47:
698:
466:
in 1820, followed by a brief presence at
Sansanding in Bundu itself. Almamy Saada Amadi Aissata Sy, trying to promote trade, agreed to allow a permanent fort built at Senudebou in 1845, though this became a source of contention within the Sisibe ruling class. He also hoped to gain French support for
506:
In the 1860s and 70s the Sisibe under Bokar Saada rebuilt their wealth through extensive raiding and trading for slaves and cattle as well as taxing the people. By the late 19th century two thirds of the population was enslaved. After the closing of the
Senoudebou fort in 1862, Saada was the most
526:
Early years of French control saw a rising population as many former migrants returned. Starting in 1904, however, conditions deteriorated significantly, and large-scale famines forced much of the population to move within or leave Bundu. Slaves in particular took the opportunity to flee or
412:
Sy was succeeded by his son Bubu Malick Sy, who expanded the realm southwards at the expense of local
Mandinka kingdoms. By 1716 Bundu was the most powerful state on the upper Senegal. When he in turn died between 1718 and 1727, an interregnum ensued that threatened both
518:'s popular 1885-7 jihad briefly drove the Sisibe out of power until French military power defeated the jihadist forces and restored them to the throne. With this, French control was effectively complete. The last almamy, chosen by the French, died in 1902.
653:
s plantations or were sold on to
Moorish or Wolof buyers. Visitors in the late 18th century described a flourishing local agricultural industry, with particularly fine horses, and domestic production of incense, cotton, and indigo.
551:. This, as well as the presence of large numbers of non-Fulbe and/or non-Muslim inhabitants, meant that Bundu was more secular than other Fula states of the period, though Islam was a source of prestige and legitimacy as well as
502:
with French military support. During this period warfare and famine devastated the economy, and Tall's call for
Muslims to emigrate eastwards to his domain dramatically reduced the population, particularly among the Fulbe.
372:
of
Gajaaga gave Sy control first over one village and then a larger territory, the border of which Sy advantageously manipulated by cheating on a pact with the king. Bundu's growth that would set a precedent for later
535:, Bundu was increasingly ignored by the colonial administration. The area was economically marginalized, but also saw a flourishing of religious communities deliberately separating themselves from the pagan French.
648:
Bundu benefited from a position athwart major trade routes in gold, ivory, kola nuts, salt, cloth, cotton, gum arabic, and cattle. Large numbers of slaves taken in raids against neighboring communities worked the
291:
The country is an elevated plateau, with hills in the southern and central parts. These are generally unproductive, and covered with stunted wood; but the lower country is fertile, and finely clothed with the
555:
for slaving raids and conquest. Over time increased Fulbe immigration from these more
Islamized areas increased the Muslim population. Still, Bundu never attempted to spread Islam beyond its borders.
438:, the first European traveller to visit the country, passed through Bondu in 1795, and had to submit to many exactions from the reigning monarch. The royal residence was then at
417:(the descendants of Malick Sy) control over the state and the integrity of its central authority. This was, however, restored by Bubu's son Maka Jiba between 1731 and 1735.
479:, the only state on the upper Senegal that could rival Bundu at this time. But the Europeans, while happy to see Kaarta humbled, did not want Bundunke hegemony either.
396:
Under Sy, Bundu became a refuge for
Muslims and Islamic scholars persecuted by traditional rulers in other kingdoms. It eventually expanded east, taking territory from
217:
192:
1240:
Travels in
Western Africa: In the Years 1818, 19, 20, and 21, from the River Gambia, through Woolli, Bondoo, Galam, Kassam, Kaarta, and Foolidoo, to the River Niger
507:
powerful representative of French interests east of Bakel. He used this position to continually raid neighboring states for captives and booty, particularly the
300:
and various valuable fruit-trees. Bondu is traversed by torrents, which flow rapidly during the rains but are empty in the dry season. The name 'Bundu' means '
432:. The division between the Bulibani and Koussan branches of the family, which would be the source of many succession disputes. originated at this time.
