Niels Bohr - Knowledge

2687: 2270: 11404: 2201:. Heisenberg explained that he had visited Copenhagen to communicate to Bohr the views of several German scientists, that production of a nuclear weapon was possible with great efforts, and this raised enormous responsibilities on the world's scientists on both sides. When Bohr saw Jungk's depiction in the Danish translation of the book, he drafted (but never sent) a letter to Heisenberg, stating that he deeply disagreed with Heisenberg's account of the meeting, that he recalled Heisenberg's visit as being to encourage cooperation with the inevitably victorious Nazis and that he was shocked that Germany was pursuing nuclear weapons under Heisenberg's leadership. 825: 1040: 1904: 747: 2165: 1443:, where he met Sommerfeld and conducted seminars on the trilogy. The First World War broke out while they were in Tyrol, greatly complicating the trip back to Denmark and Bohr's subsequent voyage with Margrethe to England, where he arrived in October 1914. They stayed until July 1916, by which time he had been appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, a position created especially for him. His docentship was abolished at the same time, so he still had to teach physics to medical students. New professors were formally introduced to King 1064: 7799: 1484: 2389:. The letter convinced Bohr that the Soviets were aware of the Anglo-American project, and would strive to catch up. He sent Kapitza a non-committal response, which he showed to the authorities in Britain before posting. Bohr met Churchill on 16 May 1944, but found that "we did not speak the same language". Churchill disagreed with the idea of openness towards the Russians to the point that he wrote in a letter: "It seems to me Bohr ought to be confined or at any rate made to see that he is very near the edge of mortal crimes." 11416: 1668: 2433: 1959:

according to Jan Faye, Bohr thought that it is because of "classical" concepts like "space", "position", "time", "causation", and "momentum" that one can talk about objects and their objective existence. Bohr held that basic concepts like "time" are built in to our ordinary language and that the concepts of classical physics are merely a refinement of them. Therefore, for Bohr, classical concepts need to be used to describe experiments that deal with the quantum world. Bohr writes:

1659: 51: 529: 2305:. During the flight, Bohr did not wear his flying helmet as it was too small, and consequently did not hear the pilot's intercom instruction to turn on his oxygen supply when the aircraft climbed to high altitude to overfly Norway. He passed out from oxygen starvation and only revived when the aircraft descended to lower altitude over the North Sea. Bohr's son Aage followed his father to Britain on another flight a week later, and became his personal assistant. 9062: 4755:, p. 110: "Bohr's sort of humor, use of parables and stories, tolerance, dependence on family, feelings of indebtedness, obligation, and guilt, and his sense of responsibility for science, community, and, ultimately, humankind in general, are common traits of the Jewish intellectual. So too is a well-fortified atheism. Bohr ended with no religious belief and a dislike of all religions that claimed to base their teachings on revelations." 813:, and concluded that electron theory could not fully explain the magnetic properties of metals. The thesis was accepted in April 1911, and Bohr conducted his formal defence on 13 May. Harald had received his doctorate the previous year. Bohr's thesis was groundbreaking, but attracted little interest outside Scandinavia because it was written in Danish, a Copenhagen University requirement at the time. In 1921, the Dutch physicist 11392: 1578:(BKS). It was more of a program than a full physical theory, as the ideas it developed were not worked out quantitatively. The BKS theory became the final attempt at understanding the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the basis of the old quantum theory, in which quantum phenomena were treated by imposing quantum restrictions on a classical wave description of the electromagnetic field. 5118:"...you spoke in a manner that could only give me the firm impression that, under your leadership, everything was being done in Germany to develop atomic weapons... If anything in my behaviour could be interpreted as shock, it did not derive from such reports but rather from the news, as I had to understand it, that Germany was participating vigorously in a race to be the first with atomic weapons." 2039:. Jan Faye disagrees with this position and holds that for Bohr, the quantum formalism and complementarity was the only thing we could say about the quantum world and that "there is no further evidence in Bohr's writings indicating that Bohr would attribute intrinsic and measurement-independent state properties to atomic objects in addition to the classical ones being manifested in measurement." 2180:, visited Bohr in Copenhagen. During this meeting the two men took a private moment outside, the content of which has caused much speculation, as both gave differing accounts. According to Heisenberg, he began to address nuclear energy, morality and the war, to which Bohr seems to have reacted by terminating the conversation abruptly while not giving Heisenberg hints about his own opinions. 2301:(BOAC). The Mosquitos were unarmed high-speed bomber aircraft that had been converted to carry small, valuable cargoes or important passengers. By flying at high speed and high altitude, they could cross German-occupied Norway, and yet avoid German fighters. Bohr, equipped with parachute, flying suit and oxygen mask, spent the three-hour flight lying on a mattress in the aircraft's 4739:, pp. 159–160: "A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters. 'I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God, and therefore am also much poorer , would say that the good the overall lofty goal, as only by being good judge according to worth and right. 11428: 1543:"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them". The award thus recognized both the trilogy and his early leading work in the emerging field of quantum mechanics. For his Nobel lecture, Bohr gave his audience a comprehensive survey of what was then known about the structure of the atom, including the 2400:, informed President Roosevelt about Bohr's opinions, and a meeting between them took place on 26 August 1944. Roosevelt suggested that Bohr return to the United Kingdom to try to win British approval. When Churchill and Roosevelt met at Hyde Park on 19 September 1944, they rejected the idea of informing the world about the project, and the 1594:. The BKS theory also generated discussion of, and renewed attention to, difficulties in the foundations of the old quantum theory. The most provocative element of BKS – that momentum and energy would not necessarily be conserved in each interaction, but only statistically – was soon shown to be in conflict with experiments conducted by 2064:, in May 1933 during a visit to the United States. Bohr offered the refugees temporary jobs at the institute, provided them with financial support, arranged for them to be awarded fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, and ultimately found them places at institutions around the world. Those that he helped included 1743:. Bohr was dissatisfied with Heisenberg's argument, since it required only that a measurement disturb properties that already existed, rather than the more radical idea that the electron's properties could not be discussed at all apart from the context they were measured in. In a paper presented at the 5055:

Istinu sam saznao od Margrethe, Bohrove supruge. ... Ni Heisenberg ni Bohr nisu bili glavni junaci toga susreta nego Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker. ... Von Weizsaeckerova ideja, za koju mislim da je bila zamisao njegova oca koji je bio Ribbentropov zamjenik, bila je nagovoriti Nielsa Bohra

2545:

section of Copenhagen, along with those of his parents, his brother Harald, and his son Christian. Years later, his wife's ashes were also interred there. On 7 October 1965, on what would have been his 80th birthday, the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen was officially

2001:

According to Faye "Bohr thought of the atom as real. Atoms are neither heuristic nor logical constructions." However, according to Faye, he did not believe "that the quantum mechanical formalism was true in the sense that it gave us a literal ('pictorial') rather than a symbolic representation of the

1455:

In April 1917, Bohr began a campaign to establish an Institute of Theoretical Physics. He gained the support of the Danish government and the Carlsberg Foundation, and sizeable contributions were also made by industry and private donors, many of them Jewish. Legislation establishing the institute was

1027:

of quantized "stationary states" around the atom's nucleus in order to stabilize the atom, but it wasn't until his 1921 paper that he showed that the chemical properties of each element were largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits of its atoms. He introduced the idea that an

1878:

as a birthday gift. In the enclosed letter, Bohr wrote, "It is the only thing I have to send home; but I do not believe that it would be very easy to find anything better ... I even think it is one of the most delightful things I have ever read." Bohr enjoyed Kierkegaard's language and literary

1527:

and George de Hevesy took up the challenge of proving Bohr right and Urbain wrong. Starting with a clear idea of the chemical properties of the unknown element greatly simplified the search process. They went through samples from Copenhagen's Museum of Mineralogy looking for a zirconium-like element

1997:

said that we evolved to use); and Experimentalism (which focuses strictly on the function and outcome of experiments that thus must be described classically). These explanations are not mutually exclusive, and at times Bohr seems to emphasize some of these aspects while at other times he focuses on

1963:

he account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. The argument is simply that by the word 'experiment' we refer to a situation where we can tell to others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangement and of the results of

852:

on 1 August. Years later, his brother Harald similarly left the church before getting married. Bohr and Margrethe had six sons. The oldest, Christian, died in a boating accident in 1934, and another, Harald, was severely mentally disabled. He was placed in an institution away from his family's home

2265:

by their countrymen followed swiftly thereafter. Some historians claim that Bohr's actions led directly to the mass rescue, while others say that, though Bohr did all that he could for his countrymen, his actions were not a decisive influence on the wider events. Eventually, over 7,000 Danish Jews

1751:

in September 1927, Bohr emphasized that Heisenberg's uncertainty relations could be derived from classical considerations about the resolving power of optical instruments. Understanding the true meaning of complementarity would, Bohr believed, require "closer investigation". Einstein preferred the

1418:

saw it as a breakthrough. The trilogy's acceptance was entirely due to its ability to explain phenomena that stymied other models, and to predict results that were subsequently verified by experiments. Today, the Bohr model of the atom has been superseded, but is still the best known model of the

1958:

had a strong influence on Bohr. Like Kant, Bohr thought distinguishing between the subject's experience and the object was an important condition for attaining knowledge. This can only be done through the use of causal and spatial-temporal concepts to describe the subject's experience. Thus,

1703:

also visited in 1926. His attempt at explaining quantum physics in classical terms using wave mechanics impressed Bohr, who believed it contributed "so much to mathematical clarity and simplicity that it represents a gigantic advance over all previous forms of quantum mechanics".

1238: 1690:

Heisenberg first came to Copenhagen in 1924, then returned to Göttingen in June 1925, shortly thereafter developing the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. When he showed his results to Max Born in Göttingen, Born realised that they could best be expressed using

2014:

he truth conditions of sentences ascribing a certain kinematic or dynamic value to an atomic object are dependent on the apparatus involved, in such a way that these truth conditions have to include reference to the experimental setup as well as the actual outcome of the

766:

in 1879. This involved measuring the frequency of oscillation of the radius of a water jet. Bohr conducted a series of experiments using his father's laboratory in the university; the university itself had no physics laboratory. To complete his experiments, he had to

1422:

Bohr did not enjoy teaching medical students. He later admitted that he was not a good lecturer, because he needed a balance between clarity and truth, between "Klarheit und Wahrheit". He decided to return to Manchester, where Rutherford had offered him a job as a

1894:

argued that Kierkegaard had minimal influence over Bohr's work, taking Bohr's statement about disagreeing with Kierkegaard at face value, while Jan Faye argued that one can disagree with the content of a theory while accepting its general premises and structure.

1752:

determinism of classical physics over the probabilistic new quantum physics to which he himself had contributed. Philosophical issues that arose from the novel aspects of quantum mechanics became widely celebrated subjects of discussion. Einstein and Bohr had

2176:, referring to it in lectures in Britain and Denmark shortly before and after the war started, but he did not believe that it was technically feasible to extract a sufficient quantity of uranium-235. In September 1941, Heisenberg, who had become head of the 1942:

Bohr has often been quoted saying that there is "no quantum world" but only an "abstract quantum physical description". This was not publicly said by Bohr, but rather a private statement attributed to Bohr by Aage Petersen in a reminiscence after his death.

6185: 1022:

Planetary models of atoms were not new, but Bohr's treatment was. Taking the 1912 paper by Darwin on the role of electrons in the interaction of alpha particles with a nucleus as his starting point, he advanced the theory of electrons travelling in

1771:). Harald Høffding had been the first occupant, and upon his death in July 1931, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters gave Bohr occupancy. He and his family moved there in 1932. He was elected president of the Academy on 17 March 1939. 2324:

nuclear weapons development team. Bohr was astonished at the amount of progress that had been made. Chadwick arranged for Bohr to visit the United States as a Tube Alloys consultant, with Aage as his assistant. On 8 December 1943, Bohr arrived in

2019:

Faye notes that Bohr's interpretation makes no reference to a "collapse of the wave function during measurements" (and indeed, he never mentioned this idea). Instead, Bohr "accepted the Born statistical interpretation because he believed that the

5109:"...you and Weizsäcker expressed your definite conviction that Germany would win and that it was therefore quite foolish for us to maintain the hope of a different outcome of the war and to be reticent as regards all German offers of cooperation' 2507:, who organised the preliminary discussions, disagreed; he felt that both Bohr and his Institute were past their prime, and that Bohr's presence would overshadow others. After a long debate, Bohr pledged his support to CERN in February 1952, and 2034:

A much debated point in recent literature is what Bohr believed about atoms and their reality and whether they are something else than what they seem to be. Some like Henry Folse argue that Bohr saw a distinction between observed phenomena and a

1798:

in 1936, which explained how neutrons could be captured by the nucleus. In this model, the nucleus could be deformed like a drop of liquid. He worked on this with a new collaborator, the Danish physicist Fritz Kalckar, who died suddenly in 1938.

797:, which he earned for mathematics in April 1909. Niels took another nine months to earn his on the electron theory of metals, a topic assigned by his supervisor, Christiansen. Bohr subsequently elaborated his master's thesis into his much-larger 1767:, bequeathed his mansion (the Carlsberg Honorary Residence, currently known as Carlsberg Academy) to be used for life by the Dane who had made the most prominent contribution to science, literature or the arts, as an honorary residence (Danish: 5676: 2462:

Following the ending of the war, Bohr returned to Copenhagen on 25 August 1945, and was re-elected President of the Royal Danish Academy of Arts and Sciences on 21 September. At a memorial meeting of the Academy on 17 October 1947 for King

1498:

The Bohr model worked well for hydrogen and ionized single-electron helium, which impressed Einstein but could not explain more complex elements. By 1919, Bohr was moving away from the idea that electrons orbited the nucleus and developed

4932: 2225:

as Bohr. With the subsequent release of Bohr's letters, the play has been criticised by historians as being a "grotesque oversimplification and perversion of the actual moral balance" due to adopting a pro-Heisenberg perspective.

2404:

of their conversation contained a rider that "enquiries should be made regarding the activities of Professor Bohr and steps taken to ensure that he is responsible for no leakage of information, particularly to the Russians".

1728:: that items could have apparently mutually exclusive properties, such as being a wave or a stream of particles, depending on the experimental framework. He felt that it was not fully understood by professional philosophers. 1581:

Modelling atomic behaviour under incident electromagnetic radiation using "virtual oscillators" at the absorption and emission frequencies, rather than the (different) apparent frequencies of the Bohr orbits, led Max Born,

1254:. Balmer's formula was corroborated by the discovery of additional spectral lines, but for thirty years, no one could explain why it worked. In the first paper of his trilogy, Bohr was able to derive it from his model: 2130:. In this form, they were stored on a shelf at the Institute until after the war, when the gold was precipitated and the medals re-struck by the Nobel Foundation. Bohr's own medal had been donated to an auction to the 11663: 1515:, which put Bohr's models on a firm theoretical footing. Bohr was then able to declare that the as-yet-undiscovered element 72 was not a rare-earth element but an element with chemical properties similar to those of 2665:

with the portrait of Bohr smoking a pipe. On 7 October 2012, in celebration of Niels Bohr's 127th birthday, a Google Doodle depicting the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom appeared on Google's home page. An asteroid,

11513: 2353:, where the nuclear weapons were being designed. For security reasons, he went under the name of "Nicholas Baker" in the United States, while Aage became "James Baker". In May 1944 the Danish resistance newspaper 2257:, since their mother was Jewish, and that they were therefore in danger of being arrested. The Danish resistance helped Bohr and his wife escape by sea to Sweden on 29 September. The next day, Bohr persuaded King 779:

of the water, and by working with finite amplitudes instead of just infinitesimal ones. His essay, which he submitted at the last minute, won the prize. He later submitted an improved version of the paper to the

3911: 10825: 4049: 1972:

According to Faye, there are various explanations for why Bohr believed that classical concepts were necessary for describing quantum phenomena. Faye groups explanations into five frameworks: empiricism (i.e.

6177: 1814:) generated intense interest among physicists. Bohr brought the news to the United States where he opened the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics with Fermi on 26 January 1939. When Bohr told 2502:

projects beyond the resources of any one of them alone. Questions soon arose regarding the best location for the facilities. Bohr and Kramers felt that the Institute in Copenhagen would be the ideal site.

1112: 3093: 1344: 2686: 857:

became a successful physicist, and in 1975 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, like his father. A son of Aage, Vilhelm A. Bohr, is a scientist affiliated with the University of Copenhagen and the

2197: 1919:

There has been much subsequent debate and discussion about Bohr's views and philosophy of quantum mechanics. Regarding his ontological interpretation of the quantum world, Bohr has been seen as an

11723: 2655: 11638: 11633: 1846:

demonstrated that Bohr was correct. In the meantime, Bohr and Wheeler developed a theoretical treatment, which they published in a September 1939 paper on "The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission".

1993:(which focus on how human beings experientially interact with atomic systems according to their needs and interests); Darwinianism (i.e. we are adapted to use classical type concepts, which 588:

but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the principle of

8937: 10818: 7454: 2359:

reported that they had learned that 'the famous son of Denmark Professor Niels Bohr' in October the previous year had fled his country via Sweden to London and from there travelled to

1822:, Placzek told him that one remained: the neutron capture energies of uranium did not match those of its decay. Bohr thought about it for a few minutes and then announced to Placzek, 2475:

on Bohr. This award was normally awarded only to royalty and heads of state, but the king said that it honoured not just Bohr personally, but Danish science. Bohr designed his own

2511:

was chosen as the site in October. The CERN Theory Group was based in Copenhagen until their new accommodation in Geneva was ready in 1957. Victor Weisskopf, who later became the

3102:] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Københavns Stadsarkiv. 7 June 1892. Station Dødeblade (indeholder afdøde i perioden). Filmrulle 0002. Registerblad 3341. ID 3308989. Archived from 11598: 11593: 1480:

from Norway. Bohr became widely appreciated as their congenial host and eminent colleague. Klein and Rosseland produced the institute's first publication even before it opened.

