469:
445:
373:
457:
407:
430:
31:
1681:
167:
272:
1310:
254:
Braiding is not observed in simulations of the extreme cases of pure scour (no deposition taking place), which produces a dendritic system, or of cohesive sediments with no bedload transport. Meanders fully develop only when the river banks are sufficiently stabilized to limit lateral flow. An increase in suspended sediment relative to bedload allows the deposition of fine
1160:
245:
of New
Zealand are not aggrading, due to retreating shorelines, but are nonetheless braided rivers. Variable discharge has also been identified as important in braided rivers, but this may be primarily due to the tendency for frequent floods to reduce bank vegetation and destabilize the banks, rather
230:
These experimental results were expressed in formulas relating the critical slope for braiding to the discharge and grain size. The higher the discharge, the lower the critical slope, while larger grain size yields a higher critical slope. However, these give only an incomplete picture, and numerical
253:
along the river bottom) is essential to formation of braided rivers, with net erosion of sediments at channel divergences and net deposition at convergences. Braiding is reliably reproduced in simulations whenever there is little lateral constraint on flow and there is significant bedload transport.
262:
profile. A stream with cohesive banks that are resistant to erosion will form narrow, deep, meandering channels, whereas a stream with highly erodible banks will form wide, shallow channels, preventing the helical flow of the water necessary for meandering and resulting in the formation of braided
206:
load or slope is reached. On timescales long enough for the river to evolve, a sustained increase in sediment load will increase the bed slope of the river, so that a variation of slope is equivalent to a variation in sediment load, provided the amount of water carried by the river is unchanged. A
135:. The braid bars, also known as channel bars, branch islands, or accreting islands, are usually unstable and may be completely covered at times of high water. The channels and braid bars are usually highly mobile, with the river layout often changing significantly during
207:
threshold slope was experimentally determined to be 0.016 (ft/ft) for a 0.15 cu ft/s (0.0042 m/s) stream with poorly sorted coarse sand. Any slope over this threshold created a braided stream, while any slope under the threshold created a
194:
The physical processes that determine whether a river will be braided or meandering are not fully understood. However, there is wide agreement that a river becomes braided when it carries an abundant supply of sediments.
368:, may have been deposited by an ancient braided and meandering river that once existed in the eastern United States. Others have interpreted the depositional environment for this unit as a tidal delta.
468:
1174:
Bertoldi, W.; Zanoni, L.; Tubino, M. (January 2010). "Assessment of morphological changes induced by flow and flood pulses in a gravel bed braided river: The
Tagliamento River (Italy)".
643:
Hickin, E; Sichingabula, H (1988). "The geomorphic impact of the catastrophic
October 1984 flood on the planform of the Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia".
158:, which consist of multiple interweaving semi-permanent channels which are separated by floodplain rather than channel bars; these channels may themselves be braided.
406:
1145:
Ferm, J.C.; Miliei, R.C.; Eason, J.E. (1972). "Carboniferous depositional environments in the
Cumberland Plateau of Southern Tennessee and Northern Alabama".
1717:
456:
336:
is the type for braided glacial outwash rivers characterized by longitudinal gravel bars and by sand lenses deposited in scours from times of high water.
286:
or in areas of coarse-grained sediments and limited growth of vegetation near the river banks. They are also found on fluvial (stream-dominated)
139:
events. When the islets separating channels are stabilized by vegetation, so that they are more permanent features, they are sometimes called
444:
258:-resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances, causes a river to shift from a braided to a
223:-resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances, caused a river to shift from a braided to a
2975:
1666:
1230:
1027:
Blodgett, R.H.; Stanley, K.O. (1980). "Stratification, Bedforms, and
Discharge Relations of the Platte Braided River System, Nebraska".
769:
97:
channel patterns. They are also associated with rivers with rapid and frequent variation in the amount of water they carry, i.e., with "
1342:
1710:
108:
Braided channels are found in a variety of environments all over the world, including gravelly mountain streams, sand bed rivers, on
1948:
2316:
429:
1004:
996:
1244:
Reinfelds, Ivars; Nanson, Gerald (December 1993). "Formation of braided river floodplains, Waimakariri River, New
Zealand".
