664:
for a prolonged period may not have enough bone left in the necessary locations. In this case, autologous bone can be taken from the chin, from the pilot holes for the implants, or even from the iliac crest of the pelvis and inserted into the mouth underneath the new implant. Alternatively, exogenous bone can be used: xenograft is the most commonly used, because it offers the advantage of exceptional volume stability over time. Allograft offers the best regeneration quality but has lower volume stability. Often a mix of different kinds of bone grafts is used.
350:, in which a small block of bone is placed whole in the area being grafted. When a block graft will be performed, autogenous bone is the most preferred because there is less risk of the graft rejection because the graft originated from the patient's own body. As indicated in the chart above, such a graft would be osteoinductive and osteogenic, as well as osteoconductive. A negative aspect of autologous grafts is that an additional surgical site is required, in effect adding another potential location for post-operative pain and complications.
614:, which are diseases that arise from the crossing of animal and human tissue, pose a threat to the success of xenograft implantation. Specifically, these diseases are referenced as "xenozoonoses". They can be categorized in 3 different groups: viral infection, prion-mediated infection, and bacterial infection. They have the potential to create a public health risk if they are not closely monitored, as they can cause diseases to be more easily transmissible through different species.
695:
have been used to restore skeletal integrity to long bones of limbs in which congenital bone defects exist and to replace segments of bone after trauma or malignant tumor invasion. The periosteum and nutrient artery are generally removed with the piece of bone so that the graft will remain alive and grow when transplanted into the new host site. Once the transplanted bone is secured into its new location it generally restores blood supply to the bone in which it has been attached.
328:
440:
The femoral head is a roughly spherical area of bone, located at the proximal end of the femur, with a diameter of 45 mm to 56 mm in adult humans. The patient's femoral head is most frequently discarded to hospital waste at the end of the surgical procedure. However, if a patient satisfies a number of stringent regulatory, medical and social history criteria, and provides informed consent, their femoral head may be deposited in the hospital's bone bank.
40:
416:
like bone, may release growth and differentiating factors while being resorbed by osteoclasts. In order to make the dentin graft usable and bacteria-free, some companies have developed clinical procedures which include grinding, sorting and cleaning of the teeth for immediate or future use. In Korea, the Korea Tooth Bank performed bio-recycling of 38 000 patients' own teeth from
January 2009 until October 2012.
400:
843:
827:
of the hospital for three months. Besides the cost of the bone graft itself (ranging from US$ 250 to US$ 900) other expenses for the procedure include: outpatient rehabilitation fees (US$ 5,000 to US$ 7,000), screws and rods (US$ 7,500), room and board (US$ 5,000), operating room (US$ 3,500), sterile supplies (US$ 1,100), physical therapy (US$ 1,000), surgeon's fees (average US$ 3,500),
470:. Hydroxylapatite is a synthetic bone graft, which is the most used now among other synthetic due to its osteoconduction, hardness and acceptability by bone. Tricalcium phosphate which is now used in combination with hydroxylapatite thus give both effect osteoconduction and resorbability. Polymers such as some
707:. Besides the main use of bone grafting – dental implants – this procedure is used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken bones that have bone loss, and repair broken bone that has not yet healed. Furthermore, bone grafts or substitutes are widely used for augmentation of spinal fusion procedures.
663:
into the mouth. As mentioned earlier bone grafts come in various forms such as autologous (from the same person), Allograft, Xenograft (mainly bovine bone), and
Alloplastic materials. Bone grafts can be used prior to implant placement or simultaneously. People who have been edentulous (without teeth)
826:
Bone graft procedures consist of more than just the surgery itself. The complete three-month total cost of a complex posterolateral lumbar spine fusion bone graft supplemented with graft extenders ranges from a mean of approximately US$ 33,860 to US$ 37,227. This price includes all visits in and out
439:
human bone donors (usually hospital inpatients) who are undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (total hip replacement surgery). During total hip replacement, the orthopaedic surgeon removes the patient's femoral head, as a necessary part of the process of inserting the artificial hip prosthesis.
