:
2321:
2020:. Meanwhile, Greene moved back into
1850:, Howe eventually took the forts of
1534:
1457:
1445:in 1775. Another Swiss-born officer
1433:commanded the successful defence of
841:Five provincial regiments/battalions
743:, and the subsequent evacuations of
566:
4340:Cashin, Edward J. (26 March 2005).
4196:. Colonial Wargames. Archived from
3986:Nelson: A Dream of Glory, 1758–1797
2387:Post-Treaty of Paris (1783 to 1788)
2316:retaking the Black River settlement
2201:during the final years of the war.
2185:. Meanwhile, the royal dockyard at
816:Six provincial regiments/battalions
557:Secretary of State for the Colonies
13:
5069:Cornwallis, The American Adventure
4329:(1860). O'Callaghan, E. B. (ed.).
4273:. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books.
3914:Cornwallis, the American Adventure
3296:. Dictionary of National Biography
3061:O'Shaughnessy (2013), pp. 251, 267
2285:Spanish Central America, 1779–1780
2066:. Former Continental army officer
1341:Germans in the American Revolution
1272:Warley Camp: The Mock Attack, 1779
753:Anglo-Spanish Treaty of Versailles
541:Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
14:
5103:
4988:Schecter, Barnet (October 2002).
4842:The siege of Gibraltar, 1779-1783
4424:. Vol. 2. London, J. Murray.
4404:"Howe, William (1729-1814)"
4401:Chichester, Henry M (1885–1900).
4325:
4247:. Vol. 1. London, MacMillan.
4027:The siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783
3475:
3463:
2036:
1689:
1661:covertly cross the Delaware River
1418:Other than mercenary troops, the
944:80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot
937:
529:Commander-in-Chief, North America
5013:. University of Oklahoma Press.
4994:. University of Oklahoma Press.
4546:. University of Illinois Press.
4413:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4410:Dictionary of National Biography
4181:Andrews, Charles McLean (1912).
4180:
4125:
4088:
4067:
4055:
4032:
4019:
4002:
3977:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3919:
3906:
3897:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3819:
3405:"Major Patrick Ferguson 1744–80"
3073:, "Revolutionary War in Georgia"
2771:
2554:
2488:
2458:Principles of Military Movements
1586:New York and New Jersey campaign
1502:The British troops stationed in
1493:Battles of Lexington and Concord
1335:Foreign units in British service
1099:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore
973:In 1774, William Howe wrote the
930:The hired German regiments, the
786:September 1781: 149,282 (47,301)
783:September 1780: 147,152 (44,554)
678:, who was chosen to succeed Sir
537:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
513:Commander-in-Chief of the Forces
286:Battles of Lexington and Concord
21:
5060:The War Office Past and Present
4972:. New York: G. & C. Carvill
4653:Johnston, Henry Phelps (1881).
4560:
4476:
4173:
3988:. New York: Holt. p. 173.
3810:
3787:
3764:
3752:
3727:
3707:
3684:
3670:Battle of Lexington and Concord
3661:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3536:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3494:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3423:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3356:
3347:
3308:
3286:
3265:
3229:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3159:
3122:
3113:
3089:
3076:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2944:
2932:
2923:
2911:
2902:
2890:
2881:
2859:
2827:
2777:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2699:
2690:
2544:
2535:
2526:
975:Manual for Light Infantry Drill
822:13 Hessian regiments plus Jäger
807:Light Infantry (two battalions)
435:per day, the same pay as for a
403:Recruitment in the British Army
4886:Plant, David (26 April 2007).
4867:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (2013).
4675:
4511:
4342:"Revolutionary War in Georgia"
4217:. Cambridge University Press.
3530:
3489:Life at sea in the age of sail
3022:
3010:
2896:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2301:Battle of San Fernando de Omoa
2291:Battle of San Fernando de Omoa
2147:repulsed with heavy casualties
2010:Battle of Guilford Court House
1712:, American patriots moved the
1176:Colours, standards and guidons
777:October 1778: 112,239 (52,561)
751:in November 1783. At the 1783
531:commanded crown forces in the
276:, which was fought throughout
272:served for eight years in the
1:
5071:. Boston: Pelican Publishing.
5066:
5027:
4987:
4965:
4803:Lanning, Michael Lee (2005).
4633:
4541:
4457:
4362:
4306:
4292:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
4240:
3961:Boatner (1994), pp. 1184–1185
2998:
2980:O'Shaughnessy (2013), pp. 6–7
2567:
1875:Raiding operations, 1778–1779
1580:New York and New Jersey, 1776
1199:
720:While Clinton held New York,
492:
5057:
5038:
4930:King George's Army 1740-1793
4821:
4802:
4742:
4696:
4542:Griffith, Samuel B. (2002).
