399:
417:
cycle statistical average. For example, the cycle average value of BSFC for a gasoline engine is 322 g/(kW⋅h), translating to an efficiency of 25% (1/(322 × 0.0122225) = 0.2540). Actual efficiency can be lower or higher than the engine’s average due to varying operating conditions. In the case
412:
Any engine will have different BSFC values at different speeds and loads. For example, a reciprocating engine achieves maximum efficiency when the intake air is unthrottled and the engine is running near its peak torque. The efficiency often reported for a particular engine, however, is not its
441:
BSFC numbers change a lot for different engine designs, and compression ratio and power rating. Engines of different classes like diesels and gasoline engines will have very different BSFC numbers, ranging from less than 200 g/(kW⋅h) (diesel at low speed and high torque) to more than
450:
The following table takes values as an example for the specific fuel consumption of several types of engines. For specific engines values can and often do differ from the table values shown below.
130:
2974:
2345:
2932:
1510:
2576:
2494:
211:
3138:
293:
233:
2881:
2998:
313:
259:
3122:
181:
157:
315:
may be readily measured by instrumentation with an engine mounted in a test stand and a load applied to the running engine. The resulting units of BSFC are
2383:
Shimizu, Ritsuharu; Tadokoro, Tomoo; Nakanishi, Toru; Funamoto, Junichi (1992-02-01). "Mazda 4-Rotor Rotary Engine for the Le Mans 24-Hour
Endurance Race".
361:(LHV) is used for internal-combustion-engine-efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below 150 °C (300 °F) cannot be put to use.
1690:
418:
of a production gasoline engine, the most efficient BSFC is approximately 225 g/(kW⋅h), which is equivalent to a thermodynamic efficiency of 36%.
2540:
17:
2778:
2981:
421:
An iso-BSFC map (fuel island plot) of a diesel engine is shown. The sweet spot at 206 BSFC has 40.6% efficiency. The x-axis is rpm; y-axis is
2939:
2898:
1655:
3154:
Heywood J B 1988 Pollutant formation and control. Internal combustion engine fundamentals Int. edn (New York: Mc-Graw Hill) pp 572–577
2583:
2608:
3091:
2915:
2864:
2414:
2301:
41:
of any prime mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power. It is typically used for comparing the efficiency of
2445:
3077:
2370:
2818:"The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection"
3029:
3005:
2557:
2365:
Günter Mau: Handbuch
Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984,
2764:
1545:
2281:
1336:
390:
Thus a diesel engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0119531) and a gasoline engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0122225)
100:
3162:
3157:
2825:
2641:
2127:
595:
556:
75:
fuel consumption, for this reason. BSFC allows the fuel efficiency of different engines to be directly compared.
3047:
2634:"Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II - Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economy"
2722:
2663:
3098:
2956:
1941:
1245:
451:
2736:
2261:
414:
42:
2526:
3182:
2054:
993:
2785:
2464:
Otobe, Yutaka; Goto, Osamu; Miyano, Hideyo; Kawamoto, Michio; Aoki, Akio; Ogawa, Tohru (1989-02-01),
1261:
2802:
2465:
354:
To calculate the actual efficiency of an engine requires the energy density of the fuel being used.
187:
3187:
3177:
2266:
1550:
1441:
1399:
3048:"Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave"
2114:
efficiency is only good at high power; SFC increases dramatically for approach at low power (30% P
2271:
1581:
1220:
56:
produced. In traditional units, it measures fuel consumption in pounds per hour divided by the
2276:
2093:
2059:
1990:
1953:
1916:
1878:
1773:
1708:
1595:
1265:
1479:
1169:
932:
832:
278:
218:
1294:
946:
828:
375:
298:
244:
2615:
2503:
8:
1704:
1412:
1257:
527:
455:
358:
357:
Different fuels have different energy densities defined by the fuel's heating value. The
2750:
3102:
2847:
1733:
1103:
236:
166:
142:
2688:
Kaiser, Sascha; Donnerhack, Stefan; Lundbladh, Anders; Seitz, Arne (27–29 July 2015).