216:
Bone grafting is possible because bone tissue, unlike most other tissues, has the ability to regenerate completely if provided the space into which to grow. As native bone grows, it will generally replace the graft material completely, resulting in a fully integrated region of new bone. The biologic
694:
Another common bone graft, which is more substantial than those used for dental implants, is of the fibular shaft. After the segment of the fibular shaft has been removed normal activities such as running and jumping are permitted on the leg with the bone deficit. The grafted, vascularized fibulas
415:
bone, made from extracted teeth, comprises more than 85% of tooth structure, the enamel consists of HA mineral and comprises 10% of tooth structure. Dentin is similar to bone in its chemical composition, by volume 70–75% is HA mineral and 20% organic matrix, mostly fibrous type I collagen. Dentin,
395:
Chin offers a large amount of cortico-cancellous autograft and easy access among all the intraoral sites. It can be easily harvested in the office settings under local anaesthesia on an outpatient basis. Proximity of the donor and recipient sites reduce operative time and cost. Convenient surgical
225:
Osteoconduction is termed as "the property of a material to support tissue ingrowth, osteoprogenitor cell growth, and development for bone formation to occur". In the context of bone grafting it occurs when the bone graft material serves as a scaffold for new bone growth that is perpetuated by the
129:
The principles involved in successful bone grafts include osteoconduction (guiding the reparative growth of the natural bone), osteoinduction (encouraging undifferentiated cells to become active osteoblasts), and osteogenesis (living bone cells in the graft material contribute to bone remodeling).
230:
from the margin of the defect that is being grafted utilize the bone graft material as a framework upon which to spread and generate new bone. Osteoblasts do not originate from the donor tissue, but through the internal ingrowing of the host's cells. The proper bonding of bioactive chemicals
597:(and an important proportion of fluorides, useful in the context of grafting to promote bone development) while natural human bone is made of hydroxyapatite along with calcium phosphate and carbonate: the coral material is thus either transformed industrially into hydroxyapatite through a
584:
Bone xenografts are an alternative form of bone grafts that involve transplanting different animal species cells into humans. This graft can range from orthopedic to dental uses. Most xenografts are derived from bovine sources such as cows or pigs and are sterilized and processed for safe
637:
The time it takes for an individual to recover depends on the severity of the injury being treated and lasts anywhere from two weeks to two months, with a possibility of vigorous exercise being barred for up to six months. Distal femoral bone graft takes up to six months to heal.
601:
process, yielding a non-resorbable xenograft, or simply the process is omitted and the coralline material remains in its calcium carbonate state for better resorption of the graft by the natural bone. The coral xenograft is then saturated with growth-enhancing gels and solutions.
493:
478:
and various other acrylates (such as polyhydroxylethylmethacrylate aka PHEMA), coated with calcium hydroxide for adhesion, are also used as alloplastic grafts for their inhibition of infection and their mechanical resilience and biocompatibility. Calcifying marine algae such as
247:(BMPs). A bone graft material that is osteoconductive and osteoinductive will not only serve as a scaffold for currently existing osteoblasts but will also trigger the formation of new osteoblasts, theoretically promoting faster integration of the graft.
686:, ridge augmentation, or regeneration. There is currently some evidence supporting the use of autologous platelet concentrates (cell fragments containing growth factors to promote tissue regeneration) when bone grafting is used to treat gum disease.
678:, trauma, or the natural process of aging. There are various reasons for replacing lost bone tissue and encouraging natural bone growth, and each technique tackles jawbone defects differently. Reasons that bone grafting might be needed include
109:
that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly. Some small or acute fractures can be cured without bone grafting, but the risk is greater for large fractures like compound fractures.
376:
All bone requires a blood supply in the transplanted site. Depending on where the transplant site is and the size of the graft, an additional blood supply may be required. For these types of grafts, extraction of the part of the
723:. Infection is reported to occur in less than 1% of cases and is curable with antibiotics. Overall, patients with a preexisting illness are at a higher risk of getting an infection as opposed to those who are overall healthy.
531:
aspirate to increase biological activity. Some authors believe this method is inferior to autogenous bone grafting; however, infection and rejection of the graft is much less of a risk, and the mechanical properties such as
1019:
Boyan BD, Weesner TC, Lohmann CH, Andreacchio D, Carnes DL, Dean DD, et al. (August 2000). "Porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative enhances bone formation induced by demineralized freeze dried bone allograft in vivo".
113:
Bone generally has the ability to regenerate completely but requires a very small fracture space or some sort of scaffold to do so. Bone grafts may be autologous (bone harvested from the patient's own body, often from the
483:
have a fluorohydroxyapatitic composition whose structure is similar to human bone and offers gradual resorption, thus it is treated and standardized as "FHA (Fluoro-hydroxy-apatitic) biomaterial" alloplastic bone grafts.
2425:
1525:
Le BT, Borzabadi-Farahani A (July 2014). "Simultaneous implant placement and bone grafting with particulate mineralized allograft in sites with buccal wall defects, a three-year follow-up and review of literature".