11518: 11017: 10811: 6261: 1634:, who asked for his opinion of the spin theory. Bohr pointed out that he had concerns about the interaction between electrons and magnetic fields. When he arrived in Leiden, 650:. In September 1943 word reached Bohr that he was about to be arrested by the Germans, so he fled to Sweden. From there, he was flown to Britain, where he joined the British 10834: 1460:, it opened on 3 March 1921, with Bohr as its director. His family moved into an apartment on the first floor. Bohr's institute served as a focal point for researchers into 11643: 11013: 11483: 8999: 3392: 2261:

to make public Sweden's willingness to provide asylum to Jewish refugees. On 2 October 1943, Swedish radio broadcast that Sweden was ready to offer asylum, and the mass

11683: 4041: 11608: 7930: 2056:

in Germany prompted many scholars to flee their countries, either because they were Jewish or because they were political opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1933, the

1427:

in place of Darwin, whose tenure had expired. Bohr accepted. He took a leave of absence from the University of Copenhagen, which he started by taking a holiday in

1005:, which was approved in July 1913, and Bohr then began teaching medical students. His three papers, which later became famous as "the trilogy", were published in 11648: 11613: 3103: 1602:. In light of these results, Bohr informed Darwin that "there is nothing else to do than to give our revolutionary efforts as honourable a funeral as possible". 5723: 1464:

and related subjects in the 1920s and 1930s, when most of the world's best-known theoretical physicists spent some time in his company. Early arrivals included

11728: 11718: 11623: 6113: 809:, in which the electrons in a metal are considered to behave like a gas. Bohr extended Lorentz's model, but was still unable to account for phenomena like the 4285: 2527: 663: 6571:

Camilleri, K.; Schlosshauer, M. (2015). "Niels Bohr as Philosopher of Experiment: Does Decoherence Theory Challenge Bohr's Doctrine of Classical Concepts?".

6403: 2006:"is first and foremost a semantic and epistemological reading of quantum mechanics that carries certain ontological implications". As Faye explains, Bohr's 11628: 11603: 4182: 3907:

Kragh, Helge. "Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 10, University of California Press, 1979, pp. 123–86,

2396:

to convince him that the Manhattan Project should be shared with the Soviets in the hope of speeding up its results. Bohr's friend, Supreme Court Justice

2374:. Bohr is quoted as saying, "They didn't need my help in making the atom bomb." Oppenheimer gave Bohr credit for an important contribution to the work on 11708: 5075: 3483: 3154: 1951:

declaring that Bohr wouldn't have said anything of the sort and exclaiming, "Shame on Aage Petersen for putting those ridiculous words in Bohr's mouth!"

11498: 10607: 6143: 3505: 11049: 5030: 4661: 775:

cross-sections. He went beyond the original task, incorporating improvements into both Rayleigh's theory and his method, by taking into account the

11543: 9096: 2490:

The Second World War demonstrated that science, and physics in particular, now required considerable financial and material resources. To avoid a

786: 4831: 7843: 2585: 985:

Bohr returned to Denmark in July 1912 for his wedding, and travelled around England and Scotland on his honeymoon. On his return, he became a

11588: 11493: 8952: 7923: 7890: 7558: 7473: 5485: 5243: 4924: 1519:. (Elements had been predicted and discovered since 1871 by chemical properties), and Bohr was immediately challenged by the French chemist 1507:

posed a particular classification problem for chemists because they were so chemically similar. An important development came in 1924 with

755: 8517: 8379: 3453: 1394:, helium atoms with only one electron. The Bohr model was found to work for such ions. Many older physicists, like Thomson, Rayleigh and 873: 862: 5631: 5159: 3221: 11713: 11653: 2589: 1233:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R_{\mathrm {H} }\left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{for}}\ n=3,4,5,...} 7838:

Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 17 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

7833:

Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 14 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

6295: 2378:. "This device remained a stubborn puzzle", Oppenheimer noted, "but in early February 1945 Niels Bohr clarified what had to be done". 2060:

created a fund to help support refugee academics, and Bohr discussed this programme with the President of the Rockefeller Foundation,

11503: 11463: 8844: 7828:

Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 7 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

7823:

Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 1 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

7809:

Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 31 October 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

5648: 1883:. Some of Bohr's biographers suggested that this disagreement stemmed from Kierkegaard's advocacy of Christianity, while Bohr was an 3423: 11703: 11698: 11563: 7916: 6215: 2523: 2519:. The enthusiasm and ideas of the other people would not have been enough, however, if a man of his stature had not supported it." 1717:

at the University of Copenhagen. Heisenberg worked in Copenhagen as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr from 1926 to 1927.

667: 5129: 3726: 1260: 11678: 11583: 9161: 6650: 6317:

Klinglesmith, Daniel A. III; Risley, Ethan; Turk, Janek; Vargas, Angelica; Warren, Curtis; Ferrero, Andera (January–March 2013).

6265: 4975: 3664: 3071: 2581: 7725: 5862: 3180: 11568: 11538: 10600: 1440: 1055:, orbits a small, positively charged nucleus; a quantum jump between orbits is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of 3384: 1964:

the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics (

11733: 11042: 10707: 7875: 7686: 7654: 7622: 7588: 7531: 7467: 7444: 7394: 7375: 7344: 7325: 7292: 7270: 7247: 7224: 7198: 7175: 7119: 7100: 7061: 7042: 7011: 6992: 6961: 6919: 6887: 6868: 6800: 6781: 6762: 6731: 6697: 6675: 6545: 6514: 6440: 5730: 3892: 3287: 3143:

There is no truth in the oft-repeated claim that Bohr emulated his brother, Harald, by playing for the Danish national team.

3047: 3020: 2993: 2966: 2939: 2908: 2881: 2854: 2827: 2800: 2773: 2746: 2719: 2601: 2555: 11548: 11658: 9089: 7788: 7502: 2313: 2298: 716:

in London. Niels was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played several matches for the Copenhagen-based

6318: 2381:

Bohr recognised early that nuclear weapons would change international relations. In April 1944, he received a letter from

918:, travelled to England, where most of the theoretical work on the structure of atoms and molecules was being done. He met 11688: 11488: 11468: 5825: 4114: 727:

Bohr was educated at Gammelholm Latin School, starting when he was seven. In 1903, Bohr enrolled as an undergraduate at

658:. After the war, Bohr called for international cooperation on nuclear energy. He was involved with the establishment of 11558: 9105: 2611: 2417: 1575: 732: 380: 160: 1880: 1626:

to attend celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Hendrick Lorentz receiving his doctorate. When his train stopped in

11618: 10856: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10593: 8397: 6073: 5734: 2662: 2512: 2239:

as Bohr, and Philip Anthony as Heisenberg. The meeting is also dramatized in the Norwegian/Danish/British miniseries

1570:

and that energy and momentum were conserved in collisions between electrons and photons. In 1924, Bohr, Kramers, and

1523:, who claimed to have discovered a rare-earth element 72, which he called "celtium". At the Institute in Copenhagen, 967: 735:, the university's only professor of physics at that time. He also studied astronomy and mathematics under Professor 721: 643: 448: 347: 6109: 11668: 11035: 4308: 2498:, a research organisation along the lines of the national laboratories in the United States, designed to undertake 2031:-function is not a literal pictorial representation of reality, there can be no real collapse of the wavefunction. 11403: 5764: 5079: 2185: 1854:

Heisenberg said of Bohr that he was "primarily a philosopher, not a physicist". Bohr read the 19th-century Danish

1642:. Bohr then had Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit incorporate this into their paper. Thus, when he met Werner Heisenberg and 11693: 11573: 11473: 9082: 8372: 6412: 4179: 2538: 2269: 108: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7808: 6043: 6004: 5970: 5924: 11127: 10649: 9213: 7894: 7308: 3859: 3782: 3475: 2597: 2366:

Bohr did not remain at Los Alamos, but paid a series of extended visits over the course of the next two years.

2346: 1927:, a phenomenological realist or some other kind of realist. Furthermore, though some have seen Bohr as being a 1720:

Bohr became convinced that light behaved like both waves and particles and, in 1927, experiments confirmed the

709: 3146: 10915: 10901: 8136: 7847: 4211: 2177: 1868: 1779: 647: 11578: 10345: 10269: 9004: 6135: 5100:"I am greatly amazed to see how much your memory has deceived you in your letter to the author of the book" 4955: 3509: 2515:, summed up Bohr's role, saying that "there were other personalities who started and conceived the idea of 2338: 1890:

There has been some dispute over the extent to which Kierkegaard influenced Bohr's philosophy and science.

1547:, which he had formulated. This states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theory reproduces 818: 814: 696:

Adler, who came from a wealthy Jewish banking family. He had an elder sister, Jenny, and a younger brother

165: 9296: 5040: 4626: 2401: 11673: 11553: 9371: 8972: 8272: 8224: 7784: 2375: 2147: 858: 10803: 2608:

depicting Bohr, the hydrogen atom and the formula for the difference of any two hydrogen energy levels:

11478: 11382: 9988: 9065: 8365: 1872:

that Bohr was influenced by Kierkegaard through Høffding. In 1909, Bohr sent his brother Kierkegaard's

927: 9753: 5193: 1707:

When Kramers left the institute in 1926 to take up a chair as professor of theoretical physics at the

1436: 11420: 11396: 11143: 10645: 10156: 8947: 8942: 8280: 8160: 8152: 2262: 2003: 1912: 1753: 1725: 1512: 1056: 593: 589: 279: 180: 175: 155: 8080: 7851: 4956:"Astronaut shows off vintage Nobel Prize in space — and talks 'quantum dots' ISS experiment (video)" 11528: 11523: 11327: 10626: 10116: 10064: 9912: 9029: 8562: 8421: 8168: 7407:. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972. 2700: 1855: 1544: 1492: 600: 592:: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties, like behaving as a 342: 185: 118: 7550: 5475: 5239: 2293:

sent a telegram to Bohr asking him to come to Britain. Bohr arrived in Scotland on 6 October in a

1724:

that matter (like electrons) also behaved like waves. He conceived the philosophical principle of

10736: 10172: 10096: 9968: 9530: 9379: 9320: 9024: 8921: 8476: 2231: 1874: 946:, but failed to impress Thomson. He had more success with younger physicists like the Australian 337: 11263: 10184: 2604:

in 1945. The Bohr model's semicentennial was commemorated in Denmark on 21 November 1963 with a

692: 10882: 10688: 10200: 10168: 9829: 9645: 9538: 9237: 9109: 8803: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8436: 7420: 4622: 3834: 3757: 3701: 3639: 2214: 2057: 1827: 1540: 1424: 1007: 947: 562: 239: 7436: 7424: 7367: 7355: 7092: 7080: 6953: 6941: 6723: 6711: 6537: 6525: 4118: 3882: 3694:"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus" 3445: 2560:

Bohr received numerous honours and accolades. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he received the

1903: 11000: 10634: 10461: 10277: 10148: 10080: 9992: 9928: 9272: 9044: 8869: 8612: 8557: 8104: 8008: 7034: 7022: 6860: 6848: 6754: 6742: 6506: 6494: 5619: 5155: 3217: 2472: 2421: 2393: 2342: 2294: 2184:, one of Heisenberg's students and friends, claimed that the main subject of the meeting was 2115: 1732: 1721: 1650:

on the way back, he had become, in his own words, "a prophet of the electron magnet gospel".

975: 728: 631:, after the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. Later, the synthetic element 297: 291: 31: 6984: 6972: 6287: 848:

on 16 April 1912, and he and Margrethe were married in a civil ceremony at the town hall in

841: 11533: 11508: 11458: 11453: 10377: 9964: 9725: 9597: 9461: 9359: 9205: 8854: 8849: 8708: 8582: 7952: 7141: 6819: 6590: 6463: 6333: 5660: 4874: 4643: 4560: 3766: 3710: 3648: 2658: 2534: 2370:

credited Bohr with acting "as a scientific father figure to the younger men", most notably

2334: 2317: 2139: 2101: 1819: 1740: 1692: 1639: 1563: 1488: 1457: 1011:

in July, September and November of that year. He adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to

923: 915: 892: 798: 713: 705: 604: 17: 10309: 9418: 9074: 2546:

renamed to what it had been called unofficially for many years: the Niels Bohr Institute.

2537:

on 18 November 1962. He was cremated, and his ashes were buried in the family plot in the

1859: 1700: 837: 829: 596:. The notion of complementarity dominated Bohr's thinking in both science and philosophy. 200: 8: 11448: 11359: 10892: 10721: 10289: 9908: 9785: 9745: 9449: 9445: 9340: 9257: 9185: 8713: 8668: 8628: 8451: 8184: 8016: 8000: 7706:"Rescue, Expulsion, and Collaboration: Denmark's Difficulties with its World War II Past" 3415: 2605: 2504: 2241: 2188:, who had proposed trying to persuade Bohr to mediate peace between Britain and Germany. 2131: 1935:, most philosophers agree that this is a misunderstanding of Bohr as he never argued for 1473: 1063: 1028:

electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, in the process emitting a

324: 11367: 10413: 9705: 7992: 7145: 6823: 6594: 6467: 6337: 6207: 5664: 4878: 4647: 4564: 3770: 3753:"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei" 3714: 3652: 824: 11223: 10996: 10990: 10911: 10886: 10573: 10445: 10237: 10196: 10180: 10124: 10112: 10068: 10012: 10004: 9924: 9904: 8778: 8602: 8572: 8512: 8256: 8240: 8216: 8200: 7672: 7302: 7259: 7187: 7165: 6642: 6606: 6580: 6481: 6069: 5133: 3693: 2691:

The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution (Drei Aufsätze über Spektren und Atombau)

2657:. Several other countries have also issued postage stamps depicting Bohr. In 1997, the 2367: 2258: 2089: 2027:

has only a symbolic meaning and does not represent anything real". Since for Bohr, the

1974: 1736: 1708: 1559: 1504: 1072: 1033: 963: 794: 717: 558: 502: 462: 170: 11239: 11159: 9125: 7867: 7798: 6622: 3631: 2576:

in 1938, the Order of the Elephant in 1947, the Atoms for Peace Award in 1957 and the

1939:

or for the idea that the subject had a direct impact on the outcome of a measurement.

740: 11079: 11071: 10866: 10842: 10669: 10658: 10453: 10401: 10349: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10241: 10136: 10088: 10084: 9980: 9956: 9896: 9869: 9737: 9729: 9701: 9514: 9410: 9201: 8993: 8982: 8889: 8748: 8743: 8693: 8542: 8537: 8527: 8388: 8120: 7775: 7766: 7717: 7705: 7692: 7682: 7676: 7660: 7650: 7644: 7628: 7618: 7594: 7584: 7537: 7527: 7463: 7440: 7408: 7390: 7371: 7340: 7321: 7288: 7266: 7243: 7220: 7213: 7194: 7171: 7115: 7096: 7067: 7057: 7038: 7007: 6988: 6957: 6925: 6915: 6893: 6883: 6864: 6835: 6831: 6796: 6777: 6758: 6727: 6693: 6671: 6541: 6510: 6436: 5851: 5071: 4576: 4551: 3888: 3851: 3176: 3053: 3043: 3026: 3016: 2999: 2989: 2972: 2962: 2945: 2935: 2914: 2904: 2887: 2877: 2860: 2850: 2833: 2823: 2806: 2796: 2779: 2769: 2752: 2742: 2725: 2715: 2420:

was created along the lines of Bohr's suggestion. In 1957 he received the first ever

2397: 2330: 2282: 2209: 2123: 1831: 1677: 1591: 1586:

and Kramers to explore different mathematical models. They led to the development of

1583: 1548: 1461: 1415: 951: 845: 801:

thesis. He surveyed the literature on the subject, settling on a model postulated by

655: 620: 398: 10333: 10040: 8793: 7577: 6909: 6646: 6610: 4823: 2316:, but for security reasons Bohr was kept out of sight. He was given an apartment at 1994: 1823: 746: 11432: 11231: 11135: 11087: 10925: 10921: 10907: 10876: 10537: 10493: 10152: 10140: 10056: 10048: 9793: 9757: 9693: 9685: 9637: 9546: 9457: 9387: 9193: 9014: 8813: 8798: 8763: 8738: 8592: 8547: 8336: 7984: 7149: 6827: 6634: 6598: 6485: 6471: 6378: 5672: 5668: 4886: 4882: 4651: 4568: 4300: 3843: 3774: 3718: 3656: 2451: 2326: 2213:

explores what might have happened at the 1941 meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr.

2143: 2105: 1948: 1795: 1744: 1615: 1587: 1380: 1251: 1076: 971: 955: 931: 616: 554: 375: 273: 11027: 10489: 9801: 4042:"Forecasting – Prediction is very difficult, especially if it's about the future!" 3279: 2526:

in 1957, with Bohr as its chairman. He was also involved with the founding of the

2385:, written some months before when Bohr was in Sweden, inviting him to come to the 2142:, where they are still kept, although Bohr's medal temporarily went to space with 887:, a lawyer. Like his uncle Harald, Ernest Bohr became an Olympic athlete, playing 11207: 11151: 10986: 10981: 10970: 10940: 10872: 10862: 10677: 10565: 10557: 10521: 10385: 10365: 10273: 10212: 10104: 10052: 10028: 9944: 9936: 9873: 9845: 9761: 9665: 9477: 9304: 9145: 9133: 9019: 8859: 8823: 8753: 8688: 8678: 8653: 8552: 8532: 8507: 8288: 8192: 8144: 8096: 8088: 7976: 7780: 7280: 7129: 7006:. Translated from the Danish by Eric Dickens. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. 6707: 6557: 6319:"Lightcurve Analysis of 3948 Bohr and 4874 Burke: An International Collaboration" 5061:

An interview with Ivan Supek relating to the 1941 Bohr – Heisenberg meeting.