2421:
2308:
3144:
2689:
2396:
2366:
2023:
1986:
1949:
1912:
1874:
1809:
1591:
1449:
898:
518:
3051:
2829:
2695:
2645:
2633:
2511:
2473:
2388:
2084:
2048:
1394:
1328:
1208:
1140:
1060:
869:
791:
649:
634:
570:
531:
79:
57:
3132:
398:
72:
1556:
1485:
1128:
1069:
407:
65:
53:
38:
1361:
857:
3171:
2817:
2400:
1903:
1804:
1798:
1416:
1094:
907:
674:
327:
3163:
Exemplary maps for commercial car engines collected by ecomodder forum users
3158:
Well-to-Wheel
Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle
2376:
3127:
2541:"Advanced Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Engine Development"
1834:
1474:
1403:
1369:
1303:
1269:
1144:
262:
3148:
2649:
459:
83:
2699:
2014:
1977:
1865:
1586:
1216:
1179:
1174:
1030:
1025:
942:
937:
873:
787:
782:
752:
716:
711:
645:
640:
605:
600:
566:
561:
426:
3055:
2111:
1764:
984:
816:
512:
3101:. June 2001. p. PW127F engine gaseous emissions. Archived from
1700:
393:
2833:
2477:
2392:
1665:
1408:
1253:
1136:
989:
865:
824:
609:
523:
463:
371:
61:
3078:"GE Unveils New H-Class Gas Turbine—and Already Has a First Order"
2632:
Muta, Koichiro; Yamazaki, Makoto; Tokieda, Junji (8 March 2004).
1620:
1520:
2382:
3151:
temperature and exhaust opacity in compression ignition engines
2751:"The new Audi A8 3.3 TDI quattro: Top TDI for the luxury class"
1183:
1019:
777:
430:
2687:
2694:. AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (51st ed.).
979:
954:
950:
720:
364:
Some examples of lower heating values for vehicle fuels are:
320:
27:
Measure of the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines
2664:"GA-ASI's Improved Gray Eagle Flies Over 45 Hours Non-Stop"
1034:
422:
316:
49:
2691:
A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio
1630:
705:
82:" refers to a historical method of measuring torque (see
2546:. Ford Research and Advanced Engineering. May 13, 2011.
2463:
2848:"Realizing Future Trends in Diesel Engine Development"
160:
is the fuel consumption rate in grams per second (g/s)
384:
Diesel fuel = 18,500 BTU/lb (0.0119531 kW⋅h/g)
381:
Regular gasoline = 18,917 BTU/lb (0.0122222 kW⋅h/g)
338:
The conversion between metric and imperial units is:
301:
281:
247:
221:
190:
169:
145:
103:
3092:"ATR: The Optimum Choice for a Friendly Environment"
2606:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
442:
1,000 g/(kW⋅h) (turboprop at low power level).
2631:
2101:
2098:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2008:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1859:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1827:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1791:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1726:
1723:
1715:
1712:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1574:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1524:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1387:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1354:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1321:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1238:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1201:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1052:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1012:
1009:
1001:
998:
972:
969:
961:
958:
925:
922:
914:
911:
891:
888:
880:
877:
850:
847:
839:
836:
809:
806:
798:
795:
770:
767:
759:
756:
738:
735:
727:
724:
698:
695:
687:
684:
667:
664:
656:
653:
627:
624:
616:
613:
588:
585:
577:
574:
549:
546:
538:
535:
505:
502:
2816:Stock, Dieter; Bauder, Richard (1 February 1990).
307:
287:
253:
227:
205:
175:
151:
124:
64:, this corresponds to the inverse of the units of
2466:"Honda Formula One Turbo-charged V-6 1.5L Engine"
2325:
394:Operating values and as a cycle average statistic
330:(g/(kW⋅h)). The conversion factor is as follows:
326:Commonly BSFC is expressed in units of grams per
94:The brake-specific fuel consumption is given by,
3169:
2524:
3045:
2681:
2488:
2486:
2387:. Vol. 1. SAE International. p. 4.
445:
2492:
2453:, Lycoming, Jan 2007, pp. 3–8 version-L
125:{\displaystyle {\text{BSFC}}={\frac {r}{P}}}
2815:
2161:1,282 g/(kW⋅h) (2.108 lb/(hp⋅h))
3030:"MAN B&W G95ME-C9.2-TII Project Guide"
2999:"MAN B&W S80ME-C9.4-TII Project Guide"
2765:"Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II"
2725:. Civil Engineering Handbook. 19 Mar 2015.
2483:
436:
2805:(in French). Auto-innovations. June 2007.
