109:, is injected into the bloodstream and eventually makes its way to the brain through blood circulation. Detectors in the PET scanner detect the radioactivity as the compound charges in various regions of the brain. A computer uses the data gathered by the detectors to create multi-dimensional (normally 3-dimensional volumetric or 4-dimensional time-varying) images that show the distribution of the radiotracer in the brain following the time. Especially useful are a wide array of
2431:
29:
388:
441:, for PET tracers. These new larger PET tracers have increased difficulty passing the BBB as they are too large to passively diffuse across. Therefore, recent research is investigating methods to carry biomolecules across the BBB using endogenous transport systems including carrier-mediated transporters such as glucose and amino acid carriers, receptor-mediated
367:
activity of the acetylcholinergic neurotransmitter system by acting as a substrate for acetylcholinesterase. Post-mortem examination of AD patients have shown decreased levels of acetylcholinesterase. PMP is used to map the acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain, which could allow for pre-mortem diagnoses of AD and help to monitor AD treatments.
143:
182:) where the early damage is too diffuse and makes too little difference in brain volume and gross structure to change CT and standard MRI images enough to be able to reliably differentiate it from the "normal" range of cortical atrophy which occurs with aging (in many but not all) persons, and which does
134:
little as 30 seconds), when they first became available. The improved resolution permitted better study to be made as to the area of the brain activated by a particular task. The biggest drawback of PET scanning is that because the radioactivity decays rapidly, it is limited to monitoring short tasks.
240:
greatly decrease brain metabolism of both glucose and oxygen in tandem. Therefore 18F-FDG PET of the brain may also be used to successfully differentiate
Alzheimer's disease from other dementing processes, and also to make early diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease. The advantage of 18F-FDG PET for these
395:
In 2019 Catana et al. published an overview article about the "Development of
Dedicated Brain PET Imaging Devices: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives". Various companies worldwide are working on developing a dedicated brain PET system either for pure research and/or clinical routine use. One of
146:
Images obtained with PET (axial sections) that show the effects of chronic drug exposure on various proteins involved in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and on brain function (as assessed by brain glucose metabolism). While some effects are common to many drugs of abuse,...others are more specific.
366:
plaques in the brains of
Alzheimer's patients and could assist clinicians in making a positive clinical diagnosis of AD pre-mortem and aid in the development of novel anti-amyloid therapies. PMP (N-methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate) is a novel radiopharmaceutical used in PET imaging to determine the
357:
The development of a number of novel probes for noninvasive, in vivo PET imaging of neuroaggregate in human brain has brought amyloid imaging to the doorstep of clinical use. The earliest amyloid imaging probes included 2-(1-{6-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP)
133:
in the tissues of the working brain. These measurements reflect the amount of brain activity in the various regions of the brain and allow us to learn more about how the brain works. PET scans were superior to all other metabolic imaging methods in terms of resolution and speed of completion (as
173:
PET scanning is also used for diagnosis of brain disease, most notably because brain tumors, strokes, and neurondegenerative diseases (such as
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) all cause great changes in brain metabolism, which in turn causes detectable changes in PET scans. PET is
72:
chemical agents throughout the brain. PET measures emissions from radioactively labeled metabolically active chemicals that have been injected into the bloodstream. The emission data from brain PET are computer-processed to produce multi-dimensional images of the distribution of the chemicals
770:
Read, S. J.; Hirano, T.; Abbott, D. F.; Sachinidis, J. I.; Tochon-Danguy, H. J.; Chan, J. G.; Egan, G. F.; Scott, A. M.; Bladin, C. F.; McKay, W. J.; Donnan, G. A. (1 December 1998). "Identifying hypoxic tissue after acute ischemic stroke using PET and 18F-fluoromisonidazole".
147:
These include the decrease...in brain monoamine oxidase B (...the enzyme involved in DA metabolism) in cigarette smokers. The rainbow scale was used to code the PET images; radiotracer concentration is displayed from higher to lower as red > yellow > green > blue.
221:-15 indirectly measures blood flow to the brain. In this method, increased radioactivity signal indicates increased blood flow which is assumed to correlate with increased brain activity. Because of its 2-minute half-life, O-15 must be piped directly from a medical
734:
Derdeyn, Colin P.; Videen, Tom O.; Simmons, Nicholas R.; Yundt, Kent D.; Fritsch, Susanne M.; Grubb, Robert L.; Powers, William J. (August 1999). "Count-based PET Method for
Predicting Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Arterial Occlusion".