742:
bowel herniation (this becomes a risk for larger donor sites (>4 cm)). About 20 cases have been reported in the literature from 1945 until 1989 and only a few hundred cases have been reported worldwide
243:
Osteoinduction involves the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts that then begin new bone formation. The most widely studied type of osteoinductive cell mediators is
427:
bone, like autogenous bone, is derived from humans; the difference is that allograft is harvested from an individual other than the one receiving the graft. Allograft bone can be taken from
1978:
Ahlmann E, Patzakis M, Roidis N, Shepherd L, Holtom P (May 2002). "Comparison of anterior and posterior iliac crest bone grafts in terms of harvest-site morbidity and functional outcomes".
831:
fees (approximately US$ 350 to US$ 400 per hour), medication charges (US$ 1,000), and additional fees for services such as medical supplies, diagnostic procedures, equipment use fees, etc.
818:
Bone grafts harvested from the posterior iliac crest in general have less morbidity, but depending on the type of surgery, may require a flip while the patient is under general anesthesia.
667:
In general, bone graft is either used en bloc (such as from the chin or the ascending ramus area of the lower jaw) or particulated, in order to be able to adapt it better to a defect.
1943:
Marx RE, Morales MJ (March 1988). "Morbidity from bone harvest in major jaw reconstruction: a randomized trial comparing the lateral anterior and posterior approaches to the ilium".
2864:
271:
Osteogenesis occurs when vital osteoblasts originating from the bone graft material contribute to new bone growth along with bone growth generated via the other two mechanisms.
2021:
Glassman SD, Carreon LY, Campbell MJ, Johnson JR, Puno RM, Djurasovic M, Dimar JR (2008). "The perioperative cost of Infuse bone graft in posterolateral lumbar spine fusion".
338:(or autogenous) bone grafting involves utilizing bone obtained from the same individual receiving the graft. Bone can be harvested from non-essential bones, such as from the
279:
Depending on where the bone graft is needed, a different doctor may be requested to do the surgery. Doctors and physicians that perform bone graft procedures are commonly
1056:"Bone Grafting - Definition, Purpose, Demographics, Description, Diagnosis/preparation, Aftercare, Risks, Normal results, Morbidity and mortality rates, Alternatives"
126:
substances) with similar mechanical properties to bone. Most bone grafts are expected to be resorbed and replaced as the natural bone heals over a few months' time.
2540:
1395:"The minimization of morbidity in cranio-maxillofacial osseous reconstruction : bone graft harvesting and coral-derived granules as a bone graft substitute"
1860:"Repetitive posterior iliac crest autograft harvest resulting in an unstable pelvic fracture and infected non-union: case report and review of the literature"
1833:
2857:
519:; all of which are biologically active to different degrees depending on solubility in the physiological environment. These materials can be doped with
382:
1511:
1426:"Bone augmentation procedures in localized defects in the alveolar ridge: clinical results with different bone grafts and bone-substitute materials"
1146:
Kim YK, Kim SG, Oh JS, Jin SC, Son JS, Kim SY, Lim SY (August 2011). "Analysis of the inorganic component of autogenous tooth bone graft material".
392:. In this case, there is an osteoinductive and osteogenic action, however, there is no osteoconductive action, as there is no solid bony structure.
1294:
Zhu H, Guo D, Sun L, Li H, Hanaor DA, Schmidt F, Xu K (2018). "Nanostructural insights into the dissolution behavior of Sr-doped hydroxyapatite".
1277:
2133:
1911:"Pseudoaneurysm of the deep circumflex iliac artery: a rare complication at an anterior iliac bone graft donor site treated by coil embolization"
1197:
670:
Dental bone grafting is a specialized oral surgical procedure that has been developed to reestablish lost jawbone. This loss can be a result of
2850:
2776:
1771:
Hamad MM, Majeed SA (November 1989). "Incisional hernia through iliac crest defects. A report of three cases with a review of the literature".
55:
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are harvested and treated to become 'coral derived granules' (CDG) and other types of coralline xenografts. Coral based xenografts are mainly
396:
access, low morbidity, elimination of hospital stay, minimal donor site discomfort and avoidance of cutaneous scars are the added advantages.
2375:
235:
in the area of a defect. In the very least, a bone graft material should be osteoconductive by being made up of these bioactive chemicals.
862:
921:
Klokkevold PR, Jovanovic SA (2002). "Advanced
Implant Surgery and Bone Grafting Techniques". In Newman MG, Takei HM, Carranza FA (eds.).
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560:
A synthetic material may be used as a temporary antibiotic spacer before being replaced by a more permanent material. For example, the
589:
or demineralized and deproteinized. Xenografts are usually only distributed as a calcified matrix. Madrepore and or millepore type of
3257:
260:
3209:
1402:
576:) for 4–12 weeks, and then replacing the space with an autologous bone graft. It can be used to treat posttraumatic bone defects.