4634: 4186: 3915: 2565: 2412:

calling for international cooperation on nuclear energy. In the 1950s, after the

2371: 2278: 2093: 1944: 1936: 1924: 1908: 1891: 1843: 1842:

that was primarily responsible for fission with thermal neutrons. In April 1940,

1803: 1764: 1619: 1477: 1403: 1395: 1365: 817:

would independently derive a theorem in Bohr's thesis that is today known as the

806: 759: 736: 607:, which opened in 1920. Bohr mentored and collaborated with physicists including 545: 411: 255: 11311: 11271: 11255: 9681: 9229: 8768: 7908: 7762: 7615:

Suspended in Language: Niels Bohr's Life, Discoveries, and the Century He Shaped

6602: 4572: 1667: 1638:

and Albert Einstein informed Bohr that Einstein had resolved this problem using

363: 11408: 11351: 11343: 11247: 11119: 10715: 10541: 10533: 10525: 10457: 10441: 10433: 10357: 10341: 10317: 10301: 10208: 10188: 10128: 9892: 9769: 9653: 9629: 9581: 9522: 9437: 9367: 9328: 9288: 9253: 9169: 8962: 8957: 8728: 8673: 8663: 8658: 8577: 8502: 8431: 8344: 8328: 8208: 8024: 7816: 7812: 7428: 7359: 7208: 7084: 7026: 6976: 6945: 6852: 6746: 6715: 6618: 6529: 6498: 6341: 5480: 4281: 4207: 3941: 3479: 2927: 2569: 2409: 2355: 2309: 2254: 1863: 1815: 1794:

provided another explanation. This prompted Bohr to create a new theory of the

1643: 1635: 1611: 1571: 1552: 1520: 1508: 1084: 1052: 996: 992: 979: 966:. Bohr received an invitation from Rutherford to conduct post-doctoral work at 683: 585: 261: 7753: 7054:

Niels Bohr and the quantum atom: the Bohr model of atomic structure, 1913–1925

5078:. The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association, Inc. Archived from 4304: 4180:

https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Bohr_to_Waves/Bohr_to_Waves.html

3847: 3778: 3722: 3660: 1699:, who came to Copenhagen for six months in September 1926. Austrian physicist 1536:

being the Latin name for Copenhagen), turned out to be more common than gold.

1398:, did not like the trilogy, but the younger generation, including Rutherford, 11442: 11295: 11287: 11191: 11059: 10931: 10585: 10569: 10517: 10509: 10485: 10429: 10425: 10405: 10389: 10361: 10293: 10072: 10036: 9920: 9857: 9741: 9721: 9657: 9617: 9605: 9585: 9554: 9177: 9137: 8977: 8839: 8808: 8788: 8733: 8723: 8633: 8522: 8497: 8441: 8264: 8112: 8056: 8048: 8032: 7960: 7721: 7640: 7610: 7606: 7412: 7071: 6839: 5829: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5035: 3855: 3057: 3030: 3003: 2976: 2949: 2918: 2891: 2864: 2837: 2810: 2783: 2756: 2729: 2671: 2593: 2577: 2432: 2382: 2290: 2204: 2150: 2097: 2021: 1955: 1760: 1595: 1574:, an American physicist working at the Institute in Copenhagen, proposed the 1399: 1384: 1373: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1048: 939: 919: 781: 768: 763: 701: 393: 303: 267: 140: 11279: 9805: 7696: 7664: 7632: 7541: 7506: 6897: 6383: 6366: 2138:. The buyer later donated the two medals to the Danish Historical Museum in 11175: 10976: 10966: 10946: 10897: 10852: 10553: 10549: 10505: 10473: 10469: 10321: 10305: 10000: 9972: 9952: 9841: 9821: 9813: 9641: 9562: 9469: 9336: 9245: 9221: 9149: 9034: 8916: 8773: 8718: 8698: 8683: 8587: 8411: 8312: 8304: 8296: 8232: 7968: 7939: 7161: 7112:

Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime

6929: 6638: 4656: 4580: 4277: 2573: 2561: 2476: 2386: 2274: 2253:

In September 1943, word reached Bohr and his brother Harald that the Nazis

2236: 2192: 2135: 2119: 2112: 2085: 2073: 1986: 1928: 1920: 1811: 1783: 1680:

in Brussels, October 1927. Bohr is on the right in the middle row, next to

1465: 1407: 1068: 987: 888: 878: 867: 608: 415: 285: 249: 11664:

People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom

11199: 7598: 6810:

Honner, John (March 1982). "The Transcendental Philosophy of Niels Bohr".

6433:

Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited

6065: 2494:

to the United States, twelve European countries banded together to create

2198:

Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists

1647: 11335: 11319: 11303: 11183: 11103: 10960: 10951: 10833: 10617: 10501: 10417: 10329: 10285: 10245: 10024: 10020: 9940: 9853: 9825: 9625: 9593: 9395: 9153: 8864: 8818: 8783: 8758: 8703: 8607: 8597: 8481: 8320: 8128: 8072: 8064: 8040: 7793: 6937: 6905: 6558:"Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics" 6411:. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS. Cracow. pp. 706–709. Archived from 6367:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)" 2901:

Volume 8: The Penetration of Charged Particles Through Matter (1912–1954)

2499: 2491: 2468: 2464: 2321: 2222: 2173: 2077: 2069: 1982: 1839: 1835: 1658: 1599: 1524: 1483: 1469: 1444: 1432: 1428: 943: 935: 884: 810: 697: 651: 612: 566: 228: 150: 3927:

N. Bohr, "Atomic Structure", Nature, 107. Letter dated 14 February 1921.

2542: 2156:

Bohr kept the Institute running, but all the foreign scholars departed.

584:

are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the

11111: 10936: 10477: 10393: 10373: 10216: 10164: 9777: 9713: 9669: 9506: 9422: 9280: 8967: 8911: 8638: 8567: 8176: 7771: 6564:. Evanston, Illinois: Library of Living Philosophers. pp. 208–241. 6242: 5760: 3937: 3884:

Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities

2350: 2181: 2172:

Bohr was aware of the possibility of using uranium-235 to construct an

2168:

Werner Heisenberg (left) with Bohr at the Copenhagen Conference in 1934

2127: 2081: 2065: 1990: 1978: 1932: 1775: 1711:, Bohr arranged for Heisenberg to return and take Kramers's place as a 1696: 1631: 1080: 1016: 1012: 909: 853:

at the age of four and died from childhood meningitis six years later.

802: 687: 679: 573: 528: 425: 145: 78: 7153: 5309: 1447:, who expressed his delight at meeting such a famous football player. 1419:

atom, as it often appears in high school physics and chemistry texts.

1383:, lines that did not fit Balmer's formula. When challenged on this by 9865: 9837: 9673: 9009: 8875: 8643: 8446: 7239: 6476: 6451: 6031: 6008: 5958: 5912: 4960: 4215: 2667: 2061: 1807: 1516: 1500: 1032:

of discrete energy. This became a basis for what is now known as the

854: 776: 624: 550: 224: 11514:

Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)

8357: 3829: 3752: 1622:

in November 1925 was a milestone. The next month, Bohr travelled to

654:

nuclear weapons project, and was part of the British mission to the

11215: 9613: 9049: 8882: 8416: 7285:

Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by his Friends and Colleagues

6685: 6585: 6452:"The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory" 5587: 4976:"Andreas Mogensen leverer Nobelprismedalje retur til Frederiksborg" 3908: 2302: 2036: 1787: 1681: 1411: 1103: 849: 581: 4088:"Niels Bohr, the Quantum, and the World" Social Research 51, no. 3 2528:

Research Establishment Risø of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission

1039: 664:

Research Establishment Risø of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission

11167: 9039: 8906: 7316:

Stadtler, Bea; Morrison, David Beal; Martin, David Stone (1995).

5226: 4782: 4549:

Bohr, Niels (20 August 1937). "Transmutations of Atomic Nuclei".

4062:

Prediction is very difficult, especially if it's about the future

2675: 2480: 2442: 2164: 1884: 1791: 1627: 1529: 1388: 1029: 772: 632: 628: 6066:"Niels Bohr – The Franklin Institute Awards – Laureate Database" 4770: 4530: 4148: 3115: 3113: 1731:

In February 1927, Heisenberg developed the first version of the

8425: 7891:"Video – Niels Bohr (1962): Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge" 7757: 7503:"Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting" 7435:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 7366:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 7091:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 7033:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 7004:

Resistance Fighter: A Personal History of the Danish Resistance

6983:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6952:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6859:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6753:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6722:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6536:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 6505:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 5130:"Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting" 2820:

Volume 5: The Emergence of Quantum Mechanics (mainly 1924–1926)

2508: 2437: 2360: 2134:, and was auctioned off in March 1940, along with the medal of 2053: 1713: 1623: 1567: 1391: 1243:

where λ is the wavelength of the absorbed or emitted light and

1001: 639: 357: 6795:. Vol. 2. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 6098:. Helsingfors: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. 1923. p. 15. 3260: 682:, Denmark, on 7 October 1885, the second of three children of 11639:

Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

11634:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

5791: 5275: 5273: 4592: 4590: 4115:"History of the institute: The establishment of an institute" 3830:"A theory of the absorption and scattering of the alpha rays" 3110: 2447: 2413: 2229:

The same meeting had previously been dramatised by the BBC's

1695:. This work attracted the attention of the British physicist 1566:

in 1923 convinced most physicists that light was composed of

1024: 50: 7579:

Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed

6316: 5410: 5408: 5033:[My Life with the 20th century Nobel Prizewinners]. 4446: 1339:{\displaystyle R_{Z}={2\pi ^{2}m_{e}Z^{2}e^{4} \over h^{3}}} 914:

In September 1911, Bohr, supported by a fellowship from the

11724:

Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

9104: 8987: 8456: 7748: 6774:

Inner Exile: Recollections of a Life With Werner Heisenberg

6495:"Nobel Prize Lecture: The Structure of the Atom (excerpts)" 5828:. University of Copenhagen. 17 October 1947. Archived from 5599: 5575: 4494: 3355: 3353: 2702:

The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution; three essays

2516: 2495: 1748: 959: 793:

Harald became the first of the two Bohr brothers to earn a

659: 577: 6096:

Societas Scientiarum Fennica Årsbok – Vuosikirja 1922-1923

5808: 5806: 5563: 5381: 5270: 4998: 4758: 4587: 4138: 4136: 3988: 3986: 2363:

from where he could be assumed to support the war effort.

731:. His major was physics, which he studied under Professor 6230: 5405: 5393: 5333: 5010: 3959: 2218: 646:, he met with Heisenberg, who had become the head of the 599:

Bohr founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the

7297:. Previously published by John Wiley & Sons in 1964. 5939: 5880: 5691: 5444: 5432: 5297: 5258: 4986: 4458: 4214:

showing elements predicted by chemical properties since

4010: 3350: 1879:

style, but mentioned that he had some disagreement with

7678:

Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics

7387:

De Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History, Volume 2

7189:

Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb

6005:"History of the Niels Bohr Institute from 1921 to 1965" 5803: 5551: 5505: 5503: 5285: 5056:

da posreduje za mir između Velike Britanije i Njemačke.

4893: 4865:

Petersen, Aage (1963). "The Philosophy of Niels Bohr".

4746: 4730: 4518: 4506: 4470: 4422: 4398: 4386: 4326: 4233: 4133: 4094: 3998: 3983: 3611: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3548: 3338: 3302: 2530:, and served as its first chairman from February 1956. 549:; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish 11599:

Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy

11594:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

7704:

Vilhjálmsson, Vilhjálmur Örn; Blüdnikow, Bent (2006).

7315: 7234:

Richardson, W. Mark; Wildman, Wesley J., eds. (1996).

6158: 5703: 5539: 5527: 5456: 5357: 5345: 5315: 5180: 5076:"Letter From Werner Heisenberg to Author Robert Jungk" 4718: 4221: 4022: 3971: 3947: 3506:"Ernest Bohr Biography and Olympic Results – Olympics" 3365: 3314: 3248: 3236: 2874:

Volume 7: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1933–1958)

2847:

Volume 6: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926–1932)

1915:

about the metaphysical implication of quantum physics.

754:

In 1905 a gold medal competition was sponsored by the

11519:

Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences

11380: 10835:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

7453: 7167:

Niels Bohr's Times, In Physics, Philosophy and Polity

6570: 6248: 5852:"A Complementary Relationship: Niels Bohr and China*" 4788: 4708: 4706: 4338: 4257: 4160: 2959:

Volume 10: Complementarity Beyond Physics (1928–1962)

2614: 2600:

in 1940, and an international honorary member of the

2408:

In June 1950, Bohr addressed an "Open Letter" to the

1954:

Numerous scholars have argued that the philosophy of

1810:

in December 1938 (and its theoretical explanation by

1263: 1115: 553:

who made foundational contributions to understanding

6627:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

5985: 5892: 5779: 5515: 5500: 5420: 5369: 5321: 4691: 4197:

The Age of Entanglement, Louisa Gilder, p.799, 2008.

3944:

for full development of electron structure of atoms.

3632:"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I" 3584: 3536: 3524: 3195: 3125: 991:

at the University of Copenhagen, giving lectures on

690:

at the University of Copenhagen, and his wife Ellen

11644:

Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

11057: 11014:

List of scientists whose names are used as SI units

6812:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

6573:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

4905: 4679: 4602: 4482: 4434: 4410: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4245: 4067: 3809: 3797: 3560: 3326: 3042:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3015:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2988:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2961:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2934:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2903:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2876:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2849:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2822:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2795:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2768:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2741:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2714:. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 11484:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester 7576: 7318:The Holocaust: A History of Courage and Resistance 7258: 7212: 7186: 6112:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 5028: 4846: 4703: 3088: 3086: 2766:Volume 3: The Correspondence Principle (1918–1923) 2649: 1830:that "I have understood everything." Based on his 1338: 1232: 7938: 7233: 7132:(2004). "What's Wrong With This Quantum World?". 4776: 4275: 3385:"Udstilling om Brejnings historie hitter i Vejle" 2818:—— (2008). Stolzenburg, Klaus (ed.). 2650:{\displaystyle h\nu =\epsilon _{2}-\epsilon _{1}} 2047: 1528:and soon found it. The element, which they named 11609:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 11440: 7339:. Maiden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 7337:Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set 4824:"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" 3687: 3685: 3013:Volume 12: Popularization and People (1911–1962) 2392:Oppenheimer suggested that Bohr visit President 2289:When the news of Bohr's escape reached Britain, 1051:. A negatively charged electron, confined to an 700:. Jenny became a teacher, while Harald became a 7844:"The Bohr-Heisenberg meeting in September 1941" 7403: 7236:Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue 6880:The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics 6430: 5593: 4752: 4736: 3266: 3083: 2957:—— (2008). Favrholdt, David (ed.). 2678:, the chemical element with atomic number 107. 2483:(symbol of yin and yang) and a motto in Latin: 1834:of the nucleus, Bohr concluded that it was the 978:(whom Bohr referred to as "the grandson of the 787:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 11684:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 11649:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients 11614:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars 10615: 7802:including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1922 5053: 3468: 2872:—— (2008). Kalckar, Jørgen (ed.). 2845:—— (2008). Kalckar, Jørgen (ed.). 2791:—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). 2764:—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). 2710:—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). 2586:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 2221:was first screened on 26 September 2002, with 2111:In April 1940, early in the Second World War, 11729:Members of the American Philosophical Society 11719:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 11624:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 11043: 10819: 10601: 9090: 8373: 7924: 3874: 3682: 2522:Meanwhile, Scandinavian countries formed the 580:, in which he proposed that energy levels of 7261:Lise Meitner and the Dawn of the Nuclear Age 5478:[Professor Bohr arrived in Moscow]. 3887:. University of Chicago Press. p. 118. 3446:"Neuroscience@NIH > Faculty > Profile" 3212: 3210: 3038:—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). 3011:—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). 2984:—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). 2899:—— (2008). Thorsen, Jens (ed.). 2739:Volume 2: Work on Atomic Physics (1912–1917) 2737:—— (2008). Hoyer, Ulrich (ed.). 2002:quantum world." Therefore, Bohr's theory of 1472:from Sweden, George de Hevesy from Hungary, 756:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 638:During the 1930s, Bohr helped refugees from 11629:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 11604:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog 7109: 7081:"Bohr on the Foundations of Quantum Theory" 5721: 5387: 4620: 1911:(right), pictured on 11 December 1925, had 513:*Club domestic league appearances and goals 30:"Bohr" redirects here. For other uses, see 11709:Burials at Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen) 11050: 11036: 10826: 10812: 10608: 10594: 9097: 9083: 8380: 8366: 7931: 7917: 7797: 7320:. West Orange, New Jersey: Behrman House. 6771: 6402:Aaserud, Finn (2006). Kokowski, M. (ed.). 5016: 3821: 2986:Volume 11: The Political Arena (1934–1961) 2590:United States National Academy of Sciences 2533:Bohr died of heart failure at his home in 2159: 2118:. To prevent the Germans from discovering 1456:passed in November 1918. Now known as the 758:to investigate a method for measuring the 483: 49: 7524:Harmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr 7078: 6692:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 6665: 6617: 6584: 6475: 6382: 6164: 5910: 5724:"Guide to Atoms for Peace Awards Records" 5438: 4764: 4655: 4464: 4452: 4085: 3880: 3207: 2793:Volume 4: The Periodic System (1920–1923) 2580:in 1961. He became foreign member of the 2235:science documentary series in 1992, with 1790:and the subsequent 1932 discovery of the 1756:over such issues throughout their lives. 1739:where an electron was observed through a 7425:"Physics in Copenhagen in 1934 and 1935" 7279: 6849:"Bohr, Göttingen, and Quantum Mechanics" 6740: 6523: 6405:Niels Bohr's Mission for an 'Open World' 6359: 6029: 5264: 4864: 4500: 3977: 3965: 2705:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2685: 2596:in 1926, an international member of the 2588:in 1923, an international member of the 2524:Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics 2431: 2414:Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test 2329:, where he met with the director of the 2268: 2163: 1902: 1818:that this resolved all the mysteries of 1778:prompted Bohr to again suggest that the 1482: 1387:, Bohr replied that they were caused by 1062: 1038: 823: 771:, creating test tubes with the required 745: 720:(Academic Football Club), with Niels as 668:Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics 364:Studies on the Electron Theory of Metals 268:Foreign Member of the Royal Society 11544:Danish expatriates in the United States 7419: 7353: 7334: 6970: 6790: 6431:Aaserud, Finn; Heilbron, J. L. (2013). 6401: 6264:. Danmarks Nationalbank. Archived from 6236: 6212:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 5812: 5605: 5581: 5557: 5291: 5127: 4828:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4724: 4596: 4154: 4112: 3593: 3542: 3371: 2471:, announced that he was conferring the 2467:, who had died in April, the new king, 1450: 623:. He predicted the properties of a new 569:and a promoter of scientific research. 14: 11499:Men's association football goalkeepers 11441: 7389:. Manchester: MBI Publishing Company. 7384: 7207: 7184: 7128: 7001: 6877: 6809: 6706: 6562:Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist 6116:from the original on 23 September 2015 6007:. Niels Bohr Institute. Archived from 5709: 5569: 5545: 5533: 5462: 5363: 5351: 5303: 5279: 5070: 5031:"Moj život s nobelovcima 20. stoljeća" 5004: 4954:Howell, Elizabeth (12 December 2023). 4953: 4852: 4817: 4697: 4685: 4667:from the original on 24 September 2015 4344: 4117:. Niels Bohr Institute. Archived from 3827: 3508:. Sports-Reference.com. Archived from 3498: 3242: 3220:. Niels Bohr Institute. 16 July 2012. 2582:Finnish Society of Sciences an Letters 2126:, Bohr had de Hevesy dissolve them in 1441:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 844:. Bohr resigned his membership in the 11031: 10807: 10589: 9078: 8387: 8361: 7912: 7876:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7051: 7020: 6936: 6904: 6668:Niels Bohr's Philosophical Background 5767:from the original on 22 February 2012 5731:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5620:"To the United Nations (open letter)" 5488:from the original on 16 November 2018 5414: 5399: 5339: 4834:from the original on 28 November 2022 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4227: 4073: 4028: 4016: 3953: 3815: 3670:from the original on 2 September 2011 3566: 3530: 3486:from the original on 11 November 2011 3413: 3320: 3179:. Niels Bohr Institute. 18 May 2012. 2932:Volume 9: Nuclear Physics (1929–1952) 2602:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2556:List of things named after Niels Bohr 2337:He visited Einstein and Pauli at the 1015:'s quantum theory and so created his 762:of liquids that had been proposed by 691: 666:and became the first chairman of the 544: 11589:Foreign members of the Royal Society 11494:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge 7781:Newspaper clippings about Niels Bohr 7571:Bohr's researches on reaction times. 7526:. Madison, Wisconsin: Science Tech. 7505:. Niels Bohr Archive. Archived from 7256: 7160: 6846: 6793:The Destruction of the European Jews 6684: 6653:from the original on 12 January 2015 6623:"Niels Henrik David Bohr. 1885–1962" 6492: 6449: 6046:from the original on 24 October 2017 5991: 5945: 5898: 5886: 5797: 5785: 5697: 5679:from the original on 30 October 2023 5646: 5617: 5521: 5509: 5476:"Professor Bohr ankommet til Moskva" 5450: 5426: 5375: 5327: 5316:Stadtler, Morrison & Martin 1995 5132:. Niels Bohr Archive. Archived from 5029:Portal Jutarnji.hr (19 March 2006). 4992: 4911: 4899: 4712: 4608: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4488: 4476: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4332: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4166: 4142: 4100: 4004: 3992: 3803: 3750: 3732:from the original on 9 December 2008 3691: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3578: 3554: 3456:from the original on 19 October 2022 3426:from the original on 19 October 2022 3414:Schou, Mette Kjær (22 August 2019). 3359: 3344: 3332: 3308: 3254: 3201: 3144: 3131: 3119: 2299:British Overseas Airways Corporation 2255:considered their family to be Jewish 2248: 1605: 678:Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in 491: 7110:Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2001). 7056:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7023:"The Theory of the Periodic System" 6743:"Bohr's First Theories of the Atom" 6690:Niels Bohr: His Heritage and Legacy 6435:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6298:from the original on 6 October 2021 6076:from the original on 14 August 2014 5973:from the original on 17 August 2018 5927:from the original on 17 August 2018 5868:from the original on 9 October 2021 4178:From Bohr's Atom to Electron Waves 3224:from the original on 4 October 2013 3183:from the original on 4 October 2013 3040:Volume 13: Cumulative Subject Index 2195:, who was then working on the book 2042: 1630:, he was met by Wolfgang Pauli and 954:, whose 1911 small central nucleus 644:Denmark was occupied by the Germans 24: 8845:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7819:, Erik Rudinger, and Aage Petersen 7617:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: G.T. Labs. 7493: 7456:The Coins and Banknotes of Denmark 6882:. Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers. 5758: 5484:(in Danish). May 1944. p. 7. 5162:from the original on 29 April 2013 4935:from the original on 11 April 2017 4794: 4627:"The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission" 3290:from the original on 8 August 2023 2670:, was named after him, as was the 2418:International Atomic Energy Agency 1898: 1838:isotope and not the more abundant 1135: 840:, the sister of the mathematician 25: 11745: 11714:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal 11654:People from Gribskov Municipality 10857:Newtonian constant of gravitation 7742: 7728:from the original on 8 April 2013 7561:from the original on 21 July 2012 6560:. In Schilpp, Paul Arthur (ed.). 6262:"500-krone banknote, 1997 series" 6032:"Niels Bohr and the 20th century" 5653:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5634:from the original on 8 March 2013 5246:from the original on 3 March 2017 5128:Aaserud, Finn (6 February 2002). 4789:Camilleri & Schlosshauer 2015 4286:"The Quantum Theory of Radiation" 4052:from the original on 14 July 2021 3862:from the original on 7 April 2020 3785:from the original on 22 June 2021 3395:from the original on 14 July 2022 2487:, "opposites are complementary". 1431:with his brother Harald and aunt 1379:The model's first hurdle was the 968:Victoria University of Manchester 784:in London for publication in the 739:, and philosophy under Professor 348:Victoria University of Manchester 11504:Atoms for Peace Award recipients 11464:20th-century Danish philosophers 11426: 11414: 11402: 11390: 9061: 9060: 7549:Feilden, Tom (3 February 2010). 7356:"Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics" 7219:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 6712:"Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons" 6310: 6280: 6254: 6200: 6170: 6128: 6102: 6088: 6058: 6030:Reinhard, Stock (October 1998). 6023: 5997: 5951: 5904: 5844: 5818: 5752: 5715: 5611: 5468: 5232: 5216: 5174: 5148: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5064: 5022: 4968: 4947: 4917: 4821: 3909:https://doi.org/10.2307/27757389 3157:from the original on 27 May 2023 2712:Volume 1: Early Work (1905–1911) 2458:("opposites are complementary"). 1666: 1657: 527: 11704:Winners of the Max Planck Medal 11699:University of Copenhagen alumni 11564:Danish people of Jewish descent 7710:Jewish Political Studies Review 7501:Aaserud, Finn (February 2002). 7462:. Danmarks Nationalbank. 2005. 7114:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 6942:"Meetings in Wartime and After" 6218:from the original on 4 May 2023 6188:from the original on 4 May 2023 6146:from the original on 4 May 2023 5911:Weisskopf, Victor (July 1963). 5240:"The Saboteurs – Episode Guide" 4858: 4614: 4542: 4269: 4200: 4191: 4172: 4106: 4079: 4034: 3930: 3921: 3901: 3828:Darwin, Charles Galton (1912). 3744: 3623: 3438: 3407: 3377: 3280:"Niels Bohr | Danish physicist" 3272: 3072:Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox 2681: 2320:and an office with the British 1188: 627:-like element, which was named 209: 11679:Recipients of the Copley Medal 11584:20th-century Danish physicists 11128:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 7895:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 7433:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 7405:The Conferences at Quebec 1944 7364:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 7089:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 7031:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6981:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6950:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6857:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6772:Heisenberg, Elisabeth (1984). 6751:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6720:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6534:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6503:Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume 6292:www.google.com/doodles#archive 5673:10.1080/00963402.1950.11461268 4887:10.1080/00963402.1963.11454520 4113:Aaserud, Finn (January 1921). 3169: 3137: 2598:American Philosophical Society 2427: 2048:Assistance to refugee scholars 1539:In 1922, Bohr was awarded the 999:put Bohr's name forward for a 962:had challenged Thomson's 1904 13: 1: 11569:Danish people of World War II 11539:Danish expatriates in England 8137:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer 7848:American Institute of Physics 7335:Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). 7215:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 6394: 6288:"Niels Bohr's 127th Birthday" 5039:(in Croatian). Archived from 4867:Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 4826:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 4777:Richardson & Wildman 1996 4212:History of the periodic table 3476:"Niels Bohr – Biography" 2191:In 1957, Heisenberg wrote to 2186:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker 2178:German nuclear energy project 1869:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 1849: 1780:law of conservation of energy 903: 673: 648:German nuclear weapon project 594:wave or a stream of particles 11734:Recipients of Franklin Medal 9005:Oppenheimer security hearing 7287:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 6832:10.1016/0039-3681(82)90002-4 6526:"The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue" 5722:Craig-McCormack, Elizabeth. 5624:Impact of Science on Society 5198:The New York Review of Books 5156:"Copenhagen – Michael Frayn" 4539:, pp. 337–340, 368–370. 