573:
Levivier, Marc; Massager, Nicolas; Wikler, David; Lorenzoni, José; Ruiz, Salvador; Devriendt, Daniel; David, Philippe; Desmedt, Françoise; Simon, Stéphane; Houtte, Paul Van; Brotchi, Jacques; Goldman, Serge (1 July 2004).
899:
Kuhl, D.E.; Koeppe, R.A.; Minoshima, S.; Snyder, S.E.; Ficaro, E.P.; Foster, N.L.; Frey, K.A.; Kilbourn, M.R. (1 March 1999). "In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and
Alzheimer's disease".
228:
PET imaging with 18F-FDG takes advantage of the fact that the brain is normally a rapid user of glucose. Standard 18F-FDG PET of the brain measures regional glucose use and can be used in neuropathological diagnosis.
863:
Mathis CA, Bacskai BJ, Kajdasz ST, McLellan ME, Frosch MP, Hyman BT, et al. (February 2002). "A lipophilic thioflavin-T derivative for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of amyloid in brain".
1077:
816:"Binding characteristics of radiofluorinated 6-dialkylamino-2-naphthylethylidene derivatives as positron emission tomography imaging probes for beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease"
691:
Nasu, Seiji; Hata, Takashi; Nakajima, Tooru; Suzuki, Yutaka (May 2002). "Evaluation of F-FDG PET in acute ischemic stroke: assessment of hyper accumulation around the lesion".
155:(fMRI) became widespread, PET scanning was the preferred method of functional (as opposed to structural) brain imaging, and it still continues to make large contributions to
1070:
2390:
1063:
113:
used to map different aspects of neurotransmitter activity, with by far the most commonly used PET tracer being a labeled form of glucose, such as
2105:
1789:
1919:
335:). These agents permit the visualization of neuroreceptor pools in the context of a plurality of neuropsychiatric and neurologic illnesses.
1931:
576:"Use of Stereotactic PET Images in Dosimetry Planning of Radiosurgery for Brain Tumors: Clinical Experience and Proposed Classification"
418:
One main challenge for developing new PET tracers for neuroimaging is that these tracers must cross the blood-brain barrier. Commonly,
2259:
1493:
1531:
2367:
1897:
1407:
656:
Malo-Pion C, Lambert R, DĂ©carie JC, Turpin S (February 2018). "Imaging of
Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome With 18F-FDG PET/CT".
1902:
500:
152:
358:
developed at the
University of California, Los Angeles and N-methyl-2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (termed
126:
2455:
1743:
332:
2174:
1914:
1823:
413:
1753:
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324:
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2179:
2026:
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1909:
39:
2122:
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2159:
1758:
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for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations and other surgically treatable conditions.
1055:
2416:
2350:
2282:
2272:
2250:
2021:
1989:
1620:
1241:
54:
2080:
2048:
2031:
1256:
93:, and chemicals are labeled with these radioactive atoms. The radioisotopes used in clinics are normally
62:
575:
2154:
1889:
1629:
607:"Evaluation of Microglial Activation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using Positron Emission Tomography"
362:) developed at the University of Pittsburgh. These amyloid imaging probes permit the visualization of
2395:
2063:
2053:
1121:
368:
197:, but mainly for research into pathogenesis instead of diagnosis. They use specific radioligands for
2434:
2385:
2164:
2043:
2016:
1777:
1562:
1517:
1475:
346:
114:
944:
814:
Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Liu J, Flores-Torres S, Satyamurthy N, Petric A, et al. (December 2001).