1251:
Travels in the
Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
798:
514:
Nevertheless, in the face of popular discontent, a series of famines and plague outbreaks, and renewed succession disputes, the state was fragile.
439:
486:
took advantage, taking over the area initially with the support of both the people and the Bundu aristocracy. Many Fulbe migrated east to
718:
447:
420:
From the 1720s to the 1760s Bundu suffered Moroccan and Moorish slave raids, as did the neighboring states of Gajaaga, Bambuk, and
713:
543:
Although nominally a theocracy, Bundu was founded peacefully rather than through religious revolts such as occurred later in
1227:
920:
847:
936:
930:
1284:
822:
498:
with French support, but only managed to exert real control over Bundu after Tall's 1857 defeat at the
566:. These weapons also, however, sparked internal conflict over rulership between rival branches of the
1110:, cited by Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire. Musée Historique de Gorée Exhibit (August 2024).
1289:
946:
1294:
663:
435:
17:
1238:
703:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
46:
499:
468:
421:
357:
424:. Maka Jiba died in 1764 and was succeeded by his son Amadi Gai, who adopted the title of
8:
558:
Bundu purchased weapons from both the French on the Senegal river and the British on the
532:
450:(Boolibany), a village with a population of 1500–1800, surrounded by a strong clay wall.
273:
269:
135:
1249:
1170:"The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu"
848:"WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS"
293:
281:
277:
210:
1223:
669:
491:
261:
1268:
Le Bondou : étude de géographie et d'histoire soudaniennes de 1681 à nos jours
1181:
1149:
1107:
386:
673:
531:. With the growth of the peanut basin and the reorientation of trade towards the
508:
330:
360:. He and his followers may have been fleeing persection in the aftermath of the
515:
487:
459:
390:
361:
334:
824:
Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade
1278:
726:
Le Bondou: étude de géographie et d'histoire soudaniennes de 1681 à nos jours
709:
704:
326:
305:
68:
442:; but when Major William Gray, a British officer who attempted to solve the
559:
548:
265:
253:
1185:
321:
Bundu in the 17th century was a sparsely-populated part of the kingdom of
528:
378:
374:
346:
249:
1169:
722:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
365:
364:
or simply seeking a place where Sy could enforce his interpretation of
1194:
1137:
799:"The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad."
774:
544:
527:
renegotiate their situations, and many joined the French army during
483:
382:
1153:
1138:"The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization"
494:. In 1855 Bokar Saada Sy, son of Saada Amadi, claimed the title of
297:
463:
401:
349:
322:
257:
197:
676:
563:
562:, helping them become a regional power and rival to non-Muslim
476:
472:
429:
397:
93:
1220:
Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu
443:
353:
252:
existing from the late 17th century until it became a French
78:
482:
In 1851 Saada Amadi died and a civil war broke out. El Hadj
400:. Sy was killed in 1699 caught in an ambush by the army of
301:
666:(1701—1773), slave trader who was enslaved by the Mandinka
1199:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1142:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1012:
352:
cleric Malick Sy came to the region from his home near
381:. Sy settled the lands with relatives from his native
1079:
1077:
1075:
908:
886:
884:
869:
1089:
988:
964:
952:
780:
743:
731:
446:
problem, visited Bondu in 1818 it had been moved to
1113:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1000:
976:
896:
1072:
881:
672:, freed slave, British Army soldier and farmer in
755:
1276:
1222:(2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press.
385:and Muslim immigrants from as far west as the
855:Indiana University African Studies Program
45:
538:
827:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
816:
814:
708:
777:, founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.
428:and introduced a legal system based on
14:
1277:
1265:
1167:
875:
845:
820:
786:
749:
737:
570:family based in Koussan and Bulibani.
467:the alliance he was building with the
1270:(in French). Bordeaux: G. Gounouihou.
