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are built by the female in a cup-like shape and are bonded with mud or other securing substances. The color of the nest usually matches the coloration of the eggs and the surrounding environment as it is crucial to survival. Brewer's blackbird chicks do not immediately open their eyes upon hatching and do not hatch with feathers.
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433:. They are also very common in parking lots or around schools, and easily acclimate to the presence of people. They can live in low elevation, as low as below sea level in Southern California, and elevation as high as 8,000 feet. They are capable of surviving in diverse environments, including marshlands and forests.
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large as possible. They will point their beak out forward. Their clutch size can vary, usually between 3–7. Eggs are usually a tan color with darker speckles throughout to allow for camouflage. The female bird primarily incubates for 12–14 days. The chicks leave the nest only 2 weeks after hatching.
473:
They forage in shallow water or in fields, mainly eating seeds and insects, some berries. They sometimes catch insects in flight. They feed in flocks outside of the breeding season, sometimes with other blackbirds. In marshy areas, they are known to stand on aquatic plants and wade in shallow water
486:
Nests are not built in isolation, but in colonies of up to 30 pairs. Pairs prefer to nest in areas that are around 20–40' in treetops. However, colonies that live near water may also nest in reeds and other freshwater plants. Nests are made from nearby material such as reeds, sticks and hair. They
482:
These birds have mates but the mates don't stay together all year round. The same pair tends to reunite for mating season and both parents take a role in feeding. During mating, male Brewer's blackbirds will puff up their feathers while simultaneously spreading out their wings and tail to look as
325:
with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow.
508:
They are moderately threatened by climate change. However, this could change if temperatures continue to rise. If temperatures rise by 3 degrees celsius, they could lose 30% of their range. Heat and wildfires are particularly threatening. Their numbers have dropped 57% from 1966 to 2019. It is
464:
Brewer's blackbirds often walk along the ground. They can be seen making jerking motions with their heads. In colder months, these birds tend to flock together and forage. Sometimes, other species of blackbirds will join these flocks. During nesting season, their foraging behavior becomes more
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committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other
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When Brewer's blackbirds identify threats, such as hawks or even humans, they dive towards them and omit an alarm call. Sometimes, when particularly threatened, they will use physical force on predators.
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but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the
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independent. Brewer's blackbirds have been seen cleverly following vehicles plowing fields, eating the churned up insects.
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to catch insects. Some have even been known to eat smaller mammals, amphibians, and the nestlings of other birds.
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847:"Analysis of the Eastward Breeding Expansion of Brewer's Blackbird Plus General Aspects of Avian Expansions"
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956:"Migratory Bird Permits; Removal of Yellow-billed Magpie and Other Revisions to Depredation Order"
942:"List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013"
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Their breeding habitat is open and semi-open areas, often near water, across central and western
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estimated that there are currently 23 million Brewer's blackbirds in the wild.
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1021:"Avian Conservation Assessment Database Scores – Partners in Flight Databases"
821:"Brewer's Blackbird Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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region. They have expanded their habitat as recently as the 20th century.
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912:"Egg coloration and selection for crypsis in open-nesting blackbirds"
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The iridescent purple head of the male is a distinguishing feature.
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These birds are often permanent residents in the west. Other birds
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in Spring. The range of this bird has been expanding east in the
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Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the
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910:
Westmoreland, David; A. Kiltie, Richard (November 2007).
680:(5th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p.
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Peterson, Roger Tory; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002).
996:"BBS - About - USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center"
625:
909:
845:Stepney, P.H.R.; Power, Dennis M. (December 1973).
1548:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
724:
673:
709:. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 359.
651:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724332A94861418.en
1509:
671:
499:) is protected in the United States under the
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334:purple. This bird is often mistaken for the
873:"Development of Young Brewer's Blackbirds"
776:
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676:Birds of Eastern and Central North America
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29:
1543:Native birds of the Western United States
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40:Esquimalt Lagoon Migratory Bird Sanctuary
1324:brewers-blackbird-euphagus-cyanocephalus
278:
704:
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1510:
1095:Audio recordings of Brewer's blackbird
838:
749:
719:
418:29.5–33.5 mm (1.16–1.32 in)
309:. It is named after the ornithologist
1538:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
1109:
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1083:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
870:
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813:
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807:
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398:95–102.5 mm (3.74–4.04 in)
1089:Brewer's blackbird photo gallery
408:20.4–24 mm (0.80–0.94 in)
1553:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
1518:IUCN Red List least concern species
1081:Explore Species: Brewer's blackbird
934:
637:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
619:
490:
13:
969:(214): 65595–65602. Archived from
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388:121–133 mm (4.8–5.2 in)
14:
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1066:Eastern Ecological Science Center
1038:
944:. US Fish & Wildlife Service.
501:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
358:8–10.3 in (200–260 mm)
928:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04066.x
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1073:BirdLife species factsheet for
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626:BirdLife International (2016).