282:
Braided rivers occur in many environments, but are most common in wide valleys associated with mountainous regions or their
1703:
830:"Numerical Modelling of Braided River Morphodynamics: Review and Future Challenges: Modelling Braided River Morphodynamics"
343:
is the type for braided rivers showing repeated cycles of deposition, with finer sediments towards the top of each cycle.
1119:. Geological Society of America Northeastern Section (45th Annual) and Southeastern Section (59th Annual) Joint Meeting.
915:
392:, also in Italy, is an example of a river that is transitioning from braided to meandering due to human interventions.
1292:
948:
687:
603:
2968:
2942:
2473:
1375:
1314:
1209:
Surian, Nicola (8 November 1999). "Channel changes due to river regulation: the case of the Piave River, Italy".
211:
stream or – for very low slopes – a straight channel. Also important to channel development is the proportion of
2937:
1335:
973:
573:
17:
2498:
814:
2639:
2589:
2483:
350:
of
Colorado is the type for braided rivers characterized by laminated sand deposits emplaced during floods.
2961:
2917:
3134:
3003:
2143:
329:. Platte-type braided rivers are characterized by abundant linguoid (tonguelike) bar and dune deposits.
770:"Braided river ecology: A literature review of physical habitats and aquatic invertebrate communities"
2927:
2879:
2762:
1684:
1328:
488: – A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel and rejoins it downstream.
2912:
2629:
2594:
2436:
171:
124:
A braided river consists of a network of multiple shallow channels that diverge and rejoin around
3149:
2922:
2614:
2379:
1498:
365:
1040:
360:
The
Sewanee Conglomerate, a Pennsylvanian coarse sandstone and conglomerate unit present on the
3144:
3139:
3129:
2864:
2722:
2273:
2158:
1428:
1117:
Depositional
Environment of Lower Pennsylvanian Sewanee Conglomerate, Lookout Mountain, Georgia
990:
249:
Numerical models suggest that bedload transport (movement of sediment particles by rolling or
2702:
2549:
2511:
1960:
1899:
1610:
1605:
237:(net deposition of sediments) favors braided rivers, but is not essential. For example, the
2932:
2654:
2478:
2238:
2095:
2045:
1839:
1631:
1253:
1218:
1183:
1132:
Depositional
Systems of Pennsylvanian Rocks in the Cumberland Plateau of Southern Tennessee
1070:
734:
652:
527:
518:
Bristow, C. S.; Best, J. L. (1 January 1993). "Braided rivers: perspectives and problems".
283:
8:
2828:
2823:
2624:
2468:
2090:
1943:
1864:
1771:
372:
250:
59:
1257:
1222:
1187:
1074:
738:
656:
531:
2984:
2854:
2767:
2732:
2584:
2100:
2005:
1909:
1801:
1734:
1661:
1615:
1265:
1061:
Miall, Andrew D. (May 1977). "A review of the braided-river depositional environment".
940:
750:
543:
361:
179:
154:
2574:
725:
Murray, A. Brad; Paola, Chris (September 1994). "A cellular model of braided rivers".
500: – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
3095:
3023:
3008:
2833:
2672:
2664:
2604:
2564:
2453:
2268:
2030:
2020:
1806:
1656:
1493:
1288:
1082:
1000:
969:
944:
911:
683:
599:
569:
547:
420:
412:
396:
315:
275:
2998:
2747:
2649:
2554:
2303:
2153:
2148:
2125:
2065:
1894:
1766:
1423:
1351:
1261:
1226:
1195:
1191:
1078:
1036:
936:
871:
844:
810:
754:
742:
660:
535:
321:
A notable example of a large braided stream in the contiguous United States is the
148:
539:
474:
Medano Creek, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, United States
3124:
3044:
2752:
2712:
2707:
2311:
2198:
2193:
1977:
1914:
1884:
1849:
1844:
1811:
1776:
1747:
1651:
1438:
1400:
1385:
246:
than because variable discharge is an essential part of braided river formation.
231:
simulations have become increasingly important for understanding braided rivers.
30:
598:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 247–252.