4522:
4381:
4268:
4191:
4164:UK public library membership
4061:
3052:O'Shaughnessy (2013), p. 216
2938:
2917:
2835:"The British Army 1775–1783"
2794:"The British Army 1775–1783"
2684:
2514:Timeline of the British Army
2365:attempt to capture Gibraltar
1918:Southern colonies, 1780–1781
1718:Zion United Church of Christ
1452:
1268:Philip James de Loutherbourg
1020:
789:March 1782: 150,310 (47,223)
774:August 1777: 57,637 (23,694)
7:
5067:Wickwire, Franklin (1970).
5062:. London: Methuen & Co.
5008:
4743:Ketchum, Richard M (1997).
4697:Ketchum, Richard M (2004).
4614:
4581:
4438:
4339:
4335:. Albany, N.Y., J. Munsell.
4232:Barnes, Major R.M. (1972).
4212:
3491:". National Maritime Museum
3294:"Howe, William (1729–1814)"
3070:
3043:O'Shaughnessy (2013), p. 86
3034:O'Shaughnessy (2013), p. 81
2504:History of the British Army
2481:
2417:Second Continental Congress
2357:attempted to invade England
2181:and 1,600 gunners defended
1495:, the first battles of the
1232:
886:
810:Grenadiers (two battalions)
780:July 1779: 131,691 (47,624)
771:March 1776: 45,130 (14,374)
758:
741:from Savannah to Charleston
609:British commands in America
294:Second Continental Congress
10:
5108:
5092:American Revolutionary War
5009:Spring, Matthew H (2008).
4885:
4619:. London: Harper Collins.
4418:Clode, Charles M. (1869).
4307:Brumwell, Stephen (2006).
3609:, history-of-american-wars
3500:
2660:
2396:
2390:
2336:Invasion of Minorca (1781)
2325:
2295:San Juan Expedition (1780)
2288:
2266:
2260:
2239:defeated the Mysoreans at
2219:, and seizing the port of
2208:
2122:General Charles Cornwallis
2040:
1966:in 1779 ended in failure.
1921:
1878:
1797:
1693:
1583:
1538:
1497:American Revolutionary War
1461:
1361:American Revolutionary War
1338:
1277:
1173:
1169:
1120:
1024:
998:depicted in a portrait by
985:
768:April 1775: 27,063 (6,991)
745:Charleston, South Carolina
570:
496:
396:
274:American Revolutionary War
264:American Revolutionary War
261:
5028:Stedman, Charles (1794).
4949:Redcoat Officer 1740-1815
4946:
4927:
4908:
4840:McGuffie, Tom Henderson.
4769:
4724:Ketchum, Richard (1999).
4582:Hagist, Donald N (2012).
4523:Funcken, Liliane (1977).
4458:P. Davis, Robert (1999).
4382:Clayton, Anthony (2007).
4287:
4025:Tom Henderson McGuffie,
3451:
3205:Parkman, Francis (1995).
2929:Belcher, Volume I, p. 270
2051:The surrender of General
1626:Battle of Fort Washington
1541:Invasion of Quebec (1775)
1439:Allan Maclean of Torloisk
521:Commander-in-Chief, India
393:Structure and recruitment
4869:The men who lost America
4848:Nolan, Cathal J (2008).
4844:(Dufour Editions, 1965).
4747:. New York: Henry Holt.
4701:. New York: Henry Holt.
4615:Holmes, Richard (2002).
4512:Fortescue, John (1902).
4477:Duncan, Francis (1879).
4363:Chandler, David (2003).
4346:New Georgia Encyclopedia
4269:Boatner, Mark M (1994).
4122:Fortescue (1902), p. 538
4106:Fortescue (1902), p. 537
4094:Chandler, p. 132, para 2
4073:Chandler, p. 132, para 1
4009:Beatson, Robert (1804).
3606:History of American Wars
3576:Harrington (2007), p. 78
3567:Harrington (2007), p. 77
3344:Fortescue (1902), p. 269
3323:Fortescue (1902), p. 268
3271:Cusick (2013), pp. 60–61
3119:Brumwell (2006), p. 277.
2950:Duncan, Volume II, p. 15
2840:. orbat/. Archived from
2824:Fortescue (1902), p. 506
2615:. Americanrevolution.org
2602:Fortescue (1902), p. 172
2519:
2350:Great Siege of Gibraltar
2340:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1602:almost 200 years later.
1395:Friedrich Adolf Riedesel
877:Two provincial regiments
852:Two provincial regiments
819:Queen's Rangers regiment
464:After the losses at the
124:British Forces Gibraltar
5039:Swisher, James (2007).