342:, or more commonly in oral and maxillofacial surgery, from the mandibular symphysis (chin area) or anterior mandibular ramus (the
3379:
3374:
2196:
1736:
Arrington ED, Smith WJ, Chambers HG, Bucknell AL, Davino NA (August 1996). "Complications of iliac crest bone graft harvesting".
1129:
1094:
1701:
Banwart JC, Asher MA, Hassanein RS (May 1995). "Iliac crest bone graft harvest donor site morbidity. A statistical evaluation".
1667:
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that have donated their bone so that it can be used for living people who are in need of it; it is typically sourced from a
255:
Osteopromotion involves the enhancement of osteoinduction without the possession of osteoinductive properties. For example,
1471:
Dumitrescu AL (2011). "Bone Grafts and Bone Graft
Substitutes in Periodontal Therapy §2.3.3 coralline calcium carbonate".
625:
enhanced grafts are produced using recombinant DNA technology. They consist of either Human Growth
Factors or Morphogens (
3115:
2638:
2519:
2514:
2126:
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Studies show that xenografts can be used, however they are closely monitored due to their risk of rejection.
389:
1561:
Del Fabbro M, Karanxha L, Panda S, Bucchi C, Nadathur
Doraiswamy J, Sankari M, et al. (November 2018).
496:
Flexible hydrogel-HA composite, which has a mineral-to-organic matrix ratio approximating that of human bone
217:
mechanisms that provide a rationale for bone grafting are osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenesis.
2478:
2405:
1503:
1244:
388:
An autograft may also be performed without a solid bony structure, for example, using bone reamed from the
2057:
715:
As with any procedure, there are risks involved; these include reactions to medicine, problems breathing,
2483:
353:
Autologous bone is typically harvested from intra-oral sources as the chin or extra-oral sources as the
3098:
2488:
2344:
2266:
466:, a naturally occurring mineral that is also the main mineral component of bone. They may be made from
244:
17:
703:
Bone grafts are used in hopes that the defective bone will be healed or will regrow with little to no
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and accompanying blood vessels along with donor bone is required. This kind of graft is known as a
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1190:"Bone Allografts - FAQs - Infection Control in Dental Settings - Division of Oral Health - CDC"
2732:
949:
LeGeros RZ (February 2002). "Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: calcium phosphates".
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231:(Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate) in implants used in bone grafting surgery allow the promotion of
118:), allograft (cadaveric bone usually obtained from a bone bank), or synthetic (often made of
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2003:
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Bhatti A, Ahmed W (June 1999). "Herniation through ILiac Crest Bone Graft donor site".
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area of a missing tooth. Dental implants require bones underneath them for support and
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D'Souza M, Macdonald NA, Gendreau JL, Duddleston PJ, Feng AY, Ho AL (September 2019).
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Osteogenesis only occurs with autograft tissue and allograft cellular bone matrices.
50:
2007:
1800:
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1432:. Vol. 24 Suppl. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK). pp. 218–236.
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2087:"Current concepts and guidelines in chin graft harvesting: A literature review"
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119:
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1563:"Autologous platelet concentrates for treating periodontal infrabony defects"
1430:
Database of
Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews
671:
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586:
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123:
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cosmetic defects (chiefly caused by not preserving the superior pelvic brim)
3307:
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2685:
2659:
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1999:
1929:
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1504:"Bone Graft - Surgery Procedures & Risks - NY Times Health Information"
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1005:
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892:
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Some of the potential risks and complications of bone grafts employing the
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is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair
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3041:
720:
537:
524:
424:
1858:
Oakley MJ, Smith WR, Morgan SJ, Ziran NM, Ziran BH (December 2007).
984:
Urist MR (February 2002). "Bone: formation by autoinduction. 1965".
768:(this will cause posterior pelvic pain which is worsened by sitting)
2806:
2493:
1308:
788:
781:
716:
611:
512:
44:
A surgeon places a bone graft into position during a limb salvage.
1344:"Masquelet technique for treatment of posttraumatic bone defects"
799:
549:
428:
1668:"Iliac crest autogenous bone grafting: donor site complications"
794:
412:
358:
2020:
1735:
1018:
651:
The most common use of bone grafting is in the application of
503:
can be created from ceramics such as calcium phosphates (e.g.
492:
399:
39:
3125:
1977:
1834:"Pelvic fracture: The iliac crest bone grafting complication"
1560:
590:
2892:
2874:
2473:
1612:"Graft Materials and Biologics for Spinal Interbody Fusion"
362:
2872:
629:
in conjunction with a carrier medium, such as collagen).
536:
are comparable to bone. The presence of elements such as
1909:
Chou AS, Hung CF, Tseng JH, Pan KT, Yen PS (July 2002).