3881:Arabatzis, Theodore (2006). 3391:(in Danish). 11 April 2022. 3145:Dart, James (27 July 2005). 3100:Register cards of the Police 2549: 2376:modulated neutron initiators 2339:Institute for Advanced Study 2308:Bohr was warmly received by 2116:invaded and occupied Denmark 815:Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen 561:, for which he received the 387:Other academic advisors 132: 27:Danish physicist (1885–1962) 7: 11659:People associated with CERN 8225:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 7785:20th Century Press Archives 7170:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6603:10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.01.005 6110:"N. H. D. Bohr (1885–1962)" 5618:Bohr, Niels (9 June 1950). 5194:"'Copenhagen': An Exchange" 4753:Aaserud & Heilbron 2013 4737:Aaserud & Heilbron 2013 4573:10.1126/science.86.2225.161 3267:Aaserud & Heilbron 2013 3177:"Niels Bohr's school years" 3147:"Bohr's footballing career" 3065: 2436:Bohr's coat of arms, 1947. 1590:, the first form of modern 942:, and did some research on 883:, a chemical engineer; and 859:National Institute on Aging 832:on their engagement in 1910 439:Association football career 422:Other notable students 10: 11750: 11689:Scientists from Copenhagen 11489:Akademisk Boldklub players 11469:Nobel laureates in Physics 7811:– interviews conducted by 7649:. New York: Anchor Books. 7551:"The Gunfighter's Dilemma" 7354:Stuewer, Roger H. (1985). 7307:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7079:MacKinnon, Edward (1985). 6741:Heilbron, John L. (1985). 6670:. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. 6371:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6249:Danmarks Nationalbank 2005 4982:(in Danish). 14 June 2024. 4086:Weisskopf, Victor (1984). 3122:, pp. 44–45, 538–539. 2553: 2485:contraria sunt complementa 2456:Contraria sunt complementa 1774:By 1929 the phenomenon of 1576:Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory 930:. He attended lectures on 928:Trinity College, Cambridge 907: 898: 743:, a friend of his father. 292:Order of the Elephant 161:Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory 29: 11559:Danish nuclear physicists 11066: 11010: 10916:Stefan–Boltzmann constant 10902:Stefan–Boltzmann constant 10841: 10731: 10706: 10687: 10668: 10644: 10625: 10226: 9883: 9572: 9350: 9116: 9058: 8948:Bismuth phosphate process 8943:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 8930: 8899: 8832: 8621: 8490: 8404: 8395: 8161:Charles Scott Sherrington 8153:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 7947: 7804:The Structure of the Atom 7431:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 7362:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 7087:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 7029:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6979:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6948:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6855:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6749:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6718:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6666:Favrholdt, David (1992). 6532:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6501:; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). 6208:"Niels Henrik David Bohr" 5969:(11): 10. November 1962. 5647:Bohr, Niels (July 1950). 4305:10.1080/14786442408565262 4157:, pp. 9, 12, 13, 15. 3848:10.1080/14786440608637291 3779:10.1080/14786441308635031 3723:10.1080/14786441308634993 3661:10.1080/14786441308634955 2592:in 1925, a member of the 2263:rescue of the Danish Jews 2215:A television film version 2096:, Erich Ernst Schneider, 1513:Pauli exclusion principle 1057:electromagnetic radiation 565:in 1922. Bohr was also a 526: 521: 512: 499: 473: 468: 461: 459: 454: 447: 444: 435: 431: 421: 407: 386: 374: 356: 330: 320: 313: 280:Faraday Lectureship Prize 234: 219: 194: 181:Copenhagen interpretation 124: 114: 104: 86: 60: 48: 41: 11619:Manhattan Project people 11549:Danish men's footballers 11328:Hans Magnus Enzensberger 8169:Charles Algernon Parsons 6847:Hund, Friedrich (1985). 5800:, pp. 166, 466–467. 5761:"Escutcheons of Science" 5204:(6). The New York Review 4830:(Winter 2019 ed.). 3077: 2513:Director General of CERN 1881:Kierkegaard's philosophy 1856:Christian existentialist 1735:, presenting it using a 1545:correspondence principle 1493:University of Copenhagen 1435:. There, he visited the 1356:is the electron's mass, 1098:to describe the visible 819:Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem 601:University of Copenhagen 343:University of Copenhagen 186:Correspondence principle 166:Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem 119:University of Copenhagen 11669:Philosophers of science 9025:S-1 Executive Committee 8973:Einstein–Szilard letter 7868:"Resources for Frayn's 7522:Blaedel, Niels (1988). 7257:Rife, Patricia (1999). 7185:Powers, Thomas (1993). 7002:Kieler, Jørgen (2007). 6971:Kennedy, P. J. (1985). 6384:10.1351/pac199769122471 5913:"Tribute to Niels Bohr" 5388:Medawar & Pyke 2001 5158:. The Complete Review. 4623:Wheeler, John Archibald 3914:17 October 2022 at the 3284:Encyclopedia Britannica 3095:Politiets Registerblade 2926:—— (2008). 2160:Meeting with Heisenberg 1437:University of Göttingen 538:Niels Henrik David Bohr 338:University of Cambridge 65:Niels Henrik David Bohr 11694:Theoretical physicists 11574:Jewish Nobel laureates 11474:Danish Nobel laureates 11144:Willem Visser 't Hooft 10883:Johann Josef Loschmidt 10737:Nobel Prize recipients 10708:Physiology or Medicine 9110:Nobel Prize in Physics 8467:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 8297:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor 8081:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 7265:. Boston: Birkhäuser. 6791:Hilberg, Raul (1961). 6776:. Boston: Birkhäuser. 6639:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0002 5223:Horizon: Hitler's Bomb 5054: 4657:10.1103/PhysRev.56.426 4293:Philosophical Magazine 4185:10 August 2021 at the 3835:Philosophical Magazine 3758:Philosophical Magazine 3702:Philosophical Magazine 3640:Philosophical Magazine 2694: 2661:began circulating the 2651: 2484: 2459: 2286: 2169: 2122:'s and James Franck's 2058:Rockefeller Foundation 2037:transcendental reality 2017: 1970: 1916: 1768: 1754:good-natured arguments 1551:in the limit of large 1541:Nobel Prize in Physics 1503:to describe them. The 1495: 1468:from the Netherlands, 1340: 1234: 1087: 1085:Heisenberg/Schrödinger 1060: 1008:Philosophical Magazine 948:William Lawrence Bragg 833: 769:make his own glassware 751: 733:Christian Christiansen 563:Nobel Prize in Physics 546:[ˈne̝lsˈpoɐ̯ˀ] 381:Christian Christiansen 240:Nobel Prize in Physics 171:Bohr–Sommerfeld theory 11001:von Klitzing constant 10635:Francis William Aston 9045:X-10 Graphite Reactor 9000:Nobel Prize laureates 8870:509th Composite Group 8105:Horace Tabberer Brown 8009:Alfred Russel Wallace 7052:Kragh, Helge (2012). 7021:Kragh, Helge (1985). 6524:Bohr, Niels (1985) . 6493:Bohr, Niels (1985) . 6326:Minor Planet Bulletin 4925:"A unique gold medal" 2689: 2652: 2473:Order of the Elephant 2435: 2422:Atoms for Peace Award 2394:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2343:Princeton, New Jersey 2295:de Havilland Mosquito 2272: 2167: 2012: 2008:indefinability thesis 1961: 1913:a long-running debate 1906: 1733:uncertainty principle 1722:de Broglie hypothesis 1486: 1341: 1235: 1094:had come up with his 1071:in the 20th century: 1066: 1042: 976:Charles Galton Darwin 827: 749: 729:Copenhagen University 635:was named after him. 298:Atoms for Peace Award 156:Bohr–Einstein debates 133:Physics contributions 32:Bohr (disambiguation) 11264:Krzysztof Kieślowski 8953:British contribution 8855:Operation Peppermint 8850:Operation Crossroads 8709:Maria Goeppert Mayer 8313:Edgar Douglas Adrian 7953:Josiah Willard Gibbs 7681:. New York: Viking. 7575:Moore, Ruth (1966). 7385:Thirsk, Ian (2006). 7238:. London, New York: 6914:. London: Hamilton. 6878:Jammer, Max (1989). 6556:Bohr, Niels (1949). 6450:Bohr, Niels (1928). 6182:search.amphilsoc.org 6178:"APS Member History" 5594:U.S. Government 1972 3751:Bohr, Niels (1913). 3692:Bohr, Niels (1913). 3630:Bohr, Niels (1913). 3362:, pp. 226, 249. 3106:on 29 November 2014. 2699:Bohr, Niels (1922). 2659:Danish National Bank 2612: 2584:in 1922, and of the 2335:Leslie R. Groves Jr. 2333:, Brigadier General 2140:Frederiksborg Castle 2076:, George de Hevesy, 1875:Stages on Life's Way 1820:transuranic elements 1741:gamma-ray microscope 1610:The introduction of 1564:Arthur Holly Compton 1511:'s discovery of the 1489:Niels Bohr Institute 1458:Niels Bohr Institute 1451:Institute of Physics 1261: 1113: 950:, and New Zealand's 924:Cavendish Laboratory 916:Carlsberg Foundation 893:1948 Summer Olympics 872:became a physician; 799:Doctor of Philosophy 714:1908 Summer Olympics 710:Danish national team 605:Niels Bohr Institute 11579:Jewish philosophers 11360:Svetlana Alexievich 10893:Johann Jakob Balmer 10722:Otto Fritz Meyerhof 8714:George Kistiakowsky 8669:Charles Critchfield 8185:William Henry Bragg 8017:George William Hill 8001:Albert A. Michelson 7763:Works by Niels Bohr 7583:. New York: Knopf. 7193:. New York: Knopf. 7146:2004PhT....57b..10M 6973:"A Short Biography" 6824:1982SHPSA..13....1H 6621:(1 November 1963). 6595:2015SHPMP..49...73C 6468:1928Natur.121..580B 6418:on 2 September 2011 6338:2013MPBu...40...15K 6214:. 9 February 2023. 5948:, pp. 523–525. 5889:, pp. 519–522. 5700:, pp. 513–518. 5665:1950BuAtS...6g.213B 5649:"For An Open World" 5608:, pp. 708–709. 5596:, pp. 492–493. 5584:, pp. 707–708. 5572:, pp. 528–538. 5453:, pp. 498–499. 5417:, pp. 280–282. 5402:, pp. 474–475. 5342:, pp. 280–281. 5282:, pp. 483–484. 5184:; Logan, Jonothan; 5136:on 17 February 2017 5007:, pp. 267–268. 4995:, pp. 480–481. 4902:, pp. 382–386. 4879:1963BuAtS..19g...8P 4648:1939PhRv...56..426B 4599:, pp. 211–216. 4565:1937Sci....86..161B 4527:, pp. 464–465. 4515:, pp. 332–333. 4503:, pp. 121–140. 4479:, pp. 304–309. 4455:, pp. 112–113. 4431:, pp. 272–275. 4407:, pp. 295–299. 4395:, pp. 275–279. 4335:, pp. 232–239. 4242:, pp. 202–210. 4145:, pp. 169–171. 4103:, pp. 164–167. 4019:, pp. 109–111. 4007:, pp. 152–155. 3995:, pp. 146–149. 3771:1913PMag...26..857B 3715:1913PMag...26..476B 3653:1913PMag...26....1B 3620:, pp. 134–135. 3608:, pp. 125–129. 3581:, pp. 121–125. 3557:, pp. 117–121. 3347:, pp. 133–134. 3311:, pp. 107–109. 3257:, pp. 101–102. 3218:"Life as a Student" 2479:, which featured a 2266:escaped to Sweden. 2242:The Heavy Water War 2217:of the play by the 2132:Finnish Relief Fund 1765:Carlsberg breweries 1505:rare-earth elements 1474:Wojciech Rubinowicz 891:for Denmark at the 750:Bohr as a young man 708:who played for the 603:, now known as the 572:Bohr developed the 441: 325:Theoretical physics 99:Copenhagen, Denmark 11674:Quantum physicists 11554:Jewish footballers 11421:History of science 11397:Nuclear technology 11224:Simone de Beauvoir 11058:Recipients of the 10997:Klaus von Klitzing 10991:Josephson constant 10912:Boltzmann constant 10887:Loschmidt constant 8779:Henry DeWolf Smyth 8558:Robert Oppenheimer 8513:Priscilla Duffield 8257:Thomas Hunt Morgan 8241:Henry Hallett Dale 8217:John Scott Haldane 8201:George Ellery Hale 7796:on Nobelprize.org 7749:Niels Bohr Archive 7509:on 21 October 2012 6619:Cockcroft, John D. 6377:(12): 2472. 1997. 6070:Franklin Institute 5859:Niels Bohr Archive 5759:Michon, Gérard P. 5229:, 24 February 1992 5082:on 17 October 2006 5072:Heisenberg, Werner 4929:www.nobelprize.org 4625:(September 1939). 2695: 2663:500-krone banknote 2647: 2539:Assistens Cemetery 2460: 2446:(yin-yang symbol) 2368:Robert Oppenheimer 2287: 2259:Gustaf V of Sweden 2170: 2090:Eugene Rabinowitch 2088:, George Placzek, 1975:logical positivism 1917: 1782:be abandoned, but 1737:thought experiment 1709:Utrecht University 1560:Compton scattering 1496: 1376:(1 for hydrogen). 1336: 1230: 1088: 1061: 1034:old quantum theory 964:plum pudding model 842:Niels Erik Nørlund 836:In 1910, Bohr met 834: 805:and elaborated by 752: 718:Akademisk Boldklub 503:Akademisk Boldklub 463:Akademisk Boldklub 437: 109:Assistens Cemetery 11479:Jewish physicists 11378: 11377: 11080:Albert Schweitzer 11072:Winston Churchill 11025: 11024: 10867:Avogadro constant 10801: 10800: 10659:Jacinto Benavente 10583: 10582: 9072: 9071: 8994:Los Alamos Primer 8983:Interim Committee 8938:African Americans 8890:The Great Artiste 8749:Isidor Isaac Rabi 8744:Norman Ramsey Jr. 8543:Franklin Matthias 8482:Heavy water sites 8389:Manhattan Project 8355: 8354: 8121:Ernest Rutherford 7940:Copley Medallists 7767:Project Gutenberg 7688:978-0-670-03858-9 7656:978-0-413-72490-8 7624:978-0-9660106-5-7 7590:978-0-262-63101-3 7533:978-0-910239-14-1 7469:978-87-87251-55-6 7446:978-0-674-62415-3 7396:978-0-85979-115-1 7377:978-0-674-62415-3 7346:978-1-4051-8921-7 7327:978-0-87441-578-0 7294:978-0-444-86977-7 7272:978-0-8176-3732-3 7249:978-0-415-91667-7 7226:978-0-671-44133-3 7200:978-0-316-71623-9 7177:978-0-19-852049-8 7154:10.1063/1.1688051 7121:978-1-55970-564-6 7102:978-0-674-62415-3 7063:978-0-19-965498-7 7044:978-0-674-62415-3 7013:978-965-229-397-8 6994:978-0-674-62415-3 6963:978-0-674-62415-3 6921:978-0-241-89746-1 6889:978-0-88318-617-6 6870:978-0-674-62415-3 6802:978-0-300-09557-9 6783:978-0-8176-3146-8 6764:978-0-674-62415-3 6733:978-0-674-62415-3 6699:978-0-7923-1294-9 6677:978-87-7304-228-1 6547:978-0-674-62415-3 6516:978-0-674-62415-3 6462:(3050): 580–590. 6442:978-0-19-968028-3 6268:on 25 August 2010 6251:, pp. 20–21. 6239:, pp. 10–11. 6140:www.nasonline.org 5306:, pp. 91–93. 5192:(11 April 2002). 4767:, pp. 42–63. 4559:(2225): 161–165. 4266:, pp. 91–97. 4230:, pp. 61–64. 4169:, pp. 71–73. 4031:, pp. 90–91. 3968:, pp. 39–47. 3956:, pp. 50–67. 3894:978-0-226-02420-2 3450:dir.ninds.nih.gov 3323:, pp. 43–45. 3245:, pp. 62–63. 3204:, pp. 98–99. 3134:, pp. 35–39. 3049:978-0-444-53286-2 3022:978-0-444-53286-2 2995:978-0-444-53286-2 2968:978-0-444-53286-2 2941:978-0-444-53286-2 2910:978-0-444-53286-2 2883:978-0-444-53286-2 2856:978-0-444-53286-2 2829:978-0-444-53286-2 2802:978-0-444-53286-2 2775:978-0-444-53286-2 2748:978-0-444-53286-2 2721:978-0-444-53286-2 2672:Bohr lunar crater 2398:Felix Frankfurter 2331:Manhattan Project 2318:St James's Palace 2283:Isidor Isaac Rabi 2249:Manhattan Project 2124:gold Nobel medals 2102:Arthur von Hippel 1860:Søren Kierkegaard 1832:liquid drop model 1802:The discovery of 1701:Erwin Schrödinger 1678:Solvay Conference 1606:Quantum mechanics 1592:quantum mechanics 1584:Werner Heisenberg 1558:The discovery of 1549:classical physics 1476:from Poland, and 1462:quantum mechanics 1416:Arnold Sommerfeld 1334: 1196: 1192: 1181: 1161: 1124: 1067:The evolution of 970:, where Bohr met 952:Ernest Rutherford 846:Church of Denmark 838:Margrethe Nørlund 830:Margrethe Nørlund 686:, a professor of 656:Manhattan Project 621:Werner Heisenberg 535: 534: 517: 516: 408:Doctoral students 399:Ernest Rutherford 315:Scientific career 201:Margrethe Nørlund 16:(Redirected from 11741: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11407: 11406: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11386: 11371: 11368:Marina Abramović 11363: 11355: 11347: 11339: 11331: 11323: 11315: 11307: 11299: 11291: 11283: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11235: 11232:William Heinesen 11227: 11219: 11211: 11203: 11195: 11187: 11179: 11171: 11163: 11155: 11147: 11139: 11136:Laurence Olivier 11131: 11123: 11115: 11107: 11099: 11091: 11088:Bertrand Russell 11083: 11075: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11029: 11028: 10926:Rydberg constant 10922:Johannes Rydberg 10908:Ludwig Boltzmann 10877:Faraday constant 10828: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10804: 10739: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10586: 10576: 10560: 10544: 10528: 10512: 10496: 10480: 10464: 10448: 10436: 10420: 10408: 10396: 10380: 10368: 10352: 10336: 10324: 10312: 10296: 10280: 10264: 10248: 10219: 10203: 10191: 10175: 10159: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10075: 10059: 10043: 10031: 10015: 10007: 9995: 9983: 9975: 9959: 9947: 9931: 9915: 9899: 9876: 9860: 9848: 9832: 9816: 9808: 9796: 9788: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9748: 9732: 9716: 9708: 9696: 9688: 9676: 9660: 9648: 9632: 9620: 9608: 9600: 9588: 9565: 9557: 9549: 9541: 9533: 9525: 9517: 9509: 9501: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9480: 9472: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9413: 9405: 9404: 9398: 9390: 9382: 9374: 9362: 9343: 9331: 9323: 9315: 9307: 9299: 9291: 9283: 9275: 9267: 9266: 9260: 9248: 9240: 9238:Kamerlingh Onnes 9232: 9224: 9216: 9208: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9164: 9156: 9140: 9128: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9076: 9075: 9064: 9063: 9015:Quebec Agreement 8799:John von Neumann 8739:George B. Pegram 8548:Dorothy McKibbin 8382: 8375: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8348: 8340: 8337:George de Hevesy 8332: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8292: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8244: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8212: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8044: 8036: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8004: 7996: 7993:Élie Metchnikoff 7988: 7985:Dmitri Mendeleev 7980: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7850:. Archived from 7801: 7756:in the database 7737: 7735: 7733: 7700: 7668: 7636: 7602: 7582: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7545: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7478: 7472:. Archived from 7461: 7450: 7421:Wheeler, John A. 7416: 7400: 7381: 7350: 7331: 7312: 7306: 7298: 7281:Rozental, Stefan 7276: 7264: 7253: 7230: 7218: 7204: 7192: 7181: 7157: 7130:Mermin, N. David 7125: 7106: 7075: 7048: 7017: 6998: 6967: 6933: 6901: 6874: 6843: 6806: 6787: 6768: 6737: 6708:Gowing, Margaret 6703: 6681: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6614: 6588: 6565: 6554:Excerpted from: 6551: 6520: 6489: 6479: 6477:10.1038/121580a0 6446: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6346: 6340:. Archived from 6323: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740:on 11 March 2010 5739: 5733:. Archived from 5728: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5230: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5048: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4819: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4631: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4307:. Archived from 4299:(287): 785–802. 