4911:British Redcoat 1740-93
4676:—— (1997).
4604:19, no. 3 (Spring 2007)
4311:. Hambledon Continuum.
4241:Belcher, Henry (1911).
4236:. London: Sphere Books.
4213:Atwood, Rodney (2002).
3594:Springer (2008), p. 270
2799:. orbat. Archived from
2211:Second Anglo-Mysore War
2078:and led a small battle
1808:, by sea to attack the
1794:Philadelphia, 1777–1778
1726:Allentown, Pennsylvania
1590:After withdrawing from
1123:Red coat (British army)
863:One provincial regiment
804:Guards (two battalions)
5058:Wheeler, Owen (1914).
5043:. Pelican Publishing.
4822:Luzader, John (2010).
4483:. London: John Murray.
4085:Clayton (2007), p. 65.
3943:Spring (2008), p. 131.
3871:Swisher (2007), p. 148
3635:Spring (2008), p. 148.
3626:Spring (2008), p. 147.
3585:Swisher (2007), p. 156
3521:Clayton (2007), p. 64.
3394:Funcken (1977), p. 42.
3385:Funcken (1977), p. 24.
3376:Spring (2008), p. 149.
3353:Funcken (1977), p. 46.
3335:Clayton (2007), p. 63.
3186:Spring (2008), p. 143.
3156:Spring (2008), p. 139.
2663:, "The New Model Army"
2399:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2352:
2250:Status quo ante bellum
2205:East Indies, 1778–1783
2129:West Indies, 1778–1783
2126:
2059:
2034:
1944:
1942:Camden, South Carolina
1872:
1791:
1741:
1729:
1687:
1553:
1532:
1476:
1380:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1363:
1353:Wilhelm von Knyphausen
1255:
1212:
1047:
1002:
900:
654:
642:
626:
596:career. The system of
516:
416:
4951:. Osprey Publishing.
4947:Reid, Stuart (2002).
4932:. Osprey Publishing.
4928:Reid, Stuart (1995).
4913:. Osprey Publishing.
4909:Reid, Stuart (1997).
4634:Jaques, Tony (2007).
4494:Washington's Crossing
4367:. Oxford Paperbacks.
4149:10.1093/ref:odnb/8247
3984:Sudgen, John (2004).
3952:Jaques (2007), p. 882
3839:Grifth (2002), p. 423
3825:Ketchum (1997), p. 84
3816:Luzader (2010), p. 33
3544:"Soldier of the King"
3283:Cusick (2013), p. 61.
3262:Cusick (2013), p. 60.
3177:Atwood (2002), p. 96.
3095:Barnes (1972), p. 229
2673:Fortescue, Volume III
2496:British Empire portal
2397:Further information:
2347:
2314:however succeeded in
2267:Further information:
2257:Gulf Coast, 1779–1781
2223:. The Mysorean ruler
2165:and 1,500 gunners at
2118:
2050:
2026:
1932:The death of General
1931:
1868:
1856:Battle of White Marsh
1810:revolutionary capital
1800:Philadelphia campaign
1787:General Henry Clinton
1783:
1735:
1710:Philadelphia campaign
1703:
1677:
1647:. Washington and the
1607:Battle of Long Island
1548:
1524:
1516:Battle of Bunker Hill
1474:Battle of Bunker Hill
1471:
1370:. Units were sent by
1348:
1302:and six regiments of
1298:, seven regiments of
1240:
1207:
1117:Uniform and equipment
1034:
1007:Battle of Vigie Point
993:
917:French and Indian War
897:40th Regiment of Foot
894:
844:Two Hessian regiments
747:in December 1782 and
703:Philadelphia campaign
684:French and Indian War
648:
632:
616:
593:Victorian counterpart
550:anti-Catholic rioting
506:
410:
333:eastern North America
226:United Kingdom portal
129:British Forces Brunei
114:British Forces Cyprus
4888:"The New Model Army"
4871:. London: Oneworld.
4826:. New York: Oxford.
4527:. London: Wardlock.
4497:. New York: Oxford.
4439:Cusick, Ray (2013).
4288:Bonk, David (2009).
4041:The Battle of Jersey
3546:. americanrevolution
3411:on 27 September 2013
2847:on 27 September 2013
2806:on 27 September 2013
2586:Holmes (2002), p. 21
2124:, September 17, 1781
1881:Mount Hope Bay raids
1841:Battle of Germantown
1822:Battle of the Clouds
1818:Battle of Brandywine
1512:General William Howe
1378:, Duke Charles I of
1247:, who commanded the
1058:, while his brother
866:One Hessian regiment
580:purchase commissions
155:Other ranks insignia
109:British Army Germany
62:units and formations
38:British Armed Forces
4852:. Greenwood Press.