1342:
Wong TM, Lau TW, Li X, Fang C, Yeung K, Leung F (2014).
726:
331:
Illustration of an autograft harvested from iliac crest
263:(DFDBA), but will not stimulate new bone growth alone.
259:
has been shown to enhance the osteoinductive effect of
1980:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1857:
1087:
2084:
1700:
435:. Bone banks also supply allograft bone sourced from
1524:
1077:"Bone Grafts: No Longer Just a Chip Off the Ol' Hip"
838:
1661:
1659:
1657:
920:
443:There are three types of bone allograft available:
140:Properties of various types of bone graft sources.
453:Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA)
3361:
1908:
1654:
2085:Desai AJ, Thomas R, Kumar AT, Mehta DS (2013).
1672:Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association
1423:
925:(9th ed.). W.B. Saunders. pp. 907–8.
761:(extremely rare and usually with other factors)
564:consists of initially using PMMA mixed with an
2777:List of organ transplant donors and recipients
1337:
1335:
2858:
2127:
2091:International Journal of Oral Health Sciences
1665:
1341:
2376:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
2014:
1971:
585:implantation into human tissue. They can be
1942:
1936:
1813:
1770:
1567:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1332:
1293:
1145:
2865:
2851:
2134:
2120:
1773:Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
1738:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1470:
1230:
1218:
1071:
1069:
986:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
951:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
38:
3258:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
2141:
2102:
1945:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1885:
1875:
1637:
1627:
1586:
1473:Chemicals in Surgical Periodontal Therapy
1369:
1359:
1307:
1263:
1148:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
632:
261:demineralized freeze dried bone allograft
3210:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
1528:Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
1489:
491:
398:
326:
1296:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
1252:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1066:
948:
133:
14:
3362:
1807:
1392:
752:also called Bernhardt-Roth's syndrome)
2846:
2115:
1764:
1245:"Bioceramics: From Concept to Clinic"
1242:
1200:from the original on 31 December 2017
983:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
805:pseudoaneurysm of iliac artery (rare)
727:Risks for grafts from the iliac crest
487:
457:
1405:from the original on 18 January 2012
1287:
944:
942:
462:Alloplastic grafts may be made from
285:otolaryngology head and neck surgeon
3116:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
2520:Canadian Society of Transplantation
2515:American Society of Transplantation
2055:
555:
24:
3267:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
3111:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
2078:
1318:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056
1274:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x
923:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology
905:
646:
450:Freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA)
220:
25:
3391:
939:
617:
346:); this is particularly true for
250:
238:
122:or other naturally occurring and
2446:United Network for Organ Sharing
2431:National Transplant Organization
1992:10.2106/00004623-200205000-00003
1750:10.1097/00003086-199608000-00037
1715:10.1097/00007632-199505000-00012
1514:from the original on 2009-01-25.
1283:from the original on 2010-11-16.
1083:from the original on 2008-11-01.
1062:from the original on 2008-10-17.
998:10.1097/00003086-200202000-00002
963:10.1097/00003086-200202000-00009
841:
689:
2560:Organ transplantation in Israel
2049:
1902:
1851:
1826:
1729:
1694:
1603:
1554:
1518:
1464:
1424:Jensen SS, Terheyden H (2009).
1417:
1386:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1182:
1136:." Page accessed July 18, 2007.
791:requiring surgical intervention
750:lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
605:
407:
297:oral and maxillofacial surgeons
266:
3380:Orthopedic surgical procedures
3375:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2565:Organ transplantation in Japan
2536:Organ transplantation in China
2510:American Society of Nephrology
1579:10.1002/14651858.cd011423.pub2
1139:
1127:Biology of the Human Dentition
1119:
1048:
1012:
977:
878:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
863:CNT Network Bio-Stress Sensors
13:
1:
2441:Trillium Gift of Life Network
2421:National Marrow Donor Program
1666:Seiler JG, Johnson J (2000).