2359:
2246:290 g/(kW⋅h) (0.477 lb/(hp⋅h))
2229:300 g/(kW⋅h) (0.493 lb/(hp⋅h))
2212:308 g/(kW⋅h) (0.506 lb/(hp⋅h))
2195:312 g/(kW⋅h) (0.513 lb/(hp⋅h))
2178:502 g/(kW⋅h) (0.825 lb/(hp⋅h))
466:, 43.9 MJ/kg (82 g/(kW⋅h)) for gasoline.
349:
2784:. General Electric. 2016. Archived from
2753:(Press release). Audi AG. July 10, 2000.
2607:Kimble D. McCutcheon (27 October 2014).
397:
14:
3170:
3084:
3004:. Man Diesel. May 2014. Archived from
2853:. Society of Automotive Engineers/VAG.
2565:, Lycoming, October 2006, pp. 3–8
2496:GE turbines and small engines overview
2518:
184:is the power produced in watts where
682:Stationary industrial Diesel engine
3128:HowStuffWorks: How Car Engines Work
3035:. Man Diesel. May 2014. p. 16.
2582:. Rolls-Royce. 2012. Archived from
2527:"Are Airplane Engines Inefficient?"
2493:Peter deBock (September 18, 2019).
2226:9.22 kg/min (1,220 lb/h)
2209:8.38 kg/min (1,108 lb/h)
2192:8.28 kg/min (1,095 lb/h)
71:It may also be thought of as power-
24:
3141:US Centennial of Flight Commission
3116:
2938:. Man Diesel. 2015. Archived from
2767:. London, UK: Bracken Books. 1989.
2243:9.9 kg/min (1,310 lb/h)
458:of 42.7 MJ/kg (84.3 g/(kW⋅h)) for
25:
3199:
2525:Michael Soroka (March 26, 2014).
2447:O-235 and O-290 Operator's Manual
2420:. Rotax. Apr 2010. Archived from
2307:. Rotax. Sep 2010. Archived from
2302:"Operator Manual for 447/503/582"
2175:5.15 kg/min (681 lb/h)
2158:3.06 kg/min (405 lb/h)
2980:. Wärtsilä. 2004. Archived from
2933:"Four-Stroke Propulsion Engines"
2415:"Operator Manual for 914 series"
2282:Thrust specific fuel consumption
2128:Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127
3070:
3039:
3022:
2991:
2967:
2949:
2925:
2908:
2891:
2874:
2857:
2840:
2826:Society of Automotive Engineers
2809:
2795:
2771:
2757:
2743:
2729:
2715:
2706:
2656:
2642:Society of Automotive Engineers
2625:
2600:
2569:
2550:
2533:
31:Brake-specific fuel consumption
18:Brake specific fuel consumption
2712:inter-action association, 1987
2457:
2438:
2407:
2294:
2240:2,750 hp (2,050 kW)
2223:2,475 hp (1,846 kW)
2206:2,192 hp (1,635 kW)
2189:2,132 hp (1,590 kW)
2118:) and especially at idle (7% P
206:{\displaystyle P=\tau \omega }
89:
13:
1:
3046:Tomas Kellner (17 Jun 2016).
2904:. Wärtsilä. 14 February 2017.
2287:
78:The term "brake" here as in "
3099:Avions de Transport Regional
2957:"The new Wärtsilä 31 engine"
2609:"Wright R-3350 "Cyclone 18""
1246:Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone
7:
2899:"Wärtsilä 20 product guide"
2779:"LM6000 Marine Gas Turbine"
2262:Fuel economy in automobiles
2255:
2090:Combined cycle gas turbine
52:consumption divided by the
43:internal combustion engines
10:
3204:
3123:Reciprocating engine types
2961:Wärtsilä Technical Journal
2822:SAE Technical Paper Series
2638:SAE Technical Paper Series
2470:SAE Technical Paper Series
2385:SAE Technical Paper Series
2172:825 hp (615 kW)
2155:192 hp (143 kW)
2055:Combined cycle gas turbine
446:Examples for shaft engines
405:
334:BSFC = BSFC × (3.6 × 10)
2975:"RTA-C Technology Review"
1250:gasoline, turbo-compound
429:(bmep is proportional to
413:maximum efficiency but a
2739:. Flight. 30 April 1954.