2333:
2169:
2110:
2095:
1984:
1806:
1782:
1289:
423:
130:
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2004:
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237:
175:
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1999:
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1393:
1234:
1199:
964:"Development of Dedicated Brain PET Imaging Devices: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"
359:
308:
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194:
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2100:
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1402:
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8:
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1973:
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988:
963:
925:
840:
831:
815:
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748:
633:
606:
246:
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uses is its much wider availability. Some radioactive tracers used for
Alzheimer's are
190:
877:
550:
525:
174:
probably most useful in early cases of certain dementias (with classic examples being
2184:
2149:
2144:
2085:
1833:
1682:
1087:
1042:
993:
917:
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845:
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638:
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254:
242:
179:
929:
2011:
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1024:
983:
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909:
873:
835:
827:
780:
744:
665:
628:
618:
545:
537:
473:
391:
NeuroLF - a dedicated brain PET system. Photo courtesy of
Positrigo AG, Switzerland
58:
271:: A seizure focus will appear as hypometabolic during an interictal scan. Several
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1672:
1638:
1611:
1606:
1540:
1465:
1453:
1370:
1272:
1246:
1194:
1150:
800:
669:
342:
316:
2362:
1277:
1189:
1028:
419:
341:: PET imaging with 18F-FDG can be used to estimate glucose metabolism in acute
979:
401:
2449:
1994:
1963:
1951:
1946:
1704:
1599:
1224:
1085:
704:
623:
510:
284:
720:
437:
for therapies, new research has also focused on using biomolecules, such as
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2230:
2225:
2132:
1956:
1941:
1875:
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1458:
1378:
1332:
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712:
677:
642:
591:
559:
442:
258:
167:
156:
86:
69:
792:
784:
125:
The greatest benefit of PET scanning is that different compounds can show
2300:
1855:
1687:
1677:
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1647:
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1328:
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102:
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90:
66:
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1310:
1229:
1215:
1146:
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300:
82:
28:
1509:
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1718:
446:
363:
110:
2310:
572:
320:
312:
218:
206:
2337:
1548:
655:
427:
350:
328:
261:
plaques (a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's) in the brain.
862:
397:
267:: PET imaging with FDG can also be used for localization of
813:
304:
1017:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
769:
422:
which are fat soluble have been used as they can pass the
387:
1013:"Engineered antibodies: new possibilities for brain PET?"
898:
733:
526:"The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies"
493:
Molecular imaging: radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT
690:
480:. Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. p. 57.
604:
371:has developed and commercialized a compound called
471:
2447:
523:
414:Blood–brain barrier § Clinical significance
120:
490:
467:
465:
382:
201:activity. Currently is widely used the 18-kDa
1525:
1071:
1010:
433:However, as pharmaceutics move towards large
866:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
605:Airas L, Nylund M, Rissanen E (March 2018).
945:"Promise Seen for Detection of Alzheimer's"
462:
379:to detect amyloid plaques using PET scans.
345:. Some traces used for ischemic stroke are
1532:
1518:
1494:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
1078:
1064:
524:Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ (May 2003).
375:that uses the longer-lasting radionuclide
1036:
987:
839:
632:
622:
549:
2368:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
386:
141:
279:) have been developed for PET that are
2448:
961:
942:
159:. PET scanning is also useful in PET-
1513:
1059:
1011:Sehlin D, Syvänen S (December 2019).
530:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
153:functional magnetic resonance imaging
16:Form of positron emission tomography
1539:
225:for such uses, which is difficult.
13:
2175:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
832:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-j0004.2001
749:10.1148/radiology.212.2.r99au27499
51:Brain positron emission tomography
22:Brain positron emission tomography
14:
2472:
325:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
105:. The labeled compound, called a
2430:
2429:
1351:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
1205:Intracranial pressure monitoring
491:Vallabhajosula, Shankar (2009).
478:Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
303:D2/D3 receptors, McN 5652 and
27:
1932:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1004:
955:
936:
892:
856:
807:
257:, which are all used to detect
212:
89:used are usually produced by a
2180:Radioactive iodine uptake test
763:
727:
684:
649:
598:
566:
517:
484:
189:PET is also actively used for
57:(PET) that is used to measure
1:
2160:Radionuclide ventriculography
1634:Lower gastrointestinal series
1626:Upper gastrointestinal series
1489:Mini–mental state examination
943:Kolata, Gina (24 June 2010).
878:10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00734-X
456:
407:
327:or enzyme substrates (e.g. 6-
2351:Optical coherence tomography
2273:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1861:Dental panoramic radiography
1242:Multiple subpial transection
670:10.1097/RLU.0000000000001916
430:mediated passive diffusion.
236:: Brain pathologies such as
121:Advantages and disadvantages
55:positron emission tomography
7:
1257:Anterior temporal lobectomy
968:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
820:The Journal of Neuroscience
580:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
383:Dedicated Brain PET Devices
10:
2477:
2456:3D nuclear medical imaging
2155:Ventilation/perfusion scan
1630:Small-bowel follow-through
1029:10.1007/s00259-019-04426-0
411:
107:radiotracer or radioligand
76:
33:PET scan of a normal brain
2425:
2404:
2396:Dynamic angiothermography
2376:
2332:
2281:
2258:
2248:
2213:
2140:
2130:
2121:
2064:Abdominal ultrasonography
1972:
1888:
1848:
1767:
1726:
1717:
1570:
1561:
1547:
1476:Clinical prediction rules
1474:
1441:
1369:
1327:
1309:
1265:
1213:
1178:
1144:
1135:
1122:Decompressive craniectomy
1107:
1098:
980:10.2967/jnumed.118.217901
658:Clinical Nuclear Medicine
369:Avid Radiopharmaceuticals
209:are sometimes performed.