4462:. London: Praeger.
3925:Johnston, pp. 26–28
3362:Reid (1997), p. 54.
3314:Bonk (2009), p. 18.
3195:Bonk (2008), p. 18.
3165:Reid (1997), p. 45.
3128:Reid (1997), p. 32.
2708:, Vol. 2, pp. 13–14
2305:San Juan Expedition
2303:and in 1780 in the
2263:Gulf Coast campaign
2245:Treaty of Mangalore
2055:army following the
1740:'s army at Saratoga
1447:Frederick Haldimand
1066:. Loyalist pioneer
996:Battle of Princeton
895:A grenadier of the
598:sale of commissions
466:Battles of Saratoga
411:The British Army's
4428:Curtis, Edward E.
4134:"Sir David Dundas"
3713:Schecter, Barnet.
2962:Reid (2002), p. 11
2472:Charles Cornwallis
2361:capture of Minorca
2353:
2279:Siege of Pensacola
2275:Bernardo de Gálvez
2269:Siege of Pensacola
2060:
1982:Charles Cornwallis
1956:Archibald Campbell
1945:
1860:Battle of Monmouth
1852:Mifflin and Mercer
1742:
1730:
1638:Charles Cornwallis
1562:Richard Montgomery
1554:
1551:invasion of Canada
1520:Dorchester Heights
1477:
1413:Siege of Cuddalore
1364:
1359:forces during the
1350:Lieutenant General
1256:
1242:Lieutenant Colonel
1213:
1149:Pattern 1776 Rifle
1103:Ethiopian Regiment
1048:
1003:
901:
838:71st Foot regiment
655:
643:
627:
517:
417:
379:Charles Cornwallis
361:was introduced in
312:militias into the
296:, gathered in the
5050:978-15-898-0503-3
5020:978-0-806-141-527
4878:978-1-78074-246-5
4859:978-03-1333-046-9
4833:978-1-9327-148-52
4754:978-0-8050-6123-9
4708:978-0-8050-7396-6
4689:978-0-8050-4681-6
4645:978-0-313-33536-5
4593:978-15-941-616-74
4432:(Yale U.P. 1926)
4299:978-18-460-3350-6
4162:(Subscription or
3970:John W. Caughey,
2971:Reid (1995), p. 2
2322:Europe, 1779–1783
2057:Siege of Yorktown
2043:Yorktown campaign
2002:Battle of Cowpens
1971:Southern Colonies
1960:captured Savannah
1949:Sullivan's Island
1751:Brigadier General
1696:Saratoga campaign
1655:into present-day
1600:Normandy landings
1535:Canada, 1775–1776
1491:, leading to the
1458:Boston, 1774–1775
1431:Augustine Prévost
1296:Household Cavalry
1253:Southern Colonies
1245:Banastre Tarleton
1194:Baroness Riedesel
1186:regimental colour
961:In 1772, General
925:Battle of Cowpens
727:Siege of Yorktown
711:Sir Henry Clinton
693:In 1777, General
668:Earl of Effingham
641:from 1775 to 1778
567:The officer corps
515:from 1778 to 1782
374:Kingdom of France
329:Siege of Yorktown
318:Thirteen Colonies
306:George Washington
260:
259:
171:Current equipment
93:Army Headquarters
67:current regiments
5099:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5035:
5024:
5005:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4962:
4943:
4924:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4882:
4863:
4837:
4818:
4799:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4739:
4720:
4693:
4672:
4649:
4630:
4597:
4578:
4557:
4538:
4519:
4508:
4484:
4473:
4454:
4425:
4414:
4406:
4397:
4378:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4336:
4322:
4303:
4284:
4248:
4237:
4228:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4188:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:. amherstcollege
3233:
3227:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2587:
2584:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2438:in West Africa.
2332:Battle of Jersey
2110:Continental Army
2072:William Phillips
2006:Nathanael Greene
1987:Battle of Camden
1938:Battle of Camden
1649:Continental Army
1619:Manhattan Island
1611:Brooklyn Heights
1570:Battle of Quebec
1558:Fort Ticonderoga
1556:After capturing
1355:, who commanded
1160:Patrick Ferguson
1072:Butler's Rangers
1040:Native Americans
855:Waldeck regiment
625:in 1778 and 1784
421:Seven Years' War
344:Seven Years' War
314:Continental Army
252:
245:
238:
150:Officer insignia
41:
40:
25:
18:
17:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5051:
5021:
5002:
4975:
4973:
4959:
4940:
4921:
4896:
4894:
4879:
4860:
4834:
4815:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4755:
4736:
4709:
4690:
4646:
4627:
4594:
4554:
4535:
4505:
4470:
4451:
4394:
4375:
4350:
4348:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4261:Black, Jeremy.