2559:IO-720 Operator's Manual
2504:ARPA-e INTEGRATE meeting
2267:Energy-efficient driving
1442:Rolls-Royce Marine Trent
345:BSFC = BSFC × 0.001644
261:is the engine torque in
2272:Fuel management systems
1942:Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C
437:Engine design and class
342:BSFC = BSFC × 608.277
288:{\displaystyle \omega }
235:is the engine speed in
228:{\displaystyle \omega }
2921:. MAN Truck & Bus.
2870:. MAN Truck & Bus.
2277:Marine fuel management
2094:Electricity generation
2060:Electricity generation
1991:Electricity generation
1954:Electricity generation
1917:Electricity generation
1879:Electricity generation
1774:Electricity generation
1596:Electricity generation
403:
350:Relation to efficiency
309:
289:
255:
229:
207:
177:
153:
126:
37:) is a measure of the
3133:Reciprocating Engines
2987:on December 26, 2005.
2346:"Gas Turbine Engines"
401:
310:
308:{\displaystyle \tau }
290:
256:
254:{\displaystyle \tau }
230:
208:
178:
154:
127:
45:with a shaft output.
2650:10.4271/2004-01-0064
2472:, vol. 1, SAE,
829:Light-sport aircraft
679:Diesel, four-stroke
378:/lb (0.01204 kW⋅h/g)
299:
279:
271:The above values of
245:
219:
188:
167:
143:
101:
2700:10.2514/6.2015-4028
2131:
1413:Commercial aviation
1333:Diesel four-stroke
1258:Commercial aviation
748:Wankel, four-rotor
470:
456:lower heating value
359:lower heating value
3080:. October 2, 2019.
2963:. 20 October 2015.
2220:Max contin. (90%)
2152:Nominal idle (7%)
2147:Energy efficiency
2125:
469:
404:
305:
285:
251:
237:radians per second
225:
203:
173:
149:
122:
48:It is the rate of
3183:Energy efficiency
3050:(Press release).
2670:. 22 October 2013
2621:on 1 August 2016.
2371:978-3-528-14889-8
2253:
2252:
2186:Max cruise (78%)
2130:turboprop (1996)
2109:
2108:
2024:Marine propulsion
1987:Marine propulsion
1950:Marine propulsion
1913:Marine propulsion
1875:Marine propulsion
1810:Marine propulsion
1592:Marine propulsion
1551:Diesel two-stroke
1511:Volkswagen 3.3 V8
1450:Marine propulsion
1400:diesel two-stroke
452:Energy efficiency
176:{\displaystyle P}
152:{\displaystyle r}
120:
107:
16:(Redirected from
3195:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3052:General Electric
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:"BMW 2.0d (N47)"
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2614:. Archived from
2613:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:General Electric
2501:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2237:Take-off (100%)
2203:Max climb (80%)
2132:
2124:
2085:General Electric
2049:General Electric
2020:Diesel 2-stroke
1983:Diesel 2-stroke
1946:Diesel 2-stroke
1909:Diesel 4-stroke
1871:Diesel 4-stroke
1840:Diesel 4-stroke
1770:Diesel 4-stroke
1739:Diesel 4-stroke
1696:Diesel 4-stroke
1395:Junkers Jumo 204
1337:MQ-1C Gray Eagle
1329:Lycoming DEL-120
1141:General aviation
1099:gasoline, turbo
1061:Saturn I4 engine
903:gasoline, turbo
870:General aviation
858:Lycoming O-235-L
821:gasoline, turbo
532:Eurofly Fire Fox
471:
468:
314:
312:
311:
306:
294:
292:
291:
286:
260:
258:
257:
252:
234:
232:
231:
226:
212:
210:
209:
204:
182:
180:
179:
174:
158:
156:
155:
150:
131:
129:
128:
123:
121:
113:
108:
105:
80:brake horsepower
60:, lb/(hp⋅h); in
58:brake horsepower
21:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3188:Power (physics)
3178:Fuel technology
3168:
3167:
3119:
3117:Further reading
3114:
3113:
3105:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3058:on 16 June 2017
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2824:. Vol. 1.
2814:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2668:General Atomics
2662:
2661:
2657:
2640:. Vol. 1.
2630:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2508:Global Research
2499:
2491:
2484:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2355:. January 2008.