186:cause clinical dementia.
38:
26:
21:
2386:Non-contact thermography
2165:Radionuclide angiography
2017:Doppler echocardiography
962:Catana, Ciprian (2019).
624:10.3389/fneur.2018.00181
400:which is working on the
347:Oxygen-15 labelled water
2170:Radioisotope renography
1290:Amygdalohippocampectomy
195:demyelinating syndromes
137:
2205:Gastric emptying study
1449:Electroencephalography
1418:Magnetoencephalography
1092:central nervous system
611:Frontiers in Neurology
392:
309:serotonin transporters
205:(TSPO). Also combined
148:
115:fluorodeoxyglucose (F)
73:throughout the brain.
1866:X-ray motion analysis
1749:X-ray microtomography
1668:Hysterosalpingography
1575:Pneumoencephalography
1394:Pneumoencephalography
1235:Bilateral cingulotomy
1200:Suboccipital puncture
785:10.1212/WNL.51.6.1617
390:
360:Pittsburgh compound B
145:
2391:Contact thermography
2101:Emergency ultrasound
2039:Transcranial Doppler
1790:Abdominal and pelvis
1403:Transcranial Doppler
1389:Cerebral angiography
1341:Spinal decompression
914:10.1212/wnl.52.4.691
297:desmethoxyfallypride
203:translocator protein
164:stereotactic surgery
2358:Confocal microscopy
2236:Indium-111 WBC scan
2059:Echoencephalography
1795:Virtual colonoscopy
1399:Echoencephalography
1165:Thalamic stimulator
495:. Springer-Verlag.
424:blood-brain barrier
396:these companies is
238:Alzheimer's disease
193:and other acquired
176:Alzheimer's disease
2346:Optical tomography
2195:Dacryoscintigraphy
2190:Immunoscintigraphy
1829:Whole body imaging
1580:Dental radiography
1484:Glasgow Coma Scale
1252:Corpus callosotomy
1181:Ventricular system
949:The New York Times
393:
287:subtypes such as
191:multiple sclerosis
151:Before the use of
149:
131:glucose metabolism
2443:
2442:
2405:Target conditions
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2244:
2243:
2185:Bone scintigraphy
2150:Scintimammography
2145:Cholescintigraphy
1990:contrast-enhanced
1884:
1883:
1844:
1843:
1834:Full-body CT scan
1734:General operation
1713:
1712:
1683:Angiocardiography
1507:
1506:
1305:
1304:
1023:(13): 2848–2858.
502:978-3-540-76735-0
217:PET imaging with
48:
47:
2468:
2433:
2432:
2256:
2255:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2012:Echocardiography
1871:Hounsfield scale
1724:
1723:
1643:Cholecystography
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1433:Microneurography
1319:Meningeal biopsy
1218:
1183:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
974:(8): 1044–1052.
959:
953:
952:
940:
934:
933:
896:
890:
889:
860:
854:
853:
843:
811:
805:
804:
779:(6): 1617–1621.
767:
761:
760:
731:
725:
724:
688:
682:
681:
653:
647:
646:
636:
626:
602:
596:
595:
586:(7): 1146–1154.
570:
564:
563:
553:
542:10.1172/jci18533
521:
515:
514:
488:
482:
481:
469:
247:flutemetamol F18
59:brain metabolism
31:
19:
18:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2421:
2400:
2372:
2320:
2306:PET mammography
2277:
2240:
2226:Gallium-67 scan
2221:Octreotide scan
2209:
2117:
1968:
1880:
1840:
1763:
1744:High-resolution
1709:
1673:Skeletal survey
1639:Cholangiography
1552:
1543:
1541:Medical imaging
1538:
1508:
1503:
1470:
1466:Polysomnography
1454:Lumbar puncture
1437:
1365:
1323:
1301:
1273:Pituitary gland
1261:
1247:Hemispherectomy
1214:
1209:
1195:Ventriculostomy
1179:
1174:
1151:globus pallidus
1145:
1131:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1054:
1009:
1005:
960:
956:
941:
937:
897:
893:
861:
857:
812:
808:
768:
764:
732:
728:
689:
685:
654:
650:
603:
599:
571:
567:
536:(10): 1444–51.