3018:
2813:
2697:
2677:
2559:
2544:
2431:
2416:
2411:
2371:
2351:
2263:
2105:
2085:
2050:
1982:
1967:
1874:
1796:
1756:
1641:
1508:
1458:
1410:
1370:
1365:
829:
212:
183:
1695:
968:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 248.
494: – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform
3118:
3039:
2894:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2808:
2803:
2569:
2534:
2488:
2448:
2443:
2203:
2075:
2035:
1781:
1646:
1528:
1488:
416:
399:
of New Zealand is an example of a braided river with an extensive floodplain.
389:
242:
187:
131:. This gives the river a fancied resemblance to the interwoven strands of a
2884:
2634:
2619:
2609:
2458:
2389:
2258:
2223:
2138:
2080:
1955:
1854:
1816:
1791:
1579:
1390:
1231:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1135::AID-ESP40>3.0.CO;2-F
624:
435:
354:
322:
303:
287:
238:
109:
90:
39:
35:
2793:
2717:
2421:
2384:
2331:
2055:
2040:
2015:
1889:
1595:
1546:
1513:
1503:
1395:
889:
887:
612:
382:
347:
340:
299:
234:
113:
98:
828:
Williams, Richard D.; Brasington, James; Hicks, D. Murray (March 2016).
596:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
568:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
3080:
2899:
2579:
2463:
2403:
2361:
2233:
2070:
1938:
1879:
1869:
1786:
1636:
1600:
1541:
1468:
1448:
848:
219:. An increase in suspended sediment allowed for the deposition of fine
175:
102:
931:
Ashmore, P. (2013). "9.17 Morphology and Dynamics of Braided Rivers".
884:
462:
Toklat River, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, United States
3085:
2953:
2869:
2818:
2788:
2757:
2687:
2599:
2356:
2243:
2228:
2168:
2115:
2110:
2010:
1933:
1923:
1821:
1473:
1463:
1418:
801:
Schumm, S; Kahn, H (1972). "Experimental Study of Channel Patterns".
746:
485:
307:
125:
68:
664:
318:
river in Northeastern India is a classic example of a braided river.
3013:
2539:
2506:
2183:
2025:
1992:
1569:
1443:
1320:
876:
863:
326:
216:
203:
166:
86:
1096:
Chien, N. (1961). "The braided stream of the lower Yellow River".
152:, which has a single sinuous channel. It is also distinct from an
3064:
3054:
2849:
2798:
2326:
2321:
2283:
2188:
2060:
1997:
1556:
1518:
1453:
1380:
259:
255:
224:
220:
208:
94:
271:
2644:
2516:
2341:
2336:
2288:
2278:
2248:
2173:
1928:
1859:
1831:
1730:
1536:
1483:
1478:
1309:
491:
333:
295:
291:
202:
suggest that a river becomes braided when a threshold level of
63:
3059:
2742:
2727:
2682:
2426:
2399:
2346:
2213:
2208:
2178:
2163:
1972:
1742:
1726:
497:
199:
136:
132:
864:"River channel patterns: Braiding, meandering, and straight"
3103:
2772:
2737:
2293:
2253:
2218:
1574:
2692:
2133:
1564:
910:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
815:
10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1755:esocp]2.0.co;2
140:
74:
899:
89:
loads or coarse grain sizes, and in rivers with steeper
1130:
Churnet, Habte Giorgis; Bergenback, Richard E. (1986).
893:
827:
703:
701:
699:
310:, which all contain young, rapidly eroding mountains.
385:
of Italy is an example of a gravel bed braided river.
1173:
696:
682:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1287:. Christchurch, N.Z.: Department of Conservation.
642:
85:Braided streams tend to occur in rivers with high
1129:
720:
718:
716:
564:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "braided stream".
42:of New Zealand is braided over most of its course
3116:
520:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1725:
1243:
1144:
1026:
290:. Extensive braided river systems are found in
713:
450:Tanana River, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
376:Tagliamento River seen from the Pinzano bridge
2969:
1711:
1336:
861:
803:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
559:
557:
1282:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
966:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
589:
587:
585:
1667:List of rivers that have reversed direction
1283:Hibbert, Barry; Brown, Kerry, eds. (2001).