2348:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2258:
2169:Approach (30%)
2121:
2117:
1980:S80ME-C9.4-TII
1805:Diesel 4-stroke
1557:Aircraft engine
1486:Aircraft engine
1480:Diesel-compound
1209:Rolls-Royce MT7
1129:Lycoming IO-720
1070:Saturn S-Series
448:
439:
410:
408:Consumption map
396:
352:
300:
297:
296:
280:
277:
276:
246:
243:
242:
220:
217:
216:
189:
186:
185:
168:
165:
164:
144:
141:
140:
112:
104:
102:
99:
98:
92:
66:specific energy
39:fuel efficiency
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3142:
3139:Piston Engines
3136:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:on 2016-08-08.
3083:
3069:
3038:
3021:
2990:
2966:
2948:
2945:on 2016-04-17.
2924:
2916:"MAN TGX 2019"
2907:
2890:
2873:
2865:"MAN TGX 2019"
2856:
2839:
2834:10.4271/900648
2808:
2794:
2791:on 2016-11-19.
2770:
2756:
2742:
2737:"Napier Nomad"
2728:
2723:"Marine Trent"
2714:
2705:
2680:
2655:
2624:
2599:
2577:"MT7 Brochure"
2568:
2549:
2532:
2517:
2482:
2478:10.4271/890877
2456:
2437:
2406:
2393:10.4271/920309
2375:
2358:
2324:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2126:2,050 kW
2119:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1362:Europrop TP400
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:Toyota 1NZ-FXE
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
987:
982:
977:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
940:
935:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
904:
901:
896:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
863:
860:
855:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
822:
819:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
785:
780:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
714:
709:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
643:
638:
632:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
603:
598:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
564:
559:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
521:
515:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
454:is based on a
447:
444:
438:
435:
406:Main article:
395:
392:
388:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
370:Certification
351:
348:
347:
346:
343:
336:
335:
304:
284:
269:
268:
267:
266:
250:
240:
224:
202:
199:
196:
193:
172:
161:
148:
133:
132:
119:
116:
111:
91:
88:
68:, kg/J = s/m.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:Effect of EGR
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:at infoplease
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3011:on 2016-08-09
3007:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2883:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2589:on 2017-04-20
2585:
2578:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2427:on 2017-06-11
2423:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2353:Aviation Week
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:on 2017-07-22
2310:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1417:Junkers Ju 86
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1266:Constellation
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Ford EcoBoost
1093:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
968:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
921:
917:
909:
908:McLaren MP4/4
905:
902:
900:
897:
894:
887:
883:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
859:
856:
853:
846:
842:
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
805:
801:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
773:
766:
762:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
734:
730:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
694:
690:
681:
678:
676:
675:Motor 250/400
673:
670:
663:
659:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
623:
619:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
591:
584:
580:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
514:
511:
508:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
409:
400:
391:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
355:
344:
341:
340:
339:
333:
332:
331:
329:
328:kilowatt-hour
324:
322:
318:
302:
282:
274:
264:
263:newton metres
248:
241:
238:
222:
215:
214:
200:
197:
194:
191:
183:
170:
162:
159:
146:
138:
137:
136:
117:
114:
109:
97:
96:
95:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3103:the original
3086:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3041:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2993:
2982:the original
2969:
2960:
2951:
2940:the original
2927:
2910:
2893:
2887:. Scania AB.
2876:
2859:
2842:
2821:
2811:
2797:
2786:the original
2773:
2759:
2745:
2731:
2717:
2708:
2690:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2637:
2627:
2616:the original
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2571:
2558:
2552:
2535:
2520:
2507:
2495:
2469:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2409:
2384:
2378:
2361:
2352:
2316:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2296:
2110:
2102:131.9 (eq.)
2067:135.5 (eq.)