522:
518:
503:
489:
485:
470:
463:
459:
420:small molecules
416:
410:
385:
343:ischemic stroke
317:5HT1A receptors
255:florbetaben 18F
243:florbetapir 18F
215:
140:
127:flow and oxygen
123:
79:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2474:
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2398:
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2374:
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2365:
2363:Endomicroscopy
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2202:
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2187:
2182:
2177:
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2167:
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2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2118:
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2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
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2083:
2078:
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2076:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1978:
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1954:
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1736:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
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1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
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1690:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
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1636:
1623:
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1609:
1604:
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1602:
1592:
1587:
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1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
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1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1505:
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1501:
1496:
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1486:
1480:
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1472:
1471:
1469:
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1463:
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1451:
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1405:
1396:
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1375:
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1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:Hypophysectomy
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Cerebral shunt
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:involving the
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1003:
954:
935:
908:(4): 691–699.
891:
855:
806:
762:
743:(2): 499–506.
726:
699:(2): 103–110.
683:
664:(2): 103–105.
648:
597:
565:
516:
501:
483:
474:Markowitsch HJ
460:
458:
455:
412:Main article:
409:
406:
384:
381:
355:
354:
336:
315:for serotonin
262:
214:
211:
180:Pick's disease
139:
136:
122:
119:
95:18F (fluoride)
78:
75:
46:
45:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
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2387:
2384:
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2379:
2375:
2369:
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2359:
2356:
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2349:
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2347:
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2335:
2331:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Intravascular
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1964:Synthetic MRI
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1832:
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1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Electron beam
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1705:Orbital x-ray
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
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1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:Bronchography
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
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1557:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1497:
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1492:
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1487:
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1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
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1446:
1444:
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1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
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1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
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1326:
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1268:
1264:
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1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:Psychosurgery
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
950:
946:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
826:(24): RC189.
825:
821:
817:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
644:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
512:
508:
504:
498:
494:
487:
479:
475:
468:
466:
461:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
415:
405:
403:
399:
389:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:neuroreceptor
283:for specific
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:seizure focus
266:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
226:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
144:
135:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:radioisotopes
84:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:is a form of
52:
43:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2461:Neuroimaging
2412:Acute stroke
2378:Thermography
2295:
2133:scintigraphy
2123:Radionuclide
2111:pre-hospital
1957:Tractography
1876:Radiodensity
1778:calcium scan
1739:Quantitative
1499:CHADS2 score
1459:CSF tap test
1412:
1379:Neuroimaging
1333:spinal canal
1297:Brain biopsy
1127:Cranioplasty
1101:Neurosurgery
1020:
1016:
1006:
971:
967:
957:
948:
938:
905:
901:
894:
872:(3): 295–8.
869:
865:
858:
823:
819:
809:
776:
772:
765:
740:
736:
729:
696:
692:
686:
661:
657:
651:
614:
610:
600:
583:
579:
568:
533:
529:
519:
492:
486:
477:
472:Nilsson LG,
443:transcytosis
435:biomolecules
432:
417:
394:
356:
338:
277:radioligands
273:radiotracers
268:
264:
259:amyloid-beta
233:
227:
216:
213:Tracer Types
188:
183:
172:
168:radiosurgery
157:neuroscience
150:
124:
106:
103:15O (oxygen)
99:11C (carbon)
80:
70:radiolabeled
63:distribution
50:
49:
2301:Cardiac PET
2074:renal tract
2049:Gynecologic
1981:Techniques
1952:restriction
1927:Angiography
1910:Neurography
1856:Fluoroscopy
1802:Angiography
1783:angiography
1727:Techniques:
1688:Aortography
1678:Angiography
1658:Cystography
1648:Mammography
1590:Myelography
1585:Sialography
1554:radiography
1423:Myelography
1329:Spinal cord
1285:Hippocampus
1170:Pallidotomy
1160:Thalamotomy
721:10025136171
451:transferrin
377:fluorine-18
373:florbetapir
333:AADC enzyme
2450:Categories
2214:Full body:
2000:endoscopic
1974:Ultrasound
1903:functional
1700:Lymphogram
1695:Venography
1663:Arthrogram
1442:Diagnostic
1346:Discectomy
1117:Craniotomy
1088:procedures
1086:Tests and
693:Kaku Igaku
457:References
439:antibodies
408:Challenges
293:fallypride
289:raclopride
199:microglial
40:ICD-10-PCS
2417:Pregnancy
2296:Brain PET
2264:gamma ray
2200:DMSA scan
2054:Obstetric
1947:diffusion
1942:Sequences
1920:perfusion
1812:Pulmonary
1759:Cone beam
1653:Pyelogram
1428:Wada test
1413:Brain PET
1408:Brain MRI
1361:Rhizotomy
1356:Cordotomy
902:Neurology
773:Neurology
737:Radiology
705:111541783
511:437345781
398:Positrigo
223:cyclotron
91:cyclotron
85:emitting
67:exogenous
2435:Category
2287:positron
1807:Coronary
1311:Meninges
1230:Lobotomy
1216:Cerebrum
1147:Thalamus
1047:31342134
998:31028166
930:11057426
922:10078712
886:11814781
850:11734604
757:10429709
713:12058418
678:29215409
643:29632509
592:15235060
560:12750391
476:(1999).