4225:
4203:
4201:
4200:on 28 July 2012
4176:
4171:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4020:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:Ketchum, p. 208
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3903:Willcox, p. 157
3902:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:P. Davis, p. 78
3861:
3857:
3853:P. Davis, p. 77
3852:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3531:Fortescue, 1902
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2869:. History Today
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2428:Black Loyalists
2405:Treaty of Paris
2401:
2395:
2389:
2342:
2326:Main articles:
2324:
2297:
2289:Main articles:
2287:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2213:
2207:
2131:
2068:Benedict Arnold
2045:
2039:
1995:King's Mountain
1964:retake Savannah
1940:in present-day
1926:
1920:
1911:British outpost
1895:
1893:Chesapeake raid
1877:
1866:along the way.
1862:in present-day
1826:Battle of Paoli
1802:
1796:
1754:Barry St. Leger
1722:Hamilton Street
1720:on present-day
1698:
1692:
1669:Assunpink Creek
1605:In the ensuing
1588:
1582:
1566:Fort Saint-Jean
1543:
1537:
1485:powder magazine
1466:
1464:Boston campaign
1460:
1455:
1343:
1337:
1280:
1235:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1129:
1119:
1056:Queen's Rangers
1029:
1023:
988:
940:
889:
761:
722:Lord Cornwallis
664:Augustus Keppel
619:British America
611:
575:
569:
509:Jeffery Amherst
501:
495:
405:
395:
337:Treaty of Paris
288:in present-day
266:
256:
220:
202:
145:Senior officers
73:
72:
35:
34:
33:
12:
11:
5:
5105:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5074:
5073:
5064:
5055:
5049:
5036:
5025:
5019:
5006:
5000:
4985:
4963:
4957:
4944:
4938:
4925:
4919:
4906:
4883:
4877:
4864:
4858:
4845:
4838:
4832:
4819:
4814:978-0806527161
4813:
4800:
4776:. B.F. Stevens
4767:
4753:
4740:
4734:
4721:
4707:
4694:
4688:
4673:
4650:
4644:
4631:
4625:
4612:
4598:
4592:
4579:
4558:
4552:
4539:
4533:
4520:
4509:
4503:
4489:Fischer, David
4485:
4474:
4468:
4455:
4449:
4436:
4426:
4415:
4398:
4393:978-1781592878
4392:
4379:
4373:
4360:
4337:
4327:Burgoyne, John
4323:
4317:
4304:
4298:
4285:
4279:
4266:
4259:
4249:
4238:
4229:
4223:
4210:
4189:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4124:
4108:
4096:
4087:
4075:
4066:
4054:
4044:, jersey.co.uk
4031:
4018:
4001:
3994:
3976:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3905:
3896:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3841:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3786:
3763:
3751:
3743:Fischer (2006)
3735:
3733:Ketchum p. 111
3726:
3706:
3683:
3660:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3557:
3535:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3493:
3480:
3478:, pp. 263, 288
3476:Burgoyne, 1860
3468:
3464:Burgoyne, 1860
3456:
3454:, pp. 263, 288
3444:
3433:. 62ndregiment
3422:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3285:
3273:
3264:
3250:
3228:
3221:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3167:
3158:
3142:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3110:, p. 112.
3097:
3088:
3075:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2952:
2943:
2931:
2922:
2910:
2901:
2889:
2880:
2858:
2826:
2817:
2785:
2776:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2698:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2604:
2588:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2483:
2480:
2403:Following the
2388:
2385:
2328:Armada of 1779
2323:
2320:
2312:Edward Despard
2286:
2283:
2261:Main article:
2258:
2255:
2209:Main article:
2206:
2203:
2130:
2127:
2106:Chesapeake Bay
2099:Chesapeake Bay
2087:North Carolina
2041:Main article:
2038:
2037:Yorktown, 1781
2035:
2030:Charles O’Hara
2022:South Carolina
2014:North Carolina
1934:Johann de Kalb
1922:Main article:
1919:
1916:
1876:
1873:
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1694:Main article:
1691:
1690:Saratoga, 1777
1688:
1653:Delaware River
1584:Main article:
1581:
1578:
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1530:, 5 March 1776
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1420:Company armies
1407:Soldiers from
1339:Main article:
1336:
1333:
1316:British Legion
1304:Light Dragoons
1300:Dragoon Guards
1279:
1276:
1249:British Legion
1234:
1231:
1201:
1198:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1153:Ferguson Rifle
1118:
1115:
1064:King's Rangers
1022:
1019:
987:
984:
939:
938:Light infantry
936:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
867:
864:
858:
857:
856:
853:
847:
846:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
831:
825:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
760:
757:
610:
607:
571:Main article:
568:
565:
507:Field Marshal
497:Main article:
494:
491:
437:New Model Army
394:
391:
350:hastily hired
262:Main article:
258:
257:
255:
254:
247:
240:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
219:
218:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
190:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:
173:
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
139:
138:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
103:
102:
98:
97:
96:
95:
87:
86:
85:Administration
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
64:
57:
53:
48:
47:
43:
42:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5104:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
5001:0-8027-1374-2
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4958:18-41763-79-9
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4939:18-55325-15-2
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4920:18-55325-54-3
4916:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4735:0-8050-6098-7
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:. Macmillan.