1795:early 1990s
1546:Deutz DZ 710
1475:Napier Nomad
1370:Airbus A400M
1304:Toyota Prius
1213:gas turbine
1145:PAC Fletcher
899:Honda RA168E
489:Application
449:
440:
420:
415:fuel economy
411:
389:
363:
356:
353:
337:
325:
272:
270:
163:
139:
134:
93:
77:
70:
47:
34:
30:
29:
3149:exhaust gas
2882:"DC16 078A"
2096:(proposed)
1446:turboshaft
833:WT9 Dynamic
745:Mazda R26B
637:2B1/2B1A-1
498:Efficiency
460:diesel fuel
90:Calculation
84:Prony brake
3172:Categories
3015:2016-06-15
2674:2024-07-20
2593:2018-07-09
2431:2018-06-08
2318:2018-06-08
2288:References
2141:fuel flow
2015:MAN Diesel
1978:MAN Diesel
1868:6L32/44CR
1866:MAN Diesel
1843:Truck/Bus
1837:D2676LF78
1767:DC16 078A
1742:Truck/Bus
1736:D2676LF51
1699:Car, Audi
1691:VAG 1.9TDI
1587:turboshaft
1366:turboprop
1217:Hovercraft
1180:Helicopter
1175:turboshaft
1031:Helicopter
1026:turboshaft
943:Helicopter
938:turboshaft
906:Race car,
874:Cessna 152
788:Helicopter
783:turboshaft
753:Mazda 787B
751:Race car,
717:Helicopter
712:turboshaft
646:Helicopter
641:turboshaft
606:Helicopter
601:turboshaft
567:Helicopter
562:turboshaft
528:Ultralight
517:gasoline,
492:lb/(hp⋅h)
2401:0148-7191
2122:) :
2112:Turboprop
2017:G95ME-C9
1765:Scania AB
1656:Audi 2.5L
1582:GE LM6000
1299:gasoline
1133:gasoline
1065:gasoline
985:turboprop
862:gasoline
817:Rotax 914
557:PW206B/B2
513:Rotax 582
495:g/(kW⋅h)
402:BSFC map
374:= 18,640
303:τ
283:ω
249:τ
223:ω
201:ω
198:τ
3062:14 April
2256:See also
2078:860,000
2075:640,000
2042:811,000
2039:605,000
1904:Wärtsilä
1799:Wärtsilä
1666:Audi 100
1555:Concept
1484:Concept
1409:Aviation
1254:Aviation
1137:Aviation
990:Airliner
866:Aviation
825:Aviation
610:Bell 427
524:Aviation
519:2-stroke
464:jet fuel
372:gasoline
73:specific
62:SI units
3147:on the
2009:46,060
2006:34,350
1972:36,290
1969:27,060
1935:46,020
1932:34,320
1661:Diesel
1626:Diesel
1621:BMW N47
1575:56,897
1572:42,428
1521:Audi A8
1516:Diesel
1435:48,000
1432:36,000
1355:11,065
1225:0.3998
1170:GE T408
933:GE T700
483:Engine
239:(rad/s)
135:where:
2399:
2373:, p. 7
2369:
2249:29.1%
2232:28.1%
2215:27.4%
2181:16.8%
2138:Power
2105:63.9%
2099:0.217
2087:7HA.3
2070:62.2%
2064:0.223
2034:54.6%
2031:154.5
2028:0.254
2001:54.6%
1998:154.5
1995:0.254
1964:52.7%
1958:0.263
1927:51.1%
1921:0.271
1897:5,600
1894:4,200
1883:0.283
1860:4,800
1857:3,600
1852:45.8%
1846:0.302
1820:44.5%
1817:189.4
1814:0.311
1792:1,600
1789:1,200
1784:44.4%
1778:0.312
1751:44.1%
1745:0.314
1719:42.8%
1713:0.324
1709:Passat
1676:42.6%
1670:0.326
1641:42.6%
1635:0.326
1629:Cars,
1606:42.1%
1603:200.1
1600:0.329
1567:41.9%
1561:0.330
1539:2,699
1536:2,013
1531:41.1%
1525:0.337
1496:40.7%
1490:0.340
1468:3,140
1465:2,340
1460:40.7%
1454:0.340
1421:0.347
1380:39.6%
1374:0.350
1352:8,251
1347:38.5%
1314:36.4%
1308:0.370
1280:35.5%
1274:0.380
1239:2,700
1236:2,000
1231:34.7%
1228:243.2
1202:9,400
1199:7,000
1194:33.7%
1184:CH-53K
1163:7,500
1160:5,600
1155:34.2%
1114:33.5%
1108:0.403
1102:Cars,
1080:32.8%
1074:0.411
1068:Cars,
1045:32.1%
1039:0.420
1022:-01/9
1020:RTM322
1013:2,412
1010:1,799
1005:31.1%
999:0.433
994:Dash 8
973:5,071
970:3,781
965:31.1%
959:0.433