1041:10.1306/212F7987-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
982:
924:
905:
767:
724:
517:
2976:
2962:
1718:
1704:
1343:
1329:
868:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers
800:
680:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
554:
511:
182:transports a large sediment load from the
1047:
875:
796:
794:
582:
371:
270:
165:
29:
2317:International scale of river difficulty
1115:Fraley, Thear Kirk (13–16 March 2010).
988:
930:
855:
630:
618:
563:
14:
3117:
2983:
1208:
1114:
791:
707:
677:
593:
2957:
1699:
1324:
1211:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1095:
1060:
997:International Rice Research Institute
963:
894:Williams, Brasington & Hicks 2016
93:than typical rivers with straight or
62:separated by small, often temporary,
1350:
1029:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research
870:. Professional Paper. 282-B: 39–85.
862:Leopold, L.B.; Wolman, M.G. (1957).
761:
101:" rivers, and with rivers with weak
190:, a young, rapidly eroding volcano.
24:
1276:
1266:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01382.x
941:10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00242-6
645:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
116:, and across depositional plains.
25:
3161:
1302:
1147:Tennessee Div. Geology Rept. Inv.
58:) consists of a network of river
1680:
1679:
1308:
768:Gray, D.; Harding, J.S. (2007).
467:
455:
443:
428:
405:
2474:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1376:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1237:
1202:
1167:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1089:
1020:
957:
908:Surface processes and landforms
821:
146:A braided river differs from a
1386:Strahler number (stream order)
1196:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.017
671:
636:
266:
119:
72:or, in British English usage,
13:
1:
1134:. Georgia Geological Society.
540:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.075.01.01
504:
2640:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2590:Hydrological transport model
2484:Storm Water Management Model
1083:10.1016/0012-8252(77)90055-1
906:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999).
332:The Scott River of southern
161:
7:
479:
438:, South Island, New Zealand
278:seen from the Space Shuttle
10:
3166:
3004:Coastal sediment transport
2144:Antecedent drainage stream
3094:
3073:
3032:
2991:
2908:
2880:River valley civilization
2842:
2781:
2763:Riparian-zone restoration
2663:
2525:
2497:
2398:
2370:
2302:
2124:
1991:
1908:
1830:
1741:
1675:
1624:
1588:
1555:
1527:
1409:
1358:
1285:Braided River Field Guide
933:Treatise on Geomorphology
27:Network of river channels
2943:Countries without rivers
2918:Rivers by discharge rate
2630:Runoff model (reservoir)
2595:Infiltration (hydrology)
777:Science for Conservation
678:Allaby, Michael (2013).
339:The Donjek River of the
2615:River Continuum Concept
2380:Agricultural wastewater
1499:River channel migration
989:Catling, David (1992).
964:Boggs, Sam Jr. (2006).
366:University of the South
353:A portion of the lower
325:in central and western
2938:River name etymologies
2865:Hydraulic civilization
2723:Floodplain restoration
2499:Point source pollution
2274:Sedimentary structures
1429:Bar (river morphology)
594:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
377:
279:
191:
43:
2550:Discharge (hydrology)
2512:Industrial wastewater
1993:Sedimentary processes
1611:Erosion and tectonics
1606:Degradation (geology)
1063:Earth-Science Reviews
375:
357:takes a braided form.
274:
169:
33:
2655:Volumetric flow rate
2239:Riffle-pool sequence
1632:Deposition (geology)
1359:Large-scale features
1317:at Wikimedia Commons
2829:Whitewater kayaking
2824:Whitewater canoeing
2625:Runoff curve number
2469:Flood pulse concept
1258:1993Sedim..40.1113R
1223:1999ESPL...24.1135S
1188:2010Geomo.114..348B
1075:1977ESRv...13....1M
739:1994Natur.371...54M
657:1988CaJES..25.1078H
566:Glossary of geology
532:1993GSLSP..75....1B
419:in the background,
2985:Sediment transport
2855:Aquatic toxicology
2768:Stream restoration
2733:Infiltration basin
2585:Hydrological model
2101:Sediment transport
1924:Estavelle/Inversac
1802:Subterranean river
1662:Sediment transport
1616:River rejuvenation
1589:Regional processes
992:Rice in deep water
849:10.1111/gec3.12260
633:, "branch island".