4290: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4048:. 10 July 2017. 4046:cranfield.ac.cuk 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3842:(138): 901–920. 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3765:(155): 857–875. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3709:(153): 476–502. 3698: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3512:on 18 April 2020 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3090: 3061: 3034: 3007: 2980: 2953: 2922: 2895: 2868: 2841: 2814: 2787: 2760: 2733: 2706: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2633: 2632: 2327:Washington, D.C. 2297:operated by the 2144:Andreas Mogensen 2106:Victor Weisskopf 2043:Second World War 1998:other elements. 1949:Victor Weisskopf 1907:Bohr (left) and 1796:compound nucleus 1786:'s hypothetical 1745:Volta Conference 1670: 1661: 1616:George Uhlenbeck 1588:matrix mechanics 1381:Pickering series 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1252:Rydberg constant 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1125: 1117: 972:George de Hevesy 956:Rutherford model 932:electromagnetism 882: 871: 695: 617:George de Hevesy 555:atomic structure 548: 543: 531: 493: 485: 442: 436: 376:Doctoral advisor 370: 274:Max Planck Medal 243: 213: 211: 135: 96: 94: 91:18 November 1962 74: 72: 53: 39: 38: 21: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11529:Jewish atheists 11524:Danish atheists 11439: 11438: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11415: 11413: 11401: 11391: 11389: 11381: 11379: 11374: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11334: 11326: 11318: 11310: 11302: 11294: 11286: 11278: 11270: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11240:Jürgen Habermas 11238: 11230: 11222: 11214: 11208:Hermann Gmeiner 11206: 11198: 11190: 11182: 11174: 11166: 11160:Halldór Laxness 11158: 11152:Arthur Koestler 11150: 11142: 11134: 11126: 11118: 11110: 11102: 11094: 11086: 11078: 11070: 11062: 11056: 11026: 11021: 11006: 10987:Brian Josephson 10982:Douglas Hartree 10971:Hubble constant 10941:Planck constant 10873:Michael Faraday 10863:Amedeo Avogadro 10844: 10837: 10832: 10802: 10797: 10735: 10727: 10718:(Great Britain) 10702: 10683: 10678:Fridtjof Nansen 10664: 10640: 10621: 10614: 10584: 10579: 10563: 10547: 10531: 10515: 10499: 10483: 10467: 10451: 10439: 10423: 10411: 10399: 10383: 10371: 10355: 10339: 10327: 10315: 10299: 10283: 10267: 10251: 10235: 10228: 10222: 10206: 10194: 10178: 10169:Cohen-Tannoudji 10162: 10146: 10134: 10122: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10078: 10062: 10046: 10034: 10018: 10010: 9998: 9986: 9978: 9962: 9950: 9934: 9918: 9902: 9890: 9879: 9863: 9851: 9835: 9819: 9811: 9799: 9791: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9751: 9735: 9719: 9711: 9699: 9691: 9679: 9663: 9651: 9635: 9623: 9611: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9568: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9520: 9512: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9475: 9467: 9455: 9443: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9416: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9393: 9385: 9377: 9365: 9357: 9346: 9334: 9326: 9318: 9310: 9302: 9294: 9286: 9278: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9243: 9235: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9143: 9131: 9123: 9112: 9103: 9073: 9068: 9054: 9020:RaLa Experiment 8926: 8895: 8860:Project Alberta 8828: 8824:Chien-Shiung Wu 8754:James Rainwater 8689:Richard Feynman 8679:John R. Dunning 8654:Norris Bradbury 8617: 8603:Stafford Warren 8573:William Purnell 8553:Kenneth Nichols 8533:Ernest Lawrence 8508:James B. Conant 8486: 8400: 8391: 8386: 8356: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8289:Joseph Barcroft 8287: 8281:Robert Robinson 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8193:Arthur Schuster 8191: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8145:Albert Einstein 8143: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8097:William Bayliss 8095: 8089:Hendrik Lorentz 8087: 8079: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7991: 7983: 7977:William Crookes 7975: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7937: 7899: 7897: 7889: 7880: 7878: 7866: 7857: 7855: 7842: 7745: 7740: 7731: 7729: 7703: 7689: 7671: 7657: 7639: 7625: 7605: 7591: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7548: 7534: 7521: 7512: 7510: 7500: 7496: 7494:Further reading 7491: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7459: 7447: 7397: 7378: 7347: 7328: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7273: 7250: 7227: 7209:Rhodes, Richard 7201: 7178: 7122: 7103: 7064: 7045: 7014: 6995: 6964: 6922: 6911:Most Secret War 6890: 6871: 6803: 6784: 6765: 6734: 6700: 6678: 6656: 6654: 6555: 6548: 6517: 6443: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6397: 6392: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5429:, pp. 491. 5425: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5065: 5046: 5044: 5043:on 28 June 2009 5027: 5023: 5017:Heisenberg 1984 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4635:Physical Review 4629: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4588: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4288: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187:Wayback Machine 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4121:on 5 April 2008 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4055: 4053: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3916:Wayback Machine 3906: 3902: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3050: 3037: 3023: 3010: 2996: 2983: 2969: 2956: 2942: 2928:Peierls, Rudolf 2925: 2911: 2898: 2884: 2871: 2857: 2844: 2830: 2817: 2803: 2790: 2776: 2763: 2749: 2736: 2722: 2709: 2698: 2684: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2566:Matteucci Medal 2558: 2552: 2430: 2372:Richard Feynman 2279:Albert Einstein 2251: 2162: 2094:Stefan Rozental 2050: 2045: 2004:complementarity 1945:N. David Mermin 1937:verificationism 1925:instrumentalist 1909:Albert Einstein 1901: 1899:Quantum physics 1892:David Favrholdt 1852: 1844:John R. Dunning 1804:nuclear fission 1726:complementarity 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1620:Samuel Goudsmit 1608: 1553:quantum numbers 1478:Svein Rosseland 1453: 1404:Albert Einstein 1396:Hendrik Lorentz 1366:Planck constant 1360:is its charge, 1355: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1249: 1189: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 912: 906: 901: 876: 865: 807:Hendrik Lorentz 795:master's degree 760:surface tension 741:Harald Høffding 737:Thorvald Thiele 676: 590:complementarity 541: 440: 414: 412:Hendrik Kramers 403: 368: 352: 309: 276: (1930) 264: (1926) 256:Matteucci Medal 246: 238: 215: 212: 1912) 207: 203: 190: 176:Complementarity 137: 136: 131: 115:Alma mater 100: 97: 92: 90: 82: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11747: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11436: 11435: 11423: 11411: 11399: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11352:Lars von Trier 11348: 11344:Michael Haneke 11340: 11332: 11324: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11284: 11276: 11268: 11260: 11252: 11248:Ingmar Bergman 11244: 11236: 11228: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11196: 11188: 11180: 11172: 11164: 11156: 11148: 11140: 11132: 11124: 11120:Dominique Pire 11116: 11108: 11100: 11092: 11084: 11076: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11055: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11032: 11023: 11022: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10994: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10964: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10934: 10929: 10919: 10905: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10870: 10860: 10849: 10847: 10839: 10838: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10808: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10719: 10716:Archibald Hill 10712: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10693: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10655: 10653: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10613: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10561: 10545: 10529: 10513: 10497: 10481: 10465: 10449: 10437: 10421: 10409: 10397: 10381: 10369: 10353: 10337: 10325: 10313: 10297: 10281: 10265: 10249: 10232: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10204: 10192: 10176: 10160: 10144: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10100: 10092: 10076: 10060: 10044: 10032: 10016: 10008: 9996: 9984: 9976: 9960: 9948: 9932: 9916: 9905:P. W. Anderson 9900: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9861: 9849: 9833: 9817: 9809: 9797: 9789: 9781: 9773: 9765: 9749: 9733: 9726:Goeppert Mayer 9717: 9709: 9697: 9689: 9677: 9661: 9649: 9633: 9621: 9609: 9601: 9589: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9558: 9550: 9542: 9534: 9526: 9518: 9510: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9465: 9453: 9450:C. D. Anderson 9441: 9433: 9426: 9414: 9406: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9363: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9249: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9217: 9209: 9197: 9189: 9181: 9173: 9165: 9157: 9141: 9129: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9102: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8963:Chicago Pile-1 8960: 8958:Calutron Girls 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8931:Related topics 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8794:Stanisław Ulam 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8729:Edwin McMillan 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8674:Harry Daghlian 8671: 8666: 8664:John Cockcroft 8661: 8659:James Chadwick 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8583:Charles Thomas 8580: 8578:Frank Spedding 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8538:James Marshall 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8518:Thomas Farrell 8515: 8510: 8505: 8503:Arthur Compton 8500: 8494: 8492: 8491:Administrators 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8345:James Chadwick 8341: 8333: 8329:Archibald Hill 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8209:Theobald Smith 8205: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8149: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8101: 8093: 8085: 8077: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8025:Francis Galton 8021: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7936: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7887: 7864: 7854:on 4 July 2011 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7817:Leon Rosenfeld 7813:Thomas S. Kuhn 7806: 7791: 7778: 7769: 7760: 7754:Author profile 7751: 7744: 7743:External links 7741: 7739: 7738: 7701: 7687: 7669: 7655: 7641:Frayn, Michael 7637: 7623: 7611:Purvis, Leland 7607:Ottaviani, Jim 7603: 7589: 7572: 7555:news.bbc.co.uk 7546: 7532: 7519: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7479:on 23 May 2011 7468: 7451: 7445: 7417: 7401: 7395: 7382: 7376: 7351: 7345: 7332: 7326: 7313: 7293: 7277: 7271: 7254: 7248: 7231: 7225: 7205: 7199: 7182: 7176: 7158: 7126: 7120: 7107: 7101: 7076: 7062: 7049: 7043: 7018: 7012: 6999: 6993: 6968: 6962: 6934: 6920: 6902: 6888: 6875: 6869: 6844: 6807: 6801: 6788: 6782: 6769: 6763: 6738: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6682: 6676: 6663: 6615: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6546: 6521: 6515: 6490: 6447: 6441: 6428: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6358: 6347:on 3 June 2013 6309: 6279: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6199: 6169: 6165:Cockcroft 1963 6157: 6127: 6101: 6087: 6057: 6022: 6011:on 8 June 2003 5996: 5994:, p. 529. 5984: 5950: 5938: 5903: 5901:, p. 521. 5891: 5879: 5843: 5817: 5815:, p. 224. 5802: 5790: 5788:, p. 504. 5778: 5763:. Numericana. 5751: 5714: 5712:, p. 276. 5702: 5690: 5659:(7): 213–219. 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5560:, p. 708. 5550: 5548:, p. 271. 5538: 5536:, p. 270. 5526: 5524:, p. 496. 5514: 5512:, p. 497. 5499: 5481:De frie Danske 5467: 5465:, p. 269. 5455: 5443: 5439:Cockcroft 1963 5431: 5419: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5378:, p. 242. 5368: 5366:, p. 374. 5356: 5354:, p. 237. 5344: 5332: 5330:, p. 479. 5320: 5318:, p. 136. 5308: 5296: 5294:, p. 596. 5284: 5269: 5267:, p. 168. 5257: 5231: 5215: 5190:Frayn, Michael 5186:Powers, Thomas 5182:Holton, Gerald 5173: 5147: 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5063: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4967: 4946: 4916: 4914:, p. 476. 4904: 4892: 4857: 4845: 4793: 4781: 4779:, p. 289. 4769: 4765:Favrholdt 1992 4757: 4745: 4729: 4727:, p. 416. 4717: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4642:(5): 426–450. 4613: 4611:, p. 456. 4601: 4586: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4491:, p. 582. 4481: 4469: 4467:, p. 101. 4465:MacKinnon 1985 4457: 4453:MacKinnon 1985 4445: 4443:, p. 301. 4433: 4421: 4419:, p. 263. 4409: 4397: 4385: 4383:, p. 243. 4373: 4371:, p. 238. 4361: 4359:, p. 237. 4349: 4347:, p. 188. 4337: 4325: 4314:on 22 May 2013 4278:Kramers, H. A. 4268: 4256: 4254:, p. 215. 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208:Periodic Table 4199: 4190: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4132: 4105: 4093: 4090:. p. 593. 4078: 4066: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3942:Periodic Table 3929: 3920: 3900: 3893: 3873: 3820: 3808: 3806:, p. 149. 3796: 3743: 3681: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 122. 3523: 3497: 3480:Nobelprize.org 3467: 3437: 3406: 3376: 3374:, p. 204. 3364: 3349: 3337: 3335:, p. 112. 3325: 3313: 3301: 3271: 3269:, p. 155. 3259: 3247: 3235: 3206: 3194: 3168: 3136: 3124: 3109: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3035: 3021: 3008: 2994: 2981: 2967: 2954: 2940: 2923: 2909: 2896: 2882: 2869: 2855: 2842: 2828: 2815: 2801: 2788: 2774: 2761: 2747: 2734: 2720: 2707: 2683: 2680: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2570:Franklin Medal 2551: 2548: 2429: 2426: 2410:United Nations 2356:De frie Danske 2345:, and went to 2310:James Chadwick 2250: 2247: 2161: 2158: 2153:in 2023-2024. 