926:2,380
923:1,770
918:31.6%
912:0.447
884:29.8%
878:0.452
843:29.7%
837:0.454
810:113.3
802:29.3%
796:0.460
778:MTR390
771:1,285
763:28.7%
757:0.470
731:27.5%
725:0.490
708:C-67C
699:1,100
691:26.2%
685:0.533
660:25.6%
654:0.526
635:Arrius
620:25.1%
614:0.537
596:PW207D
581:24.4%
575:0.553
542:19.3%
536:0.699
431:torque
323:(g/J)
295:, and
3106:(PDF)
3095:(PDF)
3033:(PDF)
3009:(PDF)
3002:(PDF)
2985:(PDF)
2978:(PDF)
2943:(PDF)
2936:(PDF)
2919:(PDF)
2902:(PDF)
2885:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2782:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2612:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2563:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2451:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2418:(PDF)
2349:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2305:(PDF)
2164:6.6%
2135:Mode
2081:2021
2045:2016
1938:1998
1900:2015
1831:2019
1801:6L20
1730:2017
1703:, VW
1693:66kw
1687:1992
1664:Car,
1652:1990
1617:2007
1578:1993
1542:1940
1519:Car,
1507:2000
1471:1949
1438:2002
1404:turbo
1391:1931
1358:2005
1341:0.36
1325:2013
1302:Car,
1291:2003
1242:1945
1205:1986
1166:1989
1125:1961
1091:2011
1056:1991
1016:1984
996:-400
980:PW150
976:1995
955:AH-64
951:UH-60
929:1973
895:1988
854:1942
813:1996
807:84.5
792:Tiger
774:1989
742:1991
721:AW139
702:1960
671:1897
668:17.8
665:13.1
650:EC135
631:1981
592:1987
571:EC135
553:1987
509:1989
486:Type
480:Year
321:joule
317:grams
265:(N⋅m)
54:power
3064:2017
2397:ISSN
2367:ISBN
2198:27%
2144:SFC
2051:9HA
1961:160
1924:165
1906:W31
1889:49%
1886:172
1849:184
1828:503
1825:375
1781:190
1759:830
1756:620
1748:191
1727:493
1724:368
1716:197
1705:Golf
1673:198
1658:TDI
1649:118
1638:198
1614:170
1611:130
1564:201
1528:205
1513:TDI
1504:221
1501:165
1493:207
1457:207
1427:40%
1424:211
1388:740
1385:550
1377:213
1344:219
1322:180
1319:134
1311:225
1277:231
1270:DC-7
1262:B-29
1191:240
1188:0.4
1152:243
1149:0.4
1122:400
1119:300
1111:245
1104:Ford
1088:200
1085:150
1077:250
1042:255
1035:NH90
1002:263
962:263
947:AH-1
915:272
892:612
889:456
881:275
851:118
840:276
799:280
768:958
760:286
739:691
736:515
728:298
696:820
688:324
657:320
628:670
625:500
617:327
589:572
586:427
578:336
550:431
547:321
539:425
462:and
423:BMEP
319:per
213:(W)
106:BSFC
50:fuel
35:BSFC
2830:doi
2696:doi
2646:doi
2474:doi
2389:doi
2120:max
2116:max
1835:MAN
1734:MAN
1684:89
1681:66
1646:88
1631:BMW
1623:2L
1288:76
1285:57
1221:SSC
1059:GM
1053:84
1050:63
848:88
706:PT6
506:64
503:48
477:HP
427:bar
425:in
376:BTU
86:).
3174::
3097:.
2959:.
2828:.
2820:.
2666:.
2644:.
2636:.
2510:.
2506:.
2502:.
2485:^
2468:,
2395:.
2351:.
2327:^
1989:,
1952:,
1915:,
1877:,
1701:80
1594:,
1415:,
1411:,
1402:,
1268:,
1264:,
1260:;
1256:,
1219:,
1182:,
1143:,
1139:,
1033:,
992:,
945:,
872:,
868:,
831:,
827:,
790:,
719:,
648:,
608:,
569:,
530:,
526:,
474:kW
433:)
275:,
3066:.
3018:.
2836:.
2832::
2702:.
2698::
2677:.
2652:.
2648::
2596:.
2529:.
2514:.
2476::
2434:.
2403:.
2391::
2321:.
1707:/
953:/
949:/
273:r
195:=
192:P
171:P
147:r
118:P
115:r
110:=
33:(
20:)
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