378:
362:Cumberland Plateau
280:
192:
155:anastomosing river
44:
3135:Fluvial landforms
3112:
3111:
3024:Bed material load
3009:Fluvial processes
2951:
2950:
2928:Whitewater rivers
2834:Whitewater slalom
2665:River engineering
2565:Groundwater model
2526:River measurement
2454:Flood forecasting
2269:Sedimentary basin
2126:Fluvial landforms
2031:Bed material load
1807:River bifurcation
1693:
1692:
1494:River bifurcation
1313:Media related to
1217:(12): 1135–1151.
1006:978-971-22-0005-2
837:Geography Compass
413:Waimakariri River
397:Waimakariri River
276:Brahmaputra River
198:Experiments with
16:(Redirected from
3157:
2999:Armored mud ball
2978:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2913:Rivers by length
2748:River morphology
2650:Wetted perimeter
2555:Drainage density
2066:Headward erosion
1895:Perennial stream
1767:Blackwater river
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1424:Avulsion (river)
1352:River morphology
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1298:
1270:
1269:
1252:(6): 1113–1127.
1241:
1235:
1234:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
986:
980:
979:
961:
955:
954:
928:
922:
921:
903:
897:
891:
882:
881:
879:
859:
853:
852:
834:
825:
819:
818:
809:(6): 1755–1770.
798:
789:
788:
786:
784:
774:
765:
759:
758:
747:10.1038/371054a0
722:
711:
705:
694:
693:
675:
669:
668:
651:(7): 1078–1087.
640:
634:
628:
622:
621:, "channel bar".
616:
610:
609:
591:
580:
579:
561:
552:
551:
515:
471:
459:
447:
432:
409:
149:meandering river
21:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3090:
3069:
3045:Glacial outwash
3028:
2987:
2982:
2952:
2947:
2923:Drainage basins
2904:
2838:
2777:
2753:Retention basin
2713:Erosion control
2708:Detention basin
2659:
2575:Hjulström curve
2527:
2521:
2493:
2437:Non-water flood
2394:
2366:
2312:Helicoidal flow
2298:
2199:Fluvial terrace
2194:Floating island
2120:
1995:
1987:
1978:Rhythmic spring
1912:
1904:
1885:Stream gradient
1826:
1812:River ecosystem
1777:Channel pattern
1745:
1737:
1724:
1694:
1689:
1671:
1652:Helicoidal flow
1620:
1584:
1551:
1523:
1439:Channel pattern
1411:Alluvial rivers
1405:
1401:River sinuosity
1354:
1349:
1305:
1295:
1279:
1277:Further reading
1274:
1273:
1242:
1238:
1207:
1203:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1098:Scientia Sinica
1094:
1090:
1059:
1048:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1007:
999:. p. 177.
987:
983:
976:
962:
958:
951:
929:
925:
918:
904:
900:
892:
885:
860:
856:
832:
826:
822:
799:
792:
782:
780:
772:
766:
762:
733:(6492): 54–57.
723:
714:
706:
697:
690:
676:
672:
665:10.1139/e88-105
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
606:
592:
583:
576:
562:
555:
516:
512:
507:
482:
475:
472:
463:
460:
451:
448:
439:
433:
424:
410:
269:
164:
122:
52:braided channel
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3150:Braided rivers
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:Suspended load
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Stone skipping
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Drop structure
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Balancing lake
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Playfair's law
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Exner equation
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Bradshaw model
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:Urban flooding
2424:
2419:
2417:Crevasse splay
2414:
2412:100-year flood
2408:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:Surface runoff
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Stream capture
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Rock-cut basin
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Suspended load
2103:
2098:
2096:Secondary flow
2093:
2088:
2086:Retrogradation
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:Dissolved load
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1983:Spring horizon
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Mineral spring
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:list in the US
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Stream channel
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Drainage basin
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Alluvial river
1753:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Playfair's law
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Exner equation
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1580:Current ripple
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Slip-off slope
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Meander cutoff
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Drainage basin
1368:
1366:Alluvial plain
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:Braided rivers
1304:
1303:External links
1301:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1236:
1201:
1182:(3): 348–360.