899:
579:
419:
390:anterior superior iliac spine
2479:Halachic Organ Donor Society
2406:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
2035:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.03.004
1957:10.1016/0278-2391(88)90083-3
322:
7:
2484:Kidney Foundation of Canada
1629:10.3390/biomedicines7040075
834:
672:dental infection of abscess
245:bone morphogenetic proteins
10:
3396:
3099:Articular cartilage repair
2541:harvesting from Falun Gong
2489:National Kidney Foundation
2345:Non-heart-beating donation
1918:Chang Gung Medical Journal
1540:10.1016/j.jcms.2013.07.026
1034:10.1902/jop.2000.71.8.1278
447:Fresh or fresh-frozen bone
3295:
3235:
3180:
3133:
3124:
3089:
3034:
2998:
2982:
2926:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2789:
2772:
2741:
2725:
2709:
2678:
2652:
2616:
2580:
2573:
2528:
2502:
2454:
2389:
2371:Graft-versus-host disease
2363:
2335:
2307:
2182:
2149:
1864:Patient Safety in Surgery
1348:TheScientificWorldJournal
1095:"Bone Graft Alternatives"
1022:Journal of Periodontology
868:Graft-versus-host disease
735:as a donor site include:
627:Bone Morphogenic Proteins
274:
89:
75:
61:
49:
37:
32:
3370:Transplantation medicine
3225:Finger joint replacement
3016:Distraction osteogenesis
2436:NHS Blood and Transplant
2104:10.4103/2231-6027.122094
2062:Naples Dental Art Center
1475:. Springer. p. 92.
1393:Sándor GK (6 May 2018).
821:
710:
698:
257:enamel matrix derivative
2812:Immunosuppressive drugs
2548:Organ donation in India
641:
3006:Femoral head ostectomy
2974:Vertebral augmentation
2832:Frankenstein's monster
2827:Total body irradiation
2553:Gurgaon kidney scandal
2411:Human Tissue Authority
633:Recovery and aftercare
497:
404:
369:and even parts of the
332:
3203:Weaver–Dunn procedure
3104:Microfracture surgery
2873:Procedures involving
2817:Lung allocation score
2754:Jean-Michel Dubernard
2143:Organ transplantation
1877:10.1186/1754-9493-1-6
1160:10.1166/jnn.2011.4857
808:tumor transplantation
784:(a common occurrence)
746:meralgia paresthetica
540:can result in higher
495:
481:Corallina officinalis
402:
330:
293:craniofacial surgeons
3193:Shoulder replacement
3155:Intervertebral discs
2913:Orthognathic surgery
2624:J. Hartwell Harrison
2381:Transplant rejection
542:bone mineral density
509:tricalcium phosphate
134:Biological mechanism
3345:Arthroscopic lavage
3077:Tension band wiring
2733:André van der Merwe
2717:Richard C. Lillehei
2390:Transplant networks
2174:Xenotransplantation
2169:Autotransplantation
2157:Allotransplantation
1361:10.1155/2014/710302
684:socket preservation
676:periodontal disease
562:Masquelet procedure
281:orthopedic surgeons
141:
3287:Triple arthrodesis
3282:Broström procedure
3220:Brunelli procedure
3021:Ilizarov apparatus
2969:Vertebral fixation
2885:Orthopedic surgery
2588:Christiaan Barnard
2184:Organs and tissues
1785:10.1007/BF00932452
1508:The New York Times
1132:2015-10-30 at the
1125:Johnson, Clarke. "
883:Orthopedic surgery
773:ilioinguinal nerve
755:pelvic instability
680:sinus augmentation
661:proper integration
498:
488:Synthetic variants
458:Alloplastic grafts
405:
333:
301:podiatric surgeons
139:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3323:Joint replacement
3277:Ankle replacement
3085:
3084:
3072:External fixation
3067:Internal fixation
2918:Chin augmentation
2840:
2839:
2822:Machine perfusion
2802:Edmonton protocol
2797:Biomedical tissue
2785:
2784:
2696:Vladimir Demikhov
2598:Adrian Kantrowitz
2350:Organ procurement
2023:The Spine Journal
1482:978-3-642-18224-2
1302:(16): 5554–5562.
1243:Hench LL (1991).
595:calcium carbonate
233:osteoconductivity
213:
212:
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
3387:
3263:Knee replacement
3188:Shoulder surgery
3131:
3130:
2898:
2897:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2644:Michael Woodruff
2578:
2577:
2309:Medical grafting
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1836:. Archived from
1830:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:. Archived from
1663:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1573:(11): CD011423.
1558:
1552:
1551:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1258:(7): 1487–1510.