4681:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4553:025-20-70-607
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4534:07-063-5181-9
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4504:01-951-815-9X
4500:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4469:03-1331-020-3
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4450:9781781592878
4446:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:. Routledge.
4385:
4380:
4376:
4374:01-9280-31-15
4370:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4280:0-8117-0578-1
4276:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4165:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4063:
4062:Lanning, 2005
4058:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3995:0-224-06097-X
3991:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3761:, p. 37.
3760:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3723:0-8027-1374-2
3720:
3716:
3710:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3432:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3320:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3222:0-306-80621-5
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3024:
3023:Ketchum, 1997
3019:
3012:
3011:Ketchum, 1997
3007:
3000:
2999:Stedman, 1794
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2941:, pp. 193–196
2940:
2939:Lanning, 2009
2935:
2926:
2919:
2918:Armatys, 2005
2914:
2905:
2898:
2897:Duffy, 2005
2893:
2887:Hagist (2012)
2884:
2868:
2862:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2772:Andrews, 1912
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2686:
2685:Wheeler, 1914
2681:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2557:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:Prussian Army
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2379:and again in
2378:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:successfully
1957:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Penobscot Bay
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:Henry Clinton
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:Bemis Heights
1770:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:John Burgoyne
1739:
1738:John Burgoyne
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Count William
1369:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:light cavalry
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:heavy cavalry
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:Cherry Valley
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Robert Rogers
1046:in the north.
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1001:
1000:John Trumbull
997:
992:
983:
979:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
935:
933:
928:
926:
920:
918:
912:
910:
906:
898:
893:
879:
876:
873:
872:
870:
865:
862:
861:
859:
854:
851:
850:
848:
843:
840:
837:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
765:
756:
754:
750:
749:New York City
746:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:John Burgoyne
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
665:
661:
660:North America
652:
651:Henry Clinton
647:
640:
636:
631:
624:
620:
615:
606:
602:
599:
594:
590:
584:
581:
574:
564:
562:
561:George German
558:
553:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
510:
505:
500:
490:
488:
482:
480:
476:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
424:
422:
414:
409:
404:
400:
390:
388:
387:North America
384:
380:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
348:British Crown
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:revolutionary
295:
291:
290:Massachusetts
287:
283:
279:
278:North America
275:
271:
265:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
233:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:Installations
214:
213:
211:
210:
206:
205:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
136:
135:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
84:
83:
78:
75:
68:
65:
63:
59:
58:
56:
52:
51:
50:
49:
45:
44:
39:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
5068:
5059:
5040:
5030:
5010:
4990:
4981:
4976:21 September
4974:. Retrieved
4968:
4948:
4929:
4910:
4902:
4897:21 September
4895:. Retrieved
4891:
4868:
4849:
4841:
4823:
4804:
4780:21 September
4778:. Retrieved
4772:
4744:
4725:
4698:
4678:
4655:
4635:
4626:0-00653-1520
4616:
4601:
4583:
4566:
4562:
4543:
4524:
4514:
4493:
4479:
4459:
4440:
4429:
4420:
4408:
4383:
4364:
4356:
4351:21 September
4349:. Retrieved
4345:
4331:
4308:
4289:
4270:
4262:
4252:
4243:
4233:
4224:0521-5263-7X
4215:The Hessians
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4198:the original
4183:
4174:Bibliography
4154:21 September
4152:. Retrieved