1166:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
1088:
1046:
1019:
1005:
981:
974:
956:
949:
923:
917:978-0138609580
916:
898:
896:, p. 104.
883:
877:10.3133/pp282B
854:
843:(3): 102–127.
820:
790:
760:
712:
710:, p. 248.
695:
688:
670:
635:
623:
611:
604:
581:
574:
553:
509:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
495:
489:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
466:
464:
461:
454:
452:
449:
442:
440:
434:
427:
425:
411:
404:
401:
400:
393:
386:
370:
369:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
319:
268:
265:
243:Waitaki Rivers
213:suspended load
184:Emmons Glacier
163:
160:
121:
118:
56:braided stream
26:
18:Braided stream
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3162:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Water streams
3143:
3141:
3140:Sedimentology
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Geomorphology
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Braided river
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Glacial flour
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Surface water
2893:
2891:
2890:Sacred waters
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Riparian zone
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Body of water
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Riverboarding
2807:
2805:
2804:River surfing
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:and modelling
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2489:Return period
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Flood control
2447:
2445:
2444:Flood barrier
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Palaeochannel
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Granular flow
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Channel types
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Braided river
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Water erosion
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1529:Bedrock river
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Riparian zone
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Braided river
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1294:9780478221213
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Sedimentology
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Geomorphology
1170:
1162:
1161:"Google Maps"
1156:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
985:
977:
971:
967:
960:
952:
950:9780080885223
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
913:
909:
902:
895:
890:
888:
878:
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
778:
771:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
717:
709:
704:
702:
700:
691:
689:9780199653065
685:
681:
674:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
632:
627:
620:
615:
607:
605:9781405177832
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
577:
571:
567:
560:
558:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
510:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
483:
470:
465:
458:
453:
446:
441:
437:
431:
426:
423:, New Zealand
422:
418:
417:Southern Alps
414:
408:
403:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:
374:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
317:
314:The enormous
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:alluvial fans
285:
277:
273:
264:
261:
257:
252:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
196:
189:
188:Mount Rainier
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
159:
157:
156:
151:
150:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
117:
115:
111:
110:alluvial fans
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:(also called
49:
48:braided river
41:
37:
32:
19:
3049:
2933:Flash floods
2885:River cruise
2782:River sports
2635:Stream gauge
2620:Rouse number
2610:Relief ratio
2459:Flood-meadow
2390:Urban runoff
2304:Fluvial flow
2289:River valley
2259:River island
2224:Meander scar
2139:Alluvial fan
2081:Progradation
1956:Karst spring
1900:Winterbourne
1855:Chalk stream
1817:River source
1792:Distributary
1761:
1433:
1391:River valley
1284:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1155:
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1010:. Retrieved
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781:. Retrieved
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638:
631:Jackson 1997
626:
619:Jackson 1997
614:
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523:
519:
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436:Rakaia River
355:Yellow River
323:Platte River
304:South Island
281:
248:
233:
229:
215:sediment to
197:
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147:
145:
128:
123:
114:river deltas
107:
84:
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73:
67:
55:
51:
47:
45:
40:South Island
36:Rakaia River
2794:Fly fishing
2718:Fish ladder
2703:Daylighting
2422:Flash flood
2385:First flush
2332:Plunge pool
2056:Downcutting
2041:Debris flow
2016:Aggradation
1890:Stream pool
1596:Aggradation
1547:Plunge pool
1514:Stream pool
1504:River mouth
1396:River delta
1069:(1): 1–62.
935:: 289–312.
708:Leeder 2011
526:(1): 1–11.
383:Tagliamento
348:Bijou Creek
341:Yukon Basin
316:Brahmaputra
300:New Zealand
267:Occurrences
235:Aggradation
172:White River
120:Description
3119:Categories
3081:Soil creep
2900:Wild river
2580:Hydrograph
2570:Hack's law
2535:Baer's law
2479:Inundation
2464:Floodplain
2404:stormwater
2362:Whitewater
2234:Oxbow lake
2071:Knickpoint
2046:Deposition
1939:Hot spring
1880:Streamflow
1870:Stream bed
1787:Confluence
1647:Hack's law
1601:Base level
1542:Knickpoint
1469:Oxbow lake
1449:Floodplain
1104:: 734–754.