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:, pp. 101–2
1228:
1222:
1221:, pp. 94–95
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1143:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1107:on 23 March 2009
1106:
1100:. Archived from
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1016:
1010:
1009:
981:
975:
974:
946:
937:
936:
918:
888:Osseointegration
851:
846:
845:
844:
829:anesthesiologist
556:Temporary spacer
403:A bone allograft
383:vital bone graft
344:coronoid process
142:
138:
93:edit on Wikidata
85:
71:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3291:
3248:Hip replacement
3243:Hip resurfacing
3231:
3176:
3120:
3081:
3030:
3026:Phemister graft
2994:
2978:
2922:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2841:
2836:
2781:
2768:
2737:
2721:
2705:
2674:
2648:
2629:John P. Merrill
2612:
2569:
2524:
2503:Joint societies
2498:
2469:Blood Cancer UK
2456:
2450:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2359:
2331:
2327:Vascular bypass
2303:
2178:
2145:
2140:
2081:
2079:Further reading
2076:
2066:
2064:
2058:"Bone grafting"
2054:
2050:
2019:
2015:
1976:
1972:
1941:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1699:
1695:
1664:
1655:
1608:
1604:
1559:
1555:
1523:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1340:
1333:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1265:10.1.1.204.2305
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:Dumitrescu 2011
1229:
1225:
1219:Dumitrescu 2011
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1144:
1140:
1134:Wayback Machine
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1017:
1013:
982:
978:
947:
940:
933:
919:
906:
902:
897:
849:Medicine portal
847:
842:
840:
837:
824:
748:(injury to the
729:
713:
705:graft rejection
701:
692:
655:to restore the
653:dental implants
649:
647:Dental implants
644:
635:
620:
608:
582:
558:
534:Young's modulus
523:, ions such as
517:calcium sulfate
501:Artificial bone
490:
468:bioactive glass
460:
422:
410:
325:
317:implantologists
309:dental surgeons
277:
269:
253:
241:
223:
221:Osteoconduction
214:
147:Osteoconductive
136:
96:
81:
67:
45:
28:
27:Bone transplant
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:Arthrocentesis
3335:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3255:
3253:Rotationplasty
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:Bankart repair
3195:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Epiphysiodesis
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Astragalectomy
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2790:Related topics
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2701:James D. Hardy
2698:
2693:
2691:Joel D. Cooper
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:James D. Hardy
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:Elizabeth Ward
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2608:Norman Shumway
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:James D. Hardy
2590:
2584:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Eurotransplant
2397:
2395:
2392:and government
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:Organ donation
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2048:
2013:
1970:
1951:(3): 196–203.
1935:
1901:
1850:
1825:
1806:
1763:
1744:(329): 300–9.
1728:
1709:(9): 1055–60.
1693:
1690:on 2012-12-25.
1653:
1602:
1553:
1517:
1488:
1481:
1463:
1454:|journal=
1416:
1385:
1331:
1286:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1181:
1138:
1118:
1086:
1065:
1047:
1028:(8): 1278–86.
1011:
976:
957:(395): 81–98.
938:
931:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:Hydroxyapatite
870:
865:
860:
854:
853:
852:
836:
833:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
797:
792:
785:
778:
775:
771:injury to the
769:
766:clunial nerves
764:injury to the
762:
756:
753:
743:
728:
725:
712:
709:
700:
697:
691:
688:
648:
645:
643:
640:
634:
631:
619:
618:Growth Factors
616:
607:
604:
581:
578:
557:
554:
548:proliferation
527:or mixed with
521:growth factors
505:hydroxyapatite
489:
486:
464:hydroxyapatite
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
448:
421:
418:
409:
406:
324:
321:
276:
273:
268:
265:
252:
251:Osteopromotion
249:
240:
239:Osteoinduction
237:
222:
219:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:Osteoinductive
148:
145:
137:
135:
132:
120:hydroxyapatite
107:bone fractures
98:
97:
90:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:Spinal fusion
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Bone grafting
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2990:Acromioplasty
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Jaw reduction
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Donna Mansell
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Alexis Carrel
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2670:Thomas Starzl
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Joseph Murray
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Richard Lower
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
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2364:Complications
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623:Growth Factor
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313:oral surgeons
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305:periodontists
302:
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289:neurosurgeons
286:
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272:
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124:biocompatible
121:
117:
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103:Bone grafting
94:
88:
84:
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66:
64:
60:
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48:
41:
36:
33:Bone grafting
31:
19:
3327:
3308:Arthroplasty
3272:Ankle fusion
3215:Hand surgery
3170:Arthroplasty
3165:Annuloplasty
3046:
2964:Foraminotomy
2949:Laminoplasty
2934:Coccygectomy
2686:Fikri Alican
2660:Fikri Alican
2316:
2191:
2097:(1): 16–25.
2094:
2090:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2029:(3): 443–8.
2026:
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2016:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1948:
1944:
1938:
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1921:
1917:
1904:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1828:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1779:(6): 383–5.