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 1995:Léon Rosenfeld 1900: 1897: 1864:Richard Rhodes 1851: 1848: 1824:Léon Rosenfeld 1816:George Placzek 1763:, the heir to 1675: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1644:Pascual Jordan 1636:Paul Ehrenfest 1607: 1604: 1572:John C. Slater 1521:Georges Urbain 1509:Wolfgang Pauli 1491:, part of the 1452: 1449: 1372:is the atom's 1353: 1347: 1346: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1100:spectral lines 1053:atomic orbital 997:Martin Knudsen 993:thermodynamics 908:Main article: 905: 902: 900: 897: 684:Christian Bohr 675: 672: 586:atomic nucleus 559:quantum theory 533: 532: 524: 523: 519: 518: 515: 514: 510: 509: 507: 505: 500: 497: 496: 487: 480: 475: 471: 470: 469:Senior career* 466: 465: 460: 457: 456: 452: 451: 446: 438: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 419: 418: 409: 405: 404: 402: 401: 396: 390: 388: 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 360: 354: 353: 351: 350: 345: 340: 334: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 311: 310: 308: 307: 301: 295: 289: 283: 277: 271: 265: 262:Franklin Medal 259: 253: 245: 244: 236: 232: 231: 221: 217: 216: 205: 199: 198: 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 130: 129: 128: 126: 125:Known for 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 95:(aged 77) 88: 84: 83: 77: 75:7 October 1885 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11746: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11434: 11424: 11422: 11412: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11296:Mary Robinson 11293: 11289: 11288:Eugenio Barba 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11192:Hannah Arendt 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11060:Sonning Prize 11053: 11048: 11046: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11009: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10932:J. J. Thomson 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10824: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10193: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10161: 10158: 10157:R. Richardson 10154: 10150: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10109: 10106: 10101: 10098: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10014: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9989:Chandrasekhar 9985: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9859: 9855: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9815: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9795: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9779: 9774: 9771: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9715: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9695: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9662: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9610: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9556: 9551: 9548: 9543: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9527: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9511: 9508: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9479: 9474: 9471: 9466: 9463: 9462:G. P. Thomson 9459: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9412: 9407: 9400: 9397: 9392: 9389: 9384: 9381: 9380:O. Richardson 9376: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9361: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9330: 9325: 9322: 9317: 9314: 9309: 9306: 9301: 9298: 9293: 9290: 9285: 9282: 9277: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9247: 9242: 9239: 9234: 9231: 9226: 9223: 9218: 9215: 9214:Van der Waals 9210: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9195: 9190: 9187: 9182: 9179: 9178:J. J. Thomson 9174: 9171: 9166: 9163: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9093: 9088: 9086: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9067: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8978:Franck Report 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840:Alsos Mission 8838: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8814:Robert Wilson 8812: 8810: 8809:Eugene Wigner 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8789:Edward Teller 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764:Glenn Seaborg 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8734:Mark Oliphant 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Willard Libby 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8634:Robert Bacher 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8613:Roscoe Wilson 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528:John Lansdale 8526: 8524: 8523:Leslie Groves 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Vannevar Bush 8496: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8371: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8265:Paul Langevin 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113:Joseph Larmor 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8057:J. J. Thomson 8054: 8050: 8049:Ray Lankester 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033:George Darwin 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7961:Joseph Lister 7958: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7877: 7873: 7872:: Niels Bohr" 7871: 7865: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429:French, A. P. 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7360:French, A. P. 7357: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7162:Pais, Abraham 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7134:Physics Today 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085:French, A. P. 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027:French, A. P. 7024: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977:French, A. P. 6974: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946:French, A. P. 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6906:Jones, R . V. 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853:French, A. P. 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6747:French, A. P. 6744: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6716:French, A. P. 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6633:(10): 36–53. 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6530:French, A. P. 6527: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6499:French, A. P. 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5847: 5832:on 2 May 2019 5831: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5441:, p. 46. 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5390:, p. 65. 5389: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265:Rozental 1967 5261: 5245: 5242:. Channel 4. 5241: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5036:Jutarnji list 5032: 5025: 5019:, p. 77. 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4981: 4980:Frederiksborg 4977: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 37. 4714: 4709: 4707: 4700:, p. 60. 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4621:Bohr, Niels; 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4501:Dialogue 1985 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4282:Slater, J. C. 4279: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4089: 4082: 4076:, p. 39. 4075: 4070: 4063: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3980:, p. 43. 3979: 3978:Heilbron 1985 3974: 3967: 3966:Heilbron 1985 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3818:, p. 22. 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647:(151): 1–24. 3646: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3569:, p. 46. 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2607: 2606:postage stamp 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:Royal Society 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Sonning Prize 2575: 2572:in 1926, the 2571: 2568:in 1923, the 2567: 2564:in 1921, the 2563: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2383:Peter Kapitza 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:John Anderson 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Lord Cherwell 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2207:'s 1998 play 2206: 2205:Michael Frayn 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151:Expedition 70 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:Edward Teller 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2040: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1956:Immanuel Kant 1952: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Carl Jacobsen 1757: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596:Walther Bothe 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:David Hilbert 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385:Alfred Fowler 1382: 1377: 1375: 1374:atomic number 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1246: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Balmer series 1093: 1092:Johann Balmer 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:atomic models 1065: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:hydrogen atom 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1019:of the atom. 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:Joseph Larmor 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920:J. J. Thomson 917: 911: 896: 894: 890: 886: 880: 875: 869: 864: 860: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 831: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 788: 783: 782:Royal Society 778: 774: 770: 765: 764:Lord Rayleigh 761: 757: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702:mathematician 699: 694: 689: 685: 681: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 539: 530: 525: 520: 511: 508: 506: 504: 501: 498: 495: 488: 486: 481: 479: 476: 472: 467: 464: 458: 453: 450: 443: 434: 430: 427: 424: 420: 417: 413: 410: 406: 400: 397: 395: 394:J. J. Thomson 392: 391: 389: 385: 382: 379: 377: 373: 366: 365: 361: 359: 355: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 333: 329: 326: 323: 319: 316: 312: 305: 304:Sonning Prize 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 241: 237: 233: 230: 226: 223:6; including 222: 218: 202: 197: 193: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 141:Bohr magneton 139: 138: 134: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105:Resting place 103: 89: 85: 80: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11312:Ágnes Heller 11272:Günter Grass 11256:Václav Havel 11176:Danilo Dolci 11095: 11018:non SI units 11012: 10977:Hugo Tetrode 10967:Edwin Hubble 10956: 10947:Wilhelm Wien 10898:Josef Stefan 10853:Isaac Newton 10767: 10696: 10013:von Klitzing 10005:Van der Meer 9312: 9050:Y-12 Project 9035:Smyth Report 9030:S-50 Project 8992: 8988:K-25 Project 8917:Pumpkin bomb 8888: 8881: 8874: 8804:John Wheeler 8774:Louis Slotin 8769:Emilio Segrè 8719:George Koval 8699:James Franck 8684:Enrico Fermi 8648: 8629:Luis Alvarez 8588:Paul Tibbets 8563:Deak Parsons 8305:Oswald Avery 8273:Thomas Lewis 8248: 8233:Arthur Evans 7969:Eduard Suess 7898:. Retrieved 7879:. Retrieved 7869: 7856:. Retrieved 7852:the original 7803: 7730:. Retrieved 7713: 7709: 7677: 7645: 7614: 7578: 7563:. Retrieved 7554: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7507:the original 7481:. Retrieved 7474:the original 7455: 7432: 7404: 7386: 7363: 7336: 7317: 7284: 7260: 7235: 7214: 7188: 7166: 7137: 7133: 7111: 7088: 7053: 7030: 7003: 6980: 6949: 6938:Jones, R. V. 6910: 6879: 6856: 6815: 6811: 6792: 6773: 6750: 6719: 6689: 6667: 6655:. Retrieved 6630: 6626: 6576: 6572: 6561: 6533: 6502: 6459: 6455: 6432: 6420:. Retrieved 6413:the original 6404: 6374: 6370: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6342:the original 6329: 6325: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6291: 6282: 6270:. Retrieved 6266:the original 6256: 6244: 6237:Kennedy 1985 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6211: 6202: 6190:. Retrieved 6181: 6172: 6160: 6148:. Retrieved 6139: 6136:"Niels Bohr" 6130: 6118:. Retrieved 6104: 6095: 6090: 6078:. Retrieved 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6039: 6036:CERN Courier 6035: 6025: 6013:. Retrieved 6009:the original 5999: 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5966: 5963:CERN Courier 5962: 5959:"Niels Bohr" 5953: 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5920: 5917:CERN Courier 5916: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870:. Retrieved 5858: 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5830:the original 5826:"Bohr crest" 5820: 5813:Wheeler 1985 5793: 5781: 5769:. Retrieved 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5735:the original 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681:. Retrieved 5656: 5652: 5636:. Retrieved 5627: 5623: 5613: 5606:Aaserud 2006 5601: 5589: 5582:Aaserud 2006 5577: 5565: 5558:Aaserud 2006 5553: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5490:. Retrieved 5479: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5292:Hilberg 1961 5287: 5260: 5248:. Retrieved 5234: 5222: 5218: 5206:. Retrieved 5201: 5197: 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5134:the original 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5080:the original 5066: 5052: 5045:. Retrieved 5041:the original 5034: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4959: 4949: 4937:. Retrieved 4928: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4848: 4836:. Retrieved 4827: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4732: 4725:Stewart 2010 4720: 4693: 4688:, p. 1. 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4639: 4633: 4616: 4604: 4597:Stuewer 1985 4556: 4550: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4309:the original 4296: 4292: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4202: 4193: 4174: 4162: 4155:Kennedy 1985 4150: 4123:. Retrieved 4119:the original 4108: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4069: 4061: 4054:. Retrieved 4045: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3932: 3923: 3903: 3883: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3839: 3833: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3762: 3756: 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3706: 3700: 3672:. Retrieved 3644: 3638: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3596:, p. 7. 3594:Kennedy 1985 3574: 3562: 3550: 3545:, p. 6. 3543:Kennedy 1985 3538: 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3510:the original 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3449: 3440: 3428:. Retrieved 3419: 3416:"Bohr Group" 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3389:ugeavisen.dk 3388: 3379: 3372:Stuewer 1985 3367: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292:. Retrieved 3283: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3151:The Guardian 3150: 3139: 3127: 3104:the original 3099: 3094: 3039: 3012: 2985: 2958: 2931: 2900: 2873: 2846: 2819: 2792: 2765: 2738: 2711: 2701: 2690: 2682:Bibliography 2574:Copley Medal 2562:Hughes Medal 2559: 2532: 2521: 2505:Pierre Auger 2489: 2477:coat of arms 2461: 2455: 2441: 2407: 2402:aide-mémoire 2391: 2387:Soviet Union 2380: 2365: 2354: 2307: 2288: 2275:James Franck 2252: 2240: 2237:Anthony Bate 2230: 2228: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2193:Robert Jungk 2190: 2171: 2155: 2136:August Krogh 2120:Max von Laue 2113:Nazi Germany 2110: 2086:Lise Meitner 2074:James Franck 2052:The rise of 2051: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2000: 1987:epistemology 1971: 1965: 1962: 1953: 1941: 1929:subjectivist 1921:anti-realist 1918: 1889: 1873: 1867: 1858:philosopher 1853: 1828:John Wheeler 1812:Lise Meitner 1801: 1784:Enrico Fermi 1773: 1758: 1730: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1689: 1609: 1580: 1557: 1538: 1533: 1497: 1466:Hans Kramers 1454: 1421: 1408:Enrico Fermi 1378: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1244: 1242: 1089: 1044: 1021: 1006: 1000: 988:privatdocent 986: 984: 944:cathode rays 913: 889:field hockey 861:in the U.S. 835: 792: 785: 753: 726: 677: 637: 609:Hans Kramers 598: 571: 537: 536: 489: 482: 477: 455:Youth career 416:I. H. Usmani 362: 331:Institutions 314: 306: (1957) 300: (1957) 288: (1938) 286:Copley Medal 282: (1930) 258: (1923) 252: (1921) 250:Hughes Medal 242: (1922) 93:(1962-11-18) 55:Bohr in 1922 36: 11534:Danish Jews 11509:Bohr family 11459:1962 deaths 11454:1885 births 11336:Orhan Pamuk 11320:Renzo Piano 11304:Mona Hatoum 11184:Karl Popper 11104:Alvar Aalto 10961:Bohr radius 10952:Otto Sackur 10618:Nobel Prize 10057:Steinberger 9973:K. Siegbahn 9965:Bloembergen 9686:Chamberlain 9419:Schrödinger 9329:M. Siegbahn 9258:W. H. Bragg 9254:W. L. Bragg 8865:Silverplate 8819:Leona Woods 8784:Leo Szilard 8759:Bruno Rossi 8704:Klaus Fuchs 8608:Ed Westcott 8598:Harold Urey 8321:G. H. Hardy 8129:Horace Lamb 8073:James Dewar 8065:Ivan Pavlov 8041:Felix Klein 7942:(1901–1950) 7673:Segrè, Gino 7483:7 September 6818:(1): 1–29. 6351:28 February 6272:7 September 6015:28 February 5836:9 September 5744:28 February 5710:Gowing 1985 5570:Rhodes 1986 5546:Gowing 1985 5534:Gowing 1985 5492:18 November 5463:Gowing 1985 5364:Thirsk 2006 5352:Powers 1993 5304:Kieler 2007 5280:Rhodes 1986 5166:27 February 5086:21 December 5005:Gowing 1985 4873:(7): 8–14. 4853:Mermin 2004 4838:27 December 4822:Faye, Jan. 4698:Rhodes 1986 4686:Honner 1982 4345:Jammer 1989 4318:18 February 3516:12 February 3490:10 November 3243:Rhodes 1986 3228:14 February 3187:14 February 2500:Big Science 2492:brain drain 2469:Frederik IX 2465:Christian X 2428:Later years 2322:Tube Alloys 2223:Stephen Rea 2174:atomic bomb 2078:Otto Frisch 2070:Felix Bloch 2015:experiment. 1983:Neo-Kantian 1840:uranium-238 1836:uranium-235 1600:Hans Geiger 1525:Dirk Coster 1470:Oskar Klein 1445:Christian X 1433:Hanna Adler 980:real Darwin 936:James Jeans 895:in London. 877: [ 866: [ 811:Hall effect 652:Tube Alloys 613:Oskar Klein 567:philosopher 445:Position(s) 151:Bohr radius 11449:Niels Bohr 11443:Categories 11280:Jørn Utzon 11112:Karl Barth 11096:Niels Bohr 10957:Niels Bohr 10937:Max Planck 10697:Niels Bohr 10646:Literature 10574:L'Huillier 10538:Hasselmann 10494:Strickland 10462:Kosterlitz 10386:Perlmutter 10125:Brockhouse 9830:Schrieffer 9702:Hofstadter 9654:C. N. Yang 9411:Heisenberg 9388:De Broglie 8968:Demon core 8912:Little Boy 8833:Operations 8649:Niels Bohr 8639:Hans Bethe 8622:Scientists 8568:Boris Pash 8447:Los Alamos 8249:Niels Bohr 8177:Max Planck 7870:Copenhagen 7794:Niels Bohr 7772:Niels Bohr 7646:Copenhagen 6657:20 October 6586:1502.06547 6395:References 6080:21 October 5923:(11): 89. 5415:Jones 1985 5400:Jones 1978 5340:Jones 1985 4671:22 October 4276:Bohr, N.; 4228:Kragh 1985 4074:Kragh 2012 4029:Kragh 2012 4017:Kragh 2012 3954:Kragh 1985 3938:Bohr model 3816:Kragh 2012 3736:21 October 3567:Kragh 2012 3531:Kragh 2012 3460:19 October 3430:19 October 3420:icmm.ku.dk 3321:Kragh 2012 3153:. London. 