975:0131547283
575:0922152349
505:References
421:Canterbury
306:, and the
263:channels.
260:meandering
225:meandering
209:meandering
180:Washington
176:U.S. state
143:or eyots.
129:braid bars
95:meandering
69:braid bars
3086:Landslide
3074:Hillslope
2870:Limnology
2819:Triathlon
2789:Canyoning
2758:Revetment
2688:Check dam
2600:Main stem
2357:Waterfall
2244:Point bar
2229:Mouth bar
2169:Billabong
2116:Water gap
2111:Wash load
2091:Saltation
2011:Anabranch
1934:Holy well
1822:Tributary
1625:Mechanics
1474:Point bar
1464:Mouth bar
1419:Anabranch
548:129232374
486:Anabranch
415:with the
364:near the
308:Himalayas
284:piedmonts
227:profile.
162:Formation
126:ephemeral
3014:Bed load
2673:Aqueduct
2540:Baseflow
2507:Effluent
2184:Cut bank
2149:Avulsion
2026:Bed load
2006:Abrasion
1685:Category
1570:Antidune
1557:Bedforms
1444:Cut bank
1012:23 April
480:See also
327:Nebraska
251:bouncing
217:bed load
204:sediment
87:sediment
60:channels
3096:Aeolian
3065:Drumlin
3055:Moraine
3033:Glacial
2850:Aquifer
2843:Related
2799:Rafting
2327:Meander
2322:Log jam
2284:Thalweg
2189:Estuary
2061:Erosion
1998:erosion
1910:Springs
1865:Current
1832:Streams
1772:Channel
1735:springs
1731:streams
1519:Thalweg
1454:Meander
1381:Estuary
1254:Bibcode
1219:Bibcode
1184:Bibcode
1071:Bibcode
755:4276051
735:Bibcode
653:Bibcode
528:Bibcode
256:erosion
221:erosion
174:in the
66:called
64:islands
38:in the
3125:Rivers
2645:WAFLEX
2517:Sewage
2400:Floods
2342:Riffle
2337:Rapids
2279:Strath
2249:Ravine
2174:Canyon
1929:Geyser
1860:Coulee
1845:Bourne
1840:Arroyo
1743:Rivers
1727:Rivers
1537:Canyon
1484:Rapids
1479:Riffle
1291:
1003:
972:
947:
914:
753:
727:Nature
686:
602:
572:
546:
492:Lagoon
334:Alaska
296:Canada
292:Alaska
239:Rakaia
200:flumes
99:flashy
91:slopes
3060:Esker
2992:Water
2743:Levee
2728:Flume
2683:Canal
2427:Flood
2347:Shoal
2214:Gully
2209:Gulch
2179:Chine
2164:Bayou
2021:Armor
1973:Ponor
1748:lists
1149:(33).
1035:(1).
833:(PDF)
783:9 May
779:(279)
773:(PDF)
751:S2CID
544:S2CID
498:Shoal
390:Piave
137:flood
133:braid
112:, on
103:banks
80:eyots
3104:Dune
2773:Weir
2738:Leat
2402:and
2294:Wadi
2254:Rill
2219:Glen
2204:Gill
2154:Bank
1996:and
1961:list
1944:list
1915:list
1850:Burn
1733:and
1575:Dune
1289:ISBN
1014:2011
1001:ISBN
970:ISBN
945:ISBN
912:ISBN
785:2022
684:ISBN
600:ISBN
570:ISBN
395:The
388:The
381:The
346:The
241:and
170:The
141:aits
75:aits
34:The
2693:Dam
2159:Bar
2134:Ait
1565:Ait
1262:doi
1227:doi
1192:doi
1180:114
1079:doi
1037:doi
937:doi
872:doi
845:doi
811:doi
743:doi
731:371
661:doi
536:doi
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178:of
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