1776:
1772:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:the original
1675:
1671:
1619:
1616:Biomedicines
1615:
1605:
1570:
1566:
1556:
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1531:
1527:
1520:
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1429:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1398:
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1102:the original
1089:
1050:
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1014:
989:
985:
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954:
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922:
893:Periodontics
858:Bone healing
825:
817:
814:chronic pain
739:
730:
714:
702:
693:
669:
666:
650:
636:
621:
609:
606:Health Risks
599:hydrothermal
587:freeze dried
583:
561:
559:
499:
461:
442:
436:
423:
411:
408:Dentin graft
394:
387:
375:
352:
348:block grafts
347:
334:
278:
270:
267:Osteogenesis
254:
242:
224:
215:
128:
112:
102:
101:
3318:Arthroscopy
3313:Synovectomy
3143:Arthrodesis
2959:Facetectomy
2944:Laminectomy
2764:Bruce Reitz
2416:LifeSharers
2394:departments
2355:Organ trade
2197:Bone marrow
2056:Etessam A.
1678:(2): 91–7.
1440:. NBK77628.
1194:www.cdc.gov
733:iliac crest
529:bone marrow
472:microporous
355:iliac crest
340:iliac crest
228:Osteoblasts
153:Osteogenic
116:iliac crest
77:MedlinePlus
3364:Categories
3333:Arthrogram
3303:Arthrotomy
3160:Discectomy
2954:Corpectomy
2939:Laminotomy
2877:and joints
2267:islet cell
2237:Heart–lung
2067:11 October
1844:2008-12-29
1822:(2): 37–9.
1816:J Surg Pak
1354:: 710302.
1309:1910.10610
1111:18 January
900:References
657:edentulous
580:Xenografts
574:gentamicin
570:vancomycin
566:antibiotic
546:osteoblast
474:grades of
420:Allografts
379:periosteum
336:Autologous
200:Autograft
186:Allograft
172:Xenograft
158:Alloplast
18:Bone graft
3091:Cartilage
3062:Reduction
3052:Osteotomy
3042:Ostectomy
2529:Countries
2242:Intestine
1622:(4): 75.
1456:ignored (
1446:cite book
1326:105932012
1260:CiteSeerX
777:infection
721:infection
538:strontium
525:strontium
433:bone bank
425:Allograft
323:Autograft
3328:imaging:
2807:Eye bank
2710:Pancreas
2494:ORGANIZE
2455:Advocacy
2262:Pancreas
2043:17526436
2008:38827457
2000:12004011
1930:12350036
1896:18271999
1870:(1): 6.
1801:30343371
1684:10901646
1648:31561556
1597:30484284
1548:24529349
1512:Archived
1438:19885447
1403:Archived
1380:24688420
1278:Archived
1198:Archived
1176:27290806
1168:22103215
1130:Archived
1081:Archived
1060:Archived
1042:10972643
1006:11937861
971:11937868
835:See also
800:ureteral
789:hematoma
782:hematoma
759:fracture
740:acquired
717:bleeding
612:Zoonoses
513:Bioglass
429:cadavers
367:mandible
51:ICD-9-CM
3296:General
3035:General
2207:Corneal
1965:3280759
1793:2695010
1758:8769465
1723:7631235
1639:6966429
1588:6517213
1399:oulu.fi
1371:3933034
550:in vivo
69:D016025
3126:Joints
2617:Kidney
2574:People
2426:NOD-Lb
2299:Vagina
2294:Uterus
2289:Thymus
2284:Spleen
2247:Kidney
2041:
2006:
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802:injury
795:seroma
780:minor
719:, and
591:corals
437:living
413:Dentin
365:, the
361:, the
359:fibula
357:, the
275:Method
83:002963
3135:Spine
2927:Spine
2893:Bones
2875:bones
2742:Other
2726:Penis
2653:Liver
2581:Heart
2274:Penis
2252:Liver
2232:Heart
2202:Brain
2150:Types
2004:S2CID
1914:(PDF)
1797:S2CID
1703:Spine
1409:6 May
1322:S2CID
1304:arXiv
1281:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1204:6 May
1172:S2CID
1105:(PDF)
1098:(PDF)
822:Costs
787:deep
711:Risks
699:Other
371:skull
91:[
2901:Face
2679:Lung
2474:DKMS
2279:Skin
2257:Lung
2227:Head
2222:Hand
2217:Face
2192:Bone
2162:ABOi
2069:2019
2039:PMID
1996:PMID
1961:PMID
1926:PMID
1892:PMID
1789:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1680:PMID
1644:PMID
1593:PMID
1571:2018
1544:PMID
1477:ISBN
1458:help
1434:PMID
1411:2018
1376:PMID
1352:2014
1206:2018
1164:PMID
1113:2009
1038:PMID
1002:PMID
967:PMID
927:ISBN
642:Uses
515:and
507:and
476:PMMA
363:ribs
315:and
303:and
192:+/–
63:MeSH
56:78.0
3236:Leg
3181:Arm
2999:Leg
2983:Arm
2212:Eye
2099:doi
2031:doi
1988:doi
1953:doi
1882:PMC
1872:doi
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1634:PMC
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