477:
292:Female Brewer's blackbird calls
1533:Native birds of Western Canada
903:
864:
316:
1:
1052:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
612:
1091:at VIREO (Drexel University)
871:Balph, Martha Hatch (1975).
7:
731:. New York: Knopf. p.
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378:15.5 in (390 mm)
61:San Luis Obispo, California
10:
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607:Brewer's blackbird calling
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442:Southeastern United States
424:
1466:Psarocolius cyanocephalus
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727:The Sibley Guide to Birds
705:Godfrey, W. Earl (1966).
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99:Scientific classification
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916:Journal of Avian Biology
644:: e.T22724332A94861418.
368:63 g (2.2 oz)
1558:Birds described in 1829
321:Adult males have black
24:Brewer's blackbird
1454:Euphagus-cyanocephalus
1174:Euphagus_cyanocephalus
1149:Euphagus cyanocephalus
1119:Euphagus cyanocephalus
1075:Euphagus cyanocephalus
1060:Euphagus cyanocephalus
630:Euphagus cyanocephalus
497:Euphagus cyanocephalus
348:Standard Measurements
302:Euphagus cyanocephalus
293:
247: Year-round range
208:Euphagus cyanocephalus
1436:Paleobiology Database
825:www.allaboutbirds.org
291:
253: Wintering range
190:E. cyanocephalus
1058:"Brewer's Blackbird
1046:"Brewer's Blackbird"
782:"Brewer's Blackbird"
495:Brewer's blackbird (
305:) is a medium-sized
241: Breeding range
1528:American blackbirds
877:The Wilson Bulletin
854:The Wilson Bulletin
721:Sibley, David Allen
707:The Birds of Canada
307:New World blackbird
69:Conservation status
788:. 13 November 2014
340:Eurasian blackbird
311:Thomas Mayo Brewer
297:Brewer's blackbird
294:
1505:
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1423:Open Tree of Life
1311:brewers-blackbird
1111:Taxon identifiers
1000:www.pwrc.usgs.gov
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491:Protected status
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976:on 18 July 2017
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1039:External links
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971:the original
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1410:Neotropical
1384:NatureServe
1332:iNaturalist
1143:Wikispecies
657:13 November
450:Great Lakes
317:Description
1512:Categories
1481:Q109578359
1449:Xeno-canto
1099:Xeno-canto
1026:23 October
1005:23 October
830:23 October
792:23 October
613:References
332:iridescent
59:Female in
889:0043-5643
506:nuisance.
233:Range of
184:Species:
166:Icteridae
122:Kingdom:
116:Eukaryota
1523:Euphagus
1475:Wikidata
1389:2.101341
1376:22724332
1350:10857280
1262:45511162
1200:22724332
1195:BirdLife
1128:Wikidata
723:(2000).
456:Behavior
374:wingspan
260:Synonyms
177:Euphagus
162:Family:
136:Chordata
132:Phylum:
126:Animalia
112:Domain:
89:IUCN 3.1
38:Male in
1495:9722975
1301:2484183
1182:Avibase
1134:Q339139
1068:. USGS.
897:4160619
786:Audubon
513:Gallery
469:Feeding
440:to the
438:migrate
425:Habitat
323:plumage
218:, 1829)
172:Genus:
152:Order:
142:Class:
87: (
1441:368522
1428:264500
1415:brebla
1363:179094
1308:GNAB:
1283:EURING
1275:EUPACY
1249:brebla
1223:brebla
1162:brebla
980:17 May
895:
887:
739:
688:
544:female
446:Mexico
414:tarsus
404:culmen
364:weight
354:length
251:
245:
239:
216:Wagler
1402:84817
1345:IRMNG
1337:10325
1288:19000
1244:eBird
1236:3CM7X
1220:BOW:
1213:11432
974:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
893:JSTOR
850:(PDF)
1490:GBIF
1397:NCBI
1371:IUCN
1358:ITIS
1296:GBIF
1270:EPPO
1208:BOLD
1028:2023
1007:2023
982:2018
885:ISSN
832:2023
794:2022
737:ISBN
686:ISBN
659:2021
642:2016
529:male
444:and
394:tail
384:wing
146:Aves
1319:IBC
1257:EoL
1231:CoL
1169:ADW
1158:ABA
1097:on
924:doi
733:514
682:310
646:doi
1514::
1492::
1477::
1451::
1438::
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1399::
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1184::
1171::
1160::
1145::
1130::
1064:.
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998:.
967:79
965:.
961:.
920:38
918:.
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891:.
881:87
879:.
875:.
858:85
856:.
852:.
823:.
802:^
784:.
751:^
735:.
684:.
640:.
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342:.
313:.
42:,
1101:.
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930:.
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796:.
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661:.
648::
632:"
628:"
299:(
214:(
91:)
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