1217:
1192:
1135:
1119:
1095:
1083:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
914:
902:
890:
811:
761:
689:
1247:
1236:
942:
926:
606:Muusa Yeero Maalik Aissata (1819-26)
621:Interregnum and civil war (1853-54)
579:Maalik Daouda (Maalik Si) (1693-99)
329:communities but with minorities of
24:
1259:
573:
407:
25:
1306:
1195:"Bundu in the Eighteenth Century"
846:Brooks, George E. (August 1985).
657:
458:The French established a fort at
1254:. London: W. Bulmer and Company.
696:
582:Bubu Maalik (1700-02), (1719-27)
316:
215:
190:
1101:
453:
1237:Gray, William (Major) (1825).
839:
792:
767:
521:
286:
13:
1:
682:
618:Amadu Amadi Makumba (1852-53)
615:Saada Amadi Aissata (1837-51)
585:Tumaane Bohi (1727-31 ?)
821:Curtin, Philip, ed. (1967).
588:Interregnum (1731-35 ?)
340:
264:and the upper course of the
7:
1174:Cahiers d'Ă©tudes africaines
633:Saada Amadi Saada (1886-88)
256:dependent on the colony of
27:Former state in West Africa
10:
1311:
1168:Curtin, Philip D. (1975).
1129:
643:
311:
603:Amadi Aissata (1797-1819)
169:
165:
155:
145:
141:
131:
127:
117:
107:
103:
92:
84:
74:
64:
56:
44:
39:
32:
773:Not to be confused with
1218:Gomez, Michael (2002).
1193:Gomez, Michael (1987).
807:(accessed 6 March 2013)
803:Encyclopædia Britannica
719:Encyclopædia Britannica
639:Maalik Ture (1891-1905)
609:Tumaane-Moodi (1827-35)
1266:Rançon, André (1894).
1243:. London: John Murray.
1136:Clark, Andrew (1996).
724:This cites A. Rançon,
612:Maalik Kumba (1835-37)
539:Government and Society
157:• Disestablished
1186:10.3406/cea.1975.2592
664:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
636:Usman Caasi (1888-91)
627:Bokar Saada (1856-85)
260:. It lay between the
65:Common languages
1248:Park, Mungo (1799).
630:Umar Penda (1885-86)
624:Umar Saane (1854-56)
500:Siege of Medina Fort
469:Imamate of Futa Toro
325:inhabited mostly by
1285:Kingdoms of Senegal
600:Seega Gai (1790-97)
597:Muusa Gai (1786-90)
594:Amadi Gai (1764-86)
591:Maka Jiba (1735-64)
533:Dakar-Niger Railway
389:and as far east as
337:and other peoples.
147:• Established
136:Early Modern Period
1021:, pp. 139–40.
490:, heart of Tall's
268:, that is between
211:French West Africa
728:(Bordeaux, 1894).
670:Richard Pierpoint
492:Toucouleur Empire
248:) was a state in
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
203:
202:
119:• 1699-1718
109:• 1690-1699
60:Koussan, Bulibani
16:(Redirected from
1302:
1271:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1189:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1108:Curtin, Philip D
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
940:
934:
924:
918:
917:, pp. 71–2.
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
879:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
852:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
818:
809:
796:
790:
784:
778:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
702:
700:
699:
693:
387:Kingdom of Jolof
219:
218:
207:
206:
194:
193:
187:
186:
171:
170:
113:Malick Daouda Si
49:
30:
29:
21:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1260:Further reading
1230:
1208:
1206:
1180:(58): 189–202.
1158:
1156:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:, pp. 117.
1094:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:, pp. 131.
993:
989:
981:
977:
973:, pp. 114.
969:
965:
961:, pp. 112.
957:
953:
941:
937:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
882:
878:, pp. 191.
874:
870:
860:
858:
850:
844:
840:
830:
828:
819:
812:
797:
793:
789:, pp. 192.
785:
781:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:, pp. 190.
748:
744:
740:, pp. 195.