4138:
4127:
4090:
4069:
4057:
4048:23 September
4046:, retrieved
4040:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3913:
3908:
3899:
3890:22 September
3888:, retrieved
3882:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3821:
3812:
3801:, retrieved
3795:
3789:
3778:, retrieved
3772:
3766:
3759:Fischer 2006
3754:
3738:
3729:
3714:
3709:
3698:, retrieved
3692:
3686:
3677:24 September
3675:, retrieved
3669:
3663:
3654:24 September
3652:, retrieved
3650:, ushistorys
3646:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:23 September
3611:, retrieved
3605:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3550:23 September
3548:. Retrieved
3538:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3501:Hagist, 2011
3496:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3437:23 September
3435:. Retrieved
3425:
3415:23 September
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3399:
3390:
3381:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3319:
3310:
3300:23 September
3298:. Retrieved
3288:
3267:
3243:23 September
3241:. Retrieved
3231:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3161:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3071:Cashin, 2005
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2946:
2934:
2925:
2913:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2873:23 September
2871:. Retrieved
2861:
2851:23 September
2849:. Retrieved
2842:the original
2829:
2820:
2810:23 September
2808:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2788:
2779:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2701:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2619:23 September
2617:. Retrieved
2607:
2556:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2454:David Dundas
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:Sierra Leone
2425:
2421:Philadelphia
2409:Guy Carleton
2402:
2369:
2354:
2309:
2298:
2272:
2248:
2214:
2151:
2132:
2119:
2103:
2084:
2061:
2053:Cornwallis's
2032:, March 1781
2027:
1999:
1979:
1968:
1953:
1946:
1899:Rhode Island
1896:
1889:Tryon's raid
1869:
1845:
1830:
1814:Philadelphia
1803:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1758:General Howe
1743:
1714:Liberty Bell
1706:Philadelphia
1680:
1678:
1657:Pennsylvania
1651:crossed the
1642:
1623:
1604:
1589:
1574:Guy Carleton
1555:
1528:General Howe
1525:
1509:
1501:
1478:
1417:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1368:Hesse-Cassel
1365:
1308:
1281:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1209:Flagellation
1190:
1184:) and their
1179:
1157:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1107:
1094:Thomas Brown
1087:Joseph Brant
1084:
1060:James Rogers
1049:
1036:Joseph Brant
1015:
1011:
1004:
980:
974:
972:
966:
960:
956:
951:
941:
929:
921:
913:
902:
792:
762:
738:
734:Guy Carleton
731:
719:
715:
692:
688:Richard Howe
676:William Howe
673:
656:
635:William Howe
603:
585:
576:
554:
518:
483:
471:
463:
457:
441:
425:
418:
371:
341:
326:
308:to organize
304:, appointed
302:Philadelphia
269:
267:
77:Army Reserve
31:British Army
15:
4892:BCW Project
4807:. Citadel.
2706:Clode, 1869
2661:Plant, 2007
2217:Pondicherry
2183:Saint Lucia
2167:Saint Kitts
2139:James Grant
2016:and invade
1885:Grey's raid
1789:, July 1777
1630:Continental
1596:Long Island
1481:Thomas Gage
1376:Hesse-Hanau
1325:Long Island
1284:cuirassiers
1134:slouch hats
1111:Colonel Tye
1068:John Butler
1054:formed the
948:George Howe
680:Thomas Gage
623:West Indies
525:East Indies
459:Impressment
389:to an end.
359:impressment
300:capital of
198:Recruitment
5081:Categories
4443:. Oxford.
4318:1852855533
4166:required.)
3912:Wickwire;
3803:9 February
3780:9 February
3700:9 February
3696:, rootsweb
3452:Howe, 1890
3138:Nolan 2008
3108:Nolan 2008
2568:References
2551:regiments.
2432:Black Poor
2413:evacuation
2411:began the
2391:See also:
2241:Porto Novo
2237:Eyre Coote
2141:landed in
2114:Rochambeau
2091:skirmishes
2076:Petersburg
1907:expedition
1879:See also:
1864:New Jersey
1763:Bennington
1645:New Jersey
1615:East River
1329:Brandywine
1318:combined,
1200:Daily life
1182:Union flag
1145:Brown Bess
1121:See also:
1038:, who led
1025:See also:
637:, British
493:Leadership
413:press gang
397:See also:
46:Components
4790:cite book
4610:1040-5992
4518:. Oxford.
3916:; p. 315.
3799:, archive
3776:, archive
2281:in 1781.
2225:Hyder Ali
2199:Caribbean
2195:60th Foot
2179:49th Foot
2163:55th Foot
2143:St. Lucia
2095:Lafayette
2080:Blandford
1975:Loyalists
1846:After an
1835:from Sir
1673:Princeton
1453:Campaigns
1270:known as
1044:Loyalists
1021:Loyalists
639:Commander
552:in 1780.
282:Caribbean
163:Equipment
137:Personnel
4763:41397623
4717:54461977
4575:44232931
4491:(2006).