426:through
404:system.
331:for the
301:dopamine
265:Examples
83:positron
61:and the
2334:Optical
2316:PET-MRI
2096:Carotid
2091:Scrotal
1985:doppler
1915:Cardiac
1824:Thyroid
1768:Targets
1719:CT scan
1384:Head CT
1371:Imaging
1038:6879437
989:6681695
841:6763047
793:9855512
634:5879102
617:: 181.
447:insulin
402:NeuroLF
364:amyloid
339:Example
281:ligands
234:Example
111:ligands
77:Process
2311:PET-CT
2086:Breast
2081:Rectal
2005:duplex
1937:Breast
1774:Heart
1045:
1035:
996:
986:
928:
920:
884:
848:
838:
799:
791:
755:
719:
711:
703:
676:
641:
631:
590:
558:
551:155054
548:
509:
499:
321:Nifene
313:Mefway
275:(i.e.
219:oxygen
207:PET-CT
161:guided
129:, and
2338:Laser
2260:SPECT
2069:renal
1898:Brain
1849:Other
1549:X-ray
1266:Other
1137:Brain
1109:Skull
926:S2CID
801:34075
797:S2CID
428:lipid
351:FMISO
329:FDOPA
295:and
2106:FAST
1819:Head
1331:and
1149:and
1043:PMID
994:PMID
918:PMID
882:PMID
846:PMID
789:PMID
753:PMID
717:NAID
709:PMID
701:OCLC
674:PMID
639:PMID
588:PMID
556:PMID
507:OCLC
497:ISBN
445:for
323:for
307:for
305:DASB
299:for
253:and
178:and
166:and
138:Uses
101:and
81:The
44:C030
2283:PET
2251:ECT
2249:3D/
2131:2D/
2032:ICE
2027:TEE
2022:TTE
1890:MRI
1621:DXR
1617:DXA
1612:KUB
1607:AXR
1595:CXR
1033:PMC
1025:doi
984:PMC
976:doi
910:doi
874:doi
836:PMC
828:doi
781:doi
745:doi
741:212
666:doi
629:PMC
619:doi
546:PMC
538:doi
534:111
449:or
319:,
311:,
291:,
251:PiB
184:not
65:of
2452::
2289:):
2266:):
1995:3D
1563:2D
1041:.
1031:.
1021:46
1019:.
1015:.
992:.
982:.
972:60
970:.
966:.
947:.
924:.
916:.
906:52
904:.
880:.
870:12
868:.
844:.
834:.
824:21
822:.
818:.
795:.
787:.
777:51
775:.
751:.
739:.
715:.
707:.
697:39
695:.
672:.
662:43
660:.
637:.
627:.
613:.
609:.
584:45
582:.
578:.
554:.
544:.
532:.
528:.
505:.
464:^
349:,
249:,
245:,
117:.
97:,
2336:/
2285:(
2262:(
1641:/
1632:/
1628:/
1619:/
1551:/
1533:e
1526:t
1519:v
1401:/
1079:e
1072:t
1065:v
1049:.
1027::
1000:.
978::
951:.
932:.
912::
888:.
876::
852:.
830::
803:.
783::
759:.
747::
723:.
680:.
668::
645:.
621::
615:9
594:.
562:.
540::
513:.
453:.
353:.
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