736:
732:
712:, ed. (1911). "
697:
695:
694:
690:
685:
674:Fergus, Ontario
660:
646:
576:
574:List of Almamis
541:
524:
509:Kingdom of Wuli
456:
410:
408:After Malick Sy
343:
319:
314:
289:
216:
191:
158:
148:
120:
110:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:French Senegal
1287:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1190:
1165:
1154:10.2307/221416
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:, pp. 77.
1112:
1100:
1088:
1071:
1069:, pp. 20.
1059:
1057:, pp. 19.
1047:
1045:, pp. 17.
1035:
1033:, pp. 16.
1023:
1011:
1009:, pp. 14.
999:
987:
985:, pp. 13.
975:
963:
951:
935:
919:
907:
905:, pp. 67.
895:
880:
868:
838:
810:
791:
779:
766:
754:
742:
730:
710:Chisholm, Hugh
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
667:
659:
658:Notable people
656:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
575:
572:
540:
537:
523:
520:
516:Mahmadu Lamine
488:Nioro du Sahel
455:
452:
409:
406:
391:Nioro du Sahel
362:Char Bouba war
342:
339:
318:
315:
313:
310:
288:
285:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
213:
204:
201:
200:
195:
183:
182:
177:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
132:Historical era
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:Bubu Malick Si
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
51:Bundu ca. 1850
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1307:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1229:9780521528474
1225:
1221:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1086:, pp. 9.
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
955:
948:
944:
939:
932:
928:
923:
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:, pp. 7.
892:
887:
885:
877:
872:
856:
849:
842:
826:
825:
817:
815:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
770:
764:, pp. 5.
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
721:
720:
715:
711:
706:
705:public domain
692:
688:
678:
675:
671:
668:
665:
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661:
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652:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
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611:
608:
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596:
593:
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587:
584:
581:
578:
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569:
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561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
501:
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493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
451:
449:
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427:
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384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:Early History
309:
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284:
283:
279:
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271:
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83:
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67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1295:Fula history
1267:
1250:
1239:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1198:
1177:
1173:
1157:. Retrieved
1145:
1141:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
938:
922:
910:
898:
871:
859:. Retrieved
854:
841:
829:. Retrieved
823:
806:
802:
794:
782:
769:
757:
745:
733:
725:
717:
691:
650:
647:
567:
557:
553:causus belli
552:
549:Futa Djallon
542:
525:
513:
505:
495:
481:
457:
454:19th Century
434:
425:
419:
414:
411:
395:
369:
344:
320:
290:
266:Gambia River
262:Falémé River
254:protectorate
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
180:Succeeded by
179:
174:
1148:(1): 1–23.
945:, pp.
876:Curtin 1975
787:Curtin 1975
750:Curtin 1975
738:Curtin 1975
529:World War 1
522:Colonialism
379:West Africa
375:Fula jihads
287:Description
250:West Africa
175:Preceded by
1279:Categories
1205:(1): 61–73
1120:Gomez 2002
1096:Gomez 2002
1084:Clark 1996
1067:Clark 1996
1055:Clark 1996
1043:Clark 1996
1031:Clark 1996
1019:Gomez 2002
1007:Clark 1996
995:Gomez 2002
983:Clark 1996
971:Gomez 2002
959:Gomez 2002
929:, p.
915:Gomez 1987
903:Gomez 1987
891:Clark 1996
762:Clark 1996
683:References
440:Fatteconda
436:Mungo Park
366:sharia law
85:Government
943:Gray 1825
927:Park 1799
775:Malick Sy
545:Futa Toro
484:Umar Tall
422:Futa Toro
383:Futa Toro
358:Futa Toro
345:In 1690,
341:Malick Sy
88:Theocracy
75:Religion
40:1690–1858
805:. 2013.
801:(p. 10)
475:against
448:Bulibani
331:Jakhanke
298:tamarind
96:, Eliman
1130:Sources
947:124-125
831:29 June
707::
651:almamy'
644:Economy
464:Gajaaga
402:Gajaaga
356:in the
350:Torodbe
335:Soninke
323:Gajaaga
312:History
258:Senegal
246:Boundou
198:Gajaaga
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