4064:, p. 161
3001:, p. 309
2482:See also
2233:Pollilur
2229:Carnatic
2064:Virginia
2018:Virginia
1991:Ferguson
1806:Hessians
1636:ordered
1435:Savannah
1292:dragoons
1233:Training
1222:the lash
1062:led the
932:Hessians
907:and the
887:Infantry
759:Strength
707:New York
621:and the
589:Georgian
546:invasion
533:Americas
527:and the
487:Hessians
367:Scotland
322:declared
207:Location
193:Timeline
101:Overseas
4265:(2001).
4204:10 June
4029:(1965).
3974:(1934).
3533:, p. 35
3466:, p. 74
3213:356–357
3025:, p. 77
3013:, p. 76
2899:, p. 61
2774:, p. 32
2687:, p. 90
2675:, p. 41
2476:Prussia
2187:Antigua
1936:at the
1833:support
1708:in the
1665:Trenton
1489:Concord
1409:Hanover
1357:Hessian
1278:Cavalry
1251:in the
1170:Colours
1091:Colonel
1076:Wyoming
1005:At the
986:Tactics
899:in 1767
479:England
475:Ireland
429:private
363:England
355:Hessian
335:in the
310:patriot
188:History
179:History
36:of the
5047:
5017:
4998:
4955:
4936:
4917:
4875:
4856:
4830:
4811:
4761:
4751:
4732:
4715:
4705:
4686:
4669:426009
4667:
4642:
4623:
4608:
4590:
4573:
4550:
4531:
4501:
4466:
4447:
4434:online
4390:
4371:
4315:
4296:
4277:
4221:
4160:
3992:
3886:, almc
3747:p. 121
3721:
3219:
2373:Jersey
2338:, and
2177:, and
2169:. The
2161:, and
2135:Nassau
1891:, and
1592:Boston
1504:Boston
1443:Quebec
1427:sepoys
1424:Indian
1402:Jägers
1311:horses
1164:Jagers
1158:Major
965:wrote
952:ad-hoc
699:Canada
444:bounty
352:German
280:, the
4571:JSTOR
3673:, wpi
2845:(PDF)
2838:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2797:(PDF)
2520:Notes
2375:, in
383:Whigs
5045:ISBN
5015:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4978:2020
4953:ISBN
4934:ISBN
4915:ISBN
4899:2020
4873:ISBN
4854:ISBN
4828:ISBN
4809:ISBN
4796:link
4782:2020
4759:OCLC
4749:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4713:OCLC
4703:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4665:OCLC
4640:ISBN
4621:ISBN
4606:ISSN
4588:ISBN
4548:ISBN
4529:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4388:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4353:2020
4313:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4206:2017
4156:2013
4050:2013
3990:ISBN
3892:2013
3805:2015
3782:2015
3719:ISBN
3702:2015
3679:2013
3656:2013
3615:2013
3552:2013
3439:2013
3417:2013
3302:2013
3245:2013
3217:ISBN
2875:2013
2853:2013
2812:2013
2621:2013
2381:1781
2377:1779
2293:and
2221:Mahé
2193:and
2191:40th
2175:35th
2171:27th
2159:28th
2155:15th
1634:Howe
1400:The
1327:and
1125:and
1078:and
1042:and
909:33rd
905:23rd
674:Sir
649:Sir
633:Sir
519:The
477:and
450:1.10
401:and
365:and
268:The
55:Army
4145:doi
2419:in
1993:at
1812:of
1724:in
1716:to
1682:sic
1374:of
1286:or
446:of
5083::
4980:.
4901:.
4890:.
4792:}}
4788:{{
4757:.
4711:.
4663:.
4661:34
4567:89
4565:.
4407:.
4355:.
4344:.
4137:.
4111:^
4099:^
4078:^
3844:^
3830:^
3745:,
3560:^
3367:^
3328:^
3276:^
3253:^
3215:.
3170:^
3145:^
3100:^
2955:^
2591:^
2575:^
2460:.
2383:.
2334:,
2330:,
2253:.
2173:,
2157:,
2082:.
1951:.
1887:,
1883:,
1843:.
1765:.
1621:.
1499:.
1415:.
1082:.
713:.
559:,
511:,
433:d.
320:,
5053:.
5023:.
5004:.
4961:.
4942:.
4923:.
4881:.
4862:.
4836:.
4817:.
4798:)
4784:.
4765:.
4738:.
4719:.
4692:.
4671:.
4648:.
4629:.
4596:.
4577:.
4556:.
4537:.
4507:.
4472:.
4453:.
4396:.
4377:.
4321:.
4302:.
4283:.
4227:.
4208:.
4158:.
4147::
3998:.
3749:.
3554:.
3487:"
3441:.
3419:.
3304:.
3247:.
3225:.
2877:.
2855:.
2814:.
2623:.
452:s
448:£
251:e
244:t
237:v
69:)
60:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.