2554:See also: 2351:New Mexico 2347:Los Alamos 2273:Bohr with 2210:Copenhagen 2182:Ivan Supek 2128:aqua regia 2082:Hilde Levi 2066:Guido Beck 1991:Pragmatism 1985:models of 1979:Kantianism 1933:positivist 1866:argued in 1850:Philosophy 1776:beta decay 1697:Paul Dirac 1640:relativity 1632:Otto Stern 1501:heuristics 1077:Rutherford 1045:Bohr model 1017:Bohr model 1013:Max Planck 910:Bohr model 904:Bohr model 803:Paul Drude 773:elliptical 722:goalkeeper 706:footballer 688:physiology 680:Copenhagen 674:Early life 574:Bohr model 449:Goalkeeper 426:Lev Landau 146:Bohr model 79:Copenhagen 71:1885-10-07 43:Niels Bohr 11433:Biography 11200:Arne Næss 10845:constants 10843:Physical 10724:(Germany) 10699:(Denmark) 10637:(England) 10627:Chemistry 10620:laureates 10558:Zeilinger 10378:Novoselov 10346:Kobayashi 10270:Abrikosov 10117:J. Taylor 10097:de Gennes 10089:R. Taylor 9981:K. Wilson 9929:R. Wilson 9913:Van Vleck 9884:1976–2000 9874:Rainwater 9870:Mottelson 9846:Josephson 9794:Gell-Mann 9758:Schwinger 9746:Prokhorov 9706:Mössbauer 9666:Cherenkov 9658:T. D. Lee 9582:Cockcroft 9573:1951–1975 9372:C. Wilson 9351:1926–1950 9297:Guillaume 9186:Michelson 9146:Becquerel 9117:1901–1925 9106:Laureates 9010:Plutonium 8876:Enola Gay 8694:Val Fitch 8644:Aage Bohr 8593:Bud Uanna 8462:Oak Ridge 7881:9 October 7722:0792-335X 7413:631921397 7303:cite book 7240:Routledge 7140:(2): 10. 7072:769989390 6840:0039-3681 6686:Faye, Jan 6579:: 73–83. 6332:(1): 15. 6302:7 October 6042:(7): 19. 5992:Pais 1991 5946:Pais 1991 5899:Pais 1991 5887:Pais 1991 5798:Pais 1991 5786:Pais 1991 5698:Pais 1991 5630:(2): 68. 5522:Pais 1991 5510:Pais 1991 5451:Pais 1991 5427:Pais 1991 5376:Rife 1999 5328:Pais 1991 5047:13 August 4993:Pais 1991 4961:Space.com 4939:6 October 4912:Pais 1991 4900:Pais 1991 4713:Faye 1991 4609:Pais 1991 4537:Pais 1991 4525:Pais 1991 4513:Pais 1991 4489:Bohr 1928 4477:Pais 1991 4441:Pais 1991 4429:Pais 1991 4417:Pais 1991 4405:Pais 1991 4393:Pais 1991 4381:Pais 1991 4369:Pais 1991 4357:Pais 1991 4333:Pais 1991 4264:Bohr 1985 4252:Pais 1991 4240:Pais 1991 4216:Mendeleev 4167:Hund 1985 4143:Pais 1991 4101:Pais 1991 4005:Pais 1991 3993:Pais 1991 3856:1941-5982 3804:Pais 1991 3618:Pais 1991 3606:Pais 1991 3579:Pais 1991 3555:Pais 1991 3360:Pais 1991 3345:Pais 1991 3333:Pais 1991 3309:Pais 1991 3294:25 August 3255:Pais 1991 3202:Pais 1991 3132:Pais 1991 3120:Pais 1991 3058:272382249 3031:272382249 3004:272382249 2977:272382249 2950:272382249 2919:272382249 2892:272382249 2865:272382249 2838:272382249 2811:272382249 2784:272382249 2757:272382249 2730:272382249 2668:3948 Bohr 2639:ϵ 2635:− 2626:ϵ 2619:ν 2550:Accolades 2535:Carlsberg 2454:. Motto: 2062:Max Mason 2025:-function 1968:, p. 39). 1947:recalled 1808:Otto Hahn 1769:Æresbolig 1648:Göttingen 1517:zirconium 1285:π 1164:− 1122:λ 1090:In 1885, 934:given by 855:Aage Bohr 828:Bohr and 777:viscosity 670:in 1957. 625:zirconium 582:electrons 551:physicist 522:Signature 294:(1947) 81:, Denmark 11216:Dario Fo 10680:(Norway) 10566:Agostini 10454:Thouless 10446:McDonald 10434:Nakamura 10402:Wineland 10334:Grünberg 10290:Politzer 10274:Ginzburg 10262:Giacconi 10242:Ketterle 10197:'t Hooft 10181:Laughlin 10173:Phillips 10153:Osheroff 10081:Friedman 10053:Schwartz 10049:Lederman 9969:Schawlow 9945:Weinberg 9754:Tomonaga 9646:Brattain 9638:Shockley 9547:Blackett 9539:Appleton 9531:Bridgman 9478:Lawrence 9458:Davisson 9438:Chadwick 9321:Millikan 9305:Einstein 9194:Lippmann 9162:Rayleigh 9154:M. Curie 9150:P. Curie 9066:Category 8922:Thin Man 8883:Bockscar 8477:Wendover 8457:New York 8452:Montreal 8442:Inyokern 8417:Berkeley 8398:Timeline 7726:Archived 7697:76416691 7675:(2007). 7665:44467534 7643:(2000). 7633:55739245 7613:(2004). 7559:Archived 7542:17411890 7423:(1985). 7283:(1967). 7211:(1986). 7164:(1991). 6940:(1985). 6908:(1978). 6898:19517065 6710:(1985). 6688:(1991). 6651:Archived 6647:73320447 6611:27697360 6296:Archived 6216:Archived 6186:Archived 6144:Archived 6114:Archived 6074:Archived 6050:26 March 6044:Archived 5977:24 March 5971:Archived 5931:26 March 5925:Archived 5863:Archived 5771:13 March 5765:Archived 5677:Archived 5632:Archived 5486:Archived 5244:Archived 5160:Archived 4933:Archived 4832:Archived 4662:Archived 4581:17751630 4284:(1924). 4183:Archived 4050:Archived 3912:Archived 3860:Archived 3783:Archived 3727:Archived 3665:Archived 3484:Archived 3454:Archived 3424:Archived 3393:Archived 3288:Archived 3222:Archived 3181:Archived 3155:Archived 3066:See also 2543:Nørrebro 2312:and Sir 2303:bomb bay 2010:is that 1788:neutrino 1759:In 1914 1693:matrices 1682:Max Born 1439:and the 1412:Max Born 1104:hydrogen 850:Slagelse 662:and the 642:. After 220:Children 11409:Physics 11383:Portals 11168:Max Tau 10689:Physics 10661:(Spain) 10554:Clauser 10518:Penrose 10502:Peebles 10458:Haldane 10426:Akasaki 10414:Englert 10406:Haroche 10390:Schmidt 10350:Maskawa 10302:Glauber 10294:Wilczek 10278:Leggett 10258:Koshiba 10238:Cornell 10229:present 10213:Kroemer 10209:Alferov 10201:Veltman 10185:Störmer 10105:Charpak 10085:Kendall 10069:Dehmelt 10037:Bednorz 9937:Glashow 9925:Penzias 9921:Kapitsa 9893:Richter 9866:A. Bohr 9842:Giaever 9822:Bardeen 9786:Alvarez 9770:Kastler 9762:Feynman 9642:Bardeen 9606:Zernike 9598:Purcell 9368:Compton 9313:N. Bohr 9202:Marconi 9134:Lorentz 9126:Röntgen 9108:of the 9040:Uranium 8907:Fat Man 8900:Weapons 8472:Trinity 8437:Hanford 8422:Chicago 7858:2 March 7787:of the 7783:in the 7732:29 June 7716:: 3–4. 7565:2 March 7513:2 March 7437:221–226 7368:197–220 7142:Bibcode 7093:101–120 6954:278–287 6930:3717534 6820:Bibcode 6724:266–277 6591:Bibcode 6538:121–140 6486:4097746 6464:Bibcode 6422:26 June 6334:Bibcode 6120:21 July 5872:15 July 5683:26 June 5661:Bibcode 5638:12 June 5250:3 March 5227:BBC Two 4875:Bibcode 4644:Bibcode 4561:Bibcode 4552:Science 4056:14 July 3767:Bibcode 3711:Bibcode 3649:Bibcode 3399:17 July 3161:26 June 2930:(ed.). 2676:bohrium 2541:in the 2481:taijitu 2443:taijitu 2232:Horizon 1885:atheist 1792:neutron 1628:Hamburg 1568:photons 1530:hafnium 1389:ionised 1364:is the 1250:is the 1073:Thomson 1047:of the 1030:quantum 958:of the 922:of the 899:Physics 712:at the 633:bohrium 629:hafnium 576:of the 542:Danish: 214: 206: 11370:(2023) 11362:(2021) 11354:(2018) 11346:(2014) 11338:(2012) 11330:(2010) 11322:(2008) 11314:(2006) 11306:(2004) 11298:(2002) 11290:(2000) 11282:(1998) 11274:(1996) 11266:(1994) 11258:(1991) 11250:(1989) 11242:(1987) 11234:(1985) 11226:(1983) 11218:(1981) 11210:(1979) 11202:(1977) 11194:(1975) 11186:(1973) 11178:(1971) 11170:(1970) 11162:(1969) 11154:(1968) 11146:(1967) 11138:(1966) 11130:(1965) 11122:(1964) 11114:(1963) 11106:(1962) 11098:(1961) 11090:(1960) 11082:(1959) 11074:(1950) 10570:Krausz 10564:2023: 10550:Aspect 10548:2022: 10542:Manabe 10534:Parisi 10532:2021: 10522:Genzel 10516:2020: 10510:Queloz 10500:2019: 10490:Mourou 10486:Ashkin 10484:2018: 10478:Thorne 10474:Barish 10468:2017: 10452:2016: 10442:Kajita 10440:2015: 10424:2014: 10412:2013: 10400:2012: 10384:2011: 10372:2010: 10356:2009: 10340:2008: 10328:2007: 10318:Mather 10316:2006: 10310:Hänsch 10300:2005: 10284:2004: 10268:2003: 10252:2002: 10246:Wieman 10236:2001: 10207:2000: 10195:1999: 10179:1998: 10163:1997: 10149:D. Lee 10147:1996: 10141:Reines 10135:1995: 10123:1994: 10111:1993: 10103:1992: 10095:1991: 10079:1990: 10065:Ramsey 10063:1989: 10047:1988: 10041:Müller 10035:1987: 10029:Rohrer 10025:Binnig 10019:1986: 10011:1985: 10001:Rubbia 9999:1984: 9993:Fowler 9987:1983: 9979:1982: 9963:1981: 9953:Cronin 9951:1980: 9935:1979: 9919:1978: 9903:1977: 9891:1976: 9864:1975: 9858:Hewish 9852:1974: 9836:1973: 9826:Cooper 9820:1972: 9812:1971: 9802:Alfvén 9800:1970: 9792:1969: 9784:1968: 9776:1967: 9768:1966: 9752:1965: 9738:Townes 9736:1964: 9730:Jensen 9722:Wigner 9720:1963: 9714:Landau 9712:1962: 9700:1961: 9694:Glaser 9692:1960: 9680:1959: 9664:1958: 9652:1957: 9636:1956: 9624:1955: 9612:1954: 9604:1953: 9592:1952: 9586:Walton 9580:1951: 9563:Powell 9561:1950: 9555:Yukawa 9553:1949: 9545:1948: 9537:1947: 9529:1946: 9521:1945: 9513:1944: 9505:1943: 9476:1939: 9468:1938: 9456:1937: 9444:1936: 9436:1935: 9417:1933: 9409:1932: 9394:1930: 9386:1929: 9378:1928: 9366:1927: 9360:Perrin 9358:1926: 9337:Franck 9335:1925: 9327:1924: 9319:1923: 9311:1922: 9303:1921: 9295:1920: 9287:1919: 9281:Planck 9279:1918: 9273:Barkla 9271:1917: 9252:1915: 9244:1914: 9236:1913: 9228:1912: 9220:1911: 9212:1910: 9200:1909: 9192:1908: 9184:1907: 9176:1906: 9170:Lenard 9168:1905: 9160:1904: 9144:1903: 9138:Zeeman 9132:1902: 9124:1901: 8432:Dayton 8426:Site A 8347:(1950) 8339:(1949) 8331:(1948) 8323:(1947) 8315:(1946) 8307:(1945) 8299:(1944) 8291:(1943) 8283:(1942) 8275:(1941) 8267:(1940) 8259:(1939) 8251:(1938) 8243:(1937) 8235:(1936) 8227:(1935) 8219:(1934) 8211:(1933) 8203:(1932) 8195:(1931) 8187:(1930) 8179:(1929) 8171:(1928) 8163:(1927) 8155:(1926) 8147:(1925) 8139:(1924) 8131:(1923) 8123:(1922) 8115:(1921) 8107:(1920) 8099:(1919) 8091:(1918) 8083:(1917) 8075:(1916) 8067:(1915) 8059:(1914) 8051:(1913) 8043:(1912) 8035:(1911) 8027:(1910) 8019:(1909) 8011:(1908) 8003:(1907) 7995:(1906) 7987:(1905) 7979:(1904) 7971:(1903) 7963:(1902) 7955:(1901) 7900:9 July 7758:zbMATH 7720: 7695: 7685: 7663: 7653: 7631: 7621: 7599:712016 7597: 7587: 7540: 7530: 7466: 7443: 7411: 7393: 7374: 7343: 7324: 7291: 7269: 7246: 7223: 7197: 7174: 7118: 7099: 7070: 7060: 7041: 7010: 6991: 6960: 6928: 6918: 6896: 6886: 6867: 6838: 6799: 6780: 6761: 6730: 6696: 6674: 6645: 6609: 6544: 6513: 6484: 6456:Nature 6439: 5208:18 May 5140:4 June 4579: 4125:11 May 3891: 3866:1 July 3854: 3789:1 July 3674:4 June 3056: 3046: 3029: 3019: 3002: 2992: 2975: 2965: 2948: 2938: 2917: 2907: 2890: 2880: 2863: 2853: 2836: 2826: 2809: 2799: 2782: 2772: 2755: 2745: 2728: 2718: 2693:, 1922 2509:Geneva 2438:Argent 2416:, the 2361:Moscow 2054:Nazism 1714:lektor 1624:Leiden 1534:hafnia 1425:reader 1392:helium 1349:where 1195: 1106:atom: 1025:orbits 1002:docent 885:Ernest 698:Harald 640:Nazism 619:, and 369:(1911) 367: 358:Thesis 321:Fields 270:(1926) 235:Awards 229:Ernest 195:Spouse 10768:1922 10670:Peace 10616:1922 10506:Mayor 10470:Weiss 10430:Amano 10418:Higgs 10394:Riess 10366:Smith 10362:Boyle 10342:Nambu 10322:Smoot 10286:Gross 10254:Davis 10227:2001– 10217:Kilby 10129:Shull 10113:Hulse 10021:Ruska 9957:Fitch 9941:Salam 9838:Esaki 9814:Gabor 9778:Bethe 9742:Basov 9682:Segrè 9670:Frank 9630:Kusch 9618:Bothe 9594:Bloch 9523:Pauli 9507:Stern 9470:Fermi 9423:Dirac 9396:Raman 9341:Hertz 9289:Stark 9230:Dalén 9206:Braun 8405:Sites 7477:(PDF) 7460:(PDF) 7427:. In 7358:. In 7083:. In 7035:50–67 7025:. In 6975:. In 6944:. In 6861:71–75 6851:. In 6755:33–49 6745:. In 6714:. In 6643:S2CID 6607:S2CID 6581:arXiv 6528:. In 6507:91–97 6497:. In 6482:S2CID 6416:(PDF) 6409:(PDF) 6345:(PDF) 6322:(PDF) 6222:4 May 6192:4 May 6150:4 May 5866:(PDF) 5855:(PDF) 5738:(PDF) 5727:(PDF) 4665:(PDF) 4630:(PDF) 4312:(PDF) 4295:. 6. 4289:(PDF) 3730:(PDF) 3697:(PDF) 3668:(PDF) 3635:(PDF) 3098:[ 3078:Notes 2452:Sable 2448:Gules 1931:or a 1923:, an 1676:1927 1429:Tyrol 1102:of a 881:] 870:] 474:Years 208:( 204: 11016:and 10793:1927 10788:1926 10783:1925 10778:1924 10773:1923 10763:1921 10758:1920 10753:1919 10748:1918 10743:1917 10650:1922 10526:Ghez 10374:Geim 10330:Fert 10306:Hall 10189:Tsui 10137:Perl 10073:Paul 9909:Mott 9897:Ting 9854:Ryle 9806:Néel 9674:Tamm 9626:Lamb 9614:Born 9515:Rabi 9499:1942 9492:1941 9485:1940 9446:Hess 9430:1934 9403:1931 9265:1916 9246:Laue 9222:Wien 8412:Ames 7902:2014 7883:2013 7860:2013 7776:IMDb 7734:2011 7718:ISSN 7693:OCLC 7683:ISBN 7661:OCLC 7651:ISBN 7629:OCLC 7619:ISBN 7595:OCLC 7585:ISBN 7567:2013 7538:OCLC 7528:ISBN 7515:2013 7485:2010 7464:ISBN 7441:ISBN 7409:OCLC 7391:ISBN 7372:ISBN 7341:ISBN 7322:ISBN 7309:link 7289:ISBN 7267:ISBN 7244:ISBN 7221:ISBN 7195:ISBN 7172:ISBN 7116:ISBN 7097:ISBN 7068:OCLC 7058:ISBN 7039:ISBN 7008:ISBN 6989:ISBN 6985:3–15 6958:ISBN 6926:OCLC 6916:ISBN 6894:OCLC 6884:ISBN 6865:ISBN 6836:ISSN 6797:ISBN 6778:ISBN 6759:ISBN 6728:ISBN 6694:ISBN 6672:ISBN 6659:2013 6542:ISBN 6511:ISBN 6437:ISBN 6424:2011 6353:2013 6304:2021 6274:2010 6224:2023 6194:2023 6152:2023 6122:2015 6082:2013 6052:2015 6017:2013 5979:2015 5933:2015 5874:2023 5838:2019 5773:2017 5746:2013 5685:2011 5640:2012 5494:2014 5252:2017 5210:2024 5168:2013 5142:2007 5088:2006 5049:2007 4941:2019 4840:2023 4673:2013 4577:PMID 4320:2013 4210:and 4206:See 4127:2008 4058:2021 3940:and 3936:See 3889:ISBN 3868:2019 3852:ISSN 3791:2019 3738:2013 3676:2009 3518:2013 3492:2011 3462:2022 3432:2022 3401:2022 3296:2017 3230:2013 3189:2013 3163:2011 3054:OCLC 3044:ISBN 3027:OCLC 3017:ISBN 3000:OCLC 2990:ISBN 2973:OCLC 2963:ISBN 2946:OCLC 2936:ISBN 2915:OCLC 2905:ISBN 2888:OCLC 2878:ISBN 2861:OCLC 2851:ISBN 2834:OCLC 2824:ISBN 2807:OCLC 2797:ISBN 2780:OCLC 2770:ISBN 2753:OCLC 2743:ISBN 2726:OCLC 2716:ISBN 2674:and 2517:CERN 2496:CERN 2450:and 2440:, a 2285:(LR) 2281:and 2104:and 1981:(or 1966:APHK 1826:and 1749:Como 1618:and 1612:spin 1598:and 1487:The 1414:and 1368:and 1081:Bohr 1043:The 982:"). 974:and 960:atom 938:and 926:and 874:Erik 863:Hans 704:and 660:CERN 578:atom 557:and 484:Apps 478:Team 227:and 225:Aage 87:Died 61:Born 18:Bohr 10358:Kao 10165:Chu 7789:ZBW 7774:at 7765:at 7150:doi 6828:doi 6635:doi 6599:doi 6472:doi 6460:121 6379:doi 5669:doi 4883:doi 4652:doi 4569:doi 4301:doi 3844:doi 3775:doi 3719:doi 3657:doi 2349:in 2341:in 2219:BBC 2148:ISS 2146:on 1989:); 1977:); 1806:by 1747:at 1646:in 1614:by 1562:by 1191:for 693:née 492:Gls 11445:: 10914:, 10572:/ 10568:/ 10556:/ 10552:/ 10540:/ 10536:/ 10524:/ 10520:/ 10508:/ 10504:/ 10492:/ 10488:/ 10476:/ 10472:/ 10460:/ 10456:/ 10444:/ 10432:/ 10428:/ 10416:/ 10404:/ 10392:/ 10388:/ 10376:/ 10364:/ 10360:/ 10348:/ 10344:/ 10332:/ 10320:/ 10308:/ 10304:/ 10292:/ 10288:/ 10276:/ 10272:/ 10260:/ 10256:/ 10244:/ 10240:/ 10215:/ 10211:/ 10199:/ 10187:/ 10183:/ 10171:/ 10167:/ 10155:/ 10151:/ 10139:/ 10127:/ 10115:/ 10087:/ 10083:/ 10071:/ 10067:/ 10055:/ 10051:/ 10039:/ 10027:/ 10023:/ 10003:/ 9991:/ 9971:/ 9967:/ 9955:/ 9943:/ 9939:/ 9927:/ 9923:/ 9911:/ 9907:/ 9895:/ 9872:/ 9868:/ 9856:/ 9844:/ 9840:/ 9828:/ 9824:/ 9804:/ 9760:/ 9756:/ 9744:/ 9740:/ 9728:/ 9724:/ 9704:/ 9684:/ 9672:/ 9668:/ 9656:/ 9644:/ 9640:/ 9628:/ 9616:/ 9596:/ 9584:/ 9460:/ 9448:/ 9421:/ 9370:/ 9339:/ 9256:/ 9204:/ 9152:/ 9148:/ 9136:/ 7893:. 7874:. 7846:. 7815:, 7724:. 7714:18 7712:. 7708:. 7691:. 7659:. 7627:. 7609:; 7593:. 7557:. 7553:. 7536:. 7439:. 7370:. 7305:}} 7301:{{ 7242:. 7148:. 7138:52 7136:. 7095:. 7066:. 7037:. 6987:. 6956:. 6924:. 6892:. 6863:. 6834:. 6826:. 6816:13 6814:. 6757:. 6726:. 6649:. 6641:. 6629:. 6625:. 6605:. 6597:. 6589:. 6577:49 6575:. 6540:. 6509:. 6480:. 6470:. 6458:. 6454:. 6375:69 6373:. 6369:. 6330:40 6328:. 6324:. 6294:. 6290:. 6210:. 6184:. 6180:. 6142:. 6138:. 6072:. 6068:. 6040:38 6038:. 6034:. 5965:. 5961:. 5919:. 5915:. 5861:. 5857:. 5805:^ 5729:. 5675:. 5667:. 5655:. 5651:. 5645:• 5626:. 5622:. 5502:^ 5407:^ 5272:^ 5225:, 5202:49 5200:. 5196:. 5188:; 5074:. 5051:. 4978:. 4958:. 4931:. 4927:. 4881:. 4871:19 4869:. 4796:^ 4705:^ 4660:. 4650:. 4640:56 4638:. 4632:. 4589:^ 4575:. 4567:. 4557:86 4555:. 4297:76 4291:. 4280:; 4135:^ 4060:. 4044:. 3985:^ 3858:. 3850:. 3840:23 3838:. 3832:. 3781:. 3773:. 3763:26 3761:. 3755:. 3725:. 3717:. 3707:26 3705:. 3699:. 3684:^ 3663:. 3655:. 3645:26 3643:. 3637:. 3586:^ 3482:. 3478:. 3452:. 3448:. 3422:. 3418:. 3387:. 3352:^ 3286:. 3282:. 3209:^ 3149:. 3112:^ 3085:^ 3052:. 3025:. 2998:. 2971:. 2944:. 2913:. 2886:. 2859:. 2832:. 2805:. 2778:. 2751:. 2724:. 2424:. 2277:, 2245:. 2108:. 2100:, 2092:, 2084:, 2080:, 2072:, 2068:, 1887:. 1862:. 1555:. 1410:, 1406:, 1402:, 1083:, 1079:, 1075:, 1036:. 995:. 879:da 868:da 821:. 790:. 724:. 615:, 611:, 210:m. 11385:: 11051:e 11044:t 11037:v 11003:) 10999:( 10993:) 10989:( 10973:) 10969:( 10963:) 10959:( 10943:) 10939:( 10928:) 10924:( 10918:) 10910:( 10904:) 10900:( 10889:) 10885:( 10879:) 10875:( 10869:) 10865:( 10859:) 10855:( 10827:e 10820:t 10813:v 10652:) 10648:( 10609:e 10602:t 10595:v 9098:e 9091:t 9084:v 8428:) 8424:( 8381:e 8374:t 8367:v 7932:e 7925:t 7918:v 7904:. 7885:. 7862:. 7736:. 7699:. 7667:. 7635:. 7601:. 7569:. 7544:. 7517:. 7487:. 7449:. 7415:. 7399:. 7380:. 7349:. 7330:. 7311:) 7275:. 7252:. 7229:. 7203:. 7180:. 7156:. 7152:: 7144:: 7124:. 7105:. 7074:. 7047:. 7016:. 6997:. 6966:. 6932:. 6900:. 6873:. 6842:. 6830:: 6822:: 6805:. 6786:. 6767:. 6736:. 6702:. 6680:. 6661:. 6637:: 6631:9 6613:. 6601:: 6593:: 6583:: 6550:. 6519:. 6488:. 6474:: 6466:: 6445:. 6426:. 6387:. 6381:: 6355:. 6336:: 6306:. 6276:. 6226:. 6196:. 6167:. 6154:. 6124:. 6084:. 6054:. 6019:. 5981:. 5967:2 5935:. 5921:2 5876:. 5840:. 5775:. 5748:. 5687:. 5671:: 5663:: 5657:6 5642:. 5628:I 5496:. 5254:. 5212:. 5170:. 5144:. 5090:. 4964:. 4943:. 4889:. 4885:: 4877:: 4855:. 4842:. 4791:. 4743:" 4741:' 4675:. 4654:: 4646:: 4583:. 4571:: 4563:: 4322:. 4303:: 4218:. 4129:. 3918:. 3897:. 3870:. 3846:: 3793:. 3777:: 3769:: 3740:. 3721:: 3713:: 3678:. 3659:: 3651:: 3520:. 3494:. 3464:. 3434:. 3403:. 3298:. 3232:. 3191:. 3165:. 3060:. 3033:. 3006:. 2979:. 2952:. 2921:. 2894:. 2867:. 2840:. 2813:. 2786:. 2759:. 2732:. 2643:1 2630:2 2622:= 2616:h 2029:ψ 2023:ψ 1684:. 1532:( 1370:Z 1362:h 1358:e 1354:e 1351:m 1330:3 1326:h 1319:4 1315:e 1309:2 1305:Z 1299:e 1295:m 1289:2 1281:2 1275:= 1270:Z 1266:R 1248:H 1245:R 1228:. 1225:. 1222:. 1219:, 1216:5 1213:, 1210:4 1207:, 1204:3 1201:= 1198:n 1185:) 1177:2 1173:n 1169:1 1157:2 1153:2 1149:1 1143:( 1136:H 1131:R 1127:= 1119:1 1059:. 540:( 494